INTRODUCTION TO HOME ECONOMICS

Home Economics is a broad field of study It teaches us how to manage ourselves, our resources and our
household It therefore deals with the management of material and non-material things In the family e.g.
people, money, food, clothing, and housing. It prepares people to use what they have in creative ways,
to get what they need.

Meaning of Home Economics

Home Economics can be explained in different ways. It is a field that is concerned with improving family
life. It does this by:

i. Finding out the needs of individuals and families,

ii. Finding ways of meeting the needs of individuals and families,

iii. Improving the goods and services which

families use e.g. food, clothing, housing,

water.

iv. Preparing people for family living,

v. Preparing people for employment.

Major Areas in Home Economics

Home Economics is made up of many areas. These areas can be grouped into seven major areas as
shown in fig1.1. Each area can further be broken down into several sub-areas. Each area can also be
taught as a Home Economics subject. All the areas are interrelated

1. Foods and Nutrition: deals with the study of foods and nutrients. It includes food processing,
preservation, food preparation, meal management and service, etc. It also prepares people for
employment in nutrition-related jobs.

2. Clothing and Textiles: deal with textiles, designing and sewing of clothes. It also includes a wide
selection of clothes, personal hygiene and good grooming. It prepares people for clothing and textiles-
related jobs.

3. Home management: deals with the processes of using those things which the family has, to obtain the
things needed by the family. Examples of the things which the family can have are money, time, energy,
and household equipment. These things are called resources. The things which the family needs include
clothing, a house, etc.

4. Consumer education: teaches people how to make wise decisions when selecting or buying goods and
services.
5. Housing and Interior decoration: deal with the provision of housing for the family. It also involves
planning available space in a house; and selecting and arranging pieces of furniture and other decorative
pieces in the house.

6. Child development and care: deals with how children grow and develop. It also deals with how to care
for children properly.

7. Family living: deals with how people five in the family. It teaches people how to maintain good
relationships in the family.

In Nigerian schools and colleges, Home Economics,s is however, broadly divided into three areas, tion,
Home management, and Clothing and textiles.

At the Basic Education level (Primary and Junior Secondary), Home Economics is offered as a single
subject. At the Senior Secondary School Level, it is offered as three different subjects, food and nutrition,
Home management and Clothing and textiles. At the tertiary levels (Colleges of Education Polytechnics
and Universities), it is offered in some institutions as a single subject and different subjects in others.

Relationship between Home Economics and other related subjects

Home Economics draws knowledge from many other subjects. It unifies the knowledge drawn and uses
it to form its own body of knowledge. The subjects from which Home Economics draws knowledge are
many and include Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Economics, Sociology, History, Geography,
Psychology, Fine and Applied Arts, Agriculture, etc. Here are some examples of the types of knowledge
which Home economics draws from different subjects:

i. Chemistry: teaches us about the nutrients in foods we eat, their properties, and the effects of heat on
them.

ii. Physics: helps us to understand the workings of the refrigerator and electricity in the home.

iii. Mathematics: teaches us how to determine quantities and do calculations and so on.

iv. Biology: helps us to know about plants and animals, groups, different parts of our body and how
they function.

v. Economics: teaches us how to manage personal and family resources to meet our needs and goals.

vi. Sociology: teaches us about the family and other social institutions. Home Economics is concerned
with family well-being.

vii. History: teaches us the things that happened in the past. Such knowledge helps to explain what is
happening to us today and what could happen in future.

viii. Geography: helps us to know about our surroundings or environment. The family exists in the
environment. The things that exist in the environment affect the family.
ix. Psychology: teaches us. about how children develop, how we learn and the conditions necessary for
learning and normal development. These are important in Home Economics.

x. Fine and Applied Arts: teaches us how to apply the principles of design in different aspects of home
management, housing, production of arts and crafts, interior decoration, etc.

xi. Agriculture: involves the production of the food which the family needs for good

health. and nutrition is an area of Home Economics.

xii. Engineering: produces technologies which families use, such as electrical appliances, kitchen tools,
and television.

xiii. Computer science: Today computer is used in many homes, shops, banks, hotels, offices etc.
Shopping can even be done online the cauter. Therefore, Home Economics also draws knowledge from
computer science. This is because the computer has become very important in the world today.

HOME ECONOMICS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Home Economics is a very important subject. It plays a very important role in the development of
individuals, families and the nation. We must understand the importance of Home Economics and the
career opportunities it offers.

Home Economics Career Opportunities

Home Economics prepares boys and girls for homemaking and other careers. Some opportunities offer
entry-level jobs which may require on-the-job training for secondary school leavers. Others will require
higher education. These careers can be organized under the three broad areas of Home Economics as
follows:

Careers in Foods and Nutrition:

These careers require higher education

1. Dietetics: A dietitian works in hospitals, helping with diets for the treatment and prevention of
diseases.

2. Nutrition: A nutritionist can work in a health department, schools, hospitals and industries.He/she
helps people improve their nutritional habits and status, to keep in good health.

3. Foodservice: People in this career can work as catering managers, Supervisors, stewards, etc.
depending on their qualifications. They work in hotels, hospitals, schools, airlines, etc. Catering: A
caterer cooks for people in boarding schools, hospitals, hotels, offices etc.

5. Hotel Management: This involves running a hotel as a business. It is also called institution
management.
6. Teaching: Teachers in this area, teach foods and nutrition.

7. Research: Researchers in this area work on nutrition problems. They discover new ways of planning
and cooking foods etc.

8. Food technology: A food technologist applies the principles of foods, science and engineering in the
development, production, processing, packaging and distribution of foods.

Careers in Clothing and Textiles

Some of these careers require higher

education. Others require special training

after secondary school.

1. Designing: Persons in this career create new designs for garments (fashion). There are also designers
for fabrics/ textiles and designers for clothing accessories. They are Fashion designers.

2. Pattern illustration: The pattern illustrator develops paper patterns for sale.

3. Beauty care and hairdressing: Beauticians and hairdressers run salons where they take care of
people’s hair and perform other beauty treatments.

4. Dressmaking/ tailoring: Dressmakers and tailors sew garments for people.

5. Dry cleaning and laundering: The drycleaners and laundering dry-clean and launder clothing articles
for people.

6. Modeling: A model works in the fashion industry. He/she wears newly designed dress styles for
people to see and Duy.

7. Fashion merchandising: People in this career, select, buy and sell textiles, and other clothing
accessories.

8. Weaving: Weavers construct fibres and

yarns into fabrics or textiles.

9. Fabric Dyeing: People in this career do tie-dyeing and batik to produce “Adire” and other locally dyed
materials.

10. Teaching: Teachers in this area teach clothing and textiles.

11. Research: Researchers in this area work on clothing and textiles.

Careers in Home Management, Family Living and Child Development.

Some of these careers require higher

education; others are entry-level jobs, while

some require special training.

1. Interior decoration/ designing: People in this area plan and decorate the interiors of homes, hotels
hospitals, offices, etc.

2. Institutional Housekeeping: This involves working in schools, hostels, hospitals and other institutions
as house-keepers.

3. Advertising and promoting: People in this area work as promoters in industries that manufacture
household equipment, furniture, health and grooming products,

food textiles etc. They tell people about new products and convince them to buy. They require special
training on the products they promote.

4. Baby-sitting: A babysitter can be employed by parents to care for their children in their absence. This
is an entry-level job.

5. Child care: People in this area work in child-care centres. These centres are where parents bring their
children for care while they are busy.

6. Social welfare work: People in this career provide help to troubled individuals and families. They
require higher education.

7. Teaching: Teachers in this area, teach home management, family living and child development, in
schools and colleges.

8. Research: Researchers here, work on problems relating to home management, family living and child
development.

Other careers include

1. Homemaking: The homemaker manages family members and the home. He/she maintains a satisfying
setting for family living.

2. Home Economics Extension: Extension

agents run out-of-school-educational

programmes for men and women. Their programmes include nutrition, child care, home management,
clothing and textiles, etc.

3. Journalism: Home Economists can work for newspapers, journals, magazines, television and radio.
They are often in charge of food, clothing, consumer education and other areas relating to Home
Economics.
Home Economics Career Requirements

Every career requires some training. Different home Economics careers require education at different
levels of education. Certain subjects are required for admission into the Home Economics programmes
of higher institutions, such as colleges of Education, Monotechnics, and Polytechnics and Universities.
These institutions award

various classes of certificates which qualify graduates for employment.

i. Senior Secondary School (SSS): Youths (boys and girls) can obtain credits of distinctions in any Home
Economics, (food and nutrition, Clothing and textiles or Home management), at this level. With such
qualifications, people can obtain entry-level jobs in Home Economic Economics-relatedshments as
Skilled workers, attendants, assistants or aides, waiters and waitresses, and sand ales salespersons, such
entry-level jobs require on-the-job training.

ii. Colleges of Education Education in these colleges are usually for a three-year duration. The Nigerian
Certificate of Education (NCE) certificate is awarded at the end of the study. These colleges offer Home
Economics

iii. Monotechnics and Polytechnics: The monotechnics focus on only one area of study, such as Schools
of Agriculture. Polytechnics offer many programmes, examples are Federal Polytechnics. These
institutions offer various Home Economics subjects.

iv. Universities: These offer the following:

(a). 4-year Bachelor of Science (B. Sc) in any area of Home Economics or Bachelor of Education in Home
Economics degree.

(b).1-2-year Master's degree in any area of Home Economics.

(c). 3-4-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) in any area of Home Economics.

Entry Requirements into Higher Education

i. The entry requirement for admission into any of the higher institutions for the study of Home
Economics depends on the specific college, monoor polytechnic or university.

ii. The subjects required for admission are always in the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB)
brochure.

iii. Any three or more of the following subjects are possible requirements for Home Economics, in
addition to the requirements of a given institution: Home management, Clothing and textiles,
Mathematics, Economics, Agricultural sciences and Health Science, Biology, Physics.

Importance of Home Economics to Individuals Home economics aims at improving family life. And the
family is very important in every nation. This fact makes Home Economics a very important subject.
Home Economics is important to individuals because:

1. It teaches people how to live a good, healthy and happy life in the family, community, nation and the
world.

2. It prepares people to use what they have (resources) to get what they need.

3. It prepares boys and girls for homemaking.

4. It helps people to develop their abilities.

5. It prepares people for the jobs that require Home Economics knowledge and skills, (see careers in
Home Economics).

6. It can help people to start their own business.

7. It teaches people how to care for themselves.

8. It teaches people how to care for their homes.

9. It teaches people how to spend their money wisely.

10. It teaches people how to plan, cook, serve and eat good food.

11. It teaches people how to plan, choose, make, wear and maintain good Clothing.

Importance of Home Economics to the family

Home Economics is very important to the family because:

1. It aims at improving family life.

2. it teaches people how to live happily in the family.

3. It teaches people how to use what the family has ( resources e.g. money, time) to Satisfy family needs
(e.g. food, clothes housing).

4. It can prepare family members to earn more income for the family.

5. It can teach family members how to maintain good relationships with each other.

6. It prepares home-makers, who can take care of their homes.

7. It prepares individuals to take care of family members.

8. it teaches how to raise family income and build wealth.

9. It contributes to a healthy family.

10. It teaches family members how to get

along well with one another in the family and society.

Importance of Home Economics to the Nation

Home Economics is very important to every nation because it contributes to national development in
different ways, such as:

1. It focuses on the improvement of family living. The family is the basic unit of the society and nation.
When the welfare of every family is improved, national development is promoted.

2. It prepares individuals to work and earn income. It reduces unemployment in the country.

3. It reduces poverty in the country.

4. It contributes to food production, processing, preservation and preparation. it therefore promotes

food security.

5. helps to promote the healtcitizenssstizen.

GOOD POSTURE

The way you carry your body when you stand, sit, walk or work is very important. This is because

it can affect your health, appearance and the ease with which you do your work. it is therefore very
important that you carry yourself properly.

Good posture

Posture means keeping the natural balance of the body aligned. It is the way the body's Head parts are
held up or carried when you walk, stand, sit or work. In good posture, the back is kept straight, the
shoulders pull well back the and head is held high. A good posture can be developed by any healthy
person. It requires determination and practice.

Keeping body parts aligned and good posture

There are three major weight centres in the body: head, pulled and waist or pelvis. Good posture
involves keeping the major weight centres aligned and balanced on each other, whether you are sitting,
standing or walking. When an imbalance occurs, poor posture results.

Importance of good posture or carriage

1. Good posture enhances appearance.

2. it helps different parts of the body to be supported by the right bones and muscles,

3. It gives the body a comfortable and

relaxed feeling
4. It affects the way your clothes fit you.

Clothes fit better with good posture.

5. promotes good health.

6. Good posture gives dignity, poise, self-confidence and respect.

7. It can improve a person's movement and activities

8. prevents body pains.

9. Poor posture can also be considered a sign of poor nutrition.

Disadvantages of poor posture

Poor posture m sitting, standing or walking has the following disadvantages.

1. Muscles of the body do extra work to keep the body balanced. This could be painful.

2. Some organs of the body may be thrown out of their natural position. This can result in backache
tiredness constipation and headache

3. It can also affect the functioning of the body organs.

4. It causes a waste of energy as muscles do extra work to keep body parts aligned.

5. Poor posture can also be considered a sign of poor nutrition.

6. It results in ill-fitted clothes

7. it can make a person look sluggish.

Good sitting posture

For good sitting posture it is necessary to do the following:

1. Sit with the hips far back to the chair

2. Hold the shoulder back without strain. 3. Tuck in the abdomen when sitting

4. Support the back with the chaw do not lean forward.

5. Let the chair provide support for the hips and lower back.

6. Keep the head erect and chest up

7. Do not keep your legs wide apart when you sit. Keep them together or one slightly in front of the
other.
8. Avoid very tight dresses because they can affect your posture.

9. Always uncomfortable chair.

Good standing posture

The following points are important for good Standing posture:

1. Always stand firmly on both feet so that both of them can carry your weight.

2. Do not place your weight on one leg.

3. Stand with the head up and chest out.

4. Tuck in your tummy or abdomen.

5. Straighten your shoulder, that is, hold erect.

6. Avoid tight clothes e.g. tight girdles, ill-fitting shoes. They prevent easy movement.

Good walking posture

The following points are important for good walking posture:

1. Avoid ill-fitting shoes. They make walking uncomfortable.

2. Avoid very high-heeled shoes. They throw the body out of balance and can cause a sway-back and a
fall.

3. When you walk, hold:

i. the head up and chin up.

ii. the shoulders back and chest out. iii. the tummy or abdomen tucked in.

4. Walk without twisting and bending the body. Walk tall.

5. Lift the feet smartly. Do not drag you!

feet.

6. Avoid overweight. This is because your weight affects your posture. Adopt good feeding habits
because your food affects your weight.

Good working posture

It is very important to use good working posture when carrying out tasks both inside and outside the
home. Every type of work requires good posture e.g. sewing, reading and writing, eating, washing and
ironing of clothes.
Uses of good working posture.

It helps the worker to:

1. prevent bodily discomfort at work.

2. prevent fatigue at work.

3. Do more work within available time

4. conserve her energy.

5. enjoy her work.

6. Do good quality work.

Good reading posture

1. Use a good table and chair of comfortable height.

2. Let the chair provide support for your hips and lower back.

3. Do not bend too low towards the book.

4. Keep the legs under the table and the hands comfortably on the table.

Good Ironing posture

1. Choose ironing board or surface of comfortable height. A good ironing board normally has an
adjustable height.

2. Do not stoop or stretch to work.

3. Place the feet far enough apart to hold the body in balance.

4. The weight of the body should be on the outside of the feet.

5. The abdomen should be held in.

EXERCISES

Exercises are very important for body fitness. There are many types of exercises. Some can be focused
on certain parts of the body, such as waist, arms and abdomen. examples of exercises are jump ing
walking, dancing, swimming, playing games like football, etc. There are guidelines for exercising the
body. some people use drugs in exercise and sports. This is to be discouraged.

Meaning of exercise
Exercise is the act of making the body perform some activities. Because the human body is designed for
movement, it needs regular exercises.

Importance of exercises

There are many reasons why exercise is

important. These reasons are:

1. It increases the flow of blood to the muscles.

2. It makes the muscles strong, firm, and healthy. That is, it improves muscle tone.

3. It makes the sweat glands of the skin more

active. This results in the production of more sweat with waste materials.

4. It helps the body to excrete wastes

5. It helps the whole body to keep fit and

healthy.

6. During an exercise the lungs become more active, breathing is deeper and in the lung is changed more
often.

7. Exercises aid digestion and prevent constipation.

8. Some over-weight persons can shade off excess weight through routine exercises.

9. Exercise stimulates the appetite.

10. It encourages sound sleep and growth.

11. It helps to release built -up tension.

12. It makes for more strength, endurance and greater agility.

13. Flow of energy to the body is increased.

14. It also refreshes the brain through increased blood circulation.

15. Bones can absorb minerals more easily. Risk of bone disease is reduced.

16. The risk of heart disease is reduced as cholesterol level can be lowered.

17. Blood pressure can stay within the normal range.

18. They help to prevent muscle injuries during exercises.

Different types of exercises

Three types of exercise can help you achieve fitness. These are as follows:

1. Strengthening exercises: These help to build strong muscles. The muscle strength is measured by the
amount of work your muscle can do at one time. Examples of strengthening exercises are weight-
lifting,” push-up and sit-up.

2. Aerobic exercises: These are exercises ‘rich improve the efficiency of your heart and lungs. They
increase the intake of oxygen into the body. They also increase the rate at which the body uses energy
even when the person, is at rest. Examples of aerobic running,of aerobic exercises are walking, bicycling
and swimming.

3. Stretching exercises: These help to promote flexibility. Such exercises help in many sports and in
dance. Examples are exercises targeted at specific muscle groups such as arms, legs, and.abdomen.

Suggest exercises:

1. Exercises for waist and arm

2. Stand erect with your feet Slightly apart and arms over the head.

3. Bend forward and touch the floor between your feet.

iv.Repeat the e arting positionexercise five times the first a day. Increase the member of times t by the
end of the week. Continue daily.

2. Exercise for abdomen

i. Lie on your back on the floor.

ii. Stretch your arms at the sides of your body, palms down.

iii. Do the same thing with your left leg. Repeat this exercises several times,

alternating right and left legs.

iv. Raise the right leg until it is perpendicular to the floor. Then lowe 9 it as slowly as possible.

Exercise(b)

Lie on your back, legs together and arms at the sides.

ii, Stretch to make yourself as long possible.

iii. Slowly rise to a sitting position without using your hands or arms.

Guidelines for exercising the body

1. Build your exercise routine around activities you enjoy.

2. Exercise regularly.

3. Exercise 20 to 30 minutes a day.

4. Exercise daily or at least 3 to 5 times a week.

5. You can work exercise into your day-to

day routine in several ways.

6. Set aside time for exercise.

7. Before you begin any exercise programme, check with your doctor to make sure the routine you have
chosen is safe for you.

8. Each workout should begin with warm-up activities, such as walking followed by gentle stretching.

9. Have a cool-down period after exercise with slower movements and additional stretching. These still
help prevent muscle Cramps and soreness.

10. Never use drugs for exercises and sports.

Using drugs in exercises and sports

Drugs refer to many different kinds of substances, from medicines to illegal Marijuana, crack and heroin.
Alcohol, tobacco, kola nuts are also drugs. All of these substances are bad for your health. Their
continued use can lead to addiction. Addiction is a physical and mental dependence on continued use of
a drug.

Some people take drugs to help them in exercises and sports. This is a very bad

practice.

Disadvantages of using drugs in exercise

and sports.

1. It can lead to physical break down.

2. It can cause emotional and mental disorder.

3. It can lead to anti-social behaviours.

4. Drug users can develop other severe health problems.

5. They can behave in odd and dangerous ways.

6. They cheat other contestants as the

drugs can enhance their performance in

Sports.

7. They can die from their poor drug

habits.

8. They are law breakers for possessing drugs is illegal.

9. Use of drugs in sports can destroy the career of an athlete.

Guidelines for preventing drug addiction

1. Take only drugs that are prescribed by a

doctor.

2. Followthe pharmacist's/ doctor's directions for use of any drug.

3. Choose friends who have also decided to remain drug free.

4. Avoid people who want to see or give you drugs.

5. Always say no to anybody who tempts

you with drugs.

6. Avoid self-medication.

7. Never start using drugs. This is the best way to avoid the problem.

FATIGUE, REST AND SLEEP

Health is an overall state of well-being . Good health depends on many conditions such as good feeding
habits, hygiene, Safety practices, exercises, rest and sleep. As individuals work and exercise, they get
tired. This means that they become fatigued and need rest and sleep.

Fatigue

Fatigue is tiredness. It results in reduced performance of work.

Causes of fatigue

It could be caused by:

1. Too much exercise or an over-work oneself.

2. Iliness.

3. Tiredness.

4. Hunger or lack of food.

5. Sadness or unhappiness,fear or worry.

6. Dislike for the task in hand.

7. A combination of some of the factors above.

Treatment of fatigue

1. Take plenty of rest.

2. Eat balanced meals, at least three times daily.

3. Have regular meal times.

4. Avoid over working yourself.

9. Try to Stop work before you become too tired.

6. Seek medical treatment whenever you are sick.

7. Whenever you are worried or sad over a personal problem, try to discuss it with your parents,
siblings, (brothers and sisters), a good friend or your

teacher.

8. Avoid anxiety as much as possible.

Effects of fatigue

The following are some of the effects of

fatigue:

1. It prevents a person from doing work.

2. It causes unhappiness, irritation and

unfriendliness.

3. It makes one feel dull and sluggish. A fatigued person wants to lie down.

Ways of preventing fatigue

1. Avoid doing many tasks all at the same

time.

2. Plan your work properly.

3. Use the correct tools for a given work.

4. Alternate tasks that require much energy with those that require less energy. For instance, after doing
some gardening (which requires much energy), you then iron few dresses (which requires less energy).

5. Break a big task into smaller tasks and dothem in bits.

6. Use the best method for every task.

7. Use the best posture for a given task or work.

8. The work height should be suitable for the worker so as to avoid too much bending or stretching. Too
much bending or stretching can cause fatigue.

9. Fix very short rest i i Periods into your

plan. For instance when ironing mane articles you cab take 5 minutes break from time to time within the
ironing period.

10. Maintain good health and health practices. ’

11. Develop liking for the task yOu are performing.

12. Quit or stop the work or task before you get tired.

Rest

Rest is the act of relaxing either by sitting or . lying down. During rest the mind and muscles are relaxed
but you are still awake and aware or conscious of what is happening around you. You can, for instance,
still hear sounds.

Sleep

Sleep is a complete or deeper form of rest. During sleep, you become unaware or unconscious of what is
happening around you. At the same time, the body and brain get complete rest.

importance of rest and sleep

The body needs rest and sleep for the following reasons: During rest and sleep:

1. The body relaxes.

2. Energy is built up for a future use.

3. Broken body tissues can be repaired and made ready for further activities.
4. Muscles relax, the heart beats more slowly and breathing becomes shallow.

5. Restis the cure for fatigue or tiredness or fatigue.

6. The night sleep is nature’s way of restoring the energy and rebuilding the body tissues which were
used during the day.

7. Getting enough rest and sleep makes you look and feel better.

8. It also gives you the energy you need during the day.

9. When people do not sleep, their ability to concentrate reduces and their physical coordination suffers.

Guidelines for rest and sleep

The following guidelines are important for

proper rest and sleep:

1. Loosen all tight clothing when you are resting or sleeping.

2. Rest after meals.

3.Rest after strenuous activities or exercises.

4. Rest after school before playing or doing household work.

5. When lying down do not curl up into a ball to sleep. Try to lie long or straight.

6. Maintain good sleeping posture.

7. Goto bed early so as to wake up fresh and ready for the next day’s work.

8. Ensure that your bedroom is well-ventilated.

9. Your bed and mattress should be smooth, firm, comfortable and clean.

10. Your sleeping garments should be loose and soft.

FOOD NUTRIENTS

Food is very important for good health. You should be able to plan, prepare and serve balanced meals.
In order to do these, you ought to understand the various food nutrients.

Meaning of Nutrition

Nutrition refers to the way the body uses the food we eat. It is the sum of all the processes by which our
bodies take in food nutrients for nourishment. As an area of study, nutrition deals with the food we eat
and how it nourishes our body.
Meaning of nutrients

Nutrients are the chemical substances in the food we eat. These are carbohydrates, fats and oil,
proteins, minerals and vitamins.

Types, sources and functions of foo nutrients and their deficiency diseases

Table 1 shows (i.). all the food nutrients. (ii) their food sources, and (iii). functions. It Shows the
deficiency diseases that will result when we do not eat foods that are rich in ea of the nutrients.

Food Nutrients Functions Sources Deficiency Diseases

Carbohydrate i. Provide the body with Yam, cassava, rice, maize, i. Lack of energy
heat and energy for work. bread sugar, potatoes, etc
ii. Tiredness
ii. Surplus is stored as
body fat.

Fat and Oil i. Provide the body with Margarine, butter, palm i. Skin may become rough.
heat and energy y. oil, oliy meat and fish, etc

ii. Surplus is stored as

body fat

Proteins i. For growth e.g. in Meat, fish, eggs, Milk, i. Poor growth and
children, adolescents and soya bean, peas, beans, development.
babies. etc.
ii. General weakness.
ii. For building new
tissues. iii. Kwashiokor.

iii.For repair of worn out

or damaged tissues.

Mineral e.g. calcium, iron, i. For growth e.g.the Milk, eggs green- i. Poor functioning of the
iodine phosphorous. bones and teeth. vegetables, meat, livers, body, e.g weak bones and
beans, seafood, etc. teeth, tiredness,
ii. For proper working or headaches, etc.
functioning of the body.

Vitamins i. Protect the body from Fruits, vegetables, egg i. Body will be easily
diseases yolk, milk, meat, butter, affected by diseases.
fish, kidney, beans,
ii. Helps the body use food codiver oil, ii. Weakness and loss of
for energy, growth and appetite will result.
repair.
 iii. Important for vitality.

Water i. Helps direction. Fruits, the water we drink, i. Normal direction and
vegetables beverages. other body functions will
ii. Important for body be affected.
tissues and fluid such as
saliva, blood, urine, sweat,
etc