Problem:

A four wheeled motor car of mass 2000 kg has a wheel base 2.5 m, track width 1.5
m and height of center of gravity 500 mm above the ground level and lies at 1 m
from the front axle. Each wheel has an effective diameter of 0.8 m and a moment of
inertia of 0.8 kgf-m2 . The drive shaft, engine fly wheel and transmission are rotating
at 4 times the speed of road wheel, in a clockwise direction when viewed from the
front, and is equivalent to a mass of 75 kg having a radius of gyration of 100 mm. If
the car is taking a right turn of 60 m radius at 60 km/h. Find the load on each wheel.

Solution:

Given m = 2000 kg: b = 2.5 m; x = 1. 5 m; h = 500 mm ; L = 1 m; dW = 0.8 m or rw =

0.4 m; IW = 0.8 kg- m2; G = ωE/ωW = 4; mE = 75 kg; kE = 100 mm = 0.1 m; R= 60 m;
v = 60 km/h = 16.67 m/s

Since the centre of gravity of the car lies at 1 m from the front axle and weight of the
car (W = m.g) lies at the centre of gravity, therefore weight on the front wheel and
rear wheel will be different.

Let W1 = Weight on the front wheels, and W2 = Weight on the rear wheels

. Taking moment about the front wheels, W2 x 2.5 = W x 1 = m.g x 1 = 2000 x 9.81 x
1 = 19620

W2 = 19620/2.5 = 7848 N

We know that weight of the car or on the four wheels, W = W 1 + W2 = m.g = 2000 x
9.81 = 19620 N

W1 = W - W2 = m.g = 19620 - 7848 = 11 772 N

Weight on each of the front wheels = W2/2 = 7874/2 = 3924 N

Since the weight of car over the four wheel will act downwards, therefore the
reaction between each wheel and the road surface of the same magnitude will act
upwards as shown in Fig.
Let us now consider the effect of gyroscopic couple due to four wheels and rotating
parts of the engine,

ωW = v/rW = 16.67/0.4 = 41.675 rad/s and angular velocity of precession,

ωp = v/R = 16.67/60= 0.278 rad/s

Gyroscopic couple due to four wheels,

CW = 4IW. ωW.ωp = 4 x 0.8 x 41.675 x 0.278 -= 37.1 N-m

This gyroscopic couple tends to lift the inner wheels and to press the outer wheels.
In other words, the reaction will be vertically downwards on the inner wheels and
vertically upward on the outer wheels as shown in Fig.

Let P/2 Newtons be the magnitude of the reaction at each of the inner or outer
wheel.

P/2 = CW/2x = 37.1/2 x 1.5 = 12.37 N

We know that mass moment of inertia of rotating parts of the engine,

This gyroscopic couple tends to lift the front wheels and to press the outer wheels.
In other words, will be vertically downwards on the front wheels and vertically
upward on the rear wheels as shown in Fig.

Let F/2 Newtons be the magnitude of the reaction at each of the inner or outer
wheel. lF/2 = CE/2b = 34.7/2 x 2.5 = 6.94 N

Now let us consider the effect of centrifugal couple acting the car. we know that
centrifugal force, FC = m.v2/R = 2000(16.67)2/60 = 9263 N

Centrifugal couple tending to overturn the car or over turning couple, Co = FC x h =

9263 x 0.5 = 4631.5 N-m

This overturning couple tends to the pressure on the inner wheels and to increase
on the outer wheels.

In other words, the reactions are vertically downward on the inner wheels and
vertically upwards on the wheels.

Let Q/2 be the magnitude of this reaction on each of the inner and outer wheels.
The turbine rotor of a ship has a mass of 20 tonnes and a radius of gyration of 0.75 m. Its speed
is 2000 r.p.m. the ship pitches 6° above and 6° below the horizontal position. One complete
oscillation takes 30 seconds and the motion is simple harmonic. Calculate : 1. The maximum
couple tending to shear the holding down bolts of the turbine, 2. The maximum angular
acceleration of the ship during pitching, and 3. The direction in which the bow will tend to turn
while rising, if the rotation of the rotor is clockwise when looking from rear.

mass m = 20 tonnes = 20000 kg, k = 0.6 m, N = 2000 rpm, ω = 2πx 2000/60 = 209.5 rad /sec,

φ = 6° = 6 x π/180 = 0.105 rad/sec, tp = 30 sec.

(i) Maximum gyroscopic couple: w.r.t Mass moment of Inertia of the rotor,
I = m. k2 = 20000 x (0.6)2
I = 7200 kg-m2
Angular velocity of SHM, ω1 = 2π/tp = 2π/30 = 0.21 rad/sec
Maximum angular velocity of precession, ωPmax = ϕω1 = 0.105 x 0.21 = 0.022
rad/sec

w.r.t the maximum gyroscopic couple, Cmax = IωωPmax

Cmax = 7200 x 209.5 x 0.022 Cmax = 33185 N-m

(ii) Maximum angular acceleration during pitching:

w.r.t. Maximum angular acceleration during pitching = ϕω2 = 0.105 x (0.21)2 = 0.0046
rad/sec

(ii) Direction in which the bow will tend to turn when rising: We know that, when the
rotation of the rotor is clockwise when looking from the left and when the bow is rising,
then the reactive gyroscopic couple acts in the clockwise direction which tends to turn
the bow towards right
The following particulars refer to a pro-ell governor with open arms: Length of all arms =
200 mm, distance of pivot of arms from the axis of rotation = 40 mm, length of extension
of lower arms to which each ball is attached =100 mm, mass of each ball = 6 kg and
mass of the central load = 150 kg. If the radius of rotation of the balls is 180 mm when
the arms are inclined at an angle of 40° to the axis of rotation, find the equilibrium speed
for the above configuration.

Given PF = FD = 200 mm = 0.2 m; DK = 40 mm = 0.04 m; BF = 100 mm = 0.1 m; m =

6 kg; M = 150 kg; r = JG = 180 MM = 0.18 M; f = 20 N

(i) Equilibrium speed Let N = Equilibrium speed. From the equilibrium position as
shown in Fig, We find that height governor,
IM = IN - MN = FH - JF = 0.1286 - 0.0114 = 0.1172 m

ID = 2 x IN = 2 x FH = 2 x 0.1286 = ) = 2572 m

We know that centrifugal force,

Now taking moments about I,

The radius of rotation of the balls of a Hartnell governor is 80 mm at the minimum speed of 300
r.p.m. Neglecting gravity effect, determine the speed after the sleeve has lifted by 60 mm. also
determine the initial compression of the spring, the governor effort and the power. The
particulars of the governor are given below: Length of ball arm = 150 mm, length of sleeve arm
= 100 mm, mass of each ball = 4 kg and stiffness of the spring = 25 N/mm.

Given r1 =80 mm = 0.08 m; N1 = 300 r.p..m. or ω1 = 2π x 300/60 = 31.42 rad/s ; h = 60 mm; x

= 150 mm = 0.15 m; y = 100 mm = 4 kg ; s = 25 N/mm

The minimum and maximum position of the governor is fig. (a) and (b) respectively. First of all,
let us find the maximum radius of rotation(r2). We known that lift of the sleeve
Maximum speed of rotation

Let N2 = Maximum speed of rotation, and S1 and S2 = Spring force at the minimum and speed
respectively, in newtons. We know centrifugal force at the minimum speed

Now taking moments about the fulcrum O of the bell crank lever when in minimum position as
shown in Fig (a). The gravity effect is neglected, i.e. the moment due the weight of balls, sleeve
and the bell crank lever arms is neglected

We know that S2 - S1 = h.s or S2 = S1 + h.s = 948 + 60 x 25 = 2448 N We know that

centrifugal at the maximum speed,
Now taking moments about the fulcrum O when in maximum, as shown in fig (b),

Initial compression of the spring

We know that initial compression of the spring = S1/s = 948/25 = 37.92 mm

Governor effort

We know the governor effort, P = S2 - S1/2 = 2448 - 948/2 = 750 N

Governor Power

We know that the governor power = P x h= 750 x 0.06 = 45 N-m