Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol.

67, 2024
University of New Mexico

The refined indefinite neutrosophic integral

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan1,*, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed2, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah3 and Suliman Sheen4
1,*Deanship of the Preparatory Year, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, KSA; [email protected]
2Department of mathematics, Faculty of science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia;
[email protected]
3Deanship the Preparatory Year, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.; [email protected]
4Deanship the Preparatory Year, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.; [email protected]

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: This work presented the refined neutrosophic indefinite integral, where the substitution
method for calculating integrals in the refined neutrosophic field that contain two part of
indeterminacy (𝐼1 , 𝐼2) was presented. We also proved a theorem through which we were able to find
most of the integrals for the refined neutrosophic functions.

Keywords: refined neutrosophic indefinite integral; substitution; indeterminacy.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

To describe a mathematical model of uncertainty, vagueness, ambiguity, imprecision,

undefined, unknown, incompleteness, inconsistency, redundancy, and contradiction, Smarandache
suggested the neutrosophic Logic as an alternative to the current logics. Smarandache made refined
neutrosophic numbers available in the following form: (𝑎, 𝑏1 𝐼1, 𝑏2 𝐼2 , . . . , 𝑏𝑛 𝐼𝑛 ) where
𝑎, 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , . . . , 𝑏𝑛 ∈ 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 [1]
Agboola introduced the concept of refined neutrosophic algebraic structures [2]. Also, the refined
neutrosophic rings 𝐼 was studied in paper [3], where it assumed that 𝐼 splits into two
indeterminacies 𝐼1 [contradiction (true (T) and false (F))] and 𝐼2 [ignorance (true (T) or false (F))]. It
then follows logically that: [3]
𝐼1 𝐼1 = 𝐼1 2 = 𝐼1 (1)
2
𝐼2 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 (2)
𝐼1 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 𝐼1 = 𝐼1 (3)
In addition, there are many papers presenting studies on refined neutrosophic numbers [4-5-6-7-8].
Smarandache discussed neutrosophic indefinite integral (Refined Indeterminacy) [11]
Let 𝑔: ℝ → ℝ ∪ {𝐼1 } ∪ {𝐼2 } ∪ {𝐼3 }, where 𝐼1 , 𝐼2, and 𝐼3 are types of sub indeterminacies,

𝑔(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 2𝐼1 + 𝑥 2 𝐼2 + 4𝑥 3 𝐼3
then:
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫[7𝑥 − 2𝐼1 + 𝑥 2 𝐼2 + 4𝑥 3 𝐼3 ]𝑑𝑥

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 128

7𝑥 2 𝑥3
− 2𝑥𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝑥 4 𝐼3 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝐼1 + 𝑐𝐼2 + 𝑑𝐼3
=
2 3
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real constants.
Alhasan also presented several papers on calculus, in which he discussed neutrosophic definite
and indefinite integrals. He also presented the most important applications of definite integrals in
neutrosophic logic [9-10].
Integration is important in human life, and one of its most important applications is the
calculation of area, size and arc length. In our reality we find things that cannot be precisely defined,
and that contain an indeterminacy part. This is the reason for studying neutrosophic integration and
methods of its integration in this paper.
This paper dealt with several topics, in the first part of which introduction and preliminaries
were presented, and in the main discussion part the refined neutrosophic indefinite integral that
contain two part of indeterminacy (𝐼1 , 𝐼2). In the last part, a conclusion to the paper is given.

2. Main Discussion

The refined neutrosophic indefinite integral

Definition 1
Let 𝑓: 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) → 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), to evaluate ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥
put: 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑢) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔́ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
by substitution, we get:
∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔́ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
then we can directly integral it.

Theorem 1
If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), then:

∫ 𝑓 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
=( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝜑 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2

where 𝐶 is an indeterminate real constant (i.e. constant of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝐼1 + 𝑐𝐼2 , where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
real numbers, while 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 = indeterminacy) and 𝑎2̇ ≠ 0 , 𝑎2̇ ≠ −𝑐2̇ and 𝑎2̇ ≠ −𝑏2̇ − 𝑐2̇

Proof:
put: (𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 = 𝑢 ⇒ (𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
̇
𝑎̇ + 𝑏 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
∫ 𝑓 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) ( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ )(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 129

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
=( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝜑(𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇) 2
back to the variable 𝑥, we get:

∫ 𝑓 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
=( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝜑 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
𝑎̇ ̇
𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏 + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2

Using the previous theorem, we get on:

𝑛
1) ∫ ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑛
1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇ ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2)
= ( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼2 )
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑛+1
+𝐶

1
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
= ( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑙𝑛|(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 |
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
+𝐶

3) ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎̇ +𝑏̇𝐼1 +𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥+𝑟+𝑠𝐼1 +𝑡𝐼2 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
=( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼2 ) 𝑒 (𝑎̇ +𝑏̇ 𝐼1+𝑐̇𝐼2)𝑥+𝑟+𝑠𝐼1 +𝑡𝐼2 + 𝐶
𝑎̇ ̇
𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ )(𝑎̇ + 𝑏 + 𝑐̇) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ )

1
4) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
= 2( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) √(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2
𝑎̇ ̇
𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏 + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
(
+𝐶

5) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
= ( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2)
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
+𝐶

6) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
= −( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 )
𝑎̇ ̇
𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇)(𝑎̇ + 𝑏 + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
+𝐶

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 130

7) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑏
=( − 𝐼) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏)

8) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
= −( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 )
𝑎̇ ( ) ̇
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑏 + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ ( 𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
+𝐶

9) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
=( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 )
𝑎̇ ̇
𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ )(𝑎̇ + 𝑏 + 𝑐̇) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇) 2
+𝐶

10) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −𝑎̇ 𝑏̇ 𝑐̇
= −( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ((𝑎̇ + 𝑏̇ 𝐼1 + 𝑐̇ 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑟 + 𝑠𝐼1 + 𝑡𝐼2 )
𝑎̇ (
𝑎̇ 𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ )(𝑎̇ ̇
+ 𝑏 + 𝑐̇ ) 𝑎̇ (𝑎̇ + 𝑐̇ ) 2
+𝐶

Example 1
9
8 1 8 3 ((2 − 4𝐼1 + 3𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7)
1) ∫((2 − 4𝐼1 + 3𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7) 𝑑𝑥 = ( + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼2 ) +𝐶
2 (2)(5)(1) (2)(5) 9

9
1 4 3 ((2 − 4𝐼1 + 3𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7)
= ( + 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) +𝐶
2 5 10 9

1
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(7 − 5𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 )𝑥 + 2𝐼1 + 𝐼2
1 35 6
= ( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑙𝑛|(7 − 5𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 )𝑥 + 2𝐼1 + 𝐼2| + 𝐶
7 (7)(13)(8) (7)(13) 2

1 5 6
=( + 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) 𝑙𝑛|(7 − 5𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 )𝑥 + 2𝐼1 + 𝐼2 | + 𝐶
7 104 91

0 1
3) ∫ 𝑒 (1+𝐼2 )𝑥−6𝐼2 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + [ ]𝐼 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑒 (1+𝐼2 )𝑥−6𝐼2 + 𝐶
(1)(2)(2) 1 (1)(2) 2

1
= (1 − 𝐼2 ) 𝑒 (1+𝐼2 )𝑥−6𝐼2 + 𝐶
2

4) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠((3 + 3𝐼1 + 9𝐼2)𝑥 + 7𝐼1 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 −9 9
= ( +[ ]𝐼 −[ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛((3 + 3𝐼1 + 9𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7𝐼1 ) + 𝐶
3 (3)(12)(15) 1 (3)(12) 2

1 1 1
= ( − 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛((3 + 3𝐼1 + 9𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7𝐼1 ) + 𝐶
3 6 4

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 131

5) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ((−4 + 3𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 − 2𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥

−1 12 8
=( +[ ]𝐼 −[ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛((−4 + 3𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 − 2𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
4 (−4)(4)(7) 1 (−4)(4) 2

−1 3 1
=( − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛((−4 + 3𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 − 2𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
4 28 2

6) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐((1 − 3𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡((1 − 3𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3 1
= − (1 + [ ]𝐼 −[ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐((1 − 3𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥) + 𝐶
(1)(2)(−1) 1 (1)(2) 2

3 1
= − (1 − 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐((1 − 3𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥) + 𝐶
2 2

3 1
= (−1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐((1 − 3𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥) + 𝐶
2 2

1
7) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√(10 − 𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 + 9 − 4𝐼1

1 10 8
= 2( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) √(10 − 𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 + 9 − 4𝐼1 + 𝐶
10 (10)(18)(17) (10)(18) 2

1 1 2
= 2( + 𝐼 − 𝐼 ) √(10 − 𝐼1 + 8𝐼2)𝑥 + 9 − 4𝐼1 + 𝐶
10 306 1 45 2

1 2 4
=( + 𝐼 − 𝐼 ) √(10 − 𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 + 9 − 4𝐼1 + 𝐶
5 306 1 45 2

Theorem 2
Let 𝑓: 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) → 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), then:

𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
Proof:

put: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑢́
𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑢́ 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑢 𝑢́ 𝑢

back to the 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), we get:

𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
Example 2

(1 − 2𝐼1 + 3𝐼2 )𝑥 3 1
1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|(3 − 6𝐼1 + 9𝐼2 )𝑥 4 + 4𝐼1 + 𝐼2 | + 𝐶
(3 − 6𝐼1 + 9𝐼2 )𝑥 4 + 4𝐼1 + 𝐼2 3

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 132

(4 − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2)𝑒 (4−𝐼1 +𝐼2 )𝑥+5

2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑒 (4−𝐼1 +𝐼2 )𝑥+5 − 10𝐼2| + 𝐶
𝑒 (4−𝐼1 +𝐼2 )𝑥+5 − 10𝐼2

𝑠𝑖𝑛((1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7𝐼1 )
3) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛((1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2)𝑥 + 7𝐼1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠((1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7𝐼1 )
−1 1
= − (1 + [ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑙𝑛|cos((1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7𝐼1 )| + 𝐶
(1)(2)(3) (1)(2) 2

1 1
= (−1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠((1 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 + 7𝐼1 )| + 𝐶
6 2

1 1
4) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2)𝑥
1+
𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥

1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥

1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 ) 𝑥

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥

1 1 1 10 −2
= 𝑥+ ( +[ ]𝐼 −[ ] 𝐼 ) 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥| + 𝐶
2 2 5 (5)(3)(1) 1 (5)(3) 2

1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 + ( + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 )𝑥| + 𝐶
2 10 3 15

Theorem 3
Let 𝑓: 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) → 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), then:

𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
√𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
Proof:

put: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑢́
𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑢́ 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 2√𝑢 + 𝐶
√𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) √𝑢 𝑢́ √𝑢

back to 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), we get:

𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) + 𝐶
√𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )
Example 3

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 133

−(1 + 2𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )𝑥 + 5𝐼2

1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −√(2 + 4𝐼1 + 4𝐼2 )𝑥 2 − 10𝐼2 𝑥 + 𝐶
√(2 + 4𝐼1 + 4𝐼2 )𝑥 2 − 10𝐼2 𝑥

(5 − 3𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 2 2
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = √(5 − 3𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 3 − 2𝐼1 + 7𝐼2 + 𝐶
√(5 − 3𝐼1 + 8𝐼2 )𝑥 3 − 2𝐼1 + 7𝐼2 3

Theorem 4
𝑓: 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) → 𝑅(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), then:

[𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )]𝑛+1
∫[𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )]𝑛 𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Proof:

put: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )

1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑢́

1 𝑢𝑛+1
∫[𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )]𝑛 𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑢́ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑢́ 𝑛+1

back to 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ), we get:

[𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )]𝑛+1
∫[𝑓(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 )]𝑛 𝑓́(𝑥, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Example 5

1
1) ∫ 𝑥 2 [(3 + 2𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )𝑥 3 ]12 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 [(3 + 2𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )𝑥 3 ]12 𝑑𝑥
3

1 [(3 + 2𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )𝑥 3 ]13

= +𝐶
9 + 6𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 13

1 −54 6 [(3 + 2𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )𝑥 3 ]13

=( +[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼2 ) +𝐶
9 (9)(15)(21) (9)(15) 13

1 2 2 [(3 + 2𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )𝑥 3 ]13

=( − 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) +𝐶
9 105 45 13

1 14
2) ∫ (√(2 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2)𝑥 − 𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√(2 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 − 𝐼1 + 2𝐼2

15
1 1 1 (√(2 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 − 𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )
= 2( −[ ] 𝐼1 − [ ] 𝐼2 ) +𝐶
2 (3)(4) (2)(3) 15

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 67, 2024 134

15
1 1 (√(2 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )𝑥 − 𝐼1 + 2𝐼2 )
= (1 − 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) +𝐶
6 3 15

3. Conclusions

The integral is very important in our life, and is used especially for example in calculating areas
whose shape is not familiar. This led us to study the refined neutrosophic indefinite integral that
contain two parts of indeterminacy (𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ). Where the method of integration by substitution are
applied to the neutrosophic functions by presenting several theorems through which we were able
to apply them to directly find the refined neutrosophic indefinite integral.

Acknowledgments "This study is supported via funding from Prince sattam bin Abdulaziz
University project number (PSAU/2024/R/1445)".

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[7] Agboola, A.A.A.; Akinola, A.D; Oyebola, O.Y., "Neutrosophic Rings I", Int. J. of Math. Comb., vol 4, pp.1-
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Received: Feb 10, 2024. Accepted: April 30, 2024

Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed, Raja Abdullah Abdulfatah and Suliman Sheen, The refined
neutrosophic indefinite integral