Abia State university (ABSU)

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

A TECHNICAL REPORT OF SIX MONTIES INDRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

DONE AT X-TRIM RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD 61 CLIFFORD ROAD ABA, ABIA STATE

BY: Chukwuma Dave Onyekwere

Marie NO: 2020/128255/Regular

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY COURSE CODE: 399

April 2024

SUPERVISOR: DR CHINENYE FAITH EMEAMA

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this report is a detailed account of students industrial work experience scheme
(SIWES), undertaken CHUKWUMA DAVE ONYEKWERE with the matriculation number 2020
/128255/Regular, at X-trim Research and Laboratory Services, for a period of six months, and has been
prepared in accordance to the regulations guiding the preparation of this report in the department of
Biochemistry, Abia state university.

------------—----------- --------------------------- -----------------------------

Students name Signature Date

-------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------

Head of the Department Signature Date

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Departmental SIWES coordinator Signature. Date

DEDICATION

This dedication is to the Almighty God, to my beloved parents Mr Onyekwere and Mrs Onyekwere and
my beloved X-trim family especially Dr Joseph Ikedi and scientists Emeama Faith Chinenye
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My special thanks goes to my father Mr Chijioke Onyekwere for his immeasurable love and support,
financial assistance, materially, spiritually and otherwise

My punfound gracnude also goes to my beloved mother, Mrs. Veronica Onyekwere for her moral
supports and prayers through out this period of raining. I wish to also express my appreciation and
regards to my siblings. May the Almighty God bless and reward you all in Jesus name, Amen

locally, my thanks also goes to my HOD, D: . , My Supervis, . and my departmental SIWES Coordinator, Dr
Chimnonso Friday Aaron , I pray God blesses you all
ABSTRACT

This industrial report presents the experience gained during my six months industrial training a X-trim
Research and Laboratory Services, Aba. I acquired practical knowledge and how the laboratory system
works. The report discusses the technical skills I gained during the training period and justifying the
elevance of the shume in epäpping students with the needed technical competence to thrive in the real
world.
TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER PAGE

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SIWES

1.1 Purpose of Training

1.2 Brief History of SIWES

1.3 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

1.4 Brief Overview of ITF

1.5 Background of X-Trian Research and Laboratory

1.6 Company Vision, Mission, Motio and Plailosophy

1.7 X-Trim Research and Laboratory Services ORGANOGRAM

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE LABORATORY

2.1 Differves Departaments and Their Function

2.2 Laboratory Safety Rules

2.3 Laboratory Equipment and Their Uses

2.4 Criteria for Sample Specimen, Rejection

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 LABORATORY SECTIONS AND TESTS PERFORMED

3 1 HEMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY SECTION

3.2 Haemoglobin Estimation Tirst

3.3 Blood Grouping Test

3.4 Cross-matching Test

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SEROLOGY SECTION

4.1 Widal Aggulination Test

4.2 Pregnancy Test

4.3 Retro viral Screening (RVS) Test

4.4 Hepantis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) Test

4.5 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Test

4,6 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) lest

4.7 Helicobacter pylori Test

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 MICROBIOLOGY SECTION

5.1 HVS Microscopy

5.2 Culture and Sensitivity Analysis

5.3 Culture Analysis Test

5.4 Microscopy

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY SECTION

6.1 Blood Glucose Test

6.2 Urinalysis

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 SUMMARY, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATIONS,

CONCLUSION

7.1 Summary

7.2 Challenges Encountered

7.3 Recommendations

7.4 Conclusion

Reference
CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SIWES

1.0

The Students Indisuial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) the accepted skill training program , which
forms part of the approved minimus academic standard in the various degree progranos for all Nigerian
Universites. It is an effort to bridge the gap existing between theory and practice of engineering and
technology ,science, agriculture, medical management and other professional educational program in
Nigeria tertiary institutions. It is aimed at exposing students to machine and equipment , professional
work techniques, and ways to safe-guiding the work areas and workers in industries and other
organizations. The minimum duration is 24 weeks, this scheme is a tripatite program, involving the
students university and the indintry. It is founded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly
coordinated by the industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities Commission(NUC).

1.1 PURPOSE OF TRAINING

Over the years, SIWES has contributed immensely to building the common pool of technical and allied
skilis available in the Nigeria economy which are needed for the nation's industrial development.

Furthermore, the place and relevance of SIWES is underscored by the fact that the scheme contributes
to improving the quality of tre which employers source technical manpower meally available in the pool
from which employers source technical manpower

That gives student the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge acquire in the classscom and
watch practical hands on application of knowledge required to perform work in the industry. Also it
perpares students for employment and makes the transition from school to the industry easier after
graduation.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was established by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in the year 1978 to serve the problem of lack of
aliquate practical skills peperatory for employment in industries by Nigerian tertiary institutions
graduates. It was introduces to acquaint students with the skills of handling employment equipment and
machinery. The ITF solely funded the scheme during its formative yours. But as the financial
involvement becomes unbearable to the fund, withdrew from scheme in 1978. The Federal Govern
handed over the scheme in 1979 to both National University Commissions (NUC) and the National Board
for Technical Education (NBTE). Later, the Federal Government in November 1984 reverted the
management and implementation of the scheme to ITF and it was effectively taken over by the
Industrial Training Fund in July 1985 with the funding solely being done by the Federal Govemment
(called from job specifications on madents Industrial Work Experience Scheme).

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The aim of SIWES is to bridge the gap between the level of knowledge acquired in the tertiary Institute
and the practical application of such knowledge in the field of work. The objectives are

1) Provide an Avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire industrial skilis and experience
in these cause of study.

2) Prepare students for the work sitution they are likely to meet after graduation

3) Expose students work methods and techniques in handling equipment and other machinery that may
not be available in the universities.

4) Make the transition from the university to the world of work easier, and thus enhance students
contact for later job placement,

5) Provide students with opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work situation, thereby
bridging the gap between university work and actual practice

6) Enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational proces of preparing university
graduates for employment in industry.

1.4 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

"The industrial training fund (ITF) is an arm in its establishment that handles the SIWES programme. It
formulates, policies and guidelines participating in the SIWES program through.

1) Regular orientation program for students before there attachentment

2) Receiving and processing master list and placement list forwarded from institution.

3) Supervising every student on industrial attachment

4) Disbursment of supervisors and students allowance

5) Vetting and pressing student's look and ITF form

6) Provide insurance cover for students on SIWES attachment

7) Organize Biennial SIWES National Conference and SIWES review meetings.

1.5 BACKGROUND OF X-TRIM RESEARCH LTD

X-Trim Research and Laboratory Services is owned and managed by Dr. Joseph Ikedi Ogwo, a native of
Igbere in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State

X-Trim Research lab (LTD) was incorporated as a private limited liability company with RC
No: 1078697 on the 14th of November 2012. The company started off as X-Trim Research and
Laboratory Services which was registered as a trade name in 2002. It became incorporated 10 years later
as X-Tris Research lab (Ltd) is a wholly indegenious educational, research and diagnostic company with
wide-ranging competencies and capabilities in general and specialized diagnostic services, general
academic research, and also biomedical and clinical research services. We also proved scientific supplies
as well as cutting edge lifestyle products and service.

1.6 COMPANY VISION, MISSION, MOTTO AND PHILOSOPHY

COMPANY'S VISION

To be the most convenient and preferred lab in Africa,

COMPANY'S MISSION

The accelerate, translate and democrotize science through innovation and collaborations

COMPANY'S MOTTO

Welcome so the future !

COMPANY'S PHILOSOPHY

1. Our customerso deserve the best.

2. Quality pays.

3. Style and substance are not mutually exclusive.

4. Our work is a means of externalizing and expressing our divine essence. The world wants to know
what we are carrying inside.

5. The road to the future is poved with innovation and collaboration.

6. The only ones that end up changing the world are the ones that dare to think they can.

7. Making lives better and caring for the planet are at the heart of all that we do.
1.7 X-TRIM RESEARCH AND LABORATORY ORGANOGRAM

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE LABORATORY

A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific research , experiments,
and measurement , may bе performed. Hence the medical laboratory is a laboratory where test are
carried out on clinical specimens in order to get information about patients health.

There are three departments in X-Trim research and laboratory services having distinct functions and
they are: Reception department, Consulation department and the laboratory department

2.1 THE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

RECEPTION DEPARTMENT: This is the first place the patients are received. The personal
information and vital signs of the patient are recorded at the reception.

CONSULTATION DEPARTMENT: This is where the patients gets consult with the doctor/ lab scientist to
discuss the health of the patient and also give a tht of diagastic vest to the carried cast on the patient

LABORATORY DEPARTMENT: In this section, medical tests are carried out on clinical specimens to obtain
information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It is
also known as Clinical Laboratory.

2.2 LABORATORY GUIDING RULES:

1) Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmerics in the laboratory or testing work areas

2) No pipetting by mouth, it is prohibited.

3) Decontaminate all work surface areas with 10%

4) Bleach immediately after any spill of potentially dangerous materials and at the end of each working
day.

5) Wash your hand after handling any sample and before leaving the laboratory.

6) Laboratory doors should be kept close when work is in progress

7) Always wear laboratory coats and other personal protective as necessary during all test

8) Laboratory doors should be kept close when wock is in progress

9) Wear gloves during all laboratory procedures and atter usage, all gloves should be disposed of and
hands should be washed off after using gloves.

10) Discard all used syringe immediately after use.

11) Storing human foods or drinks anywhere in the laboratory working area is prohibited.

12) Always cover broken skin or open wound with water tight dressing.

13) Keep accurate records.

14) Label all sides and media plates used for diagnosis properly.

2.3 LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR USES

Microscope: This is used to examine contents of samples that cannot be seen with the naked eyes.
Samples can be viewed under x10, x40 and x100 objectives.
 FIG.1: MICROSCOPE

Auto clave: This is used for sterilization.

Centrifuge: This is used for spinning specimen e.g. urine, blood to enable separation into components or
constituents (blood into serum & plasma).
 FIG.2: CENTRIFUGE

Refrigerator: This provides suitable temperature for storage and preservation of reagents, unused
media, blood samples etc.

Bunsen burner: This serves as the source of heat for sterilizing wire loop, surgical forceps and other
metal instruments to be used for analysis.

Weighing Balance: This is used for measurement.

Wire loop: It is used for streaking specimen on culture plates and it can also be used for making smear of
samples on slides.

Lancet: It is a sterile needle used to prick the thumb for the collection of blood samples.

Incubator: This is used for the maintenance of an optimum required temperature for the growth of
micro-organisms in the culture media.
 FIG.3: INCUBATOR

Sample bottles: Used to collect blood samples they include, EDTA, lithium heparin, universal bottle, plain
bottle etc.
FIG.4: UNIVERSAL CONTAINER

Spectrophotometer: This is used in the assay of chemical components of a particular specimen.

Wire loop: This is used for the collection of specimen making smear and inoculating of microbes.

FIG.5: WIRE LOOP

Swab stick: This is used for the collection of samples such as high vaginal swab (HVS), urethral swab, etc.

FIG.6: STERILE SWAB STICK

EDTA bottle: This is a container that contains an anticoagulant for storing blood samples to avoid
clotting.
 FIG.7: EDTA BOTTLE

Needle and syringe: This is used for the blood collection, and storage of samples such as serum, aspirate,
or ascetic fluid.

Plastic tile: This is used for widal test, blood genotype test, blood group test.

Slide box: This is used for keeping slides.

Glass slide: This is used for smear preparation, staining and viewing specimen under microscope.
 FIG.8: GLASS SLIDE

Cover slip: This is used to keep samples in flat form and liquid sample intact.

Test tube: This is used for the collection of specimens, mixing reagents, and culturing.

Pipette: This is used for collecting liquid samples such as urine, serum, and distilled water.

Petri-dish: This is used in preparing media and culturing of organisms.

Capillary tubes: They are of two types; heparinized and non-heparinized capillary tube used to collect
blood sample and for packed cell volume (PCV).

FIG.9: CAPILLARY TUBE

Tourniquet: This is used to tie the patients hand or leg in order to get a prominent vein for the collection
of blood.

Glucometer: This is used to check for the sugar level in the body with the aid of its strip.
 FIG.10: GLUCOMETER KIT

TEST TUBE RACK: It is used for holding large number of test tubes in the laboratory.

FIG.11: TEST TUBE RACK

HIV ½ STRIP: This is used for the detection of HIV.

FIG.12: HIV ½ STRIP

Rapid Test Kits: This is used for serology tests like Hepatitis C virus( HCV) test, Hepatitis B Virus( HBsAg)
test and pregnancy test( HCG/ PT) etc.
 FIG.13: HBsAg TEST STRIP

Widal Kit: This is used for typhoid test.

 FIG.14 :WIDAL KIT

2.4 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE / SPECIMEN REJECTION.

Bringing a specimen in an unsterilized container.

Wrong labeling on the specimen container.

Use of inappropriate sample container.

Using loose container caps for collection of specimen.

Dry swab for examination.

Leaving specimen in syringe or needle.

Excessive delay between the time of collection of specimen and arrival to the laboratory.

CHAPTER THREE

THE LABORATORY SECTIONS AND VARIOUS TESTS PERFORMED

3.1 HEMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOHEMATOLGY (BLOOD BANKNG) SECTION

In hematology section, the analysis is carried out using the whole blood sample of patient for diagnosis
of hematological diseases and abnormalities. Blood samples are collected in EDTA bottle for analysis.
Immunohematology Section also known as the blood bank performs tests to provide blood and blood
products to patients for transfusion purposes. Every analysis carried out in this section is carefully
carried out without error as the lives of patients can be at stake if they are given wrong blood type. The
analysis carried out in these sections includes Hemoglobin Estimation, Blood Grouping and Cross
Matching.

3.2 HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION TEST

INTRODUCTION

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a conjugated protein present in the Red Blood Cells. It serves two important
functions in the body- transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in between tissues and lungs and
acts as buffer in maintaining blood pH. Sahli’s method, also called acid hematin method is the visual
comparator method for the estimation of hemoglobin.

AIM: To determine the hemoglobin in the blood.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS: Blood sample mixed with anticoagulant, Sahli’s Hemoglobinometer,

Comparator, Hemoglobin tube, Sahli’s Pipette or Hemoglobin Pipette Stirrer.

REAGENT: Dilute Hydrochloric acid (HCL).

PRINICIPLE: The principle of sahli’s acid hematin method is that hemoglobin is converted to acid hematin
by the action of HCL, which gives brown colour.

PROCEDURE:

Ensure that the hemoglobinometer tubes and pipette are clean and dry.

Take blood up to mark in the Sahli’s pipette (20µl) and deliver it into the hemoglobin tube.

Add dilute HCL into the blood in the tube little by little and mix and leave for about 5 minutes in order
for a complete conversion of hemoglobin to hematin.

After five minutes compare the colour of the mixture to the comparator to see if it is of the same colour.
If the mixture is still darker then add a little more dilute HCL, mix then compare again

When it is of the same colour with the comparator, take the reading and multiply by seven (7) which
gives the percentage of the hemoglobin.

RESULT: Adult: Normal range for male 85-95%

Normal range for female 75-90%

Children:Normal range 70-85%

CONCLUSION: Factors affecting sahli’s method of hemoglobin estimation includes: Its accuracy is
dependent on natural light, difficulty in attaining uniform colour in the test tube and this method does
not estimate all hemoglobin but estimate only oxyhaemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin, but
hemoglobin in blood is also present in other forms like methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and
sulfhemoglobin which are not converted to acid hematin so not detected.

3.3 BLOOD GROUPING TEST

Blood grouping test is a simple test that identifies blood group of given blood sample.

AIM: To determine the blood group of a patient’s blood and compatibility before transfusion.

MATERIALS: Fresh blood sample, clean white tile, anti A, B, & D sera, disposable stirrer.

ANTISERA FOR BLOOD GROUPING

PRINCIPLE: A B O and Rhesus blood grouping system is based on agglutination reaction. When red blood
cells carrying one or both the antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies they interact with
each other to form visible agglutination or clumping.

Procedure:

Put a drop of each anti sera on the white tile in separate positions. (A, B & D)

Add a drop of the patient’s blood on each anti sera.

Using a stirrer, mix each spot well separately.

Slowly rock the tile at angle 60% & 90% for 2minutes.

Read macroscopically under a bright light for agglutination and record the result.

INTERPRETATION OF BLOOD GROUP RESULT

Anti A sera Anti B sera Anti D sera BloodGroup Rhesus Factor Result

Agglutination No agglutination Agglutination A Positive A Positive A+

No agglutination Agglutination Agglutination B Positive B Positive B+

Agglutination Agglutination Agglutination AB Positive AB positive AB+

Agglutination No agglutination No agglutination A Negative A negative A-

No agglutination Agglutination No agglutination B Negative B negative B-

Agglutination Agglutination No agglutination AB Negative AB negative AB-

No agglutination No agglutination Agglutination O Positive O positive O+

No agglutination No agglutination No agglutination O Negative O negative O-

Agglutination Agglutination Agglutination Invalid

PRECAUTIONS:

It was ensured that the porcelain tile was clean and dry before use.

It was ensured that the antisera were not contaminated or expired and was allowed to stand at a room
temperature before use.

3.4 CROSS-MATCHING TEST

Cross-matching is a test done to see if a patient’s blood is compatible with the donor’s blood.

AIM: To determine the compatibility between the donor and the patient’s blood.

MATERIALS: Clean dry tile, pipette, stirrer, patient’s blood sample, donor’s blood sample.
PRINCIPLE: The principle of cross-matching is the detection the presence of antibodies in the recipient
against the red blood cells of the donor.

PROCEDURE:

1) Ensure the tiles is clean and dry.

2) Use a pipette to get two to three drops of the donor’s blood and the recipient blood on the same spot
on the tile.

3) Then use a stirrer to stir the blood together.

4) Slowly rock the tile for two to three minutes and look out for agglutination.

5) Read macroscopically under a bright light for agglutination and record the result.

RESULT: If there is agglutination, it means the two blood are not compatible but if there is no
agglutination, it means the two blood are compatible.

CONCLUSION: It is important to ensure that the recipient’s blood and the donor’s blood is important to
avoid losing the recipient

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SEROLOGY SECTION

Serological tests are diagnostic methods that are used to identify antibodies and antigens in a patient's
sample. Serological tests may be performed to diagnose infections and autoimmune illnesses, to check if
a person has immunity to certain diseases, and in many other situations, such as determining an
individual's blood type. Analysis carried out in this section includes: Widal Agglutination Test (WAT),
Pregnancy Test, Retroviral Screening (RVS) Test, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test, Hepatitis C
Virus(HCV), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), Helicobacter pylori test, etc.

4.1 WIDAL AGGLUTINATION TEST

INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is caused by a bacillus called SALOMONELLA TYPHI. The organism is
found in the intestine, blood and the urine and is transmitted by infected food or water. In the early
stage of the disease there is rising fever with headache, a neutropenia and the patient may become very
ill. There is ulceration of the intestine which may lead to perforation, neutrophil develops.

Aim: To investigate the presence of Salmonella typhi and para typhi in the serum of patient.

Materials: Salmonella (widal) antigens, white tile, stirrer, patient’s serum.

Principle: The main principle of widal test is that if homologous antibody is present in patients serum, it
will react with respective antigen in the reagent and gives visible clumping on the test card.

PROCEDURE:

1. Centrifuge the patients’ blood and separate the serum.

2. Place a drop of the typhi O and H on a clean tile.

3. Place a drop of the para typhis on a clean tile. Note: Typhi O and paratyphi OA, OB, OC should be on
a line and also typhi H and paratyphi AH, BH and CH on the downward line.

4. Then add a drop of patient’s serum into each hole.

5. Mix it together and then rock to give a reaction

6. Check if there is any reaction and record your findings.

RESULT

Reactive: visible agglutination on spot H and others indicate the present of Salmonella antibodies.

Non-reactive: no visible agglutination indicates absence of Salmonella antibodies

Widal test: Positive

Highly reactive……………………………….1:320 (agglutination reaction before 60 seconds)

Very reactive……………………………….1:160 (agglutination reaction before 120 seconds)

Reactive ………………………………………1:80 (agglutination reaction before 180 seconds)

Widal test: Negative

Non-significant…………………………………1:40

Non-significant………………………………….1:20

Not reactive…………………………………….Nil

PRECAUTIONS:

Shake antigen vial well before use

Serum should be clear.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Widal test is a serological test used in the diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid due to body invasion by
Salmonella spp. It is caused by drinking dirty water.

4.2 PREGNANCY TEST

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy test is a test used to detect the presence of placental hormone called
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

AIM: To determine the presence of pregnancy hormone (HCG) in the blood and urine.

MATERIAL: Cotton wool, tourniquet, needle and syringe, 70% alcohol, EDTA bottle, test strip (HCG pack),
blood sample, urine sample.
SPECIMEN: Blood (serum) and urine.

PRINCIPLE: The test is a rapid chromatographic assay for the qualitative detection of human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG) in urine or serum to aid in early detection of pregnancy.

Positive specimens react with the specific coloured antibody conjugates and form a colored line at the
test line region of the membrane. Absence of this colour line suggests of a negative test result.

Procedure for Blood Pregnancy Test: Patient’s blood was collected through venipuncture into plain
bottle, blood sample was spun in a centrifuge for 5 minutes, and the serum was separated carefully into
a clean test tube by the use of Pasteur pipette. The pregnancy test strip was immersed vertically into the
serum for 5 minutes. The strip was removed and the reaction was observed.

Procedure for Urine Pregnancy Test: The patient’s urine sample was collected into universal sterile
bottle and the pregnancy test strip saw immersed into the urine for 3 seconds, then removed and left
for 5mins and the result was observed.

RESULT: An appearance of a line at the Control region and another at the Test indicates positive result,
while an appearance of a line at the Control region only, indicates negative result. When there is no
appearance of any line, means the test in invalid and as to be redone using new kits.

PRECAUTIONS:

It was ensured that the test strip was allowed to absorb sufficient specimen to prevent false negative or
invalid result.

It was ensured that the test strip has not expired.

It was ensured that proper adherence of the procedure and test kit manufacturer’s instruction of using
the strip was maintained.

It was ensured that proper care was taken in collecting specimen which will be suitable and give
accurate result.

It was ensured that accurate timing of the strip to absorb the specimen and reading of the results.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

The medical reasons for requesting pregnancy test are:

To confirm a pregnancy and investigate if a woman of child bearing age can carry the pregnancy safely.

To check whether a woman of bearing age is pregnant before carrying out a surgical investigation or
during treatment that could be harmful to the embryo.

Investigation of suspected ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion or a trophoblastic tumor

4.3 RETROVIRAL SCREENING (RVS) TEST

INTRODUCTION

Retro-Viral Screening test is a test that looks for HIV antibodies in your blood or saliva. The immune
system makes antibodies when you are exposed to bacteria or viruses like HIV.

HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus: This is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection,
making the person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.

The virus can be transmitted through:

1) Pregnancy

2) Breast feeding

3) Blood transfusion

4) Human bite

5) Unprotected sex

HIV is in the red cell while the antibody is in the serum/plasma.

HIV strip has antigen which reacts with the antibodies in the serum. In the test strip it has patient and
control line.

AIM: To screen for HIV ½ antibodies in patients’ serum.

MATERIALS: Patient’s blood sample, centrifuge, HIV – ½ star-pack kit, timer, hand gloves.

PRINCIPLE: If antibodies to HIV-1 & HIV-2 are present in the sample, the antibodies bind to the antigen-
selenium colloid and to the antigen at the patient window, forming red bands at the patient window
site.

PROCEDURE:

For serum or plasma samples.

Remove the protective foil cover.

Apply 50µl of sample to the sample pad.

Wait a minimum of 15mins and read results.

For whole blood sample.

Apply 50µl of sample to the sample pad (marked by the arrow symbol).

Wait 1min, then apply one drop of chase buffer to the sample pad.

Wait a minimum of 15mins and read result.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS I

RESULT INTERPRETATION

The presence of bands on both the test and control field Positive

The presence of a single band at the control field Negative

The presence of no visible bands Invalid

PRECAUTION

Always read out the result under sufficient light to avoid error.

Ensure that no test strip is re-used, discard after each use.

Do not use the test kit beyond the expiry date.

Wear your protective laboratory coat and hand gloves.

Do not use kit if the pouch is punctured or not well sealed.

HIV ½ TEST KIT

4.4 HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg) TEST

INTRODUCTION: HBsAG is a rapid immune-chromatographic test for the qualitative detection of
Hepatitis B surface Antigen in human serum/plasma, it can be used for prenatal or transfusion
screening, and during acute infection or chronic carriage of the Hepatitis B virus. Early detection of
infection is essential for rapid initiation of adequate treatment.

AIM: To detect the presence of hepatitis B virus in a patient’s serum using HBsAg strip.

PRINCIPLE: HBsAg is a rapid qualitative test solid phase. Two sites sandwich immunoassay for the
qualitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in the blood. The membrane pre-coated with an ant-
HBS antibodies on the test line region of device. The whole blood, serum or plasma specimen react with
anti-HBS antibodies conjugated particles. The mixture migrate upward the membrane
chromatographically by capillary action to react with anti-HBS antibodies on the membrane and
generate a coloured line. The presence of two coloured line in the region indicates positive result while
the presence of one line (control area) shows negative.

MATERIALS: HBsAg test strip, centrifuge, hand gloves, patient’s blood.

PROCEDURES:

Centrifuge the blood sample to obtain the serum.

When ready to test, open the pouch and remove the strip.

Immerse the trip into the sample with the arrow end pointing towards the sample. Note: Do not allow
maximum line to touch the sample.

Take the strip out after 8-10 seconds, and lay on flat surface.

Read result in 10-15mins

OBSERVATION: Two lines were shown on the result window.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULT:

Positive/reactive: Coloured line appeared in both control and patient test region.

Negative/unreactive: One coloured line appeared in the control region and no coloured line appeared in
patient’s test region.

Invalid result: If there is no coloured line in the control & even if the coloured line appears in the
patient’s test region, it is termed invalid.

CONCLUSION: The presence of HBV-antigen was detected using HBsAg test strip method.

PRECAUTIONS:

It was ensured that the test stayed for about 10minutes so as to obtain good result.

It was ensured that haemolyzed blood was not used.

It was ensured that the test strip was not placed on rough surface area.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

This test helps for the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus. The virus causes the most serious form of viral
hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving liver. Most cases of acute viral hepatitis
are caused by hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B virus is spread through blood, body fluid, and sexual means.
The persistency of the virus in chronic carrier can years later, develop liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

4.5 HEPTITIS C (HCV) VIRUS

HCV spread by blood to blood contact but HCV is not as easily transmitted as Hepatitis B. only small
number of the virus are excreted and circulate in the blood.

AIM: To detect Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a given blood sample.

MATERIALS: HCV test strip, centrifuge, hand glove and blood sample.

PROCEDURE:

Centrifuge the blood sample to obtain the serum.

When ready to test open the pouch and remove the strip.

Immerse the strip into the sample with the arrow end pointing towards the sample. Do not immerse
past the maximum line. Take strip out after 8-10 seconds.

Read results in 10-15mins.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

RESULT INTERPRETATION

The presence of bands on both the test and control field Positive

The presence of a single band at the control field Negative

The presence of no visible bands Invalid

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

This test helps for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus. The virus causes the most serious form of viral
hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving liver. Most cases of acute viral hepatitis
are caused by hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C virus is spread through blood, body fluid, and sexual means.
The persistency of the virus in chronic carrier can years later, develop liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

4.6 VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY (VDRL) TEST

INTRODUCTION:
VDRL test is a screening test for syphilis. It measures substances called antibodies that body may
produce if it comes in contact with the causative agent of syphilis, which is called Treponema pallidium

AIM: To screen for syphilis in a given blood sample.

MATERIALS: VDRL rapid strip, patient’s blood sample, centrifuge, hand gloves.

PROCEDURE:

Centrifuge the blood sample to obtain the serum.

When ready to test, open the pouch and remove the strip. Immerse the strip into the sample with the
arrow end pointing towards the sample. Do not immerse past the maximum line.

Take the strip out after 8-10secs and leave on a flat surface.

Read result after10- 15mins.

RESULT: Appearance of a line at the Control region and another at the Test indicates positive result,
while an appearance of a line at the Control region only, indicates negative result. When there is no
appearance of any line, means the test in invalid and has to be redone using new kits.

4.7 HELICOBACTER PYLORI TEST

H-pylori is a type of bacteria that grows in the digestive system tract and has the tendency of attacking
the stomach lining which protects your stomach. It can damage the tissue in your stomach and the first
part of your small intestine (the duodenum). This can cause redness and soreness. Many persons have it.
It’s a main cause of stomach ulcer. Untreated, long-term H-pylori infection can lead to Stomach Cancer.

H-pylori one step test device (whole blood/serum/plasma) is a qualitative membrane strip based
immunoassay for the detection of H-pylori antibodies in whole blood, serum or plasma.

H.PYLORI RAPID KIT

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Test cassette

Disposable specimen droppers

Buffer

Specimen collection container

Centrifuge (for serum only)

PROCEDURES

Place the test device on a clean and level surface.

For serum or plasma specimen: Hold the dropper vertically and transfer 3 drops of serum or plasma to
the provided opening of the test device.

For Venipuncture whole blood specimen: Hold the dropper vertically and transfer 2 drops of whole
blood to the provided opening of the test device, then add 1 drop of buffer.

Wait for the red line(s) to appear. The result should be read at 10 minutes.

NOTE: low levels of H-pylori antibodies might result in a faint line appearing to the test region (T) after
extended period of time; therefore, do not interpret the result after 30 minutes.

RESULTS INTERPRETATION

POSITIVE: Two distinct red lines appear. One line should be in the control region (C) and another line
should be in the test region (T).

NEGATIVE: One red line appears in the control region (C). No apparent red line appears in the test region
(T).

INVALID: Control line fails to appear. Insufficient specimen volume or incorrect procedural techniques
are the most likely reasons for control line failure. Review the procedure and repeat the test with a new
test device. If the problem persists, discontinue using the test kit immediately and contact your local
distributor.

PRECAUTIONS

1) Ensure you wear protective wears such as laboratory coats, disposable gloves when the specimen are
assayed.

2) Handle all specimen carefully

3) Follow the standard procedures for proper disposal of specimens.

CHAPTER FIVE
MICROBIOLOGY SECTION

Microbiology involves the study of microbes. Although, microorganisms are generally beneficial and
essential to life some are, however, pathogenic and causes infectious diseases. The diagnostic
microbiology laboratory is engaged in the identification of infectious agents. These infectious agents are
broadly classified as viruses, bacteria, mycostic agents and parasites (Protozoans and Helminthes), also
this section analyses body fluids and tissues for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms primarily by
means of microscopy, culture and sensitivity (MCS). Results of the MCS tell the physician the type of
organisms present as well as the particular antibiotic that would be most effective for treatment.

5.1 HVS MICROSCOPY

A high vaginal swab (HVS) is a medical procedure performed in Obstetrics and Gynecology, to commonly
test for the presence of vaginal thrush, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis. It is carried out
under aseptic conditions, by a healthcare professional, who uses a speculum to visualize the vagina.

AIM: To test for the presence of vaginal thrush, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis.

APPARATUS: HVS swab stick, microscope slide, cover slip, microscope, normal saline.

PROCEDURE:

Insert the swab to the top of the vagina and rotate to obtain a sample of the discharge.

Put a drop or two of normal saline on a microscope slide and dip the swab into it to absorb the
discharge.

Place a cover slip on it

Place under the microscope to view possible cells and detect infection.

5.2 CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Culture and Sensitivity analysis, also called susceptibility testing, helps the doctor find the most effective
antibiotic to kill an infecting microorganism. Infecting microorganisms are organisms such as bacteria or
fungi that invade your body and cause an infection. A sensitivity analysis is a test that determines the
“sensitivity” of bacteria to an antibiotic. It also determines the ability of the drug to kill the bacteria. The
results from the test can help the doctor determine which drugs are likely to be most effective in
treating your infection.

Doctors use sensitivity testing to determine the right antibiotic treatment for an infection and to
monitor changes in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Both are key to your care.

5.3 CULTURE ANALYSIS/ TEST

AIM: To isolate the possible microbe present in the given sample.

APPARATUS: sample (blood/urine/pus/HVS), Bunsen burner, agar (depending on expected isolate),
sterile loop, Petri dishes, incubator.

PROCEDURE:

Prepare agar (Mac-Conkey) for bacteria, following manufacturer's description. (any other preferably
agar for bacteria can be used)

Allow to cool to 45 degrees and dispense into the petri dishes.

Inoculate the urine by use of the sterile loop after sterilizing over flame/ inoculate the HVS by rubbing
over the surface of the medium .

Incubate for bacteria at 37 degrees for 24 to 48hrs

After 48 hours, a growth appears.

RESULT:

1) E.coli will have a growth of pink colonies

2) Aerobacter aerogenes will appear pink and mucoid

3) Enterococcus species will appear pale pink, minute and round.

4) Staphyloccoccus species will appear pale pink and opaque

MICROSCOPY

AIM: To identify organisms under the microscope.

MATERIALS USED: Glass slide, cover slip, microscope, sample (like urine and HVS) and dropper.

PROCEDURES:

Sterilize the glass slide then use a dropper to get a small amount of the sample

Then use a dropper to get a small amount of the sample on the slide.

Place it on the stage of the microscope.

View the sample using 40x or 100x lens

If the sample appears too turbid use a coverslip to place on top of the sample to make it clearer, prevent
it from drying and to reduce motility.

NOTE: Normal saline can be added to the sample before placing the coverslip so as for it to help
demonstrate motility.

ORGANISMS SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE AND THEIR MEANING

EPITHELIAL CELLS: Epithelial cells are cells that lines the urinary tract. The presence of epithelial in the
urine sediment can indicate a variety of conditions such as inflammation, infection or injury to the
urinary tract.

CRYSTALS: Crystals in the urine sediment can indicate a variety of conditions such as dehydration, kidney
stones or a urinary tract infection.

PUS CELLS: Pus cells or white blood cell are typically round and appear as spherical or irregularly shaped
cells under a microscope. They may contain granules or vacuoles, which can give them more distinct
appearance.

BACTERIA CELLS: Bacteria cells in urine sediments can indicate a bacterial infection in the urinary
tract .Bacteria may appear in different shapes including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped) etc. Some
bacteria may also appear as clusters or chains under the microscope.

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs): RBCs in urine sediments can indicate a range of conditions, such as bladder or
kidney infections, kidney stones or cancer.

CASTS: Casts are formed in the kidney tubules and can indicate various kidney diseases.

VIEWING A URINE SAMPLE UNDER THE MICROSCOPE.

 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY SECTION

INTRODUCTION

Chemical pathology or clinical biochemistry, involves the biochemical investigation of bodily fluids such
as blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. It encompasses detecting changes in a wide range of substances
in blood and body fluids (electrolytes, enzymes and proteins) in association with many diseases.

6.1 BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST

A blood glucose test measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. The test mainly screens for
diabetes. The test can involve a finger prick or blood drawn from the vein.

Blood glucose test is of two types namely; fasting and random blood glucose test.

FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST

Fasting blood glucose test is determined by taking blood sample from participants who have fasted for
at least 8 hours.

RANDOM BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST

Random glucose testing measures a person’s blood glucose levels at any given point in the day. This test
does not require fasting.

AIM: To measure the amount of glucose in the blood.

PRINCIPLE: The enzyme portion of the glucose meter is generally packaged in a dehydrated state in a
disposable strip or reaction cuvette. Glucose in the patient’s blood sample rehydrates and reacts with
the enzymes to produce a product that can be detected.

PROCEDURE

1) Disinfect the finger to be used with alcohol swab.

2) Insert a test strip into the meter

3) Prick the side of the disinfected fingertip with needle (lancet) provided with the test kit.

4) Touch and hold the edge of the test strip to the drop of blood.

5) The meter will display the blood sugar level on the screen after a few seconds.

RESULT

Fasting blood glucose normal range 70-100mg/dL

Random blood glucose normal range 80-140mg/dL

NOTE: Fasting blood glucose test =100-125mg/dL indicates pre-diabetes

126mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes

6.2 URINALYSIS

Urinalysis is a laboratory test to detect problems with the body that can show signs in the urine. It
involves the physical, chemical and microscopic examination of the urine.

Urinalysis is often done prior to surgery, used as a preemptive screening during a pregnancy
checkup and as part of a routine medical or physical exam. This test can be carried out if certain
conditions are suspected in a patient such as diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease and urinary tract
infection.

AIM: To detect and manage a wide range of disorders such as UTIs, kidney disease and diabetes.

PRINCIPLE: Urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine.

PROCEDURE:

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Physical examination of the urine sample is the first step of urinalysis. This involves checking parameters
such as clarity, colour and odour. Physical examination helps provide information about out health like
the case of colour e.g. a dark brown urine is a single indicator of possible liver disease like hepatitis or
cirrhosis.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

This is done using a dipstick. A dipstick is a paper strip with patches impregnated with chemicals that
undergo a color change when certain constituents of the urine are present or in a certain concentration.
The strip is dipped into the urine sample, and after the appropriate number of seconds, the color change
is compared to a standard chart to determine the findings. This is carried out using the Medi-Test strip
Combi-9 which has seven parameters namely; pH, glucose, ascorbic acid, ketone, nitrite, protein,
bilirubin, urobilinogen and blood.
COMBI 9 URINE TEST STRIP

pH: The pH of urine indicates its degree of acidity or alkalinity. If the urine is below pH 7.0 it is acidic and
over pH 7.0 it is alkaline. Normal urine is usually slightly acid. If the urine is less acidic it is an indication
that there is presence of bacteria and possible UTIs cause microbes grows rapidly in an alkaline
environment.

Glucose: Normal urine may occasionally contain traces of sugar. Glucose can appear in the urine if the
blood sugar (which is normally 60-120mg percent) exceeds 160-180mg percent. This can occur in
diabetes mellitus in which there is a deficiency of hormone insulin which controls sugar metabolism. If
glucose is seen in the urine is should be followed by a blood sugar test so as to ascertain if the patient is
diabetic or pre-diabetic.

Ascorbic acid: Ascorbic acid is seen in the urine if there is consumption of foods or drug that contains
vitamin C. The presence of ascorbic acid in the urine can give raise to false positive result as it can mask
the detection of some parameters like glucose, blood, bilirubin etc.

Ketones: Ketones are produced in the body when there is increased fat metabolism i.e. when the body
converts fat into glucose in the absence of sufficient glucose. A little trace of ketone in the urine is said
to be normal but seeing it in a large proportion might be an indication of conditions such as diabetes
mellitus.

Nitrite: The presence of nitrites in the urine suggests the presence of UTIs or bacteria.

Proteins: Protein in the urine is called proteinuria. It is an indication of a kidney disease.

Bilirubin: Bilirubin is a yellow substance that the body makes during the normal process of breaking
down red blood cells. The liver uses bilirubin to make bile which is fluid that helps digest food. The
presence of a high amount of bilirubin in the urine may be an early sign of a liver condition like hepatitis
or cirrhosis.

Urobilinogen: Urobilinogen is the byproduct of bilirubin that is eventually eliminated through the stool
and urine. Normal urine contains small amount of urobilinogen but too much urobilinogen may be a sign
of a liver disease such as cirrhosis or hepatitis or certain types of anemia.

Blood: The presence of blood in the urine is called hematuria. Bloody urine may be due to a problem in
the kidney or other parts of the urinary tract such as: Cancer of the bladder or kidney, infection of the
bladder or kidney, prostate, inflammation of the bladder, urethra, prostate or kidney
(glomerulonephritis).

Collection of mid-stream urine (First urine of day)

Dip the dipstick into the urine sample in the plain time sample container.

Compare the colour appearance with the standard.

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
This involves the use of microscope to view the urine sediment on a slide under the microscope.
Possible organisms to observe are Bacteria cells, Pus cells, Epithelial cells, Red blood cells and crystals
which are all indications of UTIs and bacterial infection. In the case of crystals, it indicates a high risk of
developing kidney stones.

CHAPTER SEVEN

SUMMARY, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATION

AND CONCLUSION

7.1 SUMMARY: During my period at X-Trim Research and Laboratory Services, as a trainee, I did
cataloguing of some information materials for the laboratory and I also did some activities at the
laboratory reception such as: attending to patients, checking their vital sign, entering their details into
the computer system and then to the laboratory register, Issuing out lab test results and made follow up
calls across to patients to know their health status. As microbiologist, aspiring for greater attainable
heights in the field, I was able to acquire the practical knowledge of the theoretical I was taught back in
school. I was able to analyze Blood, Urine, Swab and Stool samples as well as operate the medical
devices available.

From this training, I was able to grasp the essential laboratory practices and can effectively and
efficiently put them to practice knowing full well that they will help minimize errors that may likely occur
in future practical.

7.2 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED: The main problems encountered was getting a place of attachment,
transportation fare, stringent working condition, lack of holiday and going to work very early and coming
back late.

7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. Students’ priority during the SIWES programme should be to go after the quest for knowledge not
finance and also students should go to organizations related to their field of study.

2. There should be proper supervision of the students concerned by both the ITF officials and the
institution-based supervisors.

3. The companies should put in place all the necessary facilities needed to enhance the knowledge of
the students in industrial attachment.

4. Improvement of allowance and free transport services for students attached to the various
organizations.

7.4 CONCLUSION: Students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a fundamental program in
any course of study of every student as it exposes students to experiences not gained in the
confinement of the institution and prepares them for life after their degree.

My six (6) months industrial attachment with X-Trim Research and Laboratory Services has been one of
the most interesting, productive and instructive experience in my life. Through this training, I have
gained new insight and more comprehensive understanding about the real industrial working condition
and practice; it has also improved my functional skills. My training gave me a wider view about
microbiology and its role to the immediate society and world at large.

In Conclusion, the Industrial Training has been highly beneficial in experience, knowledge,
innovativeness, sense of responsibility, and interpersonal relationship with work mate and fellow health
workers. Therefore, I suggest this program be an integral part of all courses in high institution.

REFERENCE

1) Allen, C. R. quoted in Craig, R. L. (1987). Training and Development Handbook, 3rd. ed. McGraw-Hill,
New York, pp. 10.

2) COREN (1991). Supervised Industrial Training Scheme in Engineering (SITSIE). Council of Registered
Engineers of Nigeria.

3) Pal, G.K., 2006. Textbook Of Practical Physiology-2Nd Edn. Orient Blackswan.

4) Ghai, C.L., 2012. A textbook of practical physiology. JP Medical Ltd.

5) Latour, Bruno (1987).Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

6) ^Moss W.L. (1910). “Studies on isoagglutinins and isohemolysins”. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins
Hospital. 21: 63-70

7) ^Dennis Flaherty (25 JUNE 2014). Immunology for Pharmacy. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-
323-29111-8.

8) ^MacFaddin, J. F. 1980.Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria, 2nd ed. Williams and
Wilkins, Baltimore

9) ^ Bishop, Michael L.; Fody, Edward P.;Schoeff, Fody (2020). Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques,
Correlations. Enhanced Edition (8th ed.). Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 76-77. ISBN
9781284510140.