STA01B1, 2022 Paper A 1

STA01B1, 2022 Paper A 2

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QUESTION 1 [9]

a) Give the definition of a point estimate. (2)

b) If X1, X2, . . . , Xn is a random sample from a normal distribution with mean 𝜇 and variance
𝑋̅ −𝜇
𝜎 2 , then 𝑠 follows which distribution? (1)
⁄ 𝑛
√

c) Give an example of an unbiased estimator. (1)

d) A government testing agency studies aspirin capsules to see if customers are being
cheated with capsules that contain lesser amounts of medication than advertised.
Suppose the testing agent concludes the capsules contain a mean amount below the
advertised level when in fact the advertised level is the true mean. Which type of error, if
any, did the testing agency commit? (1)
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e) A new design for the braking system on a certain type of car has been proposed. For the
current system, the true average braking distance at 64 𝑘𝑚/ℎ under specified conditions
is known to be 36.58𝑚. It is proposed that the new design be implemented only if sample
data strongly indicates a reduction in true average braking distance for the new design.

Suppose braking distance for the new system is normally distributed with 𝜎 = 3.05. Let 𝑋̅
denote the sample average braking distance for a random sample of 36 observations.
Consider the rejection region 𝑥̅ ≤ 35.11.

What is the probability that the new design is not implemented when its true average
braking distance is actually 35.05𝑚? (4)
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QUESTION 2 [7]

Here is a sample of Statistics 1B assignment marks (the average of 3 assignments):

24.00 28.00 27.75 27.00 24.25 23.50 26.25

24.00 25.00 30.00 23.25 26.25 21.50 26.00
28.00 24.50 22.50 28.25 21.25 19.75 00000

Assume normality of the underlying distribution. It is given that 𝑥̅ = 25.05 and 𝑠 = 2.69.

a) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for this population mean and interpret your answer.
(4)

b) Suppose you were dissatisfied with the width of the confidence interval in a), and wanted
to cut the interval in half by increasing the sample size. How many students would have
to be included on the study? (3)
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QUESTION 3 [11]

The table below gives flight arrival numbers from a random sample of flights for two airlines.

Early On-time Late Total

Airline A 58 355 87 500
Airline B 133 416 151 700
Total 191 771 238 1200

Determine whether the proportion of on-time flights from Airline B exceeds that of Airline A by
using the appropriate hypothesis test. Show all 8 steps and include BOTH the rejection region
AND the p-value. Use a significance level of 5%.

Parameter:

Null Hypothesis:

Alternative Hypothesis:

Test statistic:
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Rejection region and p-value:

Decision:

Conclusion:

QUESTION 4 [4]

Assume 𝑛 independent values 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , ⋯ 𝑋𝑛 each has mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 .

2
𝑠
Show that 𝑋̅ 2 − 𝑛 is an unbiased estimator for 𝜇 2 .
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QUESTION 5 [14]

Four sets of identical twins (pairs A, B, C and D) were selected at random from a database of
identical twins. One child was selected at random from each pair to form an “experimental”
group. These four children were sent to Grade R and the other four were kept home as a control
group. At the end of the year, their IQ scores were obtained:

Pair Experimental Group Control Group

A 110 111
B 125 120
C 139 128
D 142 135

The aim of the experiment was to determine whether the lack of Grade R schooling had a
lowering effect on IQ scores.

a) Use the appropriate hypothesis test to determine whether the lack of Grade R schooling
had a significant lowering effect on IQ scores. Use 𝛼 = 0.05. You may also make use of
any of the following information:
𝑠𝑝2 = 69.33 𝑠𝑑2 = 25 𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅ 2 = 7.67 𝑑̅ = 5.5 (8)

Parameter:

Hypotheses:

Test Statistic:
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Rejection region:

Decision:

Conclusion:

b) Estimate the difference in the mean IQ scores by calculating an 80% confidence interval
for the data. Use this result to determine whether the lack of Grade R schooling had a
significant lowering effect on IQ scores. (4)

c) Comment on your conclusion in a) compared to your conclusion in b). Motivate your

answer. (2)
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QUESTION 6 [5]

Do teachers find their work rewarding and satisfying? The article “Work-Related Attitudes”
(Psych. Rep., 1991: 443—450) reports the results of a survey of 395 primary school teachers and
266 high school teachers. Of the primary school teachers, 224 said they were very satisfied with
their jobs, whereas 126 of the high school teachers were very satisfied with their work.

a) Estimate the difference between the proportion of all primary school teachers who are not
satisfied and all high school teachers who are not satisfied by calculating a 95% lower
confidence bound. (3)

b) By how much does the proportion of all high school teachers who are not satisfied exceed
the proportion of all primary school teachers who are not satisfied? Give your answer as
a percentage. (2)

QUESTION 7 [18]

Twenty-four students registered for a third-year statistics module at UJ. In order to compare
four different textbooks, the students were divided randomly into four classes and a different
textbook was assigned randomly to each of the four classes. The table below shows the final
examination mark for each student:

Treatments Observations Total Average

Textbook 1 72 81 83 64 73 373 74.6
Textbook 2 48 63 55 52 49 267 53.4
Textbook 3 72 76 73 69 70 360 72.0
Textbook 4 65 68 75 92 69 369 73.8

Test whether there is any significant difference in the average marks of the students following
the use of the different textbooks, by answering the following questions:
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a) It is given that 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 2402.95. Construct an ANOVA table. Clearly show the calculation
of 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟. (6)

Source of variation SS df MS F
Treatments
Error
Total

b) If the hypothesis of equal means are tested at a 5% level of significance, state the
hypotheses, give the critical value and state your conclusion. (4)

c) The four treatment means have been ranked using Tukey’s honestly significant difference
(HSD) with α = 0.05. Interpret the given result and then comment on which textbook(s)
should be used in future.

53.4 72.0 73.8 74.6

(2)
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d) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference in average marks for students
using textbook 1 and textbook 2. Use your interval to comment on how much better the
students will do using textbook 1 versus textbook 2. (5)

e) Give an estimate of the common variance (one of the assumptions of ANOVA). (1)

QUESTION 8 [8]

The manager of a large supermarket in Polokwane believes that 25% of their customers shop
for groceries daily, 35% shop at least 3 or 4 times per week; 30% shop twice weekly; and the
balance shop only once a week.
In a survey conducted amongst a random sample of 180 customers, the following shopping
frequencies were identified:

Shopping Frequency
Daily 36
3-4 times 55
Twice 62
Once only 27

Using the appropriate hypothesis test and a significance level of 5%, determine whether the
survey supports the manager’s belief about the frequency of store visits by customers.
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Null Hypothesis:

Test statistic:

Rejection region:

Decision:

Conclusion:
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QUESTION 9 [18]

The following data and ANOVA results were obtained in an experiment relating the texture of
strawberries with storage temperature:

Texture, y -2 -2 0 2 2
Storage Temperature, x 4.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.0

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.989949494
R Square 0.98
Adjusted R Square 0.973333333
Standard Error 0.326598632
Observations 5

ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F F
Regression 1 15.68 15.68 147 0.001207702
Residual 3 0.32 0.106667
Total 4 16

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%

Intercept 2.24 0.235513623 9.511127 0.002465 1.49049054
Storage -
Temperature -1.12 0.092376043 -12.1244 0.001208 1.413981797

RESIDUAL OUTPUT PROBABILITY OUTPUT

Predicted
Observation Texture Residuals Percentile Texture
1 -2.24 0.24 10 -2
2 -1.68 -0.32 30 -2
3 0 0 50 0
4 1.68 0.32 70 2
5 2.24 -0.24 90 2
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Storage Temperature
5
4
3
2
1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Normal Probability Storage Temperature

Plot Residual Plot
4 0.4
2 0.2
Residuals
Texture

0 0
0 50 100 0 1 2 3 4 5
-2 -0.2
-4 -0.4
Sample Percentile Storage Temperature

a) What is the least-squares prediction equation? (1)

b) Interpret the slope of the fitted model in terms of this example. (2)

c) Predict texture when the storage temperature is 4.5. (1)

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d) Do the data present sufficient evidence at the 5% level of significance to indicate that
texture is linearly related to storage temperature?
Identify the two test statistics in the printout that can be used to answer this question.
Clearly state the hypotheses, the calculated values of the two test statistics, the p-value
and your final conclusion. (5)

e) What is the best estimate of the variance of the random error 𝜀? (1)

f) What percentage of the variation in texture can’t be explained by the variation in storage
temperature? (1)

g) Use the given diagnostic plots to comment on the validity of the regression assumptions,
explaining your answer in one sentence. (4)

h) Calculate the value of the residual for 𝑥 = 2 and explain the concept of a residual using
your answer. (3)
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QUESTION 10 [2]

Two different brands of contact lenses are to be compared for length, in hours, of comfortable
wear. The lenses are available in any prescription.

a) How might an independent samples experiment be carried out? (1)

b) How might an experiment resulting in paired data be carried out? (1)

QUESTION 11 [4]

The amount of coca cola that Abusisiwe consumes on any given day is normally distributed with
𝜇 = 257.59 𝑚𝑙 and 𝜎 = 39.63 𝑚𝑙. If she currently has two six-packs of 300 𝑚𝑙-cans, what is the
probability that she still has some coca cola left at the end of 2 weeks (14 days)?
Let 𝑋𝑖 be the amount that she consumes any given day.

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