Artificial Intelligence

By Dr. Muhammad Mujeeb Uddin

 Introduction of Artificial Intelligence
Are you ready for the AI revolution? Artificial Intelligence is transforming the world
as we know it, and it's no longer only a concept found in science fiction. From self-
driving cars to virtual assistants, AI is already changing the way we live and work.

But with great power comes great responsibility. As AI continues to advance, we must
prepare ourselves to navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. It's
important to understand what it is, how it works, and how to prepare for the future.

This course is designed to help you stay ahead of the curve and thrive in an AI-driven world. You'll learn the basics of AI and
explore the ethical implications of AI, such as job displacement, bias, and privacy concerns. But most importantly, you'll
discover how to thrive in a world where machines can think and learn like humans.

Take advantage of this opportunity to future-proof your career and benefit from the AI revolution!
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
What makes humans intelligent? Humans have the natural ability to think,
learn, and make decisions.

Machines, on the other hand, can be programmed to show human-like

intelligence. This means machines today can be developed to think and make
decisions.

Artificial Intelligence is the field of computer science which emphasizes the

creation of intelligent machines which can work and react like humans.

Artificial Intelligence aims to assist humans in making advanced decisions and simplify human effort. It has the potential to
help humans lead more meaningful lives and manage complex systems.

Currently, AI is used by companies to improve efficiency and automate tasks. Voice assistants, image recognition for face
unlock in cellphones, and ML-based financial fraud detection are examples of AI software currently being used in everyday
life.
 Brief History of AI
Artificial Intelligence dates back to the mid-20th century when computer
scientists first began exploring the possibility of creating machines that could
perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence. The term "Artificial
Intelligence" was coined in 1956 at a conference at Dartmouth College.

During the 1950s and 60s, researchers developed early AI systems that could
perform tasks such as playing chess and solving mathematical problems.
However, progress was slow due to limitations in computing power and data
storage.
In the 1970s and 80s, a new wave of AI research called "expert systems" emerged, which focused on developing systems that
could reason and make decisions based on specialized knowledge. This led to the development of early applications in fields
such as medicine and finance.
In the 1990s and 2000s, AI research shifted towards machine learning and neural networks, which allowed machines to learn
from data and improve their performance over time. This led to significant advances in fields such as image and speech
recognition. Overall, the history of AI is marked by significant advances and setbacks, and it continues to evolve and
transform as new technologies and applications emerge.
 How does Artificial Intelligence work?
Building an AI system is a careful process of reverse-
engineering human traits and capabilities in a machine
and using its computational prowess to surpass what we
are capable of.
To understand how artificial Intelligence actually works,
one needs to dive deep into the various sub-domains of
AI and understand how those domains could be applied
to the various fields of the industry.
Machine
Learning
Machine Learning teaches a machine how to make
decisions based on past experience. It identifies patterns
and analyses past data to infer the meaning of these data
points to reach a possible conclusion without having to
involve human experience.
This automation to reach conclusions by evaluating data saves human time for businesses and helps them make a better decision.
 Deep
Learning

Deep Learning is a subset of Machine

Learning that uses neural networks to
simulate the human brain and solve
complex problems.
It teaches a machine to process inputs
through layers in order to classify, infer
and predict the outcome.
 Neural
Networks

Neural Networks work on similar

principles to Human Neural cells. They are
a series of algorithms that captures the
relationship between various underlying
variables and processes the data as a
human brain does.
Modeled in accordance with the human
brain, a Neural Network was built to mimic the
functionality of a human brain.
The human brain is a neural network made up of multiple neurons, similarly, an Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) is made up of multiple perceptron (explained later).
 Computer
Vision

Computer vision algorithms try to understand an

image by breaking down an image and studying
different parts of the object. This helps the machine
classify and learn from a set of images to make a
better output decision based on previous
observations.
“a subset of mainstream artificial intelligence
that deals with the science of making
computers or machines visually enabled, i.e.,
they can analyze and understand an image.”
Today advanced mobile technology, affordable computing power, hardware related to
Computer Vision analysis, and several neural networking algorithms have opened a new
sphere for computer vision in artificial intelligence.
 Categories of Artificial Intelligence
There are three categories of Artificial Intelligence. They are:

Artificial Narrow
Intelligence (ANI)

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), also

known as Weak AI, is designed to perform a
specific task, such as playing chess or
recognizing speech. ANI systems are
specialized and have a limited range of
capabilities. They can perform the task they
are designed for, but they lack the ability to
perform tasks outside of their expertise.
 Categories of Artificial Intelligence
There are three categories of Artificial Intelligence. They are:

Artificial General
Intelligence (AGI)

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), also

known as Strong AI, is designed to perform
any intellectual task that a human can do. AGI
systems can reason, understand, and learn
from experience. They can perform multiple
tasks and adapt to new situations.
 Categories of Artificial Intelligence
There are three categories of Artificial Intelligence. They are:
Artificial
Superintelligence
(ASI)
Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) is an
advanced form of AI that surpasses human
intelligence in all aspects. ASI systems can
think, reason, and learn at a level far beyond
what humans are capable of. They can
perform tasks that are beyond human
comprehension and could potentially solve
problems that are currently unsolvable.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of AI
Artificial Intelligence provides numerous advantages across various domains. Alongside its benefits, artificial intelligence also
has some potential disadvantages. Here are some key advantages and disadvantages of AI:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
AI enables the automation of repetitive and mundane tasks which leads to It can be challenging to understand how AI systems arrive at their decisions
leads to increased productivity and efficiency in various industries. or predictions, hindering trust and accountability.

AI algorithms can process and analyze vast amounts of data quickly and While AI may create new job opportunities, there is also a concern that
accurately. certain industries or job roles may become obsolete, leading to
unemployment.
AI systems have the ability to learn from data and improve over time. While AI can assist in generating new ideas or solutions, it lacks the human
capacity for creativity, intuition, and emotional understanding.

It enables personalized experiences by analyzing user preferences, behaviour, Insufficient or biased data can lead to inaccurate or biased results.
and historical data.

AI algorithms can also analyze historical data to identify patterns and make AI raises ethical and legal concerns regarding privacy, security, and
predictions about future outcomes. accountability.
 Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence has a wide range of applications across various industries, including:
1. Healthcare: AI can be used to analyze medical data and help in diagnosis and treatment planning. It can also be used to develop
personalized treatment plans and drug discovery.

2. Finance: AI can be used to analyze financial data and detect fraud, predict market trends, and optimize investment portfolios.

3. Retail: AI can be used to improve customer experience by providing personalized recommendations, predicting customer
behaviour, and optimizing pricing and inventory management.

4. Transportation: AI can be used to improve traffic management, optimize logistics and route planning, and enable autonomous
vehicles.

5. Education: AI can be used to personalize learning, provide intelligent tutoring systems, and automate administrative tasks.

6. Entertainment: AI can be used to develop personalized content recommendations, generate music and art, and enhance gaming
experiences.
 Career Opportunities in Artificial Intelligence
AI career opportunities have escalated recently due to its surging demands in industries. It is reasonable to believe that AI will
lead to a significant increase in employment. Artificial Intelligence is, therefore, a lucrative job opportunity that will help in the
advancement of the career opportunities of the aspirants massively. Here are some of the career paths in AI:

 Machine Learning Engineer - Machine learning engineers develop and implement algorithms that enable machines to
learn from data and improve their performance over time.
 Data Scientist - Data scientists analyze and interpret complex data to identify trends and patterns that can be used to
improve business outcomes.
 AI Researcher - AI researchers develop new algorithms and techniques to advance the field of AI and solve complex
problems.
 Robotics Engineer - Robotics engineers design and develop robots that can perform specific tasks using AI
technologies.
 Business Intelligence (BI) Developer - Business Intelligence Developers analyze complex data sets to identify business
and market trends.

These are just a few examples of the many career paths in AI. As the field continues to grow and evolve, we can expect to see
even more opportunities emerge in the future.
 Natural
Language
Processing

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

is interdisciplinary subfield of
linguistics, computer science, and
artificial intelligence concerned with
the interactions between computers
and human language. Natural
language processing has its roots in
the 1950s.
Already in 1950, Alan Turing
published an article titled
“Computing
is now called the Machinery
Turing test as aand criterion of intelligence, though at the time that was not
Intelligence”
articulated as which proposed
a problem whatfrom artificial intelligence. The proposed test includes a
separate
task that involves the automated interpretation and generation of natural language.