J Korean Med Sci 2002; 17: 353-9 ISSN 1011-8934

Copyright The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

: An Emphasis on Diagnostic Role of FNAC, Cell Block, and Immunohistochemistry
Recently the origin of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is thought be the interstitial cells of Cajal or primitive stem cells. This study was performed to evaluate the roles of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), cell block preparation, and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of GISTs. Nine cases of GIST in which FNAC was performed were included in this study. Cytologically, the tumor cells characteristically occurred in closely packed cohesive tissue fragments with high cellular density often in bloody background. The tumor cells often formed fascicles with parallel, side-by-side arrangements of the nuclei. Histologically, GISTs were highly cellular spindle or epithelioid tumor with basophilic appearance. Immunohistochemically, GISTs were c-kit positive in all of nine cases, CD34 positive in seven, focally SMA positive in two, and S-100 and GFAP negative in all. Both histologic and cell block sections showed the same histologic and immunohistochemical features. Cytomorphologically GISTs show a broad morphologic spectrum but rarely a significant nuclear pleomorphism and the assessment of malignant potential is difficult based on cytology alone. However, in the appropriate clinical and radiologic setting, a confident diagnosis of primary or metastatic GIST can be established by FNAC, cell block, and immunohistochemistry.
Key Words : Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Biopsy, Needle; Biopsy, Aspiration; Cytology; Immunohistochemistry

Mi Seon Kwon, Jae Soo Koh, Seung Sook Lee, Jin Haeng Chung, Geung Hwan Ahn*
Department of Anatomic Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Samsung Medical Center*, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Received : 11 December 2001 Accepted : 14 February 2002

Address for correspondence

Geung Hwan Ahn, M.D. Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea Tel : +82.2-3410-2809, Fax : +82.2-3410-0025 E-mail : [email protected]

INTRODUCTION
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most frequent mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract (1, 2). GISTs typically present in older individuals and are most common in the stomach (60-70%), followed by small intestine (20-25%), colon and rectum (5%), and esophagus (<5%) (2). The confusion and controversy surrounding this tumor are related to its origin (1, 3, 4). Recently the origin of GISTs has been clarified and is thought be the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (2, 5, 6) or the primitive stem cells that can differentiate into both ICC and smooth muscle cells (7, 8). The former has been suggested because of the shared expression of c-kit and CD34 in GISTs and ICC and ultrastructural similarities between them. The latter is also supported by the common smooth muscle expresson (2, 5, 9-13) in GISTs and the presence of GISTs arising in the peritoneum, mesentery, and omentum (3). GISTs are now defined as cellular spindle cell, epithelioid, or occasionally pleomorphic mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract which express the KIT protein on immunohistochemistry (IHC) (11). The cytologic findings of GISTs are not well documented
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because recently the cell of origin for GIST has been clarified and most of the GISTs were diagnosed by surgical resection due to their submucosal or intramural location. Although there have been only a few case reports and series of cases published (14-19), every diagnosis was not supported by c-kit immunostain (18, 19), cytohistologic correlation (16), and histologic diagnoses (16, 18). Most of the cases were not correlated with follow-up data (14, 17, 18). Until recently, GIST treatment consisted of a surgical resection followed by surveillance for metastatic disease. Chemotherapy and radiation have been ineffective (20). Recently, however, Joensuu et al. reported the effect of STI571 (Glivec, Norvartis, Basel, Switzerland), an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of c-kit, in a patient with a metastatic GIST (21). A rapid and accurate cytologic diagnosis of primary, metastatic, or unresectable GISTs can help clinicians to decide and start a treatment. Thus, it is important for pathologists to be familiar with the cytologic features of GISTs. In the present study, the clinical utility of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of GISTs was evaluated with a focus on cytologic morphology and IHC. Cytohistologic correlation was also performed. We emphasized

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the roles of FNAC, cell block preparation, and immunohisotchemical stain for c-kit, CD34, S-100, GFAP, and SMA in reaching the correct diagnosis of GISTs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine cases of GIST in which FNAC was performed were collected from the files of the Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea, from 1985 to 2000. The FNAC smears were obtained from five primary tumors and four metastases. The sites of aspiration biopsies included stomach (n=3), small intestine (n=2), liver (n=3), and omentum (n=1). FNAC was performed under the guidance of ultrasound or computed tomography; a 23-gauge needle was used. The aspirated material was smeared on glass slides, and then fixed in 95% ethanol and stained with Papanicolaou stain for cytologic evaluation. The remaining aspirated material was fixed in 7.5% buffered formalin and made into a clot with the addition of agar. The clot was then processed for paraffin embedding. Sections cut from the cell block were stained

with hematoxylin and eosin. Aspirate preparations were carefully evaluated for various cytomorphologic features and cytologic patterns of GISTs. Immunohistochemical stain for c-kit (polyclonal antiserum, 1:40 dilution, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, U.S.A.), CD34 (QBEnd/10, 1:40 dilution, NeoMarkers, Fremont, CA, U.S.A.), S-100 (polyclonal antiserum, 1:40 dilution, Zymed, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.), GFAP (G-A-5, 1:80 dilution, Immunon, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.), and SMA (1A4, 1:40 dilution, NeoMarkers) was also performed on all surgical sections and five available cell blocks. The sections of the block, 4 m in thickness, were deparaffinized in xylene, hydrated with 100% ethanol and 95% ethanol, and rinsed in distilled water. For pretreatment of c-kit and CD34, microwave antigen retrieval (10 mM citrate buffer; pH 6.0) was done. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with 0.1% H2O2. Slides were incubated with serum blocking solution (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.), primary antibodies, biotinylated secondary antibody (Zymed), and Streptavidin-Horseradish Peroxidase (Zymed). Diaminobenzidine solution was used as chromogen. The slides were counterstained with hema-

Fig. 1. FNAC of GIST. A: At low-power magnification, the tumor cells occur in closely packed cohesive tissue fragments with some loose groupings and single cells (Papanicolaou,40). B: The tumor cells often form fascicles with parallel, side-by-side arrangements of nuclei with scant cytoplasm (Papanicolaou,100). C: Nuclear palisading is occasionally observed (Papanicolaou,200). D: Some tumor cells show elongated, ovoid, or irregular-shaped nuclei with mildly coarse chromatin and small nucleoli (Papanicolaou, 1,000).

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toxylin solution. Immunostaining results of the cell block sections were compared with those of the surgical sections. The histologic sections of GISTs were divided into three groups according to the criteria of Lewin et al. (22). The guidelines for the diagnosis of malignancy or potential aggressiveness in GISTs were composed of two unequivocal factors (histologically confirmed metastases and invasion of adjacent organs) and seven high-risk factors [size (>5.5 cm in stomach, >4 cm in small or large intestine), mitoses (>5/50 high-power fields in stomach, any in small or large intestine), tumor necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, dense cellularity, microscopic invasion of the lamina propria or blood vessels, and pattern; alveolar or cell balls in the epithelioid variant]. Malignant GIST was given when one unequivocal or two or more high-risk factors were present, GIST of uncertain malignant potential (UMP) when only one high-risk factor was present, and benign GIST when there was no high-risk factors. In this study, spindle cell and epithelioid tumors were not separated because epithelioid tumors had areas of spindle cells or vice versa (22) and a previous study showed similar antigen expression (9). The follow-up information was reviewed from the hospital records, tumor registries, and database of the clinical research institute.
Table 1. Cytological features of nine cases GISTs
Case No. Aspiration site Background Overall cellularity Cellular density in tissue fragments Cellular arrangement 1 stomach bloody low high 2 stomach bloody low very high 3 liver bloody moderate very high 4 liver clear low very high 5

RESULTS
Cytologic Findings

Cytological features of the GISTs are summarized in Table 1. They demonstrated low to moderate overall cellularity usually in bloody background. All tumor cells occurred characteristically in closely packed cohesive tissue fragments with a high cellular density. Some tumor cells occurred singly and in loose groupings (Fig. 1A). The tumor cells often formed fascicles with parallel, side-by-side arrangements of nuclei (Fig. 1B). Nuclear palisading was found in three cases (Fig. 1C). They had spindle-shaped, elongated, ovoid, round, or irregular-shaped nuclei. Four had predominantly spindle nuclei and five predominantly oval nuclei. Multinucleate tumor cells were encountered occasionally. There was a mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism (Fig. 1D). The chromatin was finely to moderately coarsely granular. In three of the nine cases mitotic figures were rarely observed. The nucleoli were indistinct or noticeable. The neoplastic cell cytoplasm was scant to moderate and some of the tumor cells appeared as stripped nuclei. The cell membranes were inconspicuous. In two of the nine cases perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuoles

6 stomach bloody moderate high closely packed with parallel arrangement and focal nuclear palisading, loose groupings, single cells spindle mild fine indistinct indistinct scant to moderate -

7 omentum bloody moderate very high closely packed with parallel arrangement, numerous single cells

8 small intestine bloody moderate high closely packed with focal parallel arrangement, loose groupings, single cells

9 small intestine clear moderate high closely packed with nuclear palisading, loose groupings, single cells

liver bloody low moderate to high closely packed closely packed closely packed closely packed, closely packed with parallel with parallel with focal parallel numerous single with parallel arrangement, arrangement, a arrangement and cells arrangement, loose groupings, few single cells nuclear palisading, loose groupings, single cells loose groupings, single cells single cells spindle, oval moderate mildly coarse indistinct indistinct scant to moderate + spindle, oval moderate mildly coarse indistinct oval, spindle moderate oval, round moderate spindle moderate mildly coarse indistinct indistinct scant to moderate -

Nuclear shape Nuclear pleomorphism Chromatin Nucleoli Mitosis Cytoplasmic border Amount of cytoplasm Cytoplasmic vacuoles Vascularity Necrotic debris

oval, spindle moderate moderately coarse noticeable + indistinct scant to moderate + +

oval mild mildly coarse noticeable focally distinct scant to moderate + + -

oval, spindle, round moderate moderately coarse noticeable + indistinct scant to moderate + -

mildly moderately coarse coarse indistinct noticeable focally noticeable + indistinct indistinct indistinct scant scant + + scant + -

GISTs, gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

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were found. In five of the nine cases blood vessels were seen within the periphery of the tumor fragments or cell clusters. In two cases, necrotic debris was found.
Clinicopathologic Findings

one case. The cytoplasmic vacuoles were found in most of the cases. All tumors showed hemorrhage. Coagulation necrosis not associated with overlying superficial ulceration was observed in five tumors. The cell blocks (Fig. 4) prepared from

Clinical features of the study cases are summarized in Table 2. Grossly the tumors were firm to soft or fish flesh-like yellow-white, tan, gray-pink, or varigated. Most had areas of hemorrhage and some had areas of necrosis, myxoid change, ulceration, or cavitation (Fig. 2). Histologic features of the study cases are summarized in Table 3. Histologically, most of the tumors showed an overall basophilic appearance with a high cellularity (Fig. 3A). Five cases showed some areas of palisading. Nuclear pleomorphism was mild to moderate (Fig. 3B). Mitotic counts varied from 1 to 76 per 50 highpower fields (mean, 30.8). The nucleoli were indistinct or noticeable. The cell membranes were inconspicuous except

Fig. 2. Excised surgical specimen shows soft, fish-flesh tan, gray-pink cut surface with central necrosis and cystic change.

Fig. 3. Histologic section of GIST. A: Low magnification of the tumor shows a high cellularity with an overall basophilic appearance. The tumor consists of interlacing fascicles of spindle cells (H&E,100). B: The tumor shows elongate nuclei with mildly coarse chromatin and a mitotic figure (arrow) (H&E,400).

Table 2. Clinical features of nine cases who underwent FNAC of GISTs

Case Sex/Age No. (yr) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 M/52 F/59 F/35 F/47 M/62 F/48 F/45 F/60 M/55 Diagnosis malignant GIST malignant GIST malignant GIST malignant GIST malignant GIST GIST of UMP malignant GIST malignant GIST malignant GIST Treatment STG TG TG TG TG EX SR EX SR Primary location stomach stomach stomach stomach stomach stomach small intestine small intestine small intestine Size Adjacent organ invasion (cm) 25 30 17 7 12 5 15 12 20 present absent absent absent present absent absent absent absent Associated Follow-up disease period (mo) absent absent absent gastric carcinoma absent chronic hepatitis, HBV absent absent absent 2 23 24 51 63 66 24 36 2 Clinical course

Dead Hepatic metastasis & recurrence (8 mo), Dead Hepatic metastasis (16 mo), Dead Hepatic metastasis (31 mo), Dead Hepatic metastasis (54 mo), Dead Alive without the disease Omental metastasis (24 mo), Alive with the disease Hepatic metastasis (35 mo), Alive with the disease Alive without the disease

FNAC, fine needle aspiration cytology; GISTs, gastrointestinal stromal tumors; STG, subtotal gastrectomy; TG, total gastrectomy; EX, excision; SR, segmental resection; UMP, uncertain malignant potential.

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Table 3. Histological features of nine cases who underwent FNAC of GISTs
Case Cellularity No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 high high high high high Cellular shape spindle spindle, epithelioid spindle spindle, epithelioid spindle NP + + + + + Mitoses/50 HPF 19 51 76 25 54 6 2 1 43 Chromatin mildly coarse mildly coarse mildly coarse moderately coarse mildly coarse fine moderately coarse mildly coarse moderately coarse Nucleoli rare indistinct indistinct noticeable indistinct indistinct indistinct noticeable noticeable Cytoplasmic border indistinct indistinct indistinct distinct indistinct focally distinct indistinct focally distinct indistinct CV + + + + + + + + Amount of cytoplasm scant to moderate scant to moderate scant to moderate moderate scant to moderate moderate scant to moderate scant to moderate moderate Nuclear atypia moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate mild moderate moderate moderate H + + + + + + + + +

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N U MI + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

moderate spindle high high spindle spindle

moderate spindle

FNAC, fine needle aspiration cytology; GISTs, gastrointestinal stromal tumors; NP, nuclear palisading; CV, cytoplasmic vacuole; H, hemorrhage; N, necrosis; U, ulcer; MI, mucosal invasion.

Fig. 4. Cell block of GIST. Syncytial aggregates of spindle or oval cells are shown (H&E,400).

Fig. 5. The tumor cells show a diffuse strong immunoreactivity to c-kit (c-kit immunostain, 400).

Table 4. Immmunohistochemical features of nine cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Cell blocks Case c-kit CD34 S-100 GFAP SMA c-kit CD34 S-100 GFAP SMA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Surgical sections

the FNAC showed the similar histological features to surgical sections.

Immunohistochemical Findings

+ + + +

+ + + -

The immunohistochemical features of the GIST cases in both histologic and cell block sections are summarized in Table 4. All cases were diffusely and strongly c-kit positive (Fig. 5) and S-100 and GFAP negative. Four of the five cell block sections and seven of nine histologic sections were CD34 positive. Two of the nine histologic sections were focally SMA positive.

GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; SMA, smooth muscle actin.

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DISCUSSION
Cytologically, GISTs occurred characteristically in closely packed cohesive tissue fragments with a high cellular density often in bloody background and often formed fascicles with parallel, side-by-side arrangements of nuclei. These findings were supported by the histologic sections in which GISTs consisted of broad bundles, interlacing fascicles, or occasionally whorls of spindle or oval cells with a high cellular density and overall basophilic appearance at low magnification. In Li et al. study (17) in which histologic analysis was not performed in about 1/3 of cases, benign and borderline GISTs tended to have cells arranged in tightly cohesive clusters. Malignant GISTs were more likely to exhibit loosely cohesive groups with many single cells, but in the present study all GISTs including eight malignant and one UMP occurred characteristically in closely packed cohesive tissue fragments with a high cellular density. Histologically, GISTs are a highly cellular tumor (10) compared with moderately cellular schwannomas (23) and paucicellular leiomyomas (11, 24) and at least cellular density of GISTs in tissue fragments, whether tightly or loosely cohesive, is thought to be relatively higher than that of schwannomas and leiomyomas. GISTs had spindle-shaped, elongated, ovoid, round, irregular-shaped nuclei with mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism and scant cytoplasm. The correspondence between the cytologic and histologic features was observed also at high magnification. However, it was difficult to find mitoses, a criterion to diagnose malignant GISTs, in the cytologic smears because most of the tumor cells occurred in closely packed cohesive thick tissue fragments. Li et al. (17) also found that mitoses in the resected malignant GISTs were seldom seen in FNAC smear. Besides, in the present and previous (14, 15, 19) studies malignant GISTs had no significant pleomorphism in the cytologic smears. The assessment of malignant potential is difficult based on cytomorphologic features alone and predictions about potential aggressiveness should be best reserved for gross and histologic examination of the resected specimen. Malignant counterparts of gastrointestinal schwannomas have not been documented (11). True leiomyosarcomas are very rare in the gastrointestinal tract (11). The important differential diagnoses of GISTs without significant nuclear pleomorphism include leiomyomas and schwannomas. The separation of GIST from schwannoma or leiomyoma is clinically important because the former group has a high risk of malignant behavior (1, 3, 4, 24) and the latter pursues a benign course (11, 23, 25-27). GISTs differ clinicopathologically from leiomyomas and schwannomas (5, 8, 11, 28-30). Most gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors belong to the group of GISTs (11). Schwannomas are rare in the gastrointestinal tract and mainly occur in the stomach, rarely in the colon or esophagus (23, 25-27), and they have never been reported in the small intestine, mesentery, or retroperitoneum.

Similar to GISTs, schwannomas predominantly occur in older middle age (23, 25). Leiomyomas occur in the esophagus, colon, and rectum, but are very rare elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. They are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the esophagus (11, 24). The esophageal leiomyomas occur more often in males (2:1) and at a younger age than GISTs with a median age of 30-35 yr (11). Immunohistochemically, schwannian differentiation is typical of schwannomas, which are positive for S-100 (6, 9, 11, 12, 23, 2528), GFAP (23, 25, 26, 28), and vimentin (6, 7) and negative for SMA (9, 25, 26, 28), c-kit (6, 10, 12, 28), and CD34 (6, 9, 25, 26, 28). Smooth muscle differentiation is typical of leiomyomas, which are usually positive for smooth muscle actin (2, 9-12, 28). Nonreactivity, however, is the rule with S-100 (6, 9, 10), vimentin (6), CD34 (6, 9-12, 28), and c-kit (5, 6, 10-12, 28). We believe that most of the cases of smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract reported in the literature probably belong to the GIST category; Park et al. (31) reported FNAC cytology of a case of gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma metastasized to the liver, which stained positively for vimentin and CD34 and showed no reactivity to desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and S-100 protein. Its clinical and immunohistochemical features were consistent with GIST; Wee and Nilsson (32) reported FNAC biopsy of five cases of metastatic leiomyosarcoma. Among these tumors, a gastric primary epithelioid leiomyosarcoma demonstrated vimentin immunoreactivity and was negative for SMA, pan actin, desmin, myosin, and S-100. Its clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features were also consistent with GIST. Cytomorphologically GISTs show a broad morphologic spectrum but rarely a significant nuclear pleomorphism, and thus it is difficult to diagnose GISTs with a high risk of malignant behavior based on cytology alone. However, in an appropriate clinical and radiologic setting the presence of closely packed spindle or oval cells forming fascicles with parallel side-by-side arrangements of nuclei suggests GIST and its immunohistochemical features in the cell block sections are sufficient to distinguish GIST from leiomyoma or schwannoma. In conclusion, a confident diagnosis of primary or metastatic GIST can be established by FNAC cytology, cell block, and IHC for c-kit, CD34, S-100, GFAP, and SMA.

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