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    Round 2

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    pradhanpranav91

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Round 2

    Uploaded by

    pradhanpranav91
    3 views2 pages

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    Round 2

    Uploaded by

    pradhanpranav91

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Mathathon 2019

    Round 2
    Maths and Physics Club, IIT Bombay

    2nd October, 2019

    Name:
    E-mail:
    Freshie/Senior

    p
    1. Suppose that π could be written in the form , where p and q are natural numbers.
    q
    Define the family of integrals In for n = 0, 1, 2, · · · by
    Z π2  2 n
    q 2n π
    In = − x2 cos xdx
    n! − π2 4

    (a) By appropriate manipulation of the integral, deduce that

    In = (4n − 2)q 2 In−1 − p2 q 2 In−2 , for n ≥ 2.

    p  p 2n 1
    (b) Prove that < 1, if n is sufficiently large.
    q 2 n!
    Deduce that π is irrational.
    2. Let x1 , x2 , · · · , xn (where n ∈ N) be the solutions to the following system of linear equations:

    x1 x2 xn
    + 2 +··· + 2 =1
    22 −1 2 2 −3 2 2 − (2n − 1)2
    x1 x2 xn
    2 2
    + 2 2
    +··· + 2 =1
    4 −1 4 −3 4 − (2n − 1)2
    ..
    .
    x1 x2 xn
    + 2 +··· + 2 =1
    4n2 − 12 4n − 32 4n − (2n − 1)2

    n
    X
    Let Sn denote xk .
    k=1
    Show that Sn is a perfect square for infinitely many values of n.

    You may use the following fact:


    Given D ∈ N such that D is not a perfect square, there exist infinitely many (x, y) ∈ Z2 such that:

    x2 − Dy 2 = 1

    3. Let x, y, n be positive integers with n > 1. How many ordered triples (x, y, n) of solutions are there
    to the equation xn − y n = 2100 ?
    4. Let x1 , x2 , · · · , x2k+1 be 2k + 1 variables which are randomly chosen with uniform distribution in (0, 1).
    (k ∈ N ∪ {0})
    2k+1
    X1
    N :=
    i=1
    xi

    Let P (k) denote the probability that N is odd. Hence, evaluate:


    n
    X 
    lim 2P (k) − 1
    n→∞
    k=0

    5. Consider solutions to the equation


    f (x)
    x2 − cx + 1 = ,
    g(x)
    where f and g are polynomials with nonnegative real coefficients. For each c > 0, determine the
    minimum possible degree of f, or show that no such f, g exist.
    (Note that by solutions, we mean a pair of functions f and g such that the equation given holds for all
    x ∈ R.)
    6. Let x, y, and z be real numbers such that x4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz = 4.
    Show that
    √ y+z
    x ≤ 2 and 2 − x ≥ .
    2
    7. Find all polynomial functions P (x) with real coefficients that satisfy
    √ p
    P (x 2) = P (x + 1 − x2 )

    for all real x with |x| ≤ 1.


    8. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are written on the faces of a regular octahedron so that each
    face contains a different number. Find the probability that no two consecutive numbers are written on
    faces that share an edge, where 8 and 1 are considered consecutive.

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