PERFECTIVE AND PROGRESSIVE ASPECTS

IN TENSES
By
Dr. Surono,M.Hum.

Insta: ronsurono Fb: Surono Pbi Surono [email protected]

 Topics
Perfective and Progressive Aspects in Tenses
SVOVing, SVOVto, SVOV
Coordinators: and, but, or conjunctive adverb
Gerund and to infinitive functioning as Subject and Object
Sentence using SVOC(ADj./N/Ven). : Causatives
Correlative Coordinators: and …..too/also,/as well, either … or, neither … nor,
not only…but also
Adverbial Clause: Time, Place,
Adverbial clause: Manner, Reason, Contrast
Adverbial Clause: Purpose, Result, Comparison
Conditional Sentence Type 3
Relative Clause / Adjective Clause, separable and non separable verb phrase,
Restrictive and Non-restrictive Clauses
Noun Clause with statement
Noun Clause with question
Review
General Concept

• Present Perfect (has/have + V3)

Perfective • Past Perfect (had + V3)
• Future Present Perfect (will/shall + have + V3)
(-ed/-en form) • Future Past Perfect (would/should + have + V3)

• Present Progressive (am/is/are + V-ing)

Progressive • Past Progressive (was/were + V-ing)
• Future Present Progressive (will/shall + be + V-ing)
(-ing form) • Future Past Progressive (would/should + be + V-ing)
 Perfective Aspect
❑ The perfective aspect (or complete aspect as it's sometimes
called) is the aspect of a verb that expresses a completed
action.
❑ In other words, "perfective aspect" is the collective term for all
the verbs (in the past tense, present tense, or future tense) in a
perfect tense. For examples:
1. The dog has eaten bones.
2. The dog had eaten bones.
3. The dog will have eaten bones.
4. The dog would have eaten bones.
 Perfective (Perfect) Aspect
• In English grammar, perfect aspect is a verb construction that
describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time,
usually the present. In English, the perfect aspect is formed
with has, have or had + the past participle (also known as the -
en form). E.g. I ate my breakfast vs. I have eaten my breakfast
• Perfect Aspect, Present Tense is formed with has or have plus
the past participle of the main verb, e.g.
"I have tried to know absolutely nothing about a great many
things, and I have succeeded fairly well."
 Perfective (Perfect) Aspect
• Perfect Aspect, Past Tense is formed with had plus the past
participle of the main verb, e.g.
"He was contented with life. He found it very comfortable to be
heart-free and to have enough money for his needs. He had
heard people speak contemptuously of money: he wondered if
they had ever tried to do without it."
• Future Perfect is formed with will have or shall have plus the
past participle of the main verb, e.g.:
"By the age of six the average child will have completed the
basic American education and be ready to enter school."
 Uses of Perfective Aspect
▪ We use perfective aspect to look back from a specific time and talk about
things up to that time or about things that are important at that time.
▪ We use the present perfect to look back from the present, for examples:
a. I have always enjoyed working in Italy. [and I still do]
b. She has left home, so she cannot answer the phone.
▪ We use the past perfect to look back from a time in the past, for examples:
a. It was 2006. I had enjoyed working in Italy for the past five years.
b. She had left home, so she could not answer the phone
▪ We use will with the perfect to look back from a time in the future, for
examples:
a. By next year I will have worked in Italy for 15 years.
b. She will have left home by 8.30, so she will not be able to answer the phone.
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 The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect

• Present perfect verbs often refer to past actions with effects that
continue up to the present time. For example: Mr. Hawke has
embarked on a crusade.
• The action (embarking on a crusade) began sometime
previously, but Mr. Hawke continues to be on the crusade at the
time this sentence was written.
• In contrast, the past perfect verbs refer to actions in the past
that are completed at or before a given time in the past. The
actual time is often specified, e.g.: I had already eaten breakfast by
the time he picked me up.
More examples

• Two brothers told a court yesterday how they watched their

terminally ill mother 'fade away' after she was given an
injection. Widow Lilian Boyes, 70, had earlier pleaded with
doctors to 'finish her off,' Winchester Crown Court heard.
• In this example, the events of the second sentence--the
pleading--are completed by the time of the events described in
the first sentence. The first sentence describes a past time with
the simple past tense, and then the past perfect is used in the
second sentence to refer to an even earlier time."
 The Future Perfect
• "The future perfect is formed with will followed by have and the
past participle of the main verb. ( will + have + V3)
• It is generally used to express an action that will be completed
prior to or by some specified future time.
• Accomplishment verbs are especially common in sentences with
the future perfect.
• These verbs are often followed by gerundive complements,
like grading the papers as seen in this example: I will have
finished grading the papers { before or by} 4:00 p.m.
 The Future Perfect
• However, the future perfect can also be used to express states that will have endured
for a period of time as measured at some future date, in which being married is the
state, for example:
a. This coming January we will have been married for 30 years.
• As with the past perfect, sentences with a future perfect often have a main
clause and a subordinate clause.
• In these sentences, the future action is completed prior to another action in a
subordinate clause introduced by before or by the time. The verb in this subordinate
clause may be in the present perfect or the simple present, for examples:
a. He will have finished grading all of his papers by the time you've eaten your lunch.
(present perfect)
b. He will have completed the negotiations by the time you arrive.“ (simple present)
 Uses of Present Perfect
• For something that started in the past and continues in the
present:
1. They've been married for nearly 50 years.
2. She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
• When we are talking about our experience up to the present:
1. I've seen that film before.
2. I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
3. He has written three books and he is working on another one.
• For something that happened in the past but is important in the
present:
1. I can't get in the house. I've lost my keys.
2. Teresa isn't at home. I think she has gone shopping.
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 Uses of Past Perfect
▪ For something that started in the past and continued up to a later
time in the past:
1. When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly 50
years.
2. She didn't want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.
▪ When we are reporting our experience up to a point in the past:
1. My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had ever had.
2. I was pleased to meet George. I hadn't met him before, even though
I had met his wife several times.
▪ For something that happened in the past and is important at a later
time in the past:
1. I couldn't get into the house. I had lost my keys.
2. Teresa wasn't at home. She had gone shopping.
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 Uses of Future Present/Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ Past modal verbs are must, could, might and may with have + past participle
to talk about suppositions or speculations regarding a past event. This is called
the modal perfect tense. For examples:
1. The cat has escaped – I must have left the window open by mistake.
2. Claire has left her handbag here – she must have left in a rush.
3. I don’t know why he did that, he could have hurt himself./ He could have killed
his mother.
▪ “May” and “might” are actually very similar although some people say that the
past modal form of “may” has a slightly higher level of probability.
▪ We use the past modal verb form of MAY and MIGHT to speculate about the
past, for examples:
1. Why isn’t John at work yet?
a. I don’t know, he might have missed the train.
b. I don’t know, he may have missed the train.
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 Uses of Future Present/Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ Use MIGHT to talk about something in the past which didn’t happen.
▪ Remember if we are talking about something that didn’t happen, a possibility in
the past we use “might have” and not “may have”: e.g.: The car came around
the corner so fast that I might have been killed.
▪ For speculations about a continuous action in the past we can use the modal
perfect continuous tense: MAY/MIGHT + HAVE BEEN + ING FORM OF VERB
▪ Example: They don’t know why he crashed the car but I’ve heard that he may
have been drinking and driving.
▪ When we talk about ability or capability in the past we can use a form of the conditional
perfect: COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.
▪ Examples:
1. I could have been a professional dancer, but I broke my leg when I was 17.
2. You could have passed your exams if you had studied as I told you!
3. He could have asked me to help him build the wardrobe, instead of spending
all#pbiyeswecan
day doing it by himself.
Learn the following slides yourselves

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 Uses of Future Present/Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ We use “could have” to offer gentle criticism. If a native English speaker is
slightly annoyed with you for not mentioning something important, they might
say to you:
1. You’re an hour late! You could have let me know!
2. You could have sent a message at least!
3. She didn’t warn me about the visit, she could have mentioned that they were
coming!
▪ The past modal form with MUST is used to talk about what you believe is certain about the
past
▪ This can be used in situations where you are very sure about your deductions and believe
there are no other possibilities. It has a similar structure to “might/may have” but with much
stronger certainty: MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.
1. Karen is late – she must have missed her train. (no other explanation is possible)
2. I don’t have my keys – I must have left them in the kitchen.
3. The bicycle has disappeared – it must have been stolen.
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 Uses of Future Present/Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ Use “couldn’t have” for negative certainty in the past, not “mustn’t have”
▪ If we are certain something was impossible or did not happen in the past we
must use the past modal verb “couldn’t have,” becausee “mustn’t have” cannot
be used with this meaning. Here is an example:
1. The bicycle couldn’t have been stolen – there was nobody here.
▪ We use the SHOULD in the past modal verb form to talk about past mistakes
and make recommendations / strongly criticise past actions.
▪ We can use this past modal when commenting on past errors or to criticize or
make suggestions about past behaviour.
▪ Using “should” to criticise is stronger than using “could” and more direct:
SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
1. You should have been here TWO hours ago- sorry there was traffic.
2. He should have gone to the doctor immediately instead of waiting.
3. She should have added more salt to the food, it tastes bland.
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 Uses of Future Present/Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ Use “shouldn’t have” in negative sentences expressing past criticism, e.g.:
1. We shouldn’t have turned left before, this is the wrong direction.
2. You shouldn’t have said that to her, now she’s upset.
3. He shouldn’t have gone to work, he was very ill.
▪ The past modal form with WOULD is used to talk about past possibilities and
their (unreal) consequences
▪ “Would have” structures are a past conditional (often used together with “if” to
form the 2nd conditional), which describe not only a past possibility but also its
past potential consequences. Often these consequences can no longer
happen in the present, meaning they are describing situations that are unreal
or unlikely/impossible to occur now.
1. If he had passed his exams, he would have become a doctor (no longer
possible now).
2. She would have been here earlier but her train was delayed.
3. I would have called you but my phone had no battery.
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 Uses of Future Present /Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ We use will with the perfect to show that something will be complete at or
before some time in the future:
1. In a few years they will have discovered a cure for the common cold.
2. I can come out tonight. I'll have finished my homework by then.
▪ We use would with the perfect to refer to something that did not happen in
the past:
1. If you had asked me, I would have helped you.
2. I would have helped you, but you didn't ask me.
3. You didn't ask me or I would have helped you.
▪ We use other modals with the perfect when we are looking back from a point
in time. The point of time may be in the future:
1. We'll meet again next week. We might have finished the work by then.
2. I will phone at six o'clock. He should have got home by then.
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 Uses of Future Present/Past Perfect (Modals + Perfect)
▪ We use other modals with the perfect when we are looking back
from a point in time. The point of time may be in the present:
1. It's getting late. They should have arrived by now.
2. He's still not here. He must have missed his train.

▪ We use other modals with the perfect when we are looking back
from a point in time. The point of time may be in the past:
1. I wasn't feeling well. I must have eaten something bad.
2. I checked my mobile phone. She could have left a message.

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 Summary of past modal verbs
▪ Essentially, all modals can be used in the past by adding “have +
past participle,” however, their meaning and function often change:

1. May / Might have = speculating in the past

2. Could have = capability in the past
3. Should have= criticism / recommendation in the past
4. Would have= past possibilities and their (unreal) consequences

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 Uses of Present Prefect Progressive
▪ We normally use the present perfect
progressive to emphasize that something is still
continuing in the present:
1. It's been raining for hours.
2. I'm tired out. I've been working all day.
 Uses of Past Prefect Progressive

▪ We use the past perfect progressive to show that

something started in the past and continued up to a time in
the past or was important at that time in the past:
1. Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
2. He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever
since he was a teenager.
 Uses of Future Present Progressive
▪ The future continuous tense, sometimes also referred to as the
future progressive tense, is a verb tense that indicates that something
will occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time.
▪ It is formed using the construction will + be + the present participle
(the root verb + -ing).
1. At five o’clock, I will be meeting with the management about my
raise.
2. Michael will be running a marathon this Saturday.
3. Eric will be competing against Michael in the race.
 Uses of Future Present Progressive
▪ The Future Continuous Tense Is for Action Verbs Only.
▪ It is important to note that the future continuous tense is only used with action verbs,
because it is possible to do them for a duration.
▪ Action verbs describe activities like running, thinking, and seeing.
▪ Stative verbs describe states of existence, like being, seeming, and knowing.
▪ To use the will + be + present participle construction with a stative verb would sound very
odd indeed.
1. I will be being stressed tomorrow during my science test. (incorrect)
2. I will be stressed tomorrow during my science test. (correct)
3. When the sun comes out tomorrow, winter will be seeming like a distant memory.
(incorrect)
4. When the sun comes out tomorrow, winter will seem like a distant memory. (correct)
5. After I study, I will be knowing all the answers for the test. (incorrect)
6. After I study, I will know all the answers for the test. (correct)
 Uses of Future Perfect Progressive
▪ The future perfect continuous, also sometimes called the future
perfect progressive, is a verb tense that describes actions that will
continue up until a point in the future.
▪ The future perfect continuous consists of will + have + been + the
verb’s present participle (verb root + -ing).
▪ When we describe an action in the future perfect continuous tense,
we are projecting ourselves forward in time and looking back at the
duration of that activity.
▪ The activity will have begun sometime in the past, present, or in the
future, and is expected to continue in the future.
 Uses of Future Perfect Progressive
▪ For examples:
1. In November, I will have been working at my company for three years.
2. At five o’clock, I will have been waiting for thirty minutes.
3. When I turn thirty, I will have been playing piano for twenty-one years.
▪ Remember that nonaction verbs like to be, to seem, or to know are not
suited to the future perfect continuous tense.
▪ Instead, these verbs take the future perfect tense, which is formed
with will + have + past participle.
1. On Thursday, I will have been knowing you for a week. (incorrect)
2. On Thursday, I will have known you for a week. (correct)
3. I will have been reading forty-five books by Christmas. (incorrect)
4. I will have read forty-five books by Christmas. (correct)
 Uses of Future Past Perfect Progressive
▪ Past future perfect progressive tense is used to express a sentence that will have
happened in the past.
▪ This tense is similar to the future perfect progressive tense, the similarity is that
they both have more than one adverb of time in one sentence.
▪ Past future perfect progressive tense is a presupposition or assumption, meaning
that the actor in the sentence only makes assumptions in the sentence stated by
him. For examples:
1. They would not have been learning English grammar for one year by the end of
last month.
2. We would have been watching the movie for an hour if you had arrived earlier.
3. They should have been recording their new song by this weekend.
4. My brother would have been studying in Bandung for three years by this year,
but he had decided to work in a company a year ago.
 THANK YOU

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