PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS
HANDROOK

VIRGIL B. GUTHRIE, Editor

Formerly Editor of Petroleum Processing
and Managing Editor of National Petroleum News

FIRST EDITION

New York Toronto London

MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.

1960
 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HANDBOOK
Copyright © 1960 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Printed in the
United States of America. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof,
may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.

Library of Congress Catalog Card N u m b e r : 58-13870

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 - M P - 1 0 9 8 7

25295
 CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

George R. Benz, Manager, Engineering Department, Phillips Petroleum

Co., Bartlesville, OkIa. (Sec. 3, Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
William F. Bland, Senior Editor, Petroleum Processing Handbook, New
York. (Sec. 12, Petrochemicals)
C. J. Boner, Director of Laboratories, Battenfeld Grease & Oil Corp.,
Kansas City, Mo. (Sec. 9, Part 3, Lubricating Greases)
Allen F. Brewer, Consultant in Lubrication, Jensen Beach, FIa. (Sec.
9, Part 2', Industrial Lubrication)
Martin B. Chittick, Consulting Engineer, Winter Park, FIa. (Sec. 11,
Part 2, Industrial Naphthas)
W. L. Clinkenbeard, Group Head, Process Research Division, Esso
Research and Engineering Co., Linden, N. J. (Sec. 7 ,Distillate
Heating Oils)
Robert L. Davidson, Consultant, New York. (Sec. 17, Petroleum Trade
Glossary)
E. W. Evans, Technical Representative, Engineering Department, Phillips
Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, OkIa. (Sec. 3, Liquefied Petroleum
Gas)
George W. Fiero, Petroleum Specialties Department, Esso Standard Oil
Co., New York. (Sec. 11, Part 3, Use of Petroleum as Pesticides)
John M. Griffith, Engineer of Research, The Asphalt Institute, College
Park, Md. (Sec. 13, Petroleum Asphalt)
Virgil B. Guthrie, Editor, Petroleum Products Handbook, New York.
[Sec. 11, Part 1, Kerosine (Illuminating Oil); Sec. 17, Petroleum
Trade Glossary]
J. Bennett Hill, Consulting Engineer, Wynnewood, Pa. (Sec. 4,
Gasoline)
David R. Hogin, Section Head, Process Research Division, Esso Research
and Engineering Co., Linden, N. J. (Sec. 7, Distillate Heating Oils)
R. L. Huntington, Research Professor of Chemical Engineering, Univer-
sity of Oklahoma, Norman, OkIa. (Sec. 1, Part 2, Natural Gasoline
a Source of Liquid Products)
William S. James, Consulting Engineer, Birmingham, Mich. (Sec. 9,
Part 1, Automotive Oils)
Vladimir A. Kalichevsky,* Consulting Chemical Engineer, Beaumont,
Texas. (Sec. 1, Part 1, Petroleum, Our Man of All Work)
C. M. Larson, P.E., Consulting Engineer, New Rochelle, N.Y. (Sec. 2,
Additives for Petroleum Products)
Read Larson, Amoco Chemicals Corp., Chicago. (Sec. 2, Additives for
Petroleum Products)
S. W. Martin,* Vice-president, Research and Development, Great Lakes
Carbon Corp., Chicago. (Sec. 14, Petroleum Coke)
E. M. May, Bowser, Inc., Los Angeles. (Sec. 9, Part 4, Reclaiming
Lubricating Oils)
John G. Moxey, Jr., Assistant Director, Research and Development, Sun
Oil Co., Philadelphia. (Sec. 4, Gasoline)
Albert S. Orr, Coordinator's Group, Manufacturing Department, Gulf
Oil Corp., Pittsburgh. (Sec. 8, Residual Fuel Oils)
E. H. Peters, Jr., Manager, Petrochemical Projects, Magnolia Petroleum
Co., Beaumont, Texas. (Sec. 1, Part 1, Petroleum, Our Man of
All Work)
C. G. A. Rosen, Consultant, Woodside, Calif. (Sec. 6, Diesel Fuel Oils)
W. F. Scarberry, Research and Technical Department, Texaco, Inc.,
Beacon, N.Y. (Sec. 5, Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels and Lubricants)
Walter R. Smith, Associate Technical Director, Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc.,
Boston. (Sec. 15, Carbon Black)
K. H. Strauss, Research and Technical Department, Texaco, Inc.,
Beacon, N.Y. (Sec. 5, Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels and Lubricants)
David V. Stroop, Former Director of Technical Services, American
Petroleum Institute, Fairhope, Ala. (Sec. 16, Reference Data
Section)
Paul Tucker, Technical Representative, Engineering Department,
Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, OkIa. (Sec. 8, Liquefied
Petroleum Gases)
* Deceased.
John B. Tuttle, Special Assistant, Marketing, Esso Standard Oil Co.,
New York. (Sec. 10, The Petroleum Waxes)
Ralph W. Van Sant, Jr., Director, Marketing Technical Service Division,
Gulf Research & Development Co., Pittsburgh. (Sec. 8, Residual
Fuel Oils)
Arvin S. Wellborn, Chief Engineer, The Asphalt Institute, College Park,
Md. (Sec. 13, Petroleum Asphalt)
 PREFACE

The Petroleum Products Handbook presents practical information and

data which will help oil companies and large-scale users of commercial
petroleum products in efficient storage, handling, and utilization of
these products. The need for this handbook stems from the intensive
technological developments in all industries in recent years. All types
of equipment and machinery have been greatly improved mechanically
and designed to run under far more severe operating conditions. Fuels,
lubricants, and other petroleum products, likewise, have been greatly
improved and adapted for exacting operating requirements. The selec-
tion of the proper petroleum product for the specific application thus has
become more important than ever before. Also important is the proper
transportation, storage, and handling of products to ensure that they
reach the point of usage with their properties unchanged from their
manufacture.
The Petroleum Products Handbook surveys the properties and charac-
teristics of individual petroleum products which are essential to their
efficient performance and economical use. Among the many petroleum
products covered are liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, aircraft fuels,
diesel fuels, heating oils, residual fuel oils, greases, waxes, petrochemicals,
asphalt, coke, and others. Additives, today incorporated in almost all
petroleum products, are classified and their functions defined. A special
feature of the handbook is a Reference Data Directory, which serves
as a quick means for locating all published sources for current data on
tests and specifications, storage, handling, shipping regulations, etc.
Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the contributors to the hand-
book and to the oil companies which, in some instances, have made it
possible for men on their own technical staffs to write for the handbook
and, in other cases, have supplied valuable data from their own files
and technical reports. Great assistance has also been given by many
technical societies and industry associations, including the American
Petroleum Institute, American Society of Lubrication Engineers, Amer-
ican Society for Testing Materials, Asphalt Institute, Chemical Specialty
Manufacturers' Association, Society of Automotive Engineers, Natural
Gasoline Association of America, Western Petroleum Refiners Asso-
ciation, among others. Without the advice and assistance from these
and many other sources, the Petroleum Products Handbook in its present
scope could not have been achieved.
Virgil B. Guthrie
 GUIDE FOR HANDBOOK USERS

Encyclopedic Feature. The text material in the Petroleum Products

Handbook has been prepared to include brief but comprehensive informa-
tion about the nature, manufacture, and marketing of individual prod-
ucts, in addition to giving data on standards, test methods, and prop-
erties which influence performance and thus aid in the selection of
products. This general informative material is given in Section 1, and
also in the early portions of the individual sections.
Commercial Products. The detailed data presented in the handbook
apply to the conventional type of products available at most refineries,
for commercial trade. The data also apply to products purchased by
the government for conventional uses. Fuels, lubricating oils, greases,
and other products serving special uses are discussed at the option of the
editors of individual sections. Specifications and test methods applying
to products used by the Armed Services in general are not presented.
Units of Measurement. The barrel by which crude oil and most
products are measured for statistical purposes is the petroleum industry's
historic 42-gallon barrel. Where products such as heavy fuel oils are
sold by the barrel, the unit is the 42-gallon barrel. The accepted unit
of measurement and sale for most products is the standard U.S. gallon
of 231 cubic inches (277.42 cubic inches for the British imperial gallon).
The ton by which asphalt and coke are measured and sold is the 2,000-
pound short ton. The pound unit for wax, petrolatum, and grease is
the standard 16-ounce pound.
Product Specifications. Product specifications are presented in the
text of the pertinent individual sections, where their authority and
background is explained by the editor of the section. The accepted
standards for many products are classifications by type of service rather
than rigid purchasing specifications.
Additives. Additives are given special treatment in the handbook,
since they are now a component of most petroleum products to enhance
their original properties or to impart new qualities. Types of additives
used in commercial products are discussed in Section 2. Individual
sections of the handbook discuss the functions of additives in specific
products.
Industry Terminology. The definitions in the extensive Glossary
(Section 17) in the handbook emphasize the significance of words and
phrases when applied to petroleum products. The Glossary also spells
out the industry terms which are commonly expressed in a combination
of initial letters. The Directory of Reference Data in the handbook
gives the full names of bureaus, technical societies, and associations
which are identified in the text by initial letters and also gives their
addresses.
Selected Reference Data. Section 16 of the handbook includes the
listing of product specifications which are issued by Federal government
bureaus and commercial agencies. This section also includes digests of
state and Federal motor-fuel tax laws and tells how to apply for refunds
for tax amounts paid. Also given are digests of other information
which will be helpful as a guide to complete information on specific
subjects.
Indexing. In addition to the conventional complete subject index,
the handbook includes a special index, which is keyed to the Directory
of Reference Data Sources to be found in the Reference Data Section.
This special index provides a method for the handbook user to quickly
locate available published information on all subjects relating to the
handling, storage, and utilization of petroleum products and also to
secure pertinent current data as they are published.
 Petroleum Flow Chart from the Well through the Refinery

TANKER WELL
REFINERY STORAGE
FIELD STORAGE
TANK CAR

PIPE STILL FURNACE PIPE LINE

(DISTILLATION) PUMPING STATION

GAS COMPRESSOR AGITATOR REFINERY

(SEPARATION) FUEL GAS
(CHEMICAL
TREATMENT)
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
RAW MATERIAL
NAPHTHA
POLYMER
CRACKING COILS IZATION' ALCOHOL
(THERMALCRACKING) AGITATOR
AGITATOR ALKYLATION
MOTOR GASOLINE
(CHEMICAL BLENDING
TREATMENT) HYDRO-
GENATION AVIATION
KEROSlNE GASOLINE

KEROSINE
GAS OIL "CAT CRACKER" (CATALYTIC CRACKING)
FILTER PRESS
DE-WAXING) HEATING OILS

LUBE ACID1SOLVENT
STOCKS EXTRACTION LUBRICATING OILS
OR CLAY TREATING
(PURIFICATION)
WAX
BOTTOMS
FRACTIONATING
TOWER FUEL OILS
(SEPARATION) ASPHALT STILL
(OXIDATION)
OXIDIZED ASPHALT

ASPHALT

(Courtesy of Humble Oil & Refining Co., Esso Standard, Eastern Region.)