P2 Lab Report 210376

P2-Experimental Investigations on Premixed LPG-
AirFlame
Name: G Geethanjali
Roll number: 210376
AE351 - Experiments in Aerospace Engineering - II

Department of Aerospace Engineering
Propulsion Laboratory
Date of the experiment: 02.02.2024
1 Objective
• To determine the 2-D temperature contour across the flame.
• To study the effect of the equivalence ratio on the flame temperature.
• To calculate the burning velocity using Gouy’s method.
2 Introduction
Fine gage S-Type thermocouples are made of Pt-10%Rh/Pt, which are used when fast and accurate temperature
measurements are required. The diameter of these wires is 0.125 mm, and the response time is 0.08 secs. These fine wire
diameters enable accurate temperature measurements, keeping the heat losses to minimum. In addition to that, the small
junction bead permits accurate pinpointing of the measured location. To calibrate this S-Type thermocouple, a Nagman’s
temperature calibrator is used. Model 1200HN is a semi-portable, multi-hole, dry block type, high-temperature calibrator
which can generate temperatures up to 1200 K. Consequently, a voltage is generated because of the temperature difference
(Seebeck effect). Temperature at various uniformly distributed points is measured with S-type thermocouple in a simple
premixed flame. Rotameters are used to measure the air and fuel flow rates. A needle valve in the flow line is used to
control the discharge. Air is supplied from a single-piston reciprocating compressor. Burning velocity is calculated using
Gouy’s Method for which the flame area is obtained using digital photographs.
Gouy’s method is used to determine a flame's burning velocity. This method involves measuring certain parameters
of the flame, often the distance between the reference point and the flame front. It utilizes the concept that the burning
velocity is related to the flame area and the flow rate of the combustible mixture. The burning velocity (Su) can be
calculated using the formula:
Su=A0* V0
Af
where: Su is the burning velocity, A0 is the cross-sectional area of the burner opening, V0 is the average flow velocity
of the combustible mixture through the burner opening, and Af is the total area of the flame front.
3 Equipments
Air compressor, LPG cylinder, Pressure regulators, pressure gauges, rotameters, thermocouple, burner, 2D traverse mech-
anism.
3.1 Experimental setup:Figure 1: Experimental setup.
1
4 Procedure
1. Before starting the experiment, familiarize yourself with various components of the test setup and the instruments
used for experimentation.
2. Familiarize yourself with the basic principles of data acquisition and processing.
3. Note the ambient temperature and pressure.
4. When the air compressor and the LPG-cylinder are turned ON, note down the gauge pressures from the control line.
5. To understand the nature of the flame, equivalence ratio was varied from fuel rich to stoichiometric to fuel lean
conditions.
6. At a particular equivalence ratio (say ϕ = 0.95), use a grid format and move the traverse 2-dimensionally along with
the coordinates given in the grid and measure the temperature at those points.
7. Take flame images using a digital camera at the chosen equivalence ratio (ϕ = 0.95).
8. At a point 3 cm above the burner rim along the axis, fix the thermocouple and vary the equivalence ratio.
9. After taking all the readings, tightly close all the valves and the ports.
5 Results and Discussion

5.1 Equivalence ratio v/s Temperature
• Ambient temperature = 21°C
• Volume flow rate of fuel = 0.2 LPM
• Gauge pressure of fuel = 1 bar
• Gauge pressure of air= 1 bar
We know that,
ṁactual = Q̇scale√( ρscale × ρactual)

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
ρscale = 𝑅𝑇
ρ= (Pgauge + Patm)
RT
Q̇scale = Q̇indicated m3/s
60000
As, (Pgauge)air= (Pgauge)fuel →(ρactual)air= (ρactual)fuel
We get (F/A)actual = ṁfuel/ṁair=(Q̇indicated)fuel/(Q̇indicated)air
And (F/A)stoichiometric= 0.0643 Kg of LPG/Kg of air
Equivalence Ratio(Ф)= (F/A)actual = (Q̇indicated)fuel/(Q̇indicated)air
(F/A)stoichiometric 0.0643
2
Volume flow rate of air (LPM) Equivalence Ratio Temperature (°C)
1 3.110420 700
2 1.555201 830
3 1.036807 850
4 0.777605 960
5 0.622084 540
Table 1: The temperature readings shown below are taken at 3cm above the mid-rim of the flame
Figure 2: Equivalence Ratio v/s Temperature (°C)
3
5.2 2D temperature contour Data of flame
Volume flow rate of fuel = 0.2 LPM
Volume flow rate of air = 3 LPM
Gauge pressure of air = Gauge pressure of air = 1 bar
Table 2: 2D flame temperature data in °C
Note: The readings are taken based on the co-ordinate system with the origin at the left corner of flame.
Figure 3: 2D flame temperature (in °C) data contour

4
5.3 Burning Velocity Calculations
Figure 4: MATLAB flame image
From left image of figure 4,

pixel count of BC 74.7678
tan(α) = = = 0.4297
pixel count of AB 174
From right image of figure 4,
d /2
tan(α) = 0 = 0.4297
H
Using 2r = d0 = 10 mm, gives H = 11.636 mm
√
∴ Surface area of cone = Af = πr( H2 + r2) = 198.9378 mm2
Area of the burner opening = A0 = πr2 = 78.5398 mm2
Total volume flow rate of gas (air + LPG) = A0 × V0 = (5 + 0.2) = 5.2LPM = 0.00008667 m3/s
Where, V0 is average flow velocity in the burner opening

As, total area of the flame front, Af , moves with velocity Su w.r.t the unburnt mixture,
A 0 × V 0 = Af × S u
A0 × V0
=⇒ Su =
Af
0.00008667
=
0.00000198.9378
=0.4357m/s
Therefore, burning velocity = 0.4357 m/s
5
6 Conclusion
The effect of equivalence ratio on flame temperature was studied and plotted in figure 2. The 2D temperature contour
across the flame was determined as shown in figure 3. Using Gouy’s method, the burning velocity was determined to be
0.4357 m/s.
7 Appendix
• Universal gas constant (Ru) : 8.3145 (kJ/kmol.K)
• Molecular weight of Air (Mw−air): 28.97 (kg/kmol)
• Molecular weight of Lpg (Mw−LP G) : 51.57 (kg/kmol)
• Stoichiometric fuel-air ratio = 0.0643 kg of LPG/kg of air.

• Mixture composition (Volume %) of LPG (approximately)
propane C3H8 44.7

Isobutane C4H10 54.8
Ethane C2H6 0.7

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P2-Experimental Investigations on Premixed LPG-

Roll number: 210376

AE351 - Experiments in Aerospace Engineering - II

3.1 Experimental setup:Figure 1: Experimental setup.

5 Results and Discussion

• Gauge pressure of fuel = 1 bar

• Gauge pressure of air= 1 bar

ṁactual = Q̇scale√( ρscale × ρactual)

Figure 2: Equivalence Ratio v/s Temperature (°C)

Table 2: 2D flame temperature data in °C

Figure 3: 2D flame temperature (in °C) data contour

Figure 4: MATLAB flame image

From left image of figure 4,

Where, V0 is average flow velocity in the burner opening

Therefore, burning velocity = 0.4357 m/s

• Stoichiometric fuel-air ratio = 0.0643 kg of LPG/kg of air.

propane C3H8 44.7

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