The fundamental unit of life

CLASS :9TH
CBSE
TUTOR :
MOHIT PANDEY
YOUTUBE CHANNEL: BIOLOGY IN MY POCKET
History Related to Cell
 INTRODUCTION

 We have studied in earlier classes that all living things

weather, small or large, simple or complex, primitive or
advanced are made up of microscopic units called CELLS.

 All living beings , plants & animals ,start their life with a
single cell.

 Because of microscopic size of cells it is impossible to see

them with naked eyes.

 Thus microscope is used to study the micro-organisms as

well as internal structure of living things.
 Cell Is Called Fundamental Unit of Life?

 In the living world ,organisms differ from one another but

all are made up of cells.

 Cells in the living organisms are complex living structure.

 Single - celled organisms (Unicellular) carry out all the

basic processes of life
.
 Multicellular organisms is made up of number of such
cells. That’s why cells is called fundamental & structural
unit of living organism & a basic unit of life.
 Cell is compared to bricks.

 Like bricks are assembled to make a building, cells

are assembled to make the body of every organisms.

 The study of cell and its structure id called

CYTOLOGY.
 Discovery Of The Cell

 The discovery of cell was made by an English scientist

Robert Hooke in 1665.
 While examining a thin slice of a cork under a primitive
microscope.

 He observed that the cork resembled the structure of a

honeycomb consisting of many little compartment.
 He called these box – like compartments as cells.

 But what he observed as boxes were actually dead cells.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhkoek

 He described cells in a
drop of pond water using
microscope.

 He was the 1st person to

see a living cells.

 He was also the 1st

person to observe Rbc in
humans and sperm cells.
Cell Theory

 Matthias Jacob Schleiden

a German botanist in 1838
observed that all plants are
composed of cells of
various types that form
different types of tissues.
 According To The Cell Theory:

 All living organisms such plants & animals are

composed of cells.

 The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of

life.

 A cell has a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus.

 The new cells are formed by a process similar to

crystal formation.
Rudolf Virchow

 All cells arise from pre-

existing cells as same
kind by the process of cell
division.

 The chemical composition

and metabolism in all
cells is basically alike.
 Instruments Used For Studying Cells

 There are three major types of microscopes which

allow scientists to study the miniature which allow
scientists to study the miniature world of the cell
namely:

 1. Compound Microscope
 2. Light Microscope.
 3. Electron Microscope.
Robert Hooke’s Microscope
 Compound Microscope

 The first microscope was constructed by Anton Van

Leeuwenhoek and is called simple microscope.

 The simple microscope has an eyepiece located very

close to the on one side & the object can be placed on
the screw point on the opposite side of the lens.

 It helps to magnify and view objects up to 200 times.

Later Robert Hooke developed a Compound Microscope.

LIGHT OR OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
 Light Microscope

 It is greatly improved design of Hooke’s microscope.

 It has two lenses namely ,eyepiece lens & objectives

lens which are combined to produce a greater
magnification.

 The light microscope shows magnification up to

1500 times which is good enough to see cells ,
larger organelles.
Electron Microscope

 The electron microscope

has the powers of
magnification and
resolution greater than an
optical microscope.
 In the microscope , a beam
of electrons is passed
through the section of
material to produce the
image.
Cell Number

 The single cell performs

all the necessary
functions of the living
organisms.

 EX- AMOEBA.
Euglena

 Eye spot
 Photoreceptor
 Short flagellum
 Long flagellum
 Chloroplast
 Nucleus
 Pellicle
Chlamydomonas Paramoecium
 Multicellular organism
begins from a single cell.
CELL SIZE

 The size of cells in living

organism varies from the
small cell bacteria to very
large eggs of the ostrich
(18 cm) .
 Nerve cell are longest cells
in human.
 The smallest cell is a
bacterium which is about
0.1 micron in size.
 Cell Shape

 Cell show great variation in their shapes .

 The size & shape of cells vary in relation to the
specific functions.
 Some cells may be oval like red blood cells ,
branched , cuboidal like germ cells, elongated like
nerve cells or spindle shaped like muscle cells.

 Some cells may be even be irregular in shape as in

Amoeba & Leucocytes.
 CELL SHAPE
SPERM CELL RED BLOOD CELL
MUSCLE FIBRE BONE CELL
Fat cell Cartilage
NEURON LIVER CELL
 Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane

 All cells wheather prokaryotic or eukaryotic are

bounded by a thin delicate membrane is called Cell
membrane.
 The plasma membrane is also known as
plasmalemma .
 The plasma is so thin that it cannot be observed
under light microscope.
Fluid Mosaic : Model of Plasma Membrane
 Fluid Mosaic : Model of Plasma Membrane

 This model was proposed by Singer – Nicholson in

1972.
 According to this model, the biological membranes
are sheet-like structures consisting of mainly
proteins & lipids.
 This lipids are arranged in two layers approximately.
Osmosis
 Osmosis

 The process by which the water molecules pass

from the region of higher concentration to the region
of lower concentration through semi permeable
membrane.

 2. Exosmosis:
 The process by which the water molecules exit from
the cell .
Different Types Of Membrane

 Membrane acts as semi-

permeable barrier
between the
environments.
 The selective
permeability of the
plasma membrane
allows the cell to
maintain a constant
internal environment.
Types of Transport
 Types of Solution

 1. Isotonic Solution: When the intra- cellular & extra

cellular fluids have same concentration the solution is
called isotonic solution.

 2. Hypertonic Solution: When the extra- cellular fluids

have higher concentration of solutes then the intra-
cellular fluids, then the solution is called hypertonic
solution.

 3. Hypotonic Solution: When the extra – cellular fluids

have lower concentration of solutes than the intra-
cellular fluids, then the solution is called hypotonic
solution.
Diffusion

 The random or
spontaneous movement of
the substances from the
region of high
concentration to the region
of lower concentration.

 Diffusion plays important

role in gaseous exchange
between the cells and its
environment.
Phagocytosis

 The word ‘phagocytosis’

means ‘cell eating’ in
which the cell engulf
bacteria or other sizable
objects.
 It can be seen in amoeba
to
 Define:
 The process of ingestion
of large particles by
engulfing.
Cell Wall
 Cell wall & its functions

 In addition to plasma membrane the plants cells have

another rigid outer covering called cell wall.

 The cell wall lies outside the plasma membrane.

 The plant cell wall is made of cellulose which provide

strength to plants.

 Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges which allow

the exchange of substance between the living cell
contents.
Functions of cell wall:
 1. It acts as a protective layer to all the plants cells.
 2. It provides a mechanical support to the cells.
 3. It also determines the shape of the plant cells.
Plasmolysis
 Plasmolysis

When a livinf plant cell is immersed in the

concentrated sugar solution, the conc. Of the water
molecules outside the cell will be lower than inside.
Hence, the water will move from higher water region
to lower water

 The process of shrinkage or contraction of cell

contents away from the cell wall , when a living plant
cell loses water through osmosis.
NUCLEUS

 The nucleus is the

controlling centre of the
cell.
 It was first discovered by
ROBERT BROWN in plant
in 1883.
 Strasburger (1882) :
 Who found that the
nucleus is related to the
inheritance of characters.
 Nucleus

Structure of Nucleus:
 1. Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope.

 2. Neucloplasm.

 3. Nucleolus

 4. Chromatin fibre.
NUCLEUS
 1. Nuclear membrane

 The nucleus had double layered covering called

nuclear membrane.
 It is connected to a system of membranes called
endoplasmic membrane (ER).
 It separate the nucleus from cytoplasm.
 The nuclear membrane has pores which allow the
transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its
outside , i.e to the cytoplasm.
 It is a selectively permeable membrane.
 2. Nucleoplasm:

 The nuclear envelope encloses a liquid ground

substance called Nucleoplasm.

 It is a fibrous, transparent , semi- granular substance

that fills the nucleus.

 It includes chromatin fibres and nucleolus.

 3. Nucleolus:

 Inside the nucleus , there occurs one or more than

one denser bodies called nucleolus. (pl. nucleoli)

 It is made up of large amount of RNA and proteins

which are used in the formation of ribosomes.
 Hence it is called factory of ribosomes.
 Nucleolus stores all the proteins of the ribosomes.
Chromosomes
 The nucleus contain
chromosomes which are
visible as rod -shaped
structure only when cell is
about to divide.

 Chromosome contain
information for inheritance
of features from parents to
the next generation in the
form of DNA.
 Cell Types:
CLASS :9TH
CBSE
TUTOR :
MOHIT PANDEY
YOUTUBE CHANNEL: BIOLOGY IN
MY POCKET
TYPES OF CELL
Prokaryotic Cell
 Prokaryotic Cells
 Prokaryotes consists of a single cell organisms.

 The cells are generally small in size. (1- 10 μm)

 These cells do not have well organized nucleus.

or
Nuclear Region: It is poorly defined due to absence of
nuclear envelope.
The nuclear material is not enclosed by a nuclear
membrane.
 Chromosome: Single and associated in nucleoid region.

 Cell Division: Taking place by fission or budding .

 These cells lack cell organelles such as mitochondria,

lysosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus.

 It includes bacterial cells & Cyanobacteria (blue green

algae).
Eukaryotic Cells
 Eukaryotic Cells
 Generally they are large i.e (5 – 100μm)

 Nuclear material is bounded by nuclear membrane.

 Nucleus is present .

 These have well organized nucleus.

 Chromosome: More than one chromosome

 These cells have well developed membrane bound
organelles such as ER, mitochondria, lysosome,
nucleolus and chloroplast.

 Cell division: It takes place by mitosis and meiosis.

 Eukaryotic cells are seen in plants , animals,

protozoa & fungi.
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF
LIFE

CLASS :9TH
CBSE
TUTOR :
MOHIT PANDEY
YOUTUBE CHANNEL: BIOLOGY IN
MY POCKET
CELL ORGANELLES
 INTRODUCTION

 Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane bound

organelles which have specific structure and
particular function.

 They are collectively known as endomembrane

systems.

 They are specifically found in the cytoplasm .

 Cell Organelles
 A number of structure which occur in the cytoplasm
are called organelles.

 Cell organelles includes:

 1. Plastids
 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
 3. Ribosomes.
 4. Golgi bodies
 5. Lysosome
 6 . Vacuoles
 7. Mitochondria
 What is Endomembrane System?

 Endoplasmic system is made of many parts like

endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus or golgi
bodies, lysosomes, nuclear envelope, vacoules ,
mitochondria.
TYPES OF PLASTIDS
 Plastids
 It was discovered by E. Haeckel.

 Plastids are the organelles present only in plant cells

and someunicellular organisms such asEuglena and
are absent in Fungi, Bacteria & animals.

 They are small bodies found free in cytoplasm.

 They are less spherical or disc shaped.

 They perform most important biological activities such

as synthesis of food ,storage of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins.
 According to the function and structures plastids are
classified into:
 a. Leucoplast (Amyloplast, Elaioplast, Proteinoplast)

 B.Chromoplast

 C. Chloroplast
1. LEUCOPLASTS
 They are colourless
plastids found in cells of
roots not exposed to light.
 They are devoid of
pigment.
 Function: They are
involved in the synthesis
and storage of various
kinds of carbohydrates,
oil and protein granules.
2.CHROMOPLASTS
 They are the coloured
plastid, containing
caroteniods and other
pigments.

 Function:
 It imparts colour to fruits
and flowers which
attracts insect for
pollination.
3.CHLOROPLASTS
 Chloroplast are the most important of all the plastid, since
they carry out photosynthesis.

 Like in mitochondria , they also have double membrane but

no cristae.

 The space enclosed within the chloroplast is filled with a

jelly like fluid called stroma or matrix.

 Located in the stroma are present numerous double

membrane layers called thylakoids.
 The photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b, carotenes and xanthophylls are
present along the inner side of the thylakoids.

 A number of thylakoids are organized like a pile of

coins to form a granum .
 Plastids , like mitochondria have their own DNA and
ribosomes.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Photosynthesis is one of the most fundamental
functions.

 Through the chlorophyll contained in the

chloroplasts , the green plants trap the energy of
sunlight and transform it into chemical energy.

 This energy is stored in the chemical bonds

produced during synthesis of carbohydrates like
starch.
STRUCTURE OF E.R
 Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ER was discovered by Keith R. Porter.

 It is an extensive and complex network of tubular
membrane system present in cytoplasm .
 The continuous membrane system joins nuclear
membrane on the inner side and cell membrane on the
outer side.
 ER helps in synthesis of proteins and hormones such
as those of liver and pancreas. In eukaryotic cells.
 It is absent in prokaryotic cells.
Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum

It has three structures namely :

1. Cisternae: it is a disc- like structure arranged parallel
in bundles.

2. Vesicles: These are oval , membrane – bound sac like

structures. I t is isolated in the cytoplasm.
It occur in cells having abundant SER.

3. Tubules: it is a fine tube like structure that forms a

reticular system.
It is irregular , unbranched .
S.E.R AND R.E.R
 SER AND RER

 RER: In this type the surface look rough due to

presence of ribosomes.
 Cells actively engaged in protein synthesizing cells
like pancreatic and liver cells.
 SER:
 The surface of tubules is smooth due to absence of
ribosomes.
 Cells involved in the synthesis of cholesterol,
hormones.
 FUNCTION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 ER increases the surface area of the cytoplasm for

various metabolic activities of the cell.
 It gives internal support to the colloidal matrix .
 It function as intracellular transport system for
various substances.
 Materials synthesized can be stored in different
parts of ER.
 Protein synthesis occurs on the surface of rough ER.
By ribosome.
 NOTE:
 Synthesis of lipids in collaboration with Golgi
complex occurs on the surface of the smooth ER .

 Smooth ER helps in the synthesis of sex hormones

like testosterone in the testis and estrogens in the
ovary.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Be Fast as horse to learn New things
Introduction and History
 The ribosomes were first
observed by Robinson
and Brown in 1953 in a
bean roots.

 They were observed by

George Palade in animal
cells in 1953.
 RIBOSOMES
 Ribosomes are found both in Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes with the exception of mature sperm and
RBCs.
 Ribosomes are also found in mitochondria and
chloroplast.
 It is a small , dense ,functional structure found in
cells.
 Its about 20nm in diameter. It is composed of 65%
rRNA and 35% ribosomal proteins.
 The main function of ribosomes is in protein
synthesis.
 Ribos0mes
 It is a small , dense ,functional structure found in
cells.

 Its about 20nm in diameter. It is composed of 65%

rRNA and 35% ribosomal proteins.

 The main function of ribosomes is in protein

synthesis.
 Structure
 Ribosomes are extremely small bodies found
either in the free state in the cytoplasm or attached
to the surface of the ER.

 They are composed of ribonucleoprotein

(ribonucleic acid and protien).

 There Are Two Types OF Ribosomes:

 1. 70s Ribosomes
 2. 80s Ribosomes
 1. 70s Ribosomes

 These are comparatively smaller in size with two

subunits (30S + 50S).
 These are found in prokaryotic cells as well as
eukaryotic cells as well as in mitochondria and
plastids of eukaryotic cells.
2. 80S Ribosomes

80S ribosomes have two

subunits (40s + 60s) .
 They occur in eukaryotic
cells of the plants and
animals.
 Golgi Bodies

 Golgi bodies are present in all eukaryotic cells but is

absent un prokaryotic cells. It is a complex structure
with flat interconnecting Cisternae, a network of tubules
with vesicles and vacuole.

 Main function of Golgi apparatus is secretion.

Golgi Apparatus
 It was identified by Italian
physician Camillo Golgi
in 1892.

 The Golgi complex , like

the endoplasmic
reticulum, canalicular
system with sacs, but it
has flattened,
membrane- bound
vesicles which lack
ribosome.
Structure
 Golgi apparatus is a
group of membrane-
bound structures.

 When under examined an

electron microscope,
they show a stack of
parallel, flattened sacs
called Cisternae, and
clusters of very small
vesicles. (bladder like
structure)
 Function
 The secretion products includes sweat ,tears, mucus ,
digestive secretions and saliva.

 It helps in production of lysosomes.

 It helps in production of hormones.

 Its function also include the storage , modification

and packaging of products in vesicles
 Golgi bodies package the proteins synthesized in the
ribosomes.
 Lysosomes
 Lysosomes are kind of waste disposal system of the cell.
 It occur in animals.
 Foreign material entering the cell ,such as bacteria of
food , as well as old organelles end up into small pieces.
 This is because they contain powerful digestive enzymes
capable of breaking all organic material.
 When the cells gets damaged , lysosome may burst & the
enzymes digest their own cell. ,
 Therefore, Lysosomes are also known as the suicide
bags.
 Vacuoles

 Vacuoles are the storage sacs for solid or liquid

contents.
 Theses are small sized and temporary in animals
cells while it is large, permanent in plants cells.
 Many substances of importance to life of the plant
cell are stored in vacuoles.
 These include amino acids, sugar, various organic
acids.
 It helps to store toxic metabolic by – products of
plant cells.
 Mitochondria

 These are membrane bound organelles.

 They are usually rod shaped.
 Mitochondria is also known as power house of the cell.
 This is because ,the energy required for various
chemical activities needed for life is released by
mitochondria in the form of ATP.
 ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell .

 The body uses energy stored in ATP for making new

chemical compounds and for mechanical work.