ODISHA GEOGRAPHY?

Land area & Land scape?

 Coordinates – 17.49 N to 22.34 N latitude, and from 81.27E to

87.29E longitude
 Land area – 1, 55, 707 sq. Km
 N-S – 800 KM; E-W – 500 KM
 Coast line – 480 km
 Coastal districts (7) – Baleshwar, Bhadrak, Kendrapara,
Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Khorda, Ganjam
 Physiography (5) – 1. Coastal Plains in East/ Utkal Plain 2. Middle
mountaneous & High land regions 3. Central Plateaus 4. Western
Rolling Uplands 5. Major Flood Plains

 Land Reform?

 Land ceiling?

Climate?

 Tropical climate, Average annual rainfall – 150 cm, Temperature in

summer (35-48 degree C.) & in winter (12-3 degree C.)
 6 Seasons – Grishma, Barsha, Sharada, Hemanta, Shishira,
Basanta
 12 Months – Baishakha, Jaishtha, Ashadha, Srabana, Bhadraba,
Ashwina, Kartika, Margashira, Pousha, Magha, Falguna, Chaitra

Rivers, Canals, Lakes, Streams, & Dams?

 Rivers from North to South falling in BoB – Subarnarekha,

Budhabalanga, Baitarani, Brahmani, Mahanadi, Rushikulya,
Vamsadhara, Nagabali
 Mahanadi – largest, 494/857 km in Odisha, From Amarkantak
plateau in CG, falls in BoB near Paradeep (south of light house),
India’s 6th longest, ‘Satakosia Ganda’ from Sunakhania of Boudh to
Badamulaghati of Dasapalla, Hirakud dam, Jobra barrage, Canals –
Bargarh & Sasan, Delta starts from Cuttack, Distributaries –
Kathajodi + Kuakhai + Birupa + Debi + Daya + Bhargabi, Tributaries
– Ib + Tel

 Brahmani – 799 km, 2nd largest, Shankha + Koel => Brahmani @

Vedavyasa near Rourkela, flows through – Sundargarh + Keonjhar
+ Dhenkanal + Cuttack + Jajpur, merges with Baitarani & falls in
BoB @ Dhamara, Rengali dam – Hydro power, Distributry –
Kharasrota, Tributaries – 45 like Sankhad + Chandrinal + Rurkura,

 Subarnarekha – 433 km, origins from Chhotanagpur plateau, enters

Balsore via WB, Tributaries – Raru + Kanchi + Damra + Karru +
Kharkhai + Chinguru + Gurma + Khaijori

 Baitarani – 365 km, Origins from Gonasika hill of Kendujhar,

Tributary – Salandi originates from Meghasana hill of Mayurbhanj

 Budhabalanga – 175 km, Originates from Similipal hill of

Mayurbhanj, falls in BoB after flowing through Mayurbhanj &
Balsore, Tributaries – Palapala + Sunei + Kalo + Sanjo + Deo +
Gangahari + Katra
 Rushikulya – 165 km, from Rushi hill of Kandhmal, Tributaries-
Dhanei + Badanadi + Baghua, no delta in its mouth

 Jambhira – 90 km, originates from Chandra reserve forest in

Mayurbhanj, falls in BoB,

 Vamsadhara – 230 km, originates from Durgakangar hills of Eastern

Ghats in Kalahandi, Falls in BoB in Andhra Pradesh @
Kalingapatnam, Tributaries – Bhangi + Pedagoda +
Mahendratanaya (originates from Mahendragiri)

 Nagabali – 217 km, fr4om Bijapur hills of Kalahandi, also flows in

Andhra Pradesh, Tributaries – Pitadar Nalla + + Sananadi +
Badanadi

 Indravati – 530 km, from Dandaklaranya range in Kalahandi, flows

in Westerly direction, enters Jagdalpur of CG, meets Godavari at
the border of Maharastra-CG-AP, Tributaries – Keshadhara Nalla +
Chandragiri Nalla +

 Kolab – 420 km, from Sinkaran hills of Koraput, meets Godavari in

Andhra, Tributaries – machhakunda + Sileru +

 Bahuda – 96 km, from Singharaj hills of Gajapati

 Salandi – 160 km, Bhadrak, BoB,

 Kathajodi –

 Tel

 Ib

 Ang

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 Canals – Taladanda Canal: Mahanadi, Jobra, Cuttack, Irrigated

area b/w Mahanadi & Debi; 2. Puri Main Canal: Mahanadi, Naraj,
irrigated area b/w Debi & Daya; 3. Bargarh Canal: Mahanadi,
Hirakud, irrigated area Bargarh+ Balangir+ Sonepur; 4. Sasan
Canal: Mahanadi, Hirakud, irrigated area Sambalpur+
Jharsuguda; 5. Kendrapda Canal: Birupa, Jagatpur, Cuttack+
Kendrapada; 6. Bhadrak Canal: Baitarani, Akhuapada, Bhadrak; 7.
Rushikulya Canal: Rushikulya, Janjabali, Ganjam;
 Lakes – Chilika (780-144 sq. Km) – largest island lake, brackish
water, a lagoon, NS71X EW32 km, ‘Bihanga Bihar’, migratory birds
from North Pole areas, Caspian lake, & , J&K in winter, Hills inside
Parikuda + Maluda + Kalijai, Tourism, Naval Training Centre,
Brahmaputra type of Dolphins, Dolphins show for tourists @
Satapada ; Anshupa – Detached from Mahanadi, Fresh water,
Banki of Cuttack, 5X2 sq. Km ; Sara – Fresh water, near
Puri; Kanjia – located in Nandankanan; Pata – Fresh water lake,
chatrapur, 4X1/2 km; Hirakud dam – Artificial, largest in
Asia; Indravati dam – Kalahandi & Nabarangpur; Kolab dam –
Koraput;

 Reservoirs – Balimela on river Sileru; Rengali over

Brahmani; Mandira over Sankh; Chilika;

 Springs – Badaghaghara & Sanaghaghara in

Keonjhar; Saptasajya in Dhenkanal; Chandikhol in
Jajpur; Barunei in Khorda; Taptapani, Narayani, & Nirmaljhar in
Ganjam; Patalganga in Kalahandi; Nrushingnath in
Bargarh; Harishankar in Balangir;

 Hot Springs – Atri & Baghmari in Khordha; Banshakela in

Kalahandi; Taptapani in Ganjam; Darabalo & Khandapada in
Nayagad; Deulijhar In Athmallik of Angul;

Waterfalls –

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1.2. Harishankar & Nrushingnath in Gandhamardan;

 3.4. Barehipani (399m) & Joranda (181m) (Similipal) in
Mayurbhanj; 5.6. Sanghaghara & Badaghaghara in Keonjhar;

7. Pradhanpat in Deogarh;
8. Khandadhar (244m) (Banei) in Sundargarh;
9. Koilighoghar in Jharsuguda;

10.11.12. Phulirijharan, Khandabaladhar, & Rabandhara in

kalahandi; 13.14. Kentamari & Putudi in Boudh;

15. Duduma (157m) in Malkangiri;

16. Bogra in Koraput;

17.18. Bhim kund & Deb kund in Mayurbhanj;

Irrigation & Multi-purpose Projects?

 Mahanadi, Birupa Barrage – Cuttack;

 Talsara – Sundargarh;
 Upper Jonk – Nuapada;
 Upper Kolab – Koraput;
 Indrabati – ;
 Balimela – Malkangiri;
 Hirakud – SBP;
 Rengali – SBP;
 Bhimkund – Keonjhar;
 Deras – Khordha;
 Mohanpur dam – Nayagad;
 Subarnarekha – Balsore;


Hydro-power Projects & Thermal Power Projects?

 Hydro – Hirakud & Chipilima, SBP – 347.5 MW; 2. Balimela,
Malkangiri – 360 MW; 3. Machhakund, Koraput – 114.75 MW; 4.
Rengali Project, SBP – 250 MW; 5. Upper Kolab, Koraput – 320
MW; 6. Upper Indrabati, Nabarangpur – 600 MW;

 Thermal – 1. NTPC, Talcher – 460 MW; 2. Kaniha, Angul – 200
MW; 3. IB Thermal (OPGC), Jharsuguda – 420 MW; 4. Duburi
Power Plant, Jajpur – 200 MW; 5. RSP, Rourkela – 108 MW;

Difference among Anicut, Barrage & Dam?

 Anicut – about 2 metre height, made of iron bar (Louha falaka),

Checks the river current & makes an artificial water storage, at both
sides canals are dug for irrigation, No road
 Barrage – Higher than Anicut, made of iron gates (Louha falaka),
more in volume & depth water storage, at both sides canals are dug
for irrigation, Road is built on it
 Dam – Joins both the sides of the river with Concrete & Earth, used
for hydro power, irrigation, flood control, Road on it

Mountains & hills?

 Deomali (1672m), Galikonda (1643m), Sikram (1620m) in

Koraput; Niyamgiri (1515m) in Kalahandi &
Rayagada; Mahendragiri (1501m) in Gajapati; Meghasan (1165m)
in Mayurbhanj; Gandhamardan (1060m) in Balangir &
Bargarh; Dandakia Nrushinghanath (986m) in
Bargarh; Kapilas (701m) in Dhenkanal;

Soil?

 Mostly acidic; Coastal areas – salty

Flora & Fauna?

 Total Forest areas – 37.34% as per Odisha census; Actual forest
cover – 31.38%; Highest in Kandhamal & Lowest in Jagatsinghpur
 Types of Forests – 1. Northern Tropical Semi-evergreen 2. Northern
Tropical Moist Deciduous 3. Tidal & Mangroves 4. Northern Tropical
Dry

National Park? Wild Life Sanctuaries?

 Protected areas – 2 NP (Bhitarakanika, Similipal);

 18 WLS – Chilika, Nandankanan, Satakosia, Sunabeda, Similipal,
Mahanadi, Ushakothi, Khalasuni, Ambapani, Balukhand, Baisipali,
Chandaka, Debrigarh, Belghar, Gahirmatha, Kuldih, Karlapat, Lakhri
valley;
 1 Biosphere Reserve – Similipal;
 1 Marine Sanctuary – Gahirmatha;
 1 Zoological Park – Nandankanan;
 1 Fresh Water Turtle Preservation Centre – Golia;

Minerals & Ores?

 92% (1/6th) of total mineral resources of India

 Iron Ore (33.91%) – 5th in India; Keonjhar, Sundargarh, Jajpur
 Chromites (95%) – 1st; Jajpur (97%), Dhenkal, Keonjhar
 Manganese (69.85%) – 1st; Sundargarh, Keonjhar
 Nickel ore (92%) – 1st
 Graphite (76.67%) – 1st
 Pyrophyite (68.52%) – 1st
 Dolomite (12%) – 1st; Sundargarh
 Bauxite (55%) – 1st; Sundargarh
 Coal (27.59%) – 4th; Angul, Jharsuguda, sundargarh, Sambalpur
 Fireclay (25%) – 2nd
 China clay (30%)
 Gold – river banks of Mahanadi, Suvarnarekha, Indravati, Brahmani
 Diamond – Mahanadi sands in Upper
 Mineral sand (32.10%)
 Rare earth
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Agriculture? Crops, Dairy farming, Animal husbandry,

Horticulture, Fisheries, Cooperative movements?

 Almost 65% people depend on agriculture

 Agricultural sector contributes about 20% of Gross State Domestic
Product (GSDP)
 Cultivable area – 41.16% of total area
 Average size of land holding – 1.25 ha
 Small & marginal farmers – 83%
 Characteristics – Low productivity due to traditional agricultural
practices, inadequate capital formation, inadequate irrigation facility,
low water use efficiency, uneconomic size of holding
 Basic Crops – Rice (49% of total area); Pulses; Oil seeds; Jute –
4th largest after WB, Bihar & Assam; Mesta – Cuttack, Ganjam,
Balangir, Koraput; sugarcane; Cotton – Koraput, Balangir,
Kalahandi; Tea – Eastern Ghats, keonjhar, Phulbani, koraput;
Cashew nut – 3rd largest after Maharastra & Andhra Pradesh;
Coconut; Coffee – Eastern Ghats, Koraput, Kalahandi, Malkangiri,
rayagada, Udayagiri, Baliguda; Vegetables; Rubber – Mayurbhanj,
Keonjhar, Balsore;
 Horticultural Crops – Mango, Cashew, Banana, Commercial
floriculture, Spices, Organic ginger & turmeric
 Agricultural Zones (31) –
 Agricultural plan needs to be holistic, well defined & focussed on
overall well being of the farming community => SAP 2008;

 State Agricultural Policy (2008) – 13 aims – Subsistence

agriculture=> Prifitable Commercial Agriculture; Promote
sustainable agricultural development; Enhance productivity of
important crops; Encourage crop diversification; Focus on
 Horticultural crops; Modern farming system approach; To enhance
water use efficiency through people’s participation; Long term
investment; Contract + Compact farming; To increase access to
credit; To facilitate appropriate market linkages; integrated
Watershed Development Programme;

 State Agricultural Policy (2013) – almost same as 2008; Organic

farming↑;

 Irrigation –

 State water Policy – 1st in 1994 following the principles enunciated

in National water Policy 1987; National water Policy 2002; Odisha
State Water Policy 2007 in line with NWP 2002; Odisha has 11% of
the water resources of India; OSWP 2007 aims at laying down
principles for wise & judicious use of water for the survival of life &
keeping of well-being

 Odisha Irrigation Act wef 1959 & Odisha Irrigation Rules in

1961 – Construction & maintenance of irrigation works; Prescribes
basic water rate; OIR amended in 2002 for revision of basic water
rates

 State Pani Panchayat Acts & Rules – To ensure optimum

utilisation of water by farmers for improving agricultural production,
to involve farmers’ organisations in the management & maintenance
 of irrigation systems, to ensure dependable supply & distribution of
water

Programmes & initiatives –

Biju Krushaka Vikas Yojana – 2001, to revive derelict projects &

construction of new minor & major irrigation projects through PPP,
Beneficiaries are to contribute 10% of capital cost of the project in
Scheduled areas & 20% in non-scheduled areas;

Pani Panchayat – Participatory Irrigation Management (pani

Panchayat) Programme extended to all the command area under
Major, Medium & Minor (flow & lift) irrigation sector;

New initiatives – 2 project proposals – Mahanadi Basin

Development Plan, & Odisha Integrated Irrigated agricultural &
Water management Project for Baitarani + Budhabalanga +
Subarnarekha basins

Tribes?

 62 distinct tribes
 13/62 are ‘Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups’ (PTGs)
 8% of state’s total population & 9.7 % of India’s tribals
 Main tribes – Kondha/Kandha – around 10 lakhs, mainly in
Kandhamal + Rayagada + Koraput + Balangir + Boudh; Santals –
over 5 lakhs, Mayurbhanj; Saura – over 3 lakhs, mainly in undivided
Ganjam & Puri; Bonda – ‘Naked people’, about 5000,
Malkangiri; Kisans – Sundargarh + SBP + Keonjhar, speak kisan
dialect along with Odia + Hindi + English, farmers & food gathers,
 famous for their dance & music; Toppo – Kutra village in
Sundargarh
 Other tribes – Bagata, Baiga, Bathuri, Bhatra, Bhuyan, Bhumia,
Bhumij, Binjhal, Bonda Paroja, Dhurua, Gadaba, Gond, Ho, Holva,
Juang, Kandha Gauda, Kawar, Kharia, Kharwar, Kisan , Kol, Kolha,
Koli/Malhar, Kondadora, Korua, Kotia, Koya, Kuli, Lodha, Madia,
Mahali, Mirdhas, Munda, Mundari, Oraon, Parenga, Parja, Pentia,
Rajuar, Shabar, Sounti, Tharua


Bagata Baiga Banjara,Banjari Bathudi

Bhottada, Bhuiya,
Bhumia Bhumij
Bhotada Bhuyan

Bhunjia Binjhal Binjhia, Binjhoo Birhor

Bondo Desua
Chenchu Dal
Poraja Bhumij

Dharua Didayi Godaba Gandia

Gond,
Ghara Ho Holva
Gondo

Jatapu Juang Kandha Gauda Kawar

Kharwar Kisan
Kharia, Khond,Kond,Kandha,Nanguli,
Kharian Kandha, Sitha Kanndha

Kolah
Loharas, Koli,
Kol Kolha
Kol Malhar
Loharas

Kondadora Kora Korua Kotia

Koya Kulis Lodha Madia

Mahali Mankidi Mankirdia Matya

Munda,
Munda
Mirdhas Lohar, Mundari Omanatya
Munda
Mahalis

Oraon Parenga Paroja Pentia

Shabar,
Rajuar Santal Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara
Lodha

Sounti Tharua

Beaches?
 Chandipur Beach, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Konark Beach, Astaranga
Beach, Talsari Beach, Pata Sonapur Beach, Satpada
Beach, Baleshwar Beach, Paradeep Beach, Satabhaya
Beach, Gahirmatha Beach, Puri Beach, Ramachandi Beach, Malud
Beach, Baliharachandi Beach etc


Industrial regions?

 Rajgangpu area; Ib valley area; Hirakud area; Talcher-Angul area;

Choudwar area; Balsore area; Chandikhol area; duburi area;
Paradeep area; Khurda-tapang area; Joda-Barbil area; Rayagada
area