Expeximent No.

1 Basic DC- crcits

ob'echves the expertment:

T6 build the folowing 4
diterent rcits and
measure the voltage drop acxoss and CUYKent
eapesimuntadl y
uvent paasing thxou gn
diyexent pónts acxOss the oscuit and to taly
these Tesults
S% hand calculated valves,

a) get familiar wth basic Dc elements and

) ynderstand I-N cUEves
measvsements
passive and active elerments
C) Role 4 voltage and cunent dividex
a) Veaita Thevenins theoyem

Trtodvction :

Kitcho 'svoltage law states that the direeted sur g the

electsical potental diterences Cvoltage) axound any dos ed
oxtuit is zeo,

kivcha 's cUrent law states that at any node Gonetoo) in an

electrical ciscuit,the sum USKents flong ito that
node is egal to the sum CUSrents
gouing That node.

Ohm's lau states That the current I) Througb a conductox

between tuo opoints ts diecty poaportional to t5e poterntia
difference ) across the too points , and invexsely
propoonal to the resiatance CR) between them
 d) curVS
I-V(6) -115V5 to a)
C'reit 3
I-v shematics
auYcent
cUrves
dividex dividex
ciruit
e
actne
pasaive
cixauit 1Kn
RL elements
cireuit civc¡it
elements
Vs

RL
 ciscot Desiqn
ascuit a :
> Resistance = \k2
D X= Low corent LED,10K ohm, 6-V Zenex diode, ignt bulb
Norialele voltage Dc pouex Supply (- I5 to 5 v)

civat b:
o@2 potentiomete CRL
Snoxce S0 mA cUYrent sOUSCe , DC power Supply

RL= 10Kn potentometex

Do powex soUYCe

cisait d:
Resistances = 10kn and aQoK
SoUYCe
poer
 Jis

r9

Page

-3-a5 -36 I|:70

-12 - 3. 46
Al22
-15 -354 -g4 3015
Proc eduxe?

wire tme circuit 0n the bread boaxd coxectly. Do

not suotch
on he Poubes SupPly. Check it you have connected The
posithve and negatwe
negatve ternminals
terninals the poues Supply as pex
Ke. öxosit d'agtam .

> Ciscoit - a CPassive elements):

Tnerement supply voltage Rrom - |5 to +15 V DC io +3V
Reversing the oxentatioo the element aloos gou to do
measurements
fsom -15 to t15 volts on the Suppy.
for evexy supply voltage
seting, measuse cwTent ThreUgb
Cz;) and voltage doop acsoss the load (N)
abulate Ix, Vy and pousex dissipation tox tne fo
loads? Low cuKKent LED 10 K llouoing
ohm, GV Zenex diode

cicuit -b CActive elements)

A eisevi fox meAJUing the I-v cuve @ active elements
is shouon in A ascr Connected to a
SouSCe is ten called the load
poer
n the powex SoUrce
and in this case the single xeistor ,
RL.
The load reistance CRL) can be varied
vaxied by tuming the knob
the potentomefex Cvaxiable seistor. start at R=l002
and inexement by 100 ll lo002.
 palg

Page No.

50
 ,Measuze Is and Ns for The faosoing
fatoing poser
poser soUTes bg
Vaxqing the load e istan ce :
qv conTant poer supply Dc source
50 mA cUrrent Souxce :
( ) connect a
De pouex Supply oith an open rcir at the
output Tesminals , set he votage Khob to 19
(:) set the wExent Ginit Khob t0 zexo
(ii) Connect a 100 resistox across tie output
and then Set the
teninals,
wsrent imit Kob to 50 m.
() Remove the 12 seistor and úse the ovtpot teminal
as cuKent Source.

.wise te cicuit as pex cirit díagsaro in Fig b.

Cvoltoge dividex) :
wice the cscuit as in iac.
Set 10v DC inpt
MeeSUTe
voltaye drop acxoss reístos Ri, Ro oithout
Canneting the load sestor . Nesitu
votage dividex cquatioo, measorements vang
Cosseet the load raistor CRL= 10kn)
acros Rg as in hg c
Messure wccent I) theovah and voltage CV)
acrosSs Ri
|K2.
e
M r hA
 iscuit-d Ccustent dividex:

The cixc¯it io
in figd isis a R-2R laddex resistox netwoxk used
analog- to- diaital Convextexs, his isuit can be analy s ed
fo tems af voltage and cwrrent division xole

at
stast by Simply putfing a sok on the b0ard strting
node D as sho on in easure the gesistance
Fig d. M rom
to tme
the point DD to ground.
qround. we efex to this as
loo king
sgnt into the load

Nous add the esistoss as shown belo and measure.

The esistance looking to the ight into the load Cc to
10 ground).

continue to add paixs eistors and measusing tie

Teistance looking into the load, CB and A to qround)
4
Add the fnal pai a veistors and measuse the reistance.
between the term1nals to wbich The voltage
usU be conneted. Do not connect fhe pooex sUpply yet
Connect the 10 v DC po es soppy and measure dxop
ut each node CAB,c and D), com paxe the meosu ed
Value stth voltage
usith dividex quotiun.
. The abcve cisuit can be replaced by an
eauivalent
Circoit the torm, vsing Thevenin's theorem,
thieo rem,
CIRCUT

10
10 AI 0

tei Lines shoo the eN elOP e a the ciscuit

q-83 14.73 1467 197

K2 Kn Kn k k K

practical

V= D6445

5.031N

10 45V
 Valwes,
mealueng measuxe theotetcal circutay
|resistox the, might
and theovetica) theoretcastouocxd
The
es, the
afe q
by and
oith heating
SoUxce os 2
esistance
CVoc) texinal axis.undiagn to 14-76
baring bend close
Rn negligble
the I-
voltage and the the
the shuld Vexybeing
eqivalent Telistox,
to to and to the thovgh
itself.
and close
Vah
Circuit acwxate shows
dve ammeter pxacttca
ohichwasdspoblem, came
+ CIa) potentiometex
the ¢ afa very
Theveninls
open Cuent Valves
across
qxaph
plaxeuctvationsqraph
quite bias
cusve,
Teverse
to
bends
ivalent
the
is .he Qo2
heotial
the ciscuitsy and potentometes valve,
measured diode actually
measure ammetex
axcuit V-Iis thevenin's
easuze fine The
distobances zenerbias
,
thectettcad
m
voltuge
shoxt Compare noKmal eThe
The On
intena) fesiwasd
in
h
gxap s,
otth
V-av'allallLOas
usLet
can 'an The The hie 6The
Qlne
Voo the He. "