Dagim and Mule Pressure Vessel

University of Gondar
Institute Of Technology
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Vertical Semi Ellipsoidal Pressure
Vessel
Submitted to Mr. AYELE.H(M.Sc.)
Prepared by:
Name ID
Dagim Zeynu----------------------------------------- GUR/22992/13
Muluken Musie ------------------------------------- GUR/40087/13
Gondar, Ethiopia
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we express our gratitude to the Almighty God for guiding us and granting us
the wisdom and strength to complete this project successfully.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Ayele, MSc, for his invaluable guidance and support
throughout this project. His expertise has been invaluable in shaping our understanding of
pressure vessel design.
A special thank you to everyone at the University of Gondar in Ethiopia for providing us with
the necessary resources and support to complete this project.
To our classmates, thank you for your collaboration and camaraderie, which made this project
enjoyable and rewarding.
Lastly, we would like to thank our families and friends for their unwavering support and
encouragement.
i
ABSTRACT
This project undertakes the design and analysis of a pressure vessel within the framework of
guidance provided by Mr. Ayele, MSc, at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Pressure vessels
serve as critical components across various industries, necessitating meticulous attention to
design, material selection, and structural integrity to ensure safe operation under high-pressure
conditions.
The project initiates with an exploration of the historical background and classification of
pressure vessels, contextualizing the engineering challenges within the Ethiopian industrial
landscape. By examining dimensions, end construction, geometrical shapes, and position
arrangements, the project establishes a foundation for understanding the diverse applications and
engineering considerations specific to Ethiopia.
Driven by clear objectives, the project conducts a literature review encompassing various models
and conceptual designs, integrating insights from previous research with local industrial
requirements. Through this process, a specific model is selected for detailed design and analysis,
taking into account Ethiopia's unique socio-economic and environmental factors.
Subsequent chapters delve into detail design and analysis, addressing crucial aspects such as
material selection, general design considerations, and compliance with Ethiopian and
international standards. Each element is meticulously examined to ensure alignment with local
industrial practices and regulatory frameworks.
The project culminates in the presentation and discussion of results, offering insights into the
structural performance and operational feasibility of the designed pressure vessel within the
Ethiopian context. Through systematic analysis and discussions, the project aims to contribute to
the enhancement of pressure vessel design methodologies tailored to the needs of Ethiopian
industries.
In conclusion, this collaborative effort between students and faculty at the University of Gondar
underscores the institution's commitment to advancing engineering education and research in
Ethiopia, thereby contributing to the country's industrial development and technological
advancement.
ii
Table of content
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................1
1.1 Background History......................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem..............................................................................2
1.3 Classification of pressure vessel...................................................................3
1. According to the dimensions........................................................................3
2. According to the end construction:...............................................................3
3. According to geometrical shapes:.................................................................4
4. According to the position arrangement:........................................................4
1.3 Objective.......................................................................................................6
1.3.1 General objective....................................................................................6
1.3.2. Specific objectives....................................................................................6
1.4. Scope of the research.......................................................................................6
1.4 Significance of the research..........................................................................6
1.6 Limitation.........................................................................................................7
1.7 Organization of the thesis.................................................................................7
Chapter 2:..................................................................................................................8
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................8
MODEL 1...............................................................................................................8
MODEL 2.............................................................................................................11
MODEL 3.............................................................................................................13
MODEL 4.............................................................................................................15
MODEL 5.............................................................................................................19
MODEL 6.............................................................................................................21
MODEL 7.............................................................................................................24
MODEL 8.............................................................................................................27
iii
MODEL 9.............................................................................................................29
2.2 Conceptual design with previous model............................................................32
NB: - we select model 1..........................................................................................33
2.3 Reason for selecting our model......................................................................33
Chapter 3:................................................................................................................34
3. DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS...............................................................34
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................35
3.2 Selection of material...................................................................................35
3.3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:..............................................37
3.3.1 Design of Shell:........................................................................................40
3.3.2 Design of Head.........................................................................................45
3.3.3 Design of Inlet and Outlet Nozzle:...........................................................50
3.3.4 Design of Bolted Flange Joints................................................................55
3.3.5 Design of Nut...........................................................................................60
3.3.6 Flange design:..........................................................................................61
Chapter 4.................................................................................................................75
4. Result and discussions......................................................................................75
4.1 Results.........................................................................................................75
4.2 Discussions..................................................................................................77
CHAPTER-5............................................................................................................78
5.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................................78
5.1 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................78
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................79
6. REFERENCES.................................................................................................80
APPENDIX.............................................................................................................81
iv
List of Figures
Figure 1 vertical pressure vessel................................................................................4

Figure 2 horizontal pressure vessel...........................................................................5
Figure 3 Spherical pressure vessel............................................................................5
Figure 4 Model 1......................................................................................................9
Figure 5 Model 2.....................................................................................................11
Figure 6 Model 3.....................................................................................................13
Figure 7 Model 4 a (Top head)................................................................................15
Figure 8 Model 4 b (Top shell)................................................................................16
Figure 9 model 4 c (bottom shell)...........................................................................16
Figure 10 Model 4 d (Bottom head)........................................................................16
Figure 11 Model 4 e (skirt)......................................................................................17
Figure 12 Model 4 f (Assembly).............................................................................17
Figure 13 ANALYSIS PRESSURE VESSEL.........................................................19
Figure 14 a Finite Element Simulation and Analysis for the Design of a Pressure.22
Figure 15 n design and analysis of pressure vessel using finite element................22
Figure 16 Evaluation of limit load analysis for pressure vessels............................25
Figure 17 Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel with different end....................27
Figure 18 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PRESSURE VESSEL................................30
Figure 19 Crack Propagation Growth Considering 4 mm ) Static Stress Analysis. 30
Figure 20 length to diameter ratio chart [12]...........................................................42
Figure 21 stress analysis [7]....................................................................................43
Figure 22 shell.........................................................................................................45
Figure 23 ellipsoidal head [5]..................................................................................46
Figure 24 head stress analysis [5]............................................................................46
Figure 25 head.........................................................................................................48
Figure 26 nozzle......................................................................................................55
Figure 27 bolt..........................................................................................................57
Figure 28 nut............................................................................................................60
Figure 29 standard flange........................................................................................61
Figure 30 wind load pressure the vessel [12]..........................................................69
Figure 31 skirt support.............................................................................................72
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NOMENCLATURE Dimensions in MLT
A Arbitrary constant ML-11T-2
B Arbitrary constant MLT-2
c Corrosion allowance L
D Diameter L
Di Internal diameter L
Dm Mean diameter L
Do Outside diameter L
dr Diameter of reinforcement pad L
e Minimum plate thickness L
Fw Loading due to wind pressure, per unit length MT-2
g Gravitational acceleration LT-2
I Second moment of area (moment of inertia) L4
M Bending moment ML2T-2
Mv Bending moment acting on vessel ML2T-2
Mx Bending moment at point x from free end of column ML2T-2
P Pressure ML1T2
Pd Design pressure ML-1T-2
r Radius L
t Thickness of plate (shell) L
tb Thickness of base ring L
tc Thickness of bracket plate L
vi
Wv Weight of vessel MLT-2
σb Bending stress ML-1T-2
vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background History
The earliest known designs of pressure vessels, documented in Leonardo da Vinci's Codex
Madrid I in 1495, proposed pressurized air containers for lifting heavy loads underwater.
However, it wasn't until the 1800s, during the industrial revolution, that pressure vessels
resembling modern ones began to emerge, driven by advancements in steam generation
technology [1].
Despite these advancements, early pressure vessels suffered from issues such as poor material
quality, manufacturing techniques, and inadequate understanding of design, operation, and
maintenance. This led to numerous damaging and often fatal explosions associated with boilers
and pressure vessels, particularly in the United States, where fatalities became a daily occurrence
[1].
To address safety concerns, local authorities and states in the US began implementing regulations
governing pressure vessel construction. However, the diverse rules across jurisdictions posed
challenges for manufacturers. This prompted the development of a unified set of standards,
leading to the creation of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), which
commenced in 1911 and was formally released in 1914 [1].
A significant advancement in pressure vessel design occurred in 1919 with the development of a
tank capable of withstanding pressures up to 10,000 psi (69MPa). This tank, with a 6-inch (150
mm) diameter, featured a spiral-wound construction with two layers of high tensile strength steel
wire to prevent sidewall rupture, along with longitudinal reinforcement of the end caps using
high-tensile rods [1].
Today, pressure vessels in the USA must bear the BPVC stamp, indicating compliance with its
standards. The BPVC has gained international recognition, with many countries adopting it as
their official code. However, several countries, including Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain, and
Europe, have their own codes, some of which incorporate elements of the BPVC [1].
1
It's worth noting that Ethiopia currently lacks its own pressure vessel code. Despite geographical
disparities, the universal recognition of the hazards associated with pressure vessels emphasizes
the global need for standards and codes governing their design and construction [1].
1.2Statement of the problem

Pressure vessels play a critical role in various industrial sectors, including chemical processing,
oil and gas production, and power generation, by containing fluids or gases under high pressure.
Despite their importance, incidents involving pressure vessel failures continue to pose significant
risks to human safety, environmental integrity, and operational stability. The problem arises from
a combination of factors, including inadequate design practices, material selection issues,
manufacturing defects, and insufficient maintenance procedures [1].
1. Safety Concerns: Pressure vessel failures can result in catastrophic consequences, including
explosions, fires, and toxic chemical releases, endangering the lives of workers and nearby
communities. The inability to ensure the safe operation of pressure vessels remains a pressing
concern.
2. Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with diverse regulatory frameworks, such as the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) in the United States and equivalent standards in other
regions, presents challenges for manufacturers, especially in navigating complex and evolving
regulatory requirements.
3.Material Selection and Quality: Material selection plays a crucial role in pressure vessel
design, influencing its structural integrity, corrosion resistance, and operational lifespan.
However, issues related to material quality, compatibility, and performance under varying
operating conditions persist, contributing to the risk of premature failure.
4.Design and Engineering Practices: Inadequate design and engineering practices, including
inaccurate stress analysis, insufficient consideration of operational parameters, and lack of robust
quality assurance processes, undermine the reliability and safety of pressure vessels.
5.Maintenance and Inspection: Effective maintenance and inspection programs are essential
for detecting potential defects, deterioration, and fatigue in pressure vessels. However,
challenges such as limited resources, inadequate training, and reliance on outdated inspection
techniques hinder the timely identification and mitigation of risks.
2
6.Global Harmonization: In a globalized industrial landscape, achieving harmonization and
standardization of pressure vessel regulations and standards across different jurisdictions remains
a significant challenge, leading to inconsistencies in safety practices and compliance
requirements.
Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach encompassing advancements in

design methodologies, material science, manufacturing technologies, regulatory harmonization
efforts, and enhanced training and education initiatives for industry professionals. By addressing
these underlying issues, stakeholders can mitigate the risks associated with pressure vessel
failures and promote safer and more sustainable industrial operations.
1.3 Classification of pressure vessel

The pressure vessels may be classified as follows: -
1. According to the dimensions: - The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions,

may be classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less
than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d), then it is called a thin shell. If the wall thickness
of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be a thick
shell.
 Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas thick shells are used in high
pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.
 Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick shell is the
internal fluid pressure (p) and the allowable stress (t).
 If the internal fluid pressure (p) is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress,
then it is called a thin shell.
 If the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then
it is said to be a thick shell.
2. According to the end construction: - The pressure vessels, according to
the end construction, may be classified as open end or closed end.
 A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an
open-end vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of
3
vessels having open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the
fluid pressure, where as in case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to
circumferential stresses are induced.
3. According to geometrical shapes: according to the geometrical shapes pressure
vessels are: -
 Cylindrical shapes
 Conical shapes
 Spherical vessel with one or two cones
4. According to the position arrangement:

 Vertical pressure vessel: - Vertical pressure vessels are used for a variety of operational
needs, mainly as reservoirs of compressed air - air chambers, as well as pressurized water
tanks or expansion tanks to compensate for the volume of hot water stations with air or
steam cushion - aqua mat, and as releasers called expanders. Vertical pressure vessels
consist of a cylindrical shell and dished bottoms. They are placed on three welded legs.
The size and positioning of the filler necks is adjusted according to the customer
requirements and accordance with the relevant European standards. The pressure vessels
can be produced from ferrous or austenitic steel.
Figure 1 vertical pressure vessel
 Horizontal pressure vessel: - The free horizontal pressure vessel in pressure vessel is a
container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the
ambient pressure.
4
Figure 2 horizontal pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel: - This type of pressure vessels is known as thin-walled

vessels. This forms the most typical application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class
of common engineering problems involving stress in a thin plate. Spherical vessel has the
advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter than the equivalent
cylinder. Therefore, they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear
reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on.
Figure 3 Spherical pressure vessel
5
1.3Objective
1.3.1 General objective
The main objective of this project is to design vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel that has
the capacity to store steam of total inside volume 10m 3, design pressure 3.5 Mp a, design
temperature 150° C and corrosion allowance 1.5mm.
1.3.2. Specific objectives

The following are specific objective to be achieved at the end of the project:
 Designing of components of vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel

 Cost analysis for the components
 To compute stress analysis and geometry analysis for each part
 Preparing each component of the pressure vessels and the assembly
drawing.
1.4. Scope of the research

This project is about the designing of pressure vessel. The type of pressure vessel that we are
asked in this project was vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel. The scope of this design
project was on the detail design and analysis of each component of vertical semi ellipsoidal
pressure vessel and to draw out the detail drawing of each component using AutoCAD software
with the help of optimization concept and design procedure.
1.4Significance of the research

Pressure vessel has a variety of application. This includes the industry and the private sector.
They appear in this sector as-
 Industrial compressed air reservoirs

 Domestic hot water storage tank
 Autoclave
 Distillation tower
6
 Re compression chamber
 Diving cylinder
 Oil refineries and petrochemical plants
 Nuclear reactor vessels
 Submarine and space ship habitats
 Pneumatic reservoirs
 Hydraulic reservoirs under pressure
 Rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs
 Road vehicle airbrake reservoirs
 Storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane, and LPG
N.B -Not only in the above sectors, pressure vessel is used almost in all
industries and in home.
1.6 Limitation
Since our project is to design a vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel based on the given
specification that is design pressure, design temperature, total inside volume, corrosion
allowance, working fluid and vessel orientation but we are limited to apply the schedule time for
the design purpose since we have taken other courses parallel.
1.7 Organization of the thesis

For this particular design project, we follow the following project design organization to solve
the design problem.
7
IDENTIFICATION OF NEED
Design of a vertical semi ellipsoidal Pressure vessel
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM
We are asked to design a vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel

which has capacity to store steam.
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION

Selecting suitable material, Geometric, force, cost and stress analysis for each component, such as:
shell, head, nozzle, flange, bolt and skirt support, Checking the maximum principal and shear stress
with the permissible stress of material of component.
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
PRESENTATION
Part drawing and assembling drawing of the vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure
vessel using Auto CAD software.
8
Chapter 2:
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
MODEL 1
"Design of Vertical Pressure Vessels Using ASME Code Simplified Methods" by J. Phillip
Ellenberger and James M. Kessler is the design and analysis of vertical pressure vessels
using simplified methods based on the ASME Code. The authors present a simplified method for
designing and analyzing vertical pressure vessels that is in accordance with the ASME Code,
which is a widely accepted standard for the design and construction of pressure vessels. The
paper discusses the various design considerations, such as material selection, allowable stress,
and loadings, and provides a step-by-step procedure for designing a vertical pressure vessel using
simplified methods. The authors also provide examples and comparisons with more complex
methods to demonstrate the effectiveness of the simplified method. Overall, the paper
emphasizes the importance of designing pressure vessels in compliance with industry
standards and provides a practical approach for doing so.[2]
Figure 4 Model 1
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principles of the methodology, which involves determining the required thickness
of the vessel based on the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) and the design stress.
The methodology uses simplified equations to calculate the required thickness of the vessel, and
9
also takes into account factors such as the vessel diameter, material properties, and other design
parameters. The paper also discusses the importance of considering factors such as wind
and seismic loads, and provides guidance on how to incorporate these factors into the design
process. Overall, the working principles of the methodology involve using simplified equations
and design rules specified in the ASME code to ensure that the pressure vessel is safe and meets
the required design standards.
ADVANTAGES
Simplified design approach: The paper presents a simplified method for designing and
analysing vertical pressure vessels, which can save time and effort compared to more
complex methods.
 Compliance with industry standards: The approach is based on the ASME Code, which
is widely accepted in the industry and ensures that the pressure vessel is designed and
constructed in compliance with industry standards.
 Practical examples: The paper includes practical examples to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the simplified method, which can help designers understand the
approach and apply it to their own designs.
 Easy to understand: The simplified method presented in the paper is easy to understand
and can be applied by designers with a basic knowledge of engineering principles.
DISADVANTAGES
 Limited application: The simplified method may not be suitable for all types of vertical
pressure vessels, particularly those with complex geometries or high-pressure ratings.
 Lack of detail: The simplified method may not provide the same level of detail as more
complex methods, which could result in less accurate designs.
 Safety concerns: While the approach is based on the ASME Code, there is always a risk
that the simplified method could result in a design that is not safe and could fail under
pressure.
 Not suitable for critical applications: The simplified method may not be suitable for
pressure vessels that are used in critical applications where failure could result in
serious consequences, such as in the chemical or nuclear industries.
LIMITATIONS
10
 Limited scope: The paper focuses solely on the design and analysis of vertical pressure
vessels, and does not cover other types of pressure vessels such as horizontal or spherical
vessels.
 Simplified methods: As the title suggests, the methods presented in the paper are simplified
and may not provide the same level of accuracy as more complex methods. Designers should
be aware of the limitations of the approach and exercise caution when using it.
 Lack of consideration for dynamic loads: The simplified method presented in the paper does
not consider dynamic loads such as seismic or wind loads, which could be important in some
applications.
 Limited guidance on material selection: The paper provides limited guidance on material
selection, which is an important aspect of pressure vessel design. Designers may need to
seek additional resources to ensure that the selected material is appropriate for the intended
application.
 Limited discussion of fabrication and inspection: The paper does not cover fabrication and
inspection of pressure vessels, which are important aspects of ensuring the safety and
reliability of the vessel.
MODEL 2
This paper presents the work carried out for determination of stresses in an open-ended pressure
vessel of elliptical shape. In some situations, due to the limited space available, exit pipes are
made of elliptical or obround shape. In this study, the stresses in the elliptical pressure vessel are
determined using finite element method. The material of the vessel is aluminum alloy. Internal
pressure is applied to the vessel. Software „ANSYS‟ is used for modeling & analysis purpose.
[3]
Figure 5 Model 2
WORKING PRINCIPLE
11
The working principles of the methodology involve using FEA software to model the pressure
vessel and evaluate its stress distribution and deformation behavior under different loading
conditions. The authors considered different parameters such as the thickness of the vessel, the
type of material used, and the loading conditions to evaluate the stress distribution and
deformation behavior of the pressure vessel. The methodology involved using the FEA results to
optimize the design of the pressure vessel and ensure that it meets the required design standards.
The paper also discusses the importance of considering factors such as corrosion, fatigue, and
other damage mechanisms that can occur in pressure vessels over time. Overall, the working
principles of the methodology involve using FEA to model and analyze the pressure vessel and
optimize its design to ensure that it meets the required design standards and is safe for use
ADVANTAGES:
 FEA allows for a detailed analysis of the stress and deformation behavior of elliptical
pressure vessels, which can provide valuable insights into their performance under various
loading and boundary conditions.
 The use of FEA allows for the evaluation of complex geometries, which may not be possible
with analytical methods.
 The study provides a methodology for the design and analysis of elliptical pressure vessels,
which can be useful for designers and engineers in the industry.
 The comparison between analytical solutions and FEA results provides a validation of the
accuracy of the FEA model.
DISADVANTAGES:
 FEA requires significant computational resources and expertise in modeling and analysis.
 The accuracy of the FEA results can be affected by the quality of the mesh used in the
model, and the assumptions made in the analysis.
 The study only considers a limited range of vessel geometries and loading conditions, and
may not be applicable to all cases.
 The study assumes linear elastic behavior of the material, which may not be valid for
highly nonlinear materials.
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
 The study assumes a linear elastic material behavior, which may not be valid for highly
nonlinear materials or for situations where the material undergoes plastic deformation.
12
 The study only considers static loading conditions and does not account for dynamic
or transient loading conditions, which are common in some applications.
 The study does not consider the effects of corrosion, fatigue, or other damage
mechanisms that can occur in pressure vessels over time
 The study assumes that the pressure vessel is perfectly elliptical in shape, which may not be
the case in practice due to manufacturing tolerances or deformation under loading
conditions.
The study does not consider the effects of joints or connections between the pressure vessel and
other components, which can also affect the stress and deformation behavior of the vessel.
MODEL 3
Pressure vessels are widely used in various industries. A vertical pressure vessel has been
designed using graphical based software named PVElite. For designing of vertical leg supported
pressure vessel some input parameters like volume, inside diameter, design pressure (either
inside pressure orexternal pressure), temperature, material, processing fluid. Etc. is required.
PVElite gives thickness of shell, thickness of head, height of head, thickness of nozzle, manhole.
The high stresses at intersections are caused by discontinuity shear stresses and moments which
exist to maintain compatibility at the junctions.[4]
Figure 6 Model 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principles of the methodology involve using the software to model the pressure
13
conditions. The methodology involves inputting design parameters such as the vessel geometry,
material properties, and loading conditions into the software to analyze the stress distribution and
deformation behavior of the pressure vessel. The software uses finite element analysis (FEA) to
model the pressure vessel and evaluate its performance under different loading conditions. The
authors also discuss the importance of considering factors such as wind and seismic loads, and
provide guidance on how to incorporate these factors into the design process using the software.
Overall, the working principles of the methodology involve using the PV Elite software to model
and analyze the pressure vessel and optimize its design to ensure that it meets the required design
standards and is safe for use.
ADVANTAGES:
 The use of PVELITE software allows for a detailed analysis of the stress and deformation
behavior of vertical pressure vessels under various loading and boundary conditions.
 The software provides a user-friendly interface that simplifies the design and analysis
process, reducing the time and effort required for the design.
 The study provides a methodology for the design and analysis of vertical pressure vessels,
 The study considered different types of loads such as wind and seismic loads, which are
important in certain applications.
 The study evaluated the effects of varying the thickness of the vessel, the type of material
used, and the design code followed, providing insights into the design optimization of
vertical pressure vessels.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the analysis is dependent on the quality of the input data and the
assumptions made in the analysis.
 The software may have limitations in modeling complex geometries or non-linear material
behavior.
mechanisms that can occur in pressure vessels over time.
14
 The study assumes that the pressure vessel is perfectly vertical and does not consider the
effects of any inclination or deviation from vertical.
 The study does not consider the effects of joints or connections between the pressure vessel
and other components, which can also affect the stress and deformation behavior of the
vessel.
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
 The study assumes a linear elastic material behavior, which may not be valid for
highly nonlinear materials or for situations where the material undergoes plastic
deformation.
 The study does not consider the effects of creep or relaxation in the material, which can be
important in some applications where the vessel is subjected to long-term loading.
 The study assumes that the vessel is perfectly cylindrical in shape, which may not be the
case in practice due to manufacturing tolerances or deformation under loading conditions.
 The study does not consider the effects of thermal stresses or thermal cycling, which can be
important in some high-temperature applications.
 The study does not consider the effects of fluid dynamics or fluid-structure interaction,
which can be important in some applications where the vessel is used for fluid storage or
processing
MODEL 4
Pressure vessel is used to carry liquids such as petrol, kerosene; aviation fuel etc. and these fuel
tanks are used to transport fuel. Finite element method is a mathematical technique used to
design a fuel carrying vessel and performing the stress analysis. The main objective of this paper
is to design and analysis of pressure vessel. The designing various parameters of Pressure Vessel
checked and designed according to the principles specified in American Society of Mechanical
Engineers S.M.). Stress Analysis and Design Optimization of a Pressure Vessel using Ansys" by
Nitesh Katiyar and Ranjeet Kumar is the use of ANSYS software for stress analysis and design
optimization of a pressure vessel. The authors used ANSYS software to model the pressure
vessel and evaluated its performance under various loading and boundary conditions. [5]
15
Figure 7 Model 4 a (Top head)
Figure 8 Model 4 b (Top shell)
Figure 9 model 4 c (bottom shell)
16
Figure 10 Model 4 d (Bottom head)
Figure 11 Model 4 e (skirt)
Figure 12 Model 4 f (Assembly)
17
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principles of the methodology involve using Ansys software to model the pressure
conditions. The authors considered different parameters such as the thickness of the vessel, the
type of material used, and the loading conditions to evaluate the stress distribution and
deformation behavior of the pressure vessel. The methodology involved using the Ansys results
to optimize the design of the pressure vessel and ensure that it meets the required design
standards. The paper also discusses the importance of considering factors such as corrosion,
fatigue, and other damage mechanisms that can occur in pressure vessels over time. The working
principles of the methodology involve using Ansys to model and analyze the pressure vessel and
optimize its design to ensure that it meets the required design standards and is safe for use.
ADVANTAGES:
 The use of ANSYS software allows for a detailed analysis of the stress and deformation
behavior of a pressure vessel under various loading and boundary conditions.
 The software provides a user-friendly interface that simplifies the design and analysis
process, reducing the time and effort required for the design.
 The study provides a methodology for the stress analysis and design optimization of pressure
vessels, which can be useful for designers and engineers in the industry.
 The study considered different types of loads such as thermal loads and wind loads, which
are important in certain applications.
pressure vessels and reducing material cost.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the analysis is dependent on the quality of the input data and the
 The software may have limitations in modeling complex geometries or non-linear material
behavior.
 The study assumes linear elastic material behavior, which may not be valid for
deformation.
18
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
 The study assumes a static loading condition, which may not be representative of dynamic
or transient loading conditions that can occur in some applications.
 The study assumes that the vessel is perfectly symmetric in shape, which may not be the
case in practice due to manufacturing tolerances or deformation under loading conditions.
 The study does not consider the effects of joints or connections between the pressure vessel
vessel.
processing
MODEL 5
It would be shown an experimental analysis of stress at head of pressure vessels and compared
with results gathered from standard expressions. Also, those results would be compared with
evaluated results obtained using finite element method. For experimental analysis it would use
multiple strain gages in order to obtain real stress in observed area. Ansys software would be
used for FEM analysis. In practice is shown that standard expressions and FEM could have
deviations from actual value of stress Analysis of Stress in Head of Pressure Vessels" by Edin
Šunje, Emir Nezirić, and Safet Isić is the stress analysis of heads of pressure vessels. [6]
19
Figure 13 ANALYSIS PRESSURE VESSEL
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principles of the methodology involve using finite element analysis (FEA) software
to model the head and evaluate its stress distribution and deformation behavior under different
loading conditions. The authors considered different parameters such as the thickness of the
head, the type of material used, and the loading conditions to evaluate the stress distribution and
deformation behavior of the head. The methodology involved using the FEA results to optimize
the design of the head and ensure that it meets the required design standards. The paper also
discusses the importance of considering factors such as corrosion, fatigue, and other damage
mechanisms that can occur in pressure vessels over time. Overall, the working principles of the
methodology involve using FEA to model and analyze the head of a pressure vessel and optimize
its design to ensure that it meets the required design standards and is safe for use.
ADVANTAGES:
 The use of analytical methods allows for a detailed stress analysis of heads of pressure
vessels, which can provide valuable insights into their performance under various loading
conditions.
 The study provides a methodology for the stress analysis of heads of pressure vessels, which
can be useful for designers and engineers in the industry.
 The study considered different parameters such as the thickness of the head, the radius of the
spherical portion, and the ratio of the major and minor axes of the head, providing insights
into the effects of these parameters on the stress distribution and deformation behavior of the
head.
20
 The study compared the analytical results with finite element analysis, providing a validation
of the accuracy of the analytical methods
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the analytical methods is dependent on the assumptions made in the
analysis and the quality of the input data.
deformation.
 The study only considers heads and does not consider other types of heads that are
commonly used in pressure vessels.
 The analytical methods may have limitations in modeling complex geometries or non-linear
material behavior
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
 The study only considers heads and does not address other types of pressure vessel
components or configurations.
 The study assumes that the pressure vessel is perfectly symmetric and does not consider the
effects of manufacturing tolerances or deformation under loading conditions.
processing.
 The study assumes that the material is homogeneous and isotropic, which may not be the
case in practice for some materials.
 The study does not evaluate the effects of joints or connections between the pressure vessel
vessel.
21
MODEL 6
Pressure vessel is used to carry liquids such as petrol, kerosene, aviation fuel etc and these fuel
tanks are used to transport fuel. Finite element method is a mathematical technique used to
design a fuel carrying vessel and performing the stress analysis. In this the geometrical model is
created and the model is sub divided into smaller elements. It is subjected to internal pressure
and these Boundary conditions are applied at specified points. The aim of this paper is to design
a model and analysis of fuel carrying tank using finite element analysis software and also select a
proper material composition for pressure vessel. Designing is validated according to maximum
principal stress theory and Distortion theory by taking design factor or factor of safety. The
comparisons also made between the calculation results and software results Design and Analysis
of Pressure Vessel Using Finite Element Method" by Sadanandam.P, Ramesh.U, and Samuel
Tamerat is the use of finite element method (FEM) for the design and analysis of pressure. [7]
Figure 14 a Finite Element Simulation and Analysis for the Design of a Pressure
22
Figure 15 n design and analysis of pressure vessel using finite element
ADVANTAGES:
 The use of finite element method (FEM) allows for a detailed analysis of the stress and
deformation behavior of pressure vessels under various loading and boundary conditions.
 The study provides a methodology for the design and analysis of pressure vessels
using FEM, which can be useful for designers and engineers in the industry.
 The study considered different types of loads such as wind and seismic loads, which are
important in certain applications.
 The study performed design optimization to minimize the weight of the vessel while
maintaining the required safety factors, improving the overall efficiency of the design.
 The study validated the accuracy of the FEM results by comparing them with analytical
solutions.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the FEM analysis is dependent on the quality of the input data and the
 The FEM software may have limitations in modeling complex geometries or non-linear
material behavior.
23
deformation.
vessel.
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
processing.
 The study assumes that the material is homogeneous and isotropic, which may not be the
case in practice for some materials.
 The study only considers heads and does not address other types of pressure vessel
components or configurations.
vessel.
MODEL 7
Limit load of pressure bearing structures was reviewed in this article. By means of the finite
element analysis, limit load of pressurized cylinder with nozzle was taken as an example. Stress
24
classification method and Elastic-plastic finite element analysis combining with limit load
determination methods were used to determine limit load of cylinder with nozzle. Comparison of
limit load determined by different methods; the results indicated that limit load determined by
linearization method was the smallest. Limit load determined by twice elastic slope criterion was
the nearest than experimental results. Elastic-plastic finite element analysis had comparably
computational precision, but required time consuming. And then the requirements of computer
processing and storage capacity. [8]
Figure 16 Evaluation of limit load analysis for pressure vessels
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principles of the methodology involve using the LLA to determine the maximum
loading capacity of the pressure vessel before failure occurs. The authors considered different
parameters such as the thickness of the vessel, the type of material used, and the loading
conditions to evaluate the stress distribution and deformation behavior of the pressure vessel.
The methodology involved using linear and nonlinear methods to calculate the limit load of the
pressure vessel and ensure that it meets the required design standards. The paper also discusses
the importance of considering factors such as wind and seismic loads, and provides guidance on
how to incorporate these factors into the LLA analysis. Overall, the working principles of the
methodology involve using LLA to evaluate the maximum loading capacity of the pressure
vessel and ensure that it meets the required design standards and is safe for use.
ADVANTAGES:
25
 The study provides a comprehensive evaluation of different limit load analysis (LLA)
methods for pressure vessels, which can be useful for designers and engineers in the
industry.
 The study considered different types of pressure vessels with different geometries
and loading conditions, providing insights into the accuracy and limitations of LLA
methods for various types of pressure vessels.
 The authors compared the LLA results with experimental data, providing a validation of the
accuracy of the LLA methods.
 The study provided recommendations for selecting the appropriate LLA method based on
the specific characteristics of the pressure vessel being analyzed.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the LLA methods is dependent on the quality of the input data and the
 The study only considered linear and nonlinear LLA methods and did not address other
types of analysis methods that may be used for pressure vessel design and analysis.
 The study did not consider the effects of fluid dynamics or fluid-structure interaction, which
can be important in some applications where the vessel is used for fluid storage or
processing.
 The study did not evaluate the effects of joints or connections between the pressure vessel
vessel.
 The study did not consider the effects of corrosion, fatigue, or other damage
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
 The study only considered limit load analysis (LLA) methods and did not address other
types of analysis methods that may be used for pressure vessel design and analysis.
 The study did not consider the effects of creep or relaxation in the material, which can be
 The study only considered pressure vessels subjected to static loading conditions and did not
account for dynamic or transient loading conditions, which are common in some
applications.
26
 The study only considered pressure vessels with simple geometries and loading
conditions and did not address more complex geometries or loading conditions that may be
encountered in practice.
 The study did not evaluate the effects of joints or connections between the pressure vessel
vessel.
 The study did not consider the effects of manufacturing tolerances or deformation under
loading conditions, which can impact the accuracy of the analysis
MODEL 8
In this paper, pressure vessel with different end domes subjected to internal pressure have been
designed for a volume of 1000 liters which will be useful for space application. Non-linear
axisymmetric FEA considering both geometric and material non-linearity have been performed
in ANSYS software to estimate the stress in dome and cylindrical shell of pressure vessel. Based
on the analysis, optimum thickness which meets the strength requirement of the material is
arrived at. Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel with Different End Domes" by Merlin J.
Thattil and Chitaranjan Pany is the design and analysis of pressure vessels with different end
domes. [9]
Figure 17 Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel with different end
WORKING PRINCIPLE
27
The working principles of the methodology involve using finite element analysis (FEA) software
to model the pressure vessel and evaluate its stress distribution and deformation behavior under
different loading conditions. The authors considered different parameters such as the thickness of
the vessel, the type of material used, and the loading conditions to evaluate the stress distribution
and deformation behavior of the pressure vessel. The methodology involved using
the FEA results to optimize the design of the pressure vessel and ensure that it meets the required
design standards. The paper also discusses the importance of considering factors such as wind
and seismic loads, and provides guidance on how to incorporate these factors into the design
process using FEA software. Overall, the working principles of the methodology involve using
FEA to model and analyze pressure vessels with different end domes and optimize their design to
ensure that they meet the required design standards and are safe for use.
ADVANTAGES:
 The study provides a detailed analysis of pressure vessels with different types of end domes,
 The study considered different loading conditions and evaluated the effects of varying the
thickness of the vessel and the type of material used, providing insights into the design
optimization of pressure vessels.
 The study used finite element analysis (FEA) to model the pressure vessels and evaluated
the stress distribution and deformation behavior of each type of end dome, providing a
detailed understanding of their performance under different loading conditions.
 The study validated the accuracy of the FEA results by comparing them with experimental
data, providing a validation of the accuracy of the FEA model.
 The study provides insights into the advantages and disadvantages of different types of end
domes, which can be useful for selecting the appropriate end dome for a given application.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the FEA analysis is dependent on the quality of the input data and the
 The FEA software may have limitations in modeling complex geometries or non-linear
material behavior.
28
deformation.
vessel
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
processing.
 The study only considered three types of end domes and did not address other types of
pressure vessel components or configurations.
vessel.
applications
29
MODEL 9
The main purpose of the project is to design a pressure vessel according to ASME standards and
do thermal analysis on the pressure vessel made up of different types of materials by varying the
shell thickness of the vessel for various ambient temperature. Thus, comparing the results to find
the optimum thickness for which the pressure vessel is safe to use in industry. A worst-case
scenario is also considered for which a crack is present on the external surface of the pressure
vessel. Fracture mechanics is used to analyze the different geometry of crack for different kinds
of material. Thus, predicting the extent to which the pressure vessel is safe for use Design and
Analysis of Pressure Vessel" by Durga Prasanth and Sachidananda H.K is the design and analysis
of a pressure vessel. [10]
Figure 18 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PRESSURE VESSEL
Figure 19 Crack Propagation Growth Considering 4 mm ) Static Stress Analysis.
30
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principles of the methodology involve using the ASME code to determine
the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) and the required thickness of the pressure
vessel. The authors also considered different types of loads such as internal pressure, wind loads,
and seismic loads to evaluate the stress distribution and deformation behavior of the pressure
vessel. The methodology involved using FEA software to model the pressure vessel and validate
the accuracy of the results by comparing them with analytical solutions and experimental data.
The authors also evaluated the effects of varying the thickness of the vessel and the material used
on the performance of the pressure vessel, providing insights into the design optimization of
pressure vessels and reducing material cost. Overall, the working principles of the methodology
involve using the ASME code and FEA to design and analyze pressure vessels and optimize their
design to ensure that they meet the required design standards and are safe for use.
ADVANTAGES:
 The study provides a methodology for the design and analysis of pressure vessels using
the ASME code and finite element analysis (FEA), which can be useful for designers and
engineers in the industry.
 The study considered different types of loads such as internal pressure, wind loads,
and seismic loads, which are important in certain applications.
 The study evaluated the effects of varying the thickness of the vessel and the material used
on the performance of the pressure vessel, providing insights into the design optimization of
 The study validated the accuracy of the FEA results by comparing them with analytical
solutions and experimental data, providing a validation of the accuracy of the FEA model.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The accuracy of the FEA analysis is dependent on the quality of the input data and the
 The FEA software may have limitations in modeling complex geometries or non-linear
material behavior.
31
deformation.
vessel
GAPS(LIMITATIONS)
processing.
applications.
 The study only considered the ASME code for the design of the pressure vessel, and did not
consider other design codes or standards that may be used in different regions or industries.
vessel.
32
2.2 Conceptual design with previous model
Table of comparation
No- Criteria Model Model Model Model Model Model Mode Mode Mode
1 2 3 4 5 6 l7 l8 l9
1 Weight 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1
2 Cost of 1 -1 1 0 1 1 1 -1 0
material
3 strength -1 1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 1 1
4 hardness -1 1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 1 -1
5 Stiffness -1 1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0
6 easy to 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1
manufacturing
7 Easy to 1 -1 0 1 0 1 1 -1 0
maintenance
8 Weight of 1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 1 0
jack
9 Availability of 1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 1 1 -1
material
10 Easy to use 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
total 4 0 -2 -6 -1 -3 1 2 -4
rank 1 4 6 9 5 7 3 2 8
NB: - we select model 1
2.3 Reason for selecting our model

Literature review 1 is preferably than the other models because it has greatest result in the
comparation table
 Light weight
 Made from stainless steel which have high strength and hardness
33
 It is easy to maintenance
 Easy to manufacturing
 Easy to use
 Less cost It uses simplified methods based on the ASME Code
 widely recognized and accepted in the industry
 easiest to obtain regulatory approval and ensure compliance with safety standards.
 The design has been specifically tailored for vertical pressure vessels, which can increase its
effectiveness and accuracy.
34
Chapter 3:
3. DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
The detailed design of a vertical pressure vessel involves meticulously designing each
component of the vessel through mathematical analysis and, if necessary, graphical
representation. Our approach to designing the vertical pressure vessel incorporates the general
specifications outlined in the table above, which serve as crucial factors to be taken into account
during the design process. Various design considerations must be carefully considered in order to
effectively design this vertical pressure vessel.
Design of column (vertical layout) pressure vessel specification

Parameters value unit
Design pressure 2.75 Mp a

Design temperature 150 °C
Total inside volume 10.25 m3
Corrosion allowance 1 m
Working fluid Water
Vessel orientation Vertical
Design of column (vertical layout) pressure vessel specification

Parameters value Units
Design pressure 3.5 Mp a
Design temperature 150 °C
Total inside volume 10 m3
Corrosion allowance 1.5 mm
Working fluid Steam
Vessel orientation Vertical
35
3.2 Selection of material
Alloy steel may be defined as a steel to which elements other than carbon are added in
sufficient amount to produce an improvement in properties. The alloying is done for specific
purposes to increase wearing resistance, corrosion resistance and to improve electrical and
magnetic properties, which cannot be obtained in plain carbon steels.
The chief alloying elements used in low alloy steel are
Nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, manganese, silicon and tungsten.
1. Nickel. It increases the strength and toughness of the steel. These steels contain 2 to 5%
nickel and from 0.1 to 0.5% carbon. In this range, nickel contributes great strength and hardness
with high elastic limit, good ductility and good resistance to corrosion. An alloy containing 25%
nickel possesses maximum toughness and offers the greatest resistance to rusting, corrosion and
burning at high temperature. It has proved to be of advantage in the manufacture of boiler tubes,
valves for use with superheated steam, valves for I.C. engines and spark plugs for petrol engines.
A nickel steel alloy containing 36% of nickel is known as invar. It has nearly zero coefficient of
expansion. So, it is in great demand for measuring instruments and standards of lengths for
everyday use.
2. Chromium. It is used in steels as an alloying element to combine hardness with high strength
and high elastic limit. It also imparts corrosion-resisting properties to steel. The most common
chrome steels contain from 0.5 to 2% chromium and 0.1 to 1.5% carbon. The chrome steel is
used for balls, rollers and races for bearings. A nickel chrome steel containing 3.25% nickel,
1.5% chromium and 0.25% carbon is much used for armor plates. Chrome nickel steel is
extensively used for motor car crankshafts, axles and gears requiring great strength and hardness.
3. Tungsten. It prohibits grain growth, increases the depth of hardening of quenched steel and
confers the property of remaining hard even when heated to red color. It is usually used in con
junction with other elements. Steel containing 3 to 18% tungsten and 0.2 to 1.5% carbon is used
for cutting tools. The principal uses of tungsten steels are for cutting tools, dies, valves, taps and
permanent magnets.
36
4. Vanadium.
It aids in obtaining a fine grain structure in tool steel. The addition of a very small amount of
vanadium (less than 0.2%) produces a marked increase in tensile strength and elastic limit in low
and medium carbon steels without a loss of ductility. The chrome-vanadium steel containing
about 0.5 to 1.5% chromium, 0.15 to 0.3% vanadium and 0.13 to 1.1% carbon have
extremely good tensile strength, elastic limit, endurance limit and ductility. These steels are
frequently used for parts such as springs, shafts, gears, pins and many drop forged parts.
5. Manganese.
It improves the strength of the steel in both the hot rolled and heat-treated condition. The
manganese alloy steels containing over 1.5% manganese with a carbon range of 0.40 to 0.55%
are used extensively in gears, axles, shafts and other parts where high strength combined with
fair ductility is required. The principal uses of manganese steel are in machinery parts subjected
to severe wear. These steels are all cast and ground to finish.
6. Silicon.
The silicon steels behave like nickel steels. These steels have a high elastic limit as
compared to ordinary carbon steel. Silicon steels containing from 1 to 2% silicon and 0.1 to 0.4%
carbon and other alloying elements are used for electrical machinery, valves in I.C. engines,
springs and corrosion resisting materials.
7. Cobalt.
It gives red hardness by retention of hard carbides at high temperatures. It tends to

decarburize steel during heat-treatment. It increases hardness and strength and also residual
magnetism and coercive magnetic force in steel for magnets.
8. Molybdenum.
A very small quantity (0.15 to 0.30%) of molybdenum is generally used with

chromium and manganese (0.5 to 0.8%) to make molybdenum steel. These steels possess extra
tensile strength and are used for air-plane fuselage and automobile parts. It can replace tungsten
in high-speed steels.
37
3.3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
 Design Pressure
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be

subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally
taken as the pressure at which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent
above the normal Working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets.
PD = 3.5Mpa
 Design Temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design
stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress
is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
TD = 150° c
 Corrosion Allowance
The corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost by
corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the
customer and manufacturer. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give
specific rules for the estimation of the corrosion allowance required for all circumstances. The
allowance should be based on experience with the material of construction under similar service
conditions to those for the proposed design.
Corrosion allowance (C) = 1.5 mm
(The appropriate material standards should be consulted for particular grades and plate thickness)
Tensile Design stress at temperature 0c(N/mm2)

Material strength(N/m
m2) 0 to 100 150 200 25 300 35 400 45 500
50 0 0 0
38
Carbon steel
(semi-killed or 360 135 125 115 105 95 85 80 70
silicon killed)
Carbon-
manganese steel 460 180 170 150 140 13 115 10 100
(semi-killed or 0 5
silicon killed)
Carbon-
molybdenum 450 180 170 145 140 13 120 11 110
steel,0.5 percent 0 0
Mo
low alloy steel 550 240 240 240 240 24 235 23 220 19 170
(Ni, Cr, Mo, v) 0 0 0
Stainless steel
18Cr/8Ni 510 165 145 130 115 11 105 10 100 95 90
unstabilised 0 0
(304)
Stainless steel
18Cr/8Ni Ti 540 165 150 140 135 13 130 12 120 12 115
stabilized (321) 0 5 0
Stainless steel
1 520 175 150 135 120 11 110 10 105 10 95
18Cr/8Ni Mo2
2
5 5 0
percent (316)
By using design temperature and material type we read the design stress and tensile Strength
from the above typical design stress table:
δ t = 550 N/mm2
Tensile strength:
2
design stress: δd = 240 N/mm
39
Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding.
The soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-destructive testing
(Radiography). The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is
usually allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a
Welded joint factor J. The value of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint
and amount of radiography required by the design code.
Type of joint Degree of radiography

100 percent spot none
Double-welded butt or 1.0 0.85 0.7
equivalent
Single-weld butt joint
with bonding strips 0.9 0.80 0.65
The above table is above the maximum allowable joint efficiency. Taking the factor as 1.0
implies that joint is equally as strong as a virgin plate. This is achieved by radiographing
complete weld length. Cutting out and remarking any defects. The use of lower joint factor
factors in design through saving cost in radiography will result in any cost saving on inspection
and fabrication against the increased cost of materials.
In our design we use joint efficiency value E=1
3.3.1 Design of Shell:

The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are
fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.
In our design we select low alloy steel to design the shell because it has high working stress
compared to others, has high atmospheric corrosion resistance capacity, suitable to welding.
The design procedures in pressure vessel codes for cylindrical shells are mostly based on linear
elastic assumption, occupationally allowing for limited in elastic behavior over a localized
region. The shell the thickness is the major design parameter and usually controlled by internal
40
pressure and sometimes by external pressure which can be produce bucking. Now to determine
the thickness and diameter of shell first categorized our pressure vessel according to its design
pressure compared to standard. Therefore, check for which no opposition that our pressure is
safe.
If PD > 0.385δd* E ………………………use s

t = Ri ¿ -1) …equation 1
δᵖd∗R
PD < 0.385δd* E t
…………………………. use s =
ᵟ d∗E−0.6 PD ……equation 2
Where δd = design stress

E = joint factor
t s = thickness of shell
Ri = internal reading of shell
PD = design pressure
E = joint factor
 For this reason, 0.385*240N/mm2*1= 92.4N/mm2
Therefore; 3.5N/mm2 < 92.4N/mm2 then our pressure vessel is categorized in thin cylindrical
shell then we are using equation 2
Now calculating vessel ratio using the formula:
F2= C¿ ¿ – 0.6) where c= corrosion allowance
ᵟd = Design stress
E= joint factor
F2=1∗¿ -0.6)
F2= 67.97mm
Then change the unit in to inch by using the conversion factor; 1inch=25.4mm
F2=2.68inch
41
Figure 20 length to diameter ratio chart [12]
L
To determine ratio we use both vessel ratio and total inside volume reading from chart:
Di
First let us change the unit of volume in to ft 3 by using conversion factor
1ft3=0.028317m3
L
F2=2.68inch from this = 4.3
Di
V= 361.9ft3
Let us express L in terms of Di
L= 4.3 Di
3 2
π Di π Di L
V= + but L=4.3 Di
12 4
3 2
π Di π D i ∗4.3 D i
10.25= +
12 4
Di=√3 2.816 m
Di=335mm
335 mm
R= =167.5mm
2
P D∗R
t s=
ᵟ d∗E−0.6 PD
42
(3.5∗167.5)
t s=
(240∗1−0.6∗3.5)
t s=2.46mm 2.5 mm but for safe design t total=t s +c, where c=corrosion allowance
t s =thickness of the shell
t total=2.5mm+1mm
t total=3.5mm
Do = Di + 2* t total
Do = 335mm + 2*3.5mm
Do = 342mm
Dm= Di + t, where Dm= mean diameter of shell

Dm= 335mm + 3.5mm
Dm= 338.5mm
 Stress Analysis of Cylindrical Shell

In finding stress analysis hoop stress and longitudinal stress are calculated.
Figure 21 stress analysis [7]
First let us find both the hoop stress (σ H ) and longitudinal stress by using a formula as
follows:
P ¿ Dm 3.5∗338
σ H= = = 84.5 N/mm2 < 238 N/mm2
4∗t 4∗3.5
43
And
P∗Dm 3.5∗338
σL = = =169 N/mm2 < 238 N/mm2
2t 2∗3.5
Since both hoop and longitudinal stress are less than the allowable (Design) stress our design is
safe.
Then length of the cylinder can be found by:
L
= 2.3
Di
L= 2.3 Di
L=2.3*338mm
L=777.4mm
From this length of the shell is given by:
2∗Hi Di
Ls = L-( ) but Hi= where Hi is inner head for ellipsoidal head
3 4
525 mm
Hi= = 131.25mm
4
2∗Hi
Ls = L-( )
3
2∗131.25 mm
Ls = 1207.5mm - ( )
3
Ls = 1120mm
2
V s = Ls ( π∗Di )
4
2
V s = 1.12 ( π∗0.525 )
4
V s = 0.24m3
44
Figure 22 shell
3.3.2 Design of Head
All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads are
typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow
the heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a
vessel and are known as intermediate heads. These intermediate heads are separate sections of
the pressure vessels to permit different design conditions.
The ends of a cylindrical vessel are closed by heads of various shapes. The principal
Types used are:
 Flat plates and formed flat heads
 Hemispherical heads
 Ellipsoidal heads
 Tory spherical heads
The ends of pressure vessel that confine the shell from below, above and the sides. The ends of
the vessels are closed by means of head before putting them in to operation. In our design the
head is normally made from the same material as the shell and welded to the shell itself.
45
The head geometry design is dependent up on the geometry of the shell as well as other designs
parameter such as operating temperature and the pressure. The geometry of the head is selected
based on the function as well as an economic consideration and methods of forming and space
requirements.
For our design we select ellipsoidal cylindrical head
 Design of Elliptical Head:
Figure 23 ellipsoidal head [5]
Figure 24 head stress analysis [5]
For an internal pressure (P) the thickness(t h) of elliptical head is given by
( P∗Di∗K)
th = where P= internal pressure
(2∗ᵟ d∗E−0.2∗P)
Di= diameter of the shell
E= joint efficiency
ᵟd= allowable/ design stress
K= stress intensity factor
46
K is given by the following expression:
1
K= (2 +
6
a
b()
2)
where a and b are semi-major and semi-minor axis of the elliptical which is a 2:1 ratio
So that K=
1
6
(2 +
2
1()
2)
K= 1
Now let us calculate head thickness (th) as follows:
( P∗Di∗K)
t h=
(2∗ᵟ d∗E−0.2∗P)
(3.5∗338∗1)
t h=
(2∗240∗1−0.2∗3.5)
t h = 2.47mm 2.5mm
but for safe design t total= t h + C where C= corrosion allowance
t total= = 2.5mm + 1mm
t total= 3.5mm
Let us find the outer head as follows:
Di
H i= where ‘Hi’ is inner head for ellipsoidal head
4
338 mm
Hi = = 84.5mm and
4
Do
Ho= , but Do = Di + 2*t total
4
Do = 338 mm + 2*3.5 mm
Do = 345mm
345 mm
∴ Ho= = 86.25 mm
4
Total volume of the ellipsoidal head can be calculated as follows:
47
2 2
2∗hi Di hi Di
V h= 2* ( π∗Di ∗Sf +
π∗Di
* ) but Hi= and Sf= =
4 4 3 4 3 12
2 2
2∗Di
V h= 2* ( π Di ∗Di +
π∗Di
* )
4∗12 4 3∗4
3 3
V h= 2* ( π Di +
π∗Di
)
48 24
( )
3 3
V h = 2* π Di + 2∗π Di
48
( )
3
V h = 2* 3 π Di
48
3
V h = π Di , but Di= 0.525m
8
3
V h= π∗0.525 => V h= 0.05m3
8
Then let us check the total volume of the vessel or cylinder:
V t = V s + V h => V t = 0.24mm3 + 0.05mm3 => V t = 0.29mm3 0.3mm3
∴ our design is safe
Figure 25 head
 Stress Analysis on Head
48
The stresses are considered in to three parts as shown below:
At any point x At center At tangent
( P∗Rl) 2
( P∗R ) ( P∗R)
-ᵟx= ᵟx= ᵟx=
(2∗t) (2∗th) (2∗t)
Notations: RL = latitudinal radius of curvature, in mm.
Rm= meridian radius of curvature, in mm.
P = internal pressure, MP a
h = depth of head, mm.
R = inside radius of head.
In heads due to internal pressure two type of stress
Longitudinal stress (ᵟ∅ )
Meridian stress (ᵟx)
 Stresses in Heads due to Internal Pressure
Case 1) The stress analysis of any point x:
ᵟx =
PD∗RL
2t ᵟ∅ =
PD∗RL
t
1−( RL
2 Rm )
Before we use the above formula first, we calculate the variables RL, Rm, h.
Do 532mm
h= => h= = 133mm
4 4
R= 262.5 mm, Since h≤X≤ R
let X= 150 mm
√ ( )
4 2
RL= R2 + X 2 1− R2
h h
49
√ ( )
4 2
262.5 2 262.5
RL= 2
+ 150 1− 2
=> RL= 450.9mm
133 133
PD∗RL
∴δx =
2t
2.07∗450.9
ᵟx = => δx = 133.3Mpa
2∗3.5
3 2 3 2
RL ∗h 450.9 ∗133
Rm= 4 => Rm= 4
R 262.5
Rm= 341.5mm
∴δ∅ = ( ) => δ∅ = 90.6Mpa

( )
PD∗RL RL 2.07∗450.9 450.9
1− => δ ∅ = 1−
t 2 Rm 3.5 2∗341.5
Latitudinal (hoop) stresses in the knuckle become compressive when the R/h ratio exceeds 1.42.
Since in our design R/h ratio exceeds 1.42 therefore as we observe from the above table the
negative sign shows the presence of compressive stress.
Case 2) stress analysis at center:
δx = = δ∅
2
PD∗R
2∗t∗h
δx= =>∴ δx = δ∅ = 153.21N/mm2

2
2.07∗262.5
2∗3.5∗133
Case 3) stress analysis at tangent:
δx = => δx = => δx =77.6N/mm2

PD∗R 2.07∗262.5
and
2t 2∗3.5
δ∅ = ( ) 2 => δ∅ = -147.1327N/mm
( )
2 2
PD∗R R 2.07∗262.5 262.5
1− 2 => δ∅ =
1− 2
t 2∗h 3.5 2∗133
∴As we observe from the result the negative sign shows the presence of compressive stress.
When we observe from the above three cases stress is maximum at the center of head. Now for
the design to be safe let us compare the maximum stress to the allowable or design stress.
50
153.21N/mm2 < 238N/mm2
∴ our design of head is safe.
3.3.3 Design of Inlet and Outlet Nozzle:

A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access.
All process vessels will have openings for connections, man ways, and instrument fittings. The
presence of an opening weakens the shell, and gives rise to stress concentrations. The stress at
the edge of a hole will be considerably higher than the average stress in the surrounding plate. To
compensate for the effect of an opening, the wall thickness is increased in the region adjacent to
the opening. Sufficient reinforcement must be provided to compensate for the weakening effect
of the opening without significantly altering the general dilation pattern of the vessel at the
opening. Over-reinforcement will reduce the flexibility of the wall, causing a hard spot, and
giving rise to secondary stresses.
We select low alloy steel material to design inlet and outlet nozzles as the shell and head,
because it is suitable for welding, has high atmospheric corrosion resistance capacity.
In our design we take the inlet pipe diameter di=60mm
Di 60 mm
ri = = =30mm
2 2
Assume our inlet opening pipe is placed on the cylindrical shell.
The minimum thickness of the nozzle for inlet pipe is given by: -
PD∗r i 2.75 MPa∗30 mm

t n= => t n= => t n= 0.4mm
E∗δd−0.4 PD 1∗240 Mpa−0.4∗2.75 MPa
But for safe design t n = 0.3mm + c where c= corrosion allowance
t n= 0.4mm + 1.5mm => t n= 1.9mm
51
The outer diameter of nozzle is given by: -
d o =d+2 t n ………. but d=d i+2C =60mm+2*1mm=62mm
d o = (62+2*1.9) mm => d o =65.8mm
The required minimum thickness of nozzle for inlet pipe is given by: -
PDRn d
t n= ……………………. but Rn = …………. d=d i +2C = 60mm+2*1.5mm =
E δd−0.6 PD 2
63mm
63 mm
Rn = =31.5mm
2
3.5 MPa∗31 mm
t mn= => t mn = 0.30mm
1.5∗240 Mpa−0.6∗3.5 MPa
The required minimum thickness of shell is given by: -
PDRi d 338 mm
t r= ……….. but Ri = i = = 169mm
E∗δd−0.6 PD 2 2
3.5 MPa∗262 mm
t r= => t r= 2.56mm
1.5∗240 MPa−0.6∗3.5
In our design we take thickness of reinforcing pad 3mm for good welding.
 Area of reinforcement required
A=d t r Where t r=2.56 mm
A=64.8 mm∗2.56 mm
2
A=165.89 mm
 Area available in the cylindrical shell
A1= ( t−t r ) d Or A1=2(t +t n) (t -t r)
A1= ( 3.4−2.56 )∗64.8 A1 =2*(3.4 + 1.4) (3.4 – 2.56)
52
A1= 54.43mm 2 A1 = 8.1mm 2
For safe design we take the largest value A1=54.43mm 2
 Area available in outward nozzle wall
A2=5t (t n−t rn) Or A2=5t n (t n−t rn)
A2=5∗3.4 (1.4−0.3) A2=5∗1.4 (1.4−0.3)
A2=¿ 18.7mm 2 A2=¿ 7.7 mm2
∴ We take the smaller value that is A2=¿ 7.7 mm2
 Area available in inward nozzle
A3 =5t n (t n−c )
A3 =5∗1.4 (1.4−1)
2
A3 =2.8 mm
 Area of outward weld
2
A 4=t e , Where t e = thickness of reinforcing pad
2
A 4=4
2
A 4=16 mm
 Area of inward weld
2
A5 =t e , Where =t e thickness of reinforcing pad
2
A5 =4
2
A5 =16 mm
∴ At = A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4+ A5
At =54.43 mm2 + 7.7 mm2 + 2.8 mm2 + 16 mm2 +16 mm2
53
At = 96.93mm 2
Since our total reinforcement area is less than area reinforcement required (96.93
2 2
mm <194.4 mm ) we need additional reinforcement by taking te = 4mm for good welding.
 Area available in an element
A1= ( Dp−d−2∗t n )∗t e But D p = 2d – 2 t e wheret e = thickness of pad.
D p = 2*62.4 – 2 *4
D p = 116.8mm
A1= ( D p−d −2∗t n )∗¿ t e
A1= (116.8−62.4−2∗1.5 )∗4
A1=¿ 205.6mm 2
 Area available in nozzle projecting outward is changed
Outward inward
A2=5t (t n−t rn) A2=2 (t n−t rn)(2.5 t n+ t e)
A2=5∗3.5(1.5−0.3) A2=2 (1.5−0.3)(2.5∗1.5+4)
A2=¿ 21mm 2 A2=¿ 18.6 mm2
∴ We take the smaller value that is A2=¿ 18.6 mm2
 Area available in welding in outward nozzle
2
A3 =t e
2
A3 =4
A3 =¿ 16mm 2
 Area available in outward weld
2
A 4=t e
54
A 4=4 2
A 4= 16mm 2
 Area available in inward weld
2
A5 =t e
A5=4 2
A5= 16mm 2
Total area available is given by:
At = A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 + A 5
At =205.6mm 2 +18.6 mm2 +16mm 2 + 16mm 2+16mm 2
At = 272.2mm 2
Figure 26 nozzle
Since At > A that is 272.2 > 143.52 mm2 therefore the opening is adequately reinforced for that
reason, our design is safe.
55
3.3.4 Design of Bolted Flange Joints
Bolt joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They
consist of fasteners that a capture and join other part and are secure with the mating of bolt joints
designs or screw threads.
There are two main types of bolted joint design:

 Tension joint
 Shear joint
In the tension joint the bolt and clamped component at the joint are designed to transfer the
external tension load through the joint by away of clamped component through the design of
proper balance of joint and bolt stiffness. The second type of bolted joint transfer the applied
load in a shear on the bolt shank and relies on shear strength of the bolt, tension loads on such
joints are only identically.
We select mild steel material to design bolted flange joints because of easily workable, very hard,
yet malleable, good for construction, easy to shape and machine and very flexible and can be
harden.
Steel grade Measured direction Yield strength ( MP a) Tensile strength ( MP a)
HT50 A 542 591
HT80 A 693 830
Mild steel A 452 497
HT50 B 501 562
HT80 B 657 799
Mild steel B 439 471
Use the following formula important to find the size and number of bolts.
Let Di = internal diameter of cylinder
56
D p = design pressure in the cylinder
d c = core diameter of the bolt
σ tb= permissible tensile stress of the bolt
n = number of bolts
Here we know that the upward face acting on the cylinder cover is:
2
π D i ∗D p
F= ………………………………. (1)
4
This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts i
2
π dc ∗σ tb∗n
F p= ………………………….……. (2)
4
From equation (1) the upward force acting on cylinder cover is
2 2
π D i ∗D p π∗338 ∗2.75
F= => F= => F=264749.24N
4 4
From equation (2) the resisting force by the bolt
2
π dc ∗σ tb∗n
F R=
4
In our design we select the material for the bolt is mild steel. So, σ tb= 497N/mm2 the core
diameter is from the table by taking standard M 12 size.
From the table we take d c=¿¿ 7.577mm
2 2
π dc ∗σ tb∗n π ¿ 9.858 ∗497 ¿n
F R= => F R= => F R =37933.59n since F= F R
4 4
264749.24 N
∴ n= = 11.81≈ 12
22436.34
Nominal or major diameter of nut and bolt (d=D) = 12.000mm
57
Size H B
M3 2 5.5
M4 2.8 7
M5 3.5 8
M6 4 10
M8 5.5 13
M10 7 17
M12 8 19
M16 10 24
M20 13 30
M24 15 36
Figure 27 bolt
The total length of bolt and thread length of bolt can be calculated as follows:
Let us take L<125mm, d<60mm
Lt =2 d+ 6 mm
Lt =2∗12+6 mm => Lt =¿30mm
Lunthreaded =L−Lthreaded => Lunthreaded =50−30 mm => Lunthreaded = 20mm
58
59
 Stress analysis of bolt
F = 264749.24Nis the total force acted in the whole 12 bolts. Then in single bolts can be
calculated as follow
F T 264749.24 N
F i= = =¿ 22063N
n 12 bolts
Then we will calculate the stress on the bolt. Let us take standard bolt size of M 12
60
F i bolt 2
π D i π (12 )
2
Stress on a bolt = but Abolt = = =113.1mm 2
A bolt 4 4
22063 N
¿ =195.07 MPa
113.1mm 2
The tensile strength of M 12 bolts is σ tb= 497N/mm2
Since 195.07Mpa < 497MPa hence our design is safe.
3.3.5 Design of Nut

We select mild steel material to design nut the same as bolt flange joint because of easily
workable, very hard, yet malleable, good for construction, easy to shape and machine and very
flexible and can be harden.
By reading from the above standard table 3.7 we get:
 minor or core diameter of nut (d c ) = 10.106mm

 effective or pitch diameter of nut (d p) = 10.863mm
 nominal or major diameter of nut and bolt (d=D) = 12.000mm
Figure 28 nut
Size M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24

B 4 5 5.5 7 8 10 13 17 19 24 30 36
H 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4 5 6.5 8 10 13 16 19
61
3.3.6 Flange design:
Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and
for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required. Flanges may also be used on the
vessel body, when it is necessary to divide the vessel into sections for transport or maintenance.
Flanged joints are also used to connect pipes to other equipment, such as pumps and valves.
Standard flanges will be specified for most applications. Special designs would be used only if
no suitable standard flange were available; or for large flanges, such as the body flanges of
vessels, where it may be cheaper to size a flange specifically for the duty required rather than to
accept the nearest standard flange, which of necessity would be over-sized.
 Standard flanges
Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are used extensively
for pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels. The proportions of standard flanges
are set out in the various codes and standards. A typical example of a standard flange design is
shown below. The relevant British Standards are BS 1560, Part 3 and BS 4504, Part 3, which
cover flanges for pipes, valves and fittings; in carbon and alloy steels.
Figure 29 standard flange
62
Nom. Pipe Flange Raised face Bolting Drilling Boss
size o.d. D b h d4 F No. d2 K d3
d1
10 17.2 75 12 20 35 2 M10 4 11 50 25
15 21.3 80 12 20 40 2 M10 4 11 55 30
20 26.9 90 14 24 50 2 M10 4 11 65 40
25 33.7 100 14 24 60 2 M10 4 11 75 50
32 42.4 120 14 26 70 2 M12 4 14 90 60
40 48.3 130 14 26 80 3 M12 4 14 100 70
50 60.3 140 14 28 90 3 M12 4 14 110 80
65 76.1 160 14 32 110 3 M12 4 14 130 100
80 88.9 190 16 34 128 3 M16 4 18 150 110
100 114.3 210 16 40 148 3 M16 4 18 170 130
125 139.7 240 18 44 178 3 M16 8 18 200 160
150 168.3 265 18 44 202 3 M16 8 18 225 185
200 219.1 320 20 44 258 3 M16 8 18 280 240
250 273 375 22 44 312 3 M16 12 18 335 295
300 323.9 440 22 44 365 4 M20 12 22 395 355
Now as we design the bolt before our bolt is Bolt M 12 standard size
For this reason, our flange design parameters are in the first row of the table above that means
d1= 60.3mm, d2= 14mm, d3= 80mm, d4=90mm
h=28mm
b= 14mm
D= 140mm
f= 3mm
K= 110mm
Bolt M 12
63
3.3.7 Design of circular handhole:
Since in our design we get smaller shell diameter the hand hole should be used in order to do
some operations on the pressure vessel. We take the diameter of hand hole as 0.12m.
Then the wall thickness of the handhold can be calculated as follows:

t handhole = (PD * Rhandhole )/ (ᵟ d E-0.6PD)
Where PD =deign pressure (3.5Mpa)
Rhandhole =radius of hand hole(R=D/2=0.06m)
δd = Design stress for the materials of hand hole (low alloy steel) =240N/mm2
E =Joint efficiency factor (E =1)
t handhole = (PD * Rhandhole )/ (ᵟ d E-0.6PD)
t handhole = (3.5 *60)/ (240*1 - 0.6*3.5)
t handhole= 0.88mm
Total thickness of the hand hole including the corrosion allowance calculated as follows:
t handhole= t handhole + C where C=corrosion allowance
t handhole= 0.88mm + 1mm
t handhole= 1.88mm
Area for the hand hole will be:

2
π Dhandhole
Ahandhole =
4
2
Ahandhole = π ¿ 120
4
Ahandhole =11309.7mm2
Stress analysis for hand hole

Longitudinal stress (σ L ):
σ L = (PD * Dhandhole )/ (4*t handhole )
σ L = (3.5Mpa*120mm)/ (4*1.88mm)
σ L= 55.85N/mm2
And
64
The hoop (circumferential stress) or (σ H )
σ H = (PD * Dhandhole )/ (2*t handhole)
σ H = (3.5Mpa*120mm)/(2*1.88mm)
σ H =111.70N/mm2
Since both longitudinal and circumferential stress less than the allowable or design stress
therefore our design is safe.
3.3.8 Design of vessel support

The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The support has
to be designed with stand the dead weight from the pressure vessel and to limit the heat flow
from the vessel walls to the base. The pressure vessel support should be able to with stand the
dead weight of the vessel and internals and the contained fluid without experiencing permanent
deformation.
In our case the support of the pressure vessel is straight skirt and we choose a 5.8(carbon steel)
material to design because of it has excellent fatigue resistance, good temperature resistance, it is
tougher and has high strength.
Material Tensile Strength In 0.2% Yield Strength In
(N/Mm2) (N/Mm2)
4.6 (Carbon Steel) 414 248
5.8 (Carbon Steel) 510 393
8.8 (Alloy Steel) 828 635
10.9 (Alloy Steel) 1035 897
A2-70 (Stainless Steel) 700 450
A4-80 (Stainless Steel) 800 600
65
It carries all the loads at the pressure vessel. In order to design these three legs, support we
consider the dead weight.
The major sources of dead weight loads are:
 The vessel shells

 The vessel heads
 The vessel fitting, manhole and nozzle
 Wind load
 Weight of fluid
Weight of shell: is the sum of the weight of shell material and the fluid stored on it.
Weight of shell material
The material is low alloy steel we take ρ=7850 kg/m 3
w s=π Dm t s ρ L g where Dm = mean diameter of shell
g= acceleration due to gravity taken as 9.81m/s2
t s=thickness of shell
L= vessel length, tangent to tangent
But L= Ls + 2 Ho
Do
L= Ls + 2 but Do= outside diameter of the shell
4
532
L=1120 + 2 *
4
L= 1386mm
Dm= Di + t where Dm= mean diameter of shell

Dm= 525mm + 3.5mm
Dm= 528.5mm
66
W s= π Dm t s ρ L g
W s= π*0.5285 *0.0035*7850∗1.386∗9.81 => WT=620.2N
 Weight of shell fluid
W sf=mf*g but mf= ρ *Vf where Vf=volume of the fluid on the shell
( )
2
ms f = ρ *vf, but V f = Ls π∗Di
4
2
V f = 1.12 ( π∗0.525 )
4
V f = 0.24mm3
ms f = 1000∗¿2.4*10−10 = 2.4*10−7 kg
W sf = ms f *g
W sf = 2.4*10−7 *9.81 => W sf = 0.0000023544N
 Weight of head: is the sum of the weight of head material and the fluid stored on it.
 Weight of head material
W h = 1.084 Dm2*th* ρ *g where Dm = mean diameter of ellipsoidal head
g = acceleration due to gravity taken as 9.81m/s2
ts = thickness of head
W h = 1.084 Dm2*th* ρ *g
W h = 1.084*0.52852∗0.0035*7850 *9.81 => W h =81.6N
 Weight of head fluid
3
V h= π Di where Vh = volume of the fluid on the head but Di= 0.525m
8
3
V h= π∗0.525 => V h= 0.05m3
8
67
mf= ρ *vf
W hf = 1000*5∗10−11
W hf =5∗10−8kg
W hf =mhf *g
W hf =5∗10−8*9.81
W hf = 0.00000004905N
Weight of Nozzle: is the sum of the weight of nozzle material and the fluid stored on it.
 Weight of nozzle material
W n = mn*g where mn = mass of nozzle
But mn = ρ *Vn where V n= volume of nozzle matreial
( 2 2)
V n= π do −di L where d o = outlet nozzle diameter
4
= inlet nozzle diameter
L= length of nozzle
di 60 mm Di 525 mm
ri= = = 30mm and Ri= = =262.5mm
2 2 2 2
C= Ri -√ Ri2−r i2 where C=length of part of the nozzle entering to shell
C=262.5-√ 262.52−30 2
C=1.88mm
L= C+ t s+ length of part of the nozzle leaving the shell
L= 1.88mm+ 3.5mm + 132.8mm => L=138.18mm
68
( 2 2) ( 2 2
)
V n= π do −di L => V n= π 65.4 −60 ∗138 =>V n= 73393.95 mm3
4 4
mn= ρ *V n
mn= 7850*0.00007339395
mn= 5.8*10−1 kg
W n =mn*g
W n = 5.8*10−1 *9.81
W n = 5.7N
 Weight of nozzle fluid
W nf =mf *g but mf = ρ *V f where V f =¿ volume of the fluid on the nozzle
2 2
V f = π di L => V f = π 60 ∗138 => V f = 390185.81mm3
4 4
We take ρ of water =1000kg/m3
mf = ρ *Vf
mf = 1000 *0.000039018581m3
mf = 3.9 *10−1 kg
W fn=mf *g
W fn= 3.9 *10−1 *9.81 => W fn= 3.8259N
 Weight of Wind: the atmospheric pressure is varying from place to place then we take
the mean atmospheric pressure in Gondar as Patm= 1022N/m2.
W wn= Patm * A f where Patm= mean atmospheric pressure
A f = projected area
But A f = D0* H total
69
But H total = Lshell + 2 H head + Lskirt we take length of the skirt ( Lskirt ) = 114mm
H total = 1120mm + 2 *133mm + 114mm
H total =1500mm
A f = D0* H total => A f = 0.532m*1.5m => A f = 0.798m2
W wn= 1022N/m2*0.798m2 => W wn= 815.5N
The wind effect has its own role in pressure vessel design. When we design pressure vessel with
greater height, we have to consider this effect on the vessel. The moment on the vessel due to
wind is calculated as:
2
Mx = w x ;
2
Where M x = moment due to wind X is the distance measured from the free end (approximately
equal to Total height of the vessel = 1.5m) and ’w’ the load per unit length (Newton Per meter)
and calculated as follows:
Dm= Di + t where Dm= mean diameter of vessel

Dm= 525mm + 3.5mm
Dm= 528.5mm = 0.5285m
And
w = Dm* Patm = 0.5285m* 1022N/m2
w = 540.1N/m And
2 2
M x = w x => M x = 540.1* 1.5 => M x = 607.6Nm
2 2
70
Figure 30 wind load pressure the vessel [12]
Now we can find the total weight as follows:
Wt material=Ws+Wh+Wn
Wt material=620.2N+81.6N+5.7N => Wt material=707.5N
Wt fluid =W sf + W hf + W nf
Wt fluid =0.0000023544N +0.00000004905N +3.8259N
Wt fluid =3.8N
∴ W net =Wt material+Wt fluid + W wn
W net = 707.5N+ 3.8N+815.5N
W net = 1526.8N
Then we find the design weight as follows:
W d= W net + *W net 10%
W d= 1526.8N + 1526.8N *10%
10
W d= 1526.8N + 1526.8N *
100
W d=1679.5N
71
Now let us find the loading on each leg:
Wd
Q= where n= number of legs=3
n
Q= load
W d= design weight
1679.5 N
Q=
3
Q=559.8N
The area of legs calculated as follows:
Q
ᵟd A
=
where ᵟd =
design or allowable stress=510N/mm2 for 5.8(carbon steel)
material
Q
A=
ᵟd
559.8
A=
510
A=1.1mm2
 Skirt thickness
The skirt thickness must be sufficient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending
Moments imposed on it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure.
We can give the thickness and diameter of skirt by its standard:
Internal diameter of skirt ( Ds ) = 60mm=0.06m
Thickness of skirt (t s) = 20mm = 0.02m
Stress analysis of skirt support
σ s(Tensile) = σ bs – σ ws And σ s(compressive) = σ bs + σ ws
σ bs= Bending stress on the skirt
72
4 Ms
σ bs= , ( M s = 607.6N.m)
π (Ds+t s) Ds t s
4∗607.6 Nm
σ bs=
π ( 0.06 m+0.02 m )∗0.06 m∗0.02 m
σ bs= 8058545.29N/m2
The Dead weight stress in the skirt (σ ws) is calculated as:
WT
σ ws=
π (Ds+t s)t s
M s = Maximum bending moment evaluated at the base of the skirt (Due to wind loading)
Ds =Inside diameter of the skirt at the base
t s = Skirt thickness
W T = Total weight of the vessel and contents (WT =1526.8N)
WT
σ ws=
π (Ds+t s)t s
1526.8 N
σ ws= => σ ws= 303747.21N/m2
π ( 0.06 m+0.02 m )∗0.02m
To calculate the resultant tensile stress on the skirt:
σ s(Tensile) = σ bs – σ ws
σ s(Tensile) = 8058545.29N/m2– 303747.21N/m2 ¿> σ s (Tensile) = 7754798.08N/m2
To calculate the resultant compressive stress on the skirt:
σ s(Compressive) = σ bs + σ ws
σ s(Compressive) = 8058545.29N/m2+303747.21N/m2
σ s(Compressive) = 8362292.5N/m2
73
Since both σ s(Tensile) and σ s(Compressive) are less than the allowable or design stress that is ᵟd=
510 * 106N/m2 therefore our design is safe.
Figure 31 skirt support
3.2.9 Design of welded joint:

A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of edge of two parts to be
joined together with or without the application of pressure and filler material. Electric arc
welding is extensively used because of greater speed of welding.
The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:
 The shape of welded component required

 The thickness of the plates to be welded
 The direction of force to be applied
We Select butt joint especially square butt joint for the connection of both head and shell but for
the connection of nozzle to the shell part select corner joint.
 Stresses for Welded Joints:
The stresses in welded joints are difficult to determine because of the variable and unpredictable
Parameters like homogeneity of the weld metal, thermal stresses in the welds, changes of
physical Properties due to high rate of cooling etc. The stresses are obtained, on the following
assumptions:
 The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the weld, and
 The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section.
74
The following table shows the stresses for welded joints for joining ferrous metals with mild
steel electrode under steady and fatigue or reversed load.
Type of weld Bare electrode Coated electrode

Steady lode Fatigue load Steady lode Fatigue load
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
1. fillet weld (all type) 80 21 98 35
2.butt weld
Tension
Compression 90 35 110 55
shear 100 35 125 55
55 21 70 35
Since the stress in the weld material is to be 81Mpa our electrode is mild steel electrode. The
recommended minimum size of weld is 14mm size of weld between 25mm- 55mm.
π ( d o2−d i2 )∗ᵟ m
F= where d o = outside diameter of the nozzle
4
d i= inside diameter of the nozzle
π ( d o2−d i2 )∗ᵟ m π ( 65.4 2−60 2)∗ᵟ m

F= => F=
4 4
F= 531.84ᵟ m …………………… (1) And
2 2
P D∗π∗d i
F R= => F R= 2.07∗π∗60
4 4
F R =5852.79N …………………… (2)
By equating equation 1 and 2 we calculate ᵟ m as follows:
Since F R= F
5852.79
∴ ᵟ m= = 11.005 N/mm2
531.84
75
Chapter 4
4. Result and discussions
4.1 Results
The following table shows the overall geometry of vertical pressure vessel.
Components dimensions
Do = 341mm
1. shell Di=¿ 335mm
t s= 2mm
Dm =¿338mm
Ls = 1120mm
V s = 0.24m3
Di= 525mm
2. head Do = 532mm
H i= 131.25mm
H o = 133mm
t h= 3.5mm
76
V h= 0.05m3
S f = 43.75mm
d i = 60mm
3. Inlet and outlet nozzle t n= 1.4mm
d o = 64.8mm
t mn= 0.36mm
t r= 3mm
d c =9.858mm
4. Bolt flanged joint M12
n= 12
Lthreadedpart =30mm
Lunthreaded part=20mm
D=d= 12mm
d c =10.106mm
5. Nut d p = 10.863mm
D=d= 12mm
77
d1=60.3mm
6. Flange d2= 14mm
d3= 80mm
d4= 90mm
h= 28mm
b= 14mm
D= 140mm
f= 3mm
K= 110mm
M12
t handhole= 1.7mm
7. hand hole Ahandhole = 11309.07mm2
V= 0.3m3
8. vessel support Lskirt = 114mm
Ds = 60mm
t s= 20mm
4.2 Discussions
In this pressure vessel design report, we have designed a total inside volume (V= 10.25m3)
Pressure vessel for water storing application. In this process we have designed shell, head, inlet
and outlet nozzle, bolt flanged joint, flange, hand hole and vessel support. All of these
components are designed by using appropriate formulas for each and their factor of safety are
checked for strength to avoid failures.
78
CHAPTER-5
5.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The design of pressure vessel in initialized with the specification requirements in terms of
standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the
market.
The design of a pressure vessel in more of a selection procedure selection of its components to
be more precise rather designing each and every component regarding storage of fluid for a
pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better sensitivity, higher
reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity.
The storage of fluid at higher pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and
it is the first step towards the design. The pressure vessel components are merely selected, but
the selection is very critical. A slight change in selection will lead to a different pressure vessel
altogether from what is aimed to be designed.
79
It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available ASME
standards and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while manufacturing the
components.
Selection of pressure vessels components should be according to standards rather than

customizing the design: -
 As abiding by the standards lead to;

 A universal approach
 Less time consumption
 Easy replacement
 So less overall cost.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
When we design some part, we have to collect information from different source. This means
the design is performed by using many references and web sites. So, the materials needed for
design case must be fulfilled in order to perform applicable design for all users.
We recommended that the pressure vessel design should include the earthquake loading,
vibration, loading from piping and external equipment and wobble effect in which the pressure
vessel delivered with. More try to study the load analysis by recent software and it is our
suggestion to test the pressure vessel in laboratory before use.
80
81
6. REFERENCES
[1] www.learnengineering .com
[2] Phillip Ellenberger and James M. Kessler (1),"Design of Vertical Pressure Vessels Using
ASME Code Simplified Methods"
[3] Manish M. Utagikar, Prof. S.B. Naik,” Finite Element Analysis of Elliptical Pressure Vessels”
[4] Binesh P Vyas, R. M. Tayade& Ankit D Kumbhani,” Design of Vertical Pressure Vessel
Using Pvelite Software”
[5] M.Tech. Scholar Nitesh Katiyar Assistant Professor Ranjeet Kumar,” Stress Analysis and
Design Optimization of a Pressure Vessel using Ansys “
[6] Edin Šunje, Emir Nezirić&Safet Isić,” ANALYSIS OF STRESS IN HEAD OF PRESSURE
VESSELS”
[7] Sadanandam.P1, Ramesh.U2, Samuel Tamerat3,” Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel
Using Finite Element Method”
[8] Xiaohui Chen 1,2, Bingjun Gao 3a and Xingang Wang,” Evaluation of limit load analysis for
pressure vessels ‒ Part I: Linear and nonlinear methods”
[9] Merlin J. Thattil, Chitaranjan Pany,” Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel with different
end domes”
[10] DURGA PRASANTH1 & SACHIDANANDA. H. K2,” DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

PRESSURE VESSEL”
[11] https://interestingengineering.com
[12] Coulson and Richardson’s chemical engineering Chemical Engineering, Volume 6, Third
edition Chemical Engineering Design R. K. Sennett (Department of Chemical and Biological
Process Engineering University of Wales Swansea
82
APPENDIX
83
84

Dagim and Mule Pressure Vessel

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dagim and Mule Pressure Vessel

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dagim and Mule Pressure Vessel

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Gondar

Submitted to Mr. AYELE.H(M.Sc.)

Dagim Zeynu----------------------------------------- GUR/22992/13

Muluken Musie ------------------------------------- GUR/40087/13

Figure 1 vertical pressure vessel................................................................................4

B Arbitrary constant MLT-2

dr Diameter of reinforcement pad L

e Minimum plate thickness L

Fw Loading due to wind pressure, per unit length MT-2

g Gravitational acceleration LT-2

I Second moment of area (moment of inertia) L4

M Bending moment ML2T-2

Mv Bending moment acting on vessel ML2T-2

Mx Bending moment at point x from free end of column ML2T-2

Pd Design pressure ML-1T-2

t Thickness of plate (shell) L

tb Thickness of base ring L

tc Thickness of bracket plate L

σb Bending stress ML-1T-2

1.2Statement of the problem

Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach encompassing advancements in

1.3 Classification of pressure vessel

1. According to the dimensions: - The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions,

4. According to the position arrangement:

Figure 1 vertical pressure vessel

 Spherical pressure vessel: - This type of pressure vessels is known as thin-walled

Figure 3 Spherical pressure vessel

1.3.2. Specific objectives

 Designing of components of vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel

1.4. Scope of the research

1.4Significance of the research

 Industrial compressed air reservoirs

industries and in home.

1.7 Organization of the thesis

We are asked to design a vertical semi ellipsoidal pressure vessel

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Figure 8 Model 4 b (Top shell)

Figure 9 model 4 c (bottom shell)

Figure 11 Model 4 e (skirt)

Figure 12 Model 4 f (Assembly)

Figure 16 Evaluation of limit load analysis for pressure vessels

Figure 17 Design and Analysis of Pressure Vessel with different end

Figure 18 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 19 Crack Propagation Growth Considering 4 mm ) Static Stress Analysis.

NB: - we select model 1

2.3 Reason for selecting our model

 Less cost It uses simplified methods based on the ASME Code

 widely recognized and accepted in the industry

Design of column (vertical layout) pressure vessel specification

Design pressure 2.75 Mp a

Total inside volume 10.25 m3

Design of column (vertical layout) pressure vessel specification

The chief alloying elements used in low alloy steel are

Nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, manganese, silicon and tungsten.

It gives red hardness by retention of hard carbides at high temperatures. It tends to

A very small quantity (0.15 to 0.30%) of molybdenum is generally used with

A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be

Tensile Design stress at temperature 0c(N/mm2)