Orthographic Projection

– Projections of Points

Dr. J. Krishnaraj
Professor
Department of Mechanical
MLR Institute of Technology

*Projection
* A projection is defined as an image or a
drawing of an object made on a plane.
* The lines of sight are popularly called
projectors.
* The planes on which the drawings are made are
called planes of projection.
* Projections can be classified on the basis of the
lines of sight and the positions of planes on
which the drawing is made.

Classification of Projection

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 *Classification of Projection

Projections (a) Perspective (b) Axonometric (c) Oblique (d) Multi-view

*Orthographic Projection
* It is a parallel projection in which the projectors are parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
* Pictorial drawing shows all the three dimensions in one view.
* Orthographic view shows only two dimensions of the object in each view.

Object (a) In front of the plane of projection (b) Behind the plane of projection

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 *Principles of Orthographic Projection
* Orthographic projections are mainly obtained on two principal planes (also known as
reference planes) namely vertical plane and horizontal plane.
* These principal planes are perpendicular to each other and they divide the space into four
segments or quadrants.

(a) Principal planes

(b) Vertical, horizontal and
profile planes

*Classification of Orthographic Projection

* 1. First angle projection: The object lies in the first quadrant, i.e., above H.P. and in front of V.P.
* 2. Second angle projection: The object lies in the second quadrant, i.e., above H.P. and behind V.P.
* 3. Third angle projection: The object lies in the third quadrant, i.e., below H.P. and behind V.P.
* 4. Fourth angle projection: The object lies in the fourth quadrant, i.e., below H.P. and in front of
V.P.

(a) Principal planes

(b) Vertical, horizontal and
profile planes

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 *Conventions of First Angle Projection
* The object lies in the first quadrant, i.e., above H.P. and in front of V.P.

(a) Object kept in six-sided box (b) Unfold the box (c) Multi-view drawing in first angle

*Conventions of Third Angle Projection

* The object lies in the third quadrant, i.e., below H.P. and behind V.P.

(a) Object kept in six-sided box (b) Unfold the box (c) Multi-view drawing in first angle

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 *Symbols

(a) Frustum of a cone (b) Symbol for first angle projection (c) Symbol for third angle projection

*Projections of Points
POINT ABOVE THE H.P. AND IN FRONT OF THE V.P.
Prob. 1: Draw the front and the top views of a point A, lying 70 mm above the H.P. and 50
mm in front of the V.P. Also draw the side view.

Point above the H.P. and in front of the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

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 *Projections of Points
POINT ABOVE THE H.P. AND BEHIND THE V.P.
Prob. 2: Draw the projections of a point B, lying 70 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.

Point above the H.P. and behind the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

*Projections of Points
POINT BELOW THE H.P. AND BEHIND THE V.P.
Prob. 3: Draw the projections of a point C, lying 70 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.

Point below the H.P. and behind the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

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 *Projections of Points
POINT BELOW THE H.P. AND IN FRONT OF THE V.P.
Prob. 4: Draw the projections of a point D, lying 70 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P.

Point below the H.P. and in front of the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

*Projections of Points
POINT ON THE H.P. AND IN FRONT OF THE V.P.
Prob. 5: Draw the projections of a point E, lying on the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P.

Point on the H.P. and in front of the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

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 *Projections of Points
POINT ABOVE THE H.P. AND ON THE V.P.
Prob. 6: Draw the projections of a point F, lying 70 mm above the H.P. and on the V.P.

Point above the H.P. and on the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

*Projections of Points
POINT ON THE H.P. AND BEHIND THE V.P.
Prob. 7: Draw the projections of a point G, lying on the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.

Point on the H.P. and in front of the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

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 *Projections of Points
POINT BELOW THE H.P. AND ON V.P.
Prob. 8: Draw the projections of a point H, lying 70 mm below the H.P. and on the V.P.

Point above the H.P. and on the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

*Projections of Points
POINT ON BOTH H.P. AND V.P.
Prob. 9: Draw the projections of a point J, lying on both the H.P. and the V.P.

Point on both the H.P. and the V.P. (a) 3-D view (b) Projections

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 *Projections of Points
Prob. 10: Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line keeping the
distance between their projectors 30 mm apart.
(a) Point A is 20 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P.
(b) Point B is in the H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P.
(c) Point C is 30 mm in front of the V.P. and in the H.P.
(d) Point D is 50 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm behind the V.P.
(e) Point E is 20 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
(f ) Point F is in the V.P. and 50 mm below the H.P.

*Projections of Points
Prob. 10 Solution

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 *Projections of Points
Prob. 11: Projection of various points is given in Fig. State the position of each point with
respect to the planes of projection and mention the quadrant.

*Projections of Points
Prob. 11: Solution.
(a) Point A is 30 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P. It is in First Quadrant.
(b) Point B is in the H.P. and 40 mm in front of the V.P. It lies between First & Fourth Quadrant.
(c) Point C is 50 mm below the H.P. and in the V.P. It lies between Third & Fourth Quadrant.
(d) Point D is 20 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P. It is in Second Quadrant.
(e) Point E is 30 mm below the H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P. It is in Third Quadrant.

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