Group 4 Report

THE ROLE OF
RIBOSOMES AND
TRNA IN PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
GROUP 4
1. Describe the structure and function of
ribosomes and tRNA in the process of
translation.
2. Explain how tRNA transports amino acids

and matches them with corresponding
mRNA codons.
LEARNING 3. Identify and discuss the roles of the

ribosome’s A, P, and E sites in facilitating
OBJECTIVES accurate protein synthesis.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
PHASES
Transcription Translation
Occurs in the
DNA is transcribed into a cytoplasm, where
complementary mRNA ribosomes synthesize
sequence in the nucleus. proteins based on
mRNA instructions.
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
Central to the
central dogma of
molecular biology:
DNA → RNA →
Protein.

Facilitates the
production of
functional proteins
necessary for cell
survival, growth,
and replication
Ribosomes
Molecular machines synthesizing
polypeptides.
mRNA (Messenger RNA)

Template containing codons that encode
amino acids.
MAIN
MOLECULAR tRNA (Transfer RNA)
Adaptor molecules that interpret mRNA
COMPONENTS codons.
RIBOSOME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Composed of two
subunits: small and large,
which are formed by
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
and protein complexes.
In eukaryotes, ribosomes
are 80S, with a 40S small
subunit and a 60S large
subunit; in prokaryotes,
ribosomes are 70S (30S
small subunit and 50S
large subunit).
FUNCTION IN Acts as the site of protein
synthesis, orchestrating
TRANSLATION interactions between mRNA and
tRNA.
Catalyzes peptide bond formation
through its peptidyl transferase
center, enabling the assembly of
amino acids into polypeptide
chains.
Proofreading: Ensures correct
tRNA matching to mRNA codons
to prevent errors in the amino
acid sequence.
TRNA
STRUCTURE
AND
FUCNTION
Cloverleaf secondary structure with:
Anticodon loop: Contains the anticodon
triplet, complementary to the mRNA codon.
3’ Amino acid attachment site: Binds a
specific amino acid according to the genetic
code.
TRNA Wobble Hypothesis:

Allows flexibility in pairing, where some tRNA
STRUCTURE
molecules can pair with more than one
codon due to third-base variations,
maintaining efficiency and redundancy
AND Function in Translation:

Acts as an adaptor molecule that decodes
mRNA into the corresponding amino acid
FUCNTION sequence.
Each tRNA is charged with a specific amino
acid by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases,
ensuring the accuracy of protein synthesis.
1. Initiation
The small ribosomal subunit binds to the
mRNA near the start codon (AUG). THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION
The initiator tRNA (often tRNA^Met in
eukaryotes) pairs with AUG, marking the
beginning of polypeptide synthesis.
The large ribosomal subunit then joins,
forming the functional ribosome.
2. Elongation
Aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site of the
ribosome, and the ribosome facilitates peptide
bond formation between the incoming amino
acid and the growing polypeptide chain.
The ribosome shifts along the mRNA in a 5’ to
3’ direction, moving the tRNA to the next site
(A to P to E)
3. Termination
Translation concludes when a stop codon
(UAA, UAG, or UGA) is encountered.
Release factors bind to the stop codon,
causing the release of the newly synthesized
polypeptide and the dissociation of ribosomal
subunits.
RIBOSOME’S A, P, A Site (Aminoacyl Site)
AND E SITES Serves as the acceptor site for

incoming aminoacyl-tRNA, pairing it with
the mRNA codon.
P Site (Peptidyl Site)
Holds the tRNA carrying the growing
polypeptide chain. It is in this site that the
ribosome catalyzes the peptide bond,
elongating the chain.
E Site (Exit Site)
Site from which deacylated tRNA exits
the ribosome after transferring its amino
acid, allowing the ribosome to accept a new
tRNA in the A site.
TRNA AND CODON
MATCHING
Codon-Anticodon Interaction:
Each mRNA codon, a sequence of three nucleotides, corresponds
to a specific amino acid.
Anticodon on tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon,
ensuring the correct amino acid is incorporated.
Example:
The codon AUG on mRNA codes for Methionine and pairs with the
tRNA anticodon UAC.
Wobble Hypothesis:
Describes how the third base in a codon allows flexibility, meaning
some tRNAs can pair with multiple codons, enhancing efficiency
without compromising accuracy.
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase:
Each amino acid is attached to its corresponding tRNA by a
specific enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
This enzyme “charges” the tRNA, ensuring fidelity in protein
synthesis by attaching the correct amino acid to the appropriate
tRNA.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
RIBOSOMES AND TRNA IN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Precision and Efficiency
Ribosomes and tRNA work in concert to achieve high accuracy,

which is critical for cellular function.
Misincorporation of amino acids can lead to dysfunctional
proteins, potentially causing diseases such as
neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s).
Role in Cellular Function
Proteins produced through translation

perform a wide range of functions,
including:
1. Enzymatic Catalysis: Proteins act as
enzymes that facilitate biochemical
reactions.
2. Structural Support: Proteins like actin and
tubulin maintain cell structure.
3. Signal Transduction: Receptor proteins
facilitate cellular communication.
Relevance to Human Health:

Ribosomal or tRNA mutations can lead to
ribosomopathies (disorders caused by
ribosomal dysfunction), impacting tissues
with high protein turnover, such as bone
marrow and skin.
Ribosomes and tRNA are
SUMMARY
integral to translating genetic
information into functional
proteins.
The ribosome’s A, P, and E sites
facilitate the sequential binding
and release of tRNAs, guiding
the formation of polypeptides.
tRNA molecules play a crucial
role by matching amino acids to
mRNA codons, ensuring the
accuracy of protein synthesis.
THANK
YOU!
QUIZ
1. Which ribosomal site holds the tRNA carrying the growing
polypeptide chain?
2. What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein

assembly?
3. Which phase of protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm?
4. What type of RNA contains the codons that dictate the amino
acid sequence?
5. What is the process called where a stop codon triggers the

release of a newly synthesized polypeptide?
1. P-site
2. tRNA
3. Translation
4. mRNA
5. Termination

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THE ROLE OF

2. Explain how tRNA transports amino acids

LEARNING 3. Identify and discuss the roles of the

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

TRNA Wobble Hypothesis:

AND Function in Translation:

AND E SITES Serves as the acceptor site for

Ribosomes and tRNA work in concert to achieve high accuracy,

Proteins produced through translation

Relevance to Human Health:

2. What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein

3. Which phase of protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm?

5. What is the process called where a stop codon triggers the

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