Solid Waste

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 Solid Waste

• Material which arise from various human activities

and which is normally discarded as useless or
unwanted
• The production of waste is increasing along with the
growth of population and improvement on living
standards of people.
• Rapid increase and accumulation of wastes causes
serious environmental and health problems.

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 Classification of Solid Waste
▪ Garbage : organic wastes
▪ Rubbish : Combustible ( paper, wood, rubber )
Non- Combustible (metal, Glass)
▪ Pathological Waste : Dead animal and human
▪ Industrial Waste: chemical paints, sand ,
sewage treatment sludge, fly ash
▪ Agriculture Waste: farm waste, crop residue
▪ Hazardous Waste: hospital waste

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 Sources of waste
Municipal sources of waste:
• includes garbage from households , schools, offices, market
places, restaurants and other public places.
• include everyday items like food debris, used plastic bags,
soda cans and plastic water bottles, broken furniture, grass
,clippings, product packaging, broken home appliances and
clothing.
Agriculture resources of waste:
▪ waste generated by agricultural activities include crop
residue, animal manure
• Medical/Clinical sources of waste:
- waste produced from health care facilities, such as hospitals,
clinics, surgical theaters, veterinary hospitals and labs.
- include surgical items, pharmaceuticals, blood, body parts,
wound dressing materials, needles and syringes 4
 Source Contd…
• Construction/demolition sources of waste:
waste from the construction of roads and building.
Waste items include concrete debris, wood, earth,
huge package boxes and plastics from the building
materials
• Industrial sources of waste:
Since the industrial revolution, the rise in the
number of industries manufacturing glass, leather,
textile, food, electronics, plastic and metal products
has significantly contributed to waste production.

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• Electronic sources of waste:
waste from electronic and electrical devices.

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 Characteristic of Solid Waste

1) Physical
2) Chemical
3) Biological

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 Physical Characteristic
• Density:
The knowledge of density is important for the design
of all elements of the solid waste management
systems like storage, transport and disposal.
• For ex. for a known volume of the solid waste its
density gives the idea about the requirement of the
truck in tonnage.
• The density varies significantly from source to the
disposal site because of handling , change in
moisture contain , densification due to vibration of
movement etc
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 Chemical Characteristic
• The chemical characteristic of solid waste are
determined for accessing the treatment process.
• Mainly three chemical characteristic are determined
chemical , bio-chemical and toxicological
• Chemical quantities of solid waste are PH ,Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potassium, Total Carbon, Carbon
Nitrogen ratio ,calorific Value
• Bio- chemical characteristic includes carbohydrate ,
proteins, natural fiber and biodegradable factor
• Toxic characteristic include heavy metals, pesticides
,insecticides etc

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 Biological Characteristic
▪ All organic materials are not easily degradable
▪ Degradation process odour Hydrogen
sulphide(H2s), Methane is odourless
▪ Attracts flies

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 Health and Environment Issue
• Unpleasant living environment
• Disease transmission : increase virus, bacteria,
mosquito, rats that increase the like hood of
disease transmission
• Pollution : air and surface water pollution
• Soil contaminants
• Effects of waste on animals and aquatics life
• Impacts of waste on Environment

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 Control strategy of Solid Waste
• Reduce Waste
- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all
draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information
available electronically.

- Improve product design to use less materials.

- Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining

strength.

- Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return

program.

- Switch to reusable transport containers.

- Purchase products in bulk.

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Reuse
- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice
envelopes, file folders, and paper.

- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and

glasses.

- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing

shipments.

- Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than

purchase new ones.

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Donate/Exchange

- old books

- old clothes

- old computers

- old equipment to local organizations

One persons waste can be another persons raw
material

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 Key component of Solid Waste Management

• Generation: valueless material

• Storage: container, pit
• Collection
• Transportation
• Disposal
-- Land application : burial or landfilling
– Composting : organic waste
– Burning or incineration
– Recycling

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 Waste management practice in Nepal

Odours Leachate

Solid Waste
Generation
Municipal, Waste Transportatio Disposal
No energy，
Domestic, Industrial, Collection n Open dumping,
No
Hospitals, Hotels, Door to door, Pick up, tripper, Land filling
fertilizer
Institutions, offices, Fixed station tractor, truck
Markets etc.

GHGs

Fig. 1 Present waste management system in major cities of Nepal

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Types of Solid Waste Disposal Method in Municipalities of Nepal
Type of disposal method No. of Municipalities
Sanitary Landfill 6
Controlled Dumping 5

Open Dumping 25

Riverside Dumping 13

Open Dumping & Riverside Dumping 6

Roadside Dumping 1

No Municipal System 2

Source : Asian Development Bank , 2012

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Generally, the higher the economic development and rate of urbanization,
the greater the amount of solid waste produced
• The per capita generation of solid waste in developing countries in
Asia ranges from 0.3 kg/day to 1.0 kg/day, although different
sources and studies provide different figures.
• MSW generation in Nepal (0.32 kg/capita/day) are comparable with
findings from other studies done in Nepal, but lower than the
average in low-income countries (0.60 kg/capita/day) and South
Asian countries (0.45 kg/capita/day).
• This may be because of the lower rate of urbanization in Nepal and
the significant area with rural characteristics even in municipalities
• These areas produce less waste due to their lower level of economic
development and higher level of in-house reuse and recycling

Source : Asian Development Bank , 2012

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Waste and energy recovery for different years

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• Sanitary Landfill
– Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth
once a day and a thicker layer when the site is full
– Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates:
can cause problem by overflow
– Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting

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• Incineration
Solves space problem but:
– produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
– High temp furnaces break down hazardous compounds but are expensive
– Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste burnt

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Composting

Recycling

Land fill gas 22

Waste to Energy

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 Waste Management—A Case Study in Nepal
By Aisha Khatoon,2018
Abstract
• A rapid assessment of solid waste management (SWM) practices was conducted
in 16 selected municipalities across seven provinces of Nepal in mid 2018.
• The study utilized both secondary-data compilation and primary-data collection
techniques as the study methodology.
• The study revealed that the average per capita municipal solid waste (MSW)
generation was 0.39 kg/capita/day.
• The average composition of MSW was: organic (43.6%), paper and paper
products (22.7%), plastic (13.8%), glass (6.4%), metals (2.7%), textile (3%),
rubber and leather (1.3%), and others (6.6%) (MoFAGA, Baseline assessment,
Integrated Waste Management 2018).
• This composition analysis reveals a higher potential for waste recycling and
energy recovery.

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 Solid Waste Management Baseline Study of 60 New Municipalities
By
Engineering Study & Research Centre (P) Ltd.
Babarmahal, Kathmandu ,January 2017
Authors : Dhundi Raj Pathak
• The SWM baseline study was conducted to quantify municipal solid waste and its composition and to
compile factual information on the state of solid waste management in the 60 new municipalities of
Nepal.
• The SWM baseline study team conducted the survey in 60 municipalities of Nepal in May 2016
during the dry season.
• A total of 60 field surveyors with sufficient knowledge in subject matters and research experience
were employed for the fieldwork under direct supervision of supervisors, team leader of SWM
baseline study and project municipality.
• The waste quantity and quality survey with sample size of 3330 households, 600 institutions
(schools/colleges/offices) and 600 commercial establishments (shops/hotels/restaurants) were
undertaken by employing random (probability) sampling technique.
• In addition to waste quantity and quality survey, separate sets of questionnaires were developed for
household and municipality to collect and to update SWM related information of different aspects.

• The total sample size of 3330 households from 60 municipalities, each from 55 households gave an
average per-capita household waste generation figure of 115 gram/capita/day.
• This study also uncovered that the household waste generation rates were varied depending upon the
economic status and geographical location.

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• Average waste generation for households with monthly expenditure of NRs 40,000 and above
generate 0.88 kg/household/day, which is more than twice of 0.4 kg/household/day for
households with monthly expenditure of less than NRs 5,000.
• Similarly households from Terai municipalities generate more wastes, including organic waste.
• In case of institutional establishments, the average daily waste generation was 3.25 kg per
school and 0.95 kg per office.
• Similarly, the average daily waste generation from shops and hotel or restaurant was at 1.1 kg
per shop and 3.1 kg per hotel or restaurant respectively.
• Based on our analysis and findings, it can be estimated that, as the household waste in
general contributes to about 60 to 75% of the total municipal waste generation depending
upon the municipality.
• Thus, the average municipal waste generation, was estimated to 180 gram/capita/day.
• Based on these per-capita waste generation figures and projected population for the year
2016, the total municipal waste generation of 60 municipalities was estimated at about 419
tons/day or 153,113 tons/year.
• The analysis of household waste composition indicated that the highest waste fractions were
organic matter (68%) followed by plastics (10%). Paper and paper products and others
comprised 8% and 6% of the waste respectively. Glass, metal, rubber and leather, textile
components all were at or below 4%.
• The composition analysis of institutional waste revealed 21% organic wastes, 23% plastics,
41% paper and paper products, 10% others with glass, textiles, metals and rubber/leather all
below or at 2%. Similarly, the composition of commercial waste was made up of 51% organic
wastes, 14% paper and paper products, 15% plastics, 5% other wastes, 11% glass, 1% textiles,
2% metals and no rubber and leather.

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 Elsevier 2008
Waste Management

Generation, storage, collection and transportation of municipal solid waste – A case

study in the city of Kathmandu, capital of Nepal
R.AlamM.A.I.ChowdhuryG.M.J.HasanB.KaranjitL.R.Shrestha
Abstract
• Solid waste management (SWM) services have consistently failed to keep up with
the vast amount of solid waste produced in urban areas. There is not currently an
efficient system in place for the management, storage, collection, and transportation
of solid waste. Kathmandu City, an important urban center of South Asia, is no
exception.
• In Kathmandu Metropolitan City, solid waste generation is predicted to be
1091 m3/d (245 tons/day) and 1155 m3/d (260 tons/day) for the years 2005 and
2006, respectively.
• The majority (89%) of households in Kathmandu Metropolitan City are willing to
segregate the organic and non-organic portions of their waste. Overall collection
efficiency was 94% in 2003.
• An increase in waste collection occurred due to private sector involvement, the
shutdown of the second transfer station near the airport due to local protest, a lack
of funding to maintain trucks/equipment, a huge increase in plastic waste, and the
willingness of people to separate their waste into separate bins. Despite a
substantial increase in total expenditure, no additional investments were made to
the existing development plan to introduce a modern disposal system due to
insufficient funding. Due to the lack of a proper lining, raw solid waste from the
existing dumping site comes in contact with river water directly, causing severe
river contamination and deteriorating the quality of the water.
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 Elsevier 2008
Waste Management
Municipal solid waste management in Nepal: practices and
challenges
D.PokhrelT.Viraraghavan
Abstract
• Solid waste management in Kathmandu valley of Nepal, especially
concerning the siting of landfills, has been a challenge for over a
decade.
• The current practice of the illegal dumping of solid waste on the
river banks has created a serious environmental and public health
problem.
• The focus of this study was to carry out an evaluation of solid waste
management in Nepal based on publishedinformation.
• The data showed that greater or equal to 70% of the solid wastes
generated in Nepal are of organic origin.
• As such, composting of the solid waste and using it on the land is
the best way of solid waste disposal.
• This will reduce the waste volume transported to the landfill and
will increase its life

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 Status and Opportunities for Materials Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Dhundi Raj Pathak
Bandita Mainali
The International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics
ICEG 2018
Abstract
• The recovery of materials from municipal solid waste (MSW) reduces burden on natural
resources, facilitates reduction of environmental risks by reducing the amount of waste to be
disposed off at landfill site and also saves operation costs for final disposal.
• This paper aims to quantify the current status of reusable and recyclable fractions and
presents the trend of material recovery from MSW in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal.
• 300 scrap shops were surveyed randomly to estimate the amount of reusable and recyclable
materials recovered from MSW.
• The MSW composition of municipalities in Kathmandu Valley provides a great potential for
material recovery.
• In an average, 44% of MSW is comprised of major reusable and recyclable materials (i.e.,
plastic, papers, metal, glass, rubber and leather, and textiles), among which more than 250
metric tons day−1 (MTD) is being currently recovered.
• The study shows the increasing trend of recovery of materials from MSW in Kathmandu
Valley over the years, from 100 MTD in 2005 to 140 MTD in 2013, and 250 MTD in 2017.
• The current economic value of these recovered materials at source of generation is estimated
to be yearly US$ 18 million (US$1.00 = NRs. 100.00).

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 Feasibility Study on Energy Generation from
Solid Waste at Pharping
ABSTRACT
• Nepal is politically divided into 75 Districts and 3915 VDCs and 58
municipalities. 28 Village Development Committees of Kathmandu district
falls under the category of semi urban region. These VDCs consist of mass
population along with maximum land utilization. The problem regarding the
generation of solid waste and its management is emerging day by day. This
study evaluates different waste to energy technologies that can be
implemented for solid waste management. The VDCs under consideration of
study are Dashinkali VDC and Seshnarayan VDC of Pharping area. The
techno-economic analysis of solid waste to energy conversion is conducted
at these two VDCs.
• The survey data showed the average waste generation per capita is 0.25
kg/day at Dashinkali VDC and 0.49 kg/day at Seshnarayan VDC. The waste
potential areas of these VDCs are studied in detail. Under the various solid
wastes to energy technologies studied, biogas plant is selected as the best
technology in these areas. 6 m3 size biogas plant has been recommended for
Dashinkali VDC at Dashinkali temple premise and 10 m3 biogas plant has
been recommended for Seshnarayan VDC at dumping site. The financial
analysis of both the biogas plants have been done and the NPV is found to
be positive for both biogas plants.

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 Waste Compositions at Sheshnarayan
Waste Compositions at Dashinkali VDC
VDC
Plastic Other Wood
Paper 0.3% 0.37%
3%
Metal Other Metal 2%
1% 0.62% 8%
Organic
Plastic /Kitchen
Paper 9% Waste
Organic 16%
10%
/Kitchen
Wood Waste
13% 43% Garden Waste
71%

Garden Waste
23%

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Solid Waste to Energy Technology
• Biogas Plant
• Briquetting Technology
• Gasification Technology
• Landfill gas recovery plants
• Plasma-arc gasification
• Incineration

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Thank
YOU
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