‫ا‬

Unit 7
Adjectives ‫ت‬‫ا‬
be ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
He bought a smart phone last night.
The animal I saw in the field was frightening.
 ‫ل‬‫ ا‬   ‫أو‬
(be – get – become – go – grow – turn)   ‫ل‬‫ا‬  -1
She is nice. He will be sad. They have been happy.
The food went bad. He grows angry. The sea turned rough.
(look – seem – appear – sound)   ‫و‬  ‫ءت‬ ‫إذا‬- 2
He looks happy. That sounds great
   (smell ‫ را‬– taste ‫اق‬  – feel  )  ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬-3
The cloth feels smooth. The food tastes nice.
Degree of adjectives

.‫ﻭﺍﻷﻥ ﻧﺄﺗﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬

positive Comparative Superlative

‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬

Short adjectives (one syllable) ‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﺼﯿﺮﺓ‬

Adjective Comparative ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ Superlative ‫ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ er + than the + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ + est
tall ‫ ط‬taller than the tallest
rare ‫در‬‫ م‬rarer than the rarest
fine  finer than The finest
sweet  sweeter than the sweetest
big  bigger than the biggest
spicy ‫ر‬ /  spicier than the spiciest
large – larger- largest ‫ ا‬ st ‫ و‬‫رم‬‫ ا‬ r  ‫ م‬e ‫ ب‬‫ة ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬- 1 : 
heavy – heavier- heaviest : est ‫او‬er ‫ م‬ i ‫ ا‬y ‫ م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬y ‫ ب‬‫ة ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-2
hot - hotter –hottest er + ‫ف ا‬‫ ا‬‫ك م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ -3
Longer adjectives (with two or more syllables)‫ﺻﻔﺎت طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬
Adjective Comparative ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ Superlative ‫ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬
more …. ‫… ﺻﻔﺔ‬.. than the most… + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬
less …. ‫… ﺻﻔﺔ‬.. than the least … + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬
popular / ‫ب‬ more popular than the most/least popular

expensive ‫ ا‬ more expensive than the most expensive
modern  More/less modern than the most modern

1
 traditional ‫ى‬ more traditional than the most traditional

Irregular adjectives ‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﺎذة‬

Adjective Comparative degree Superlative degree
good / well ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ better than the best
bad / ill ‫ﺳﻰء‬ worse than the worst
Little ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻞ‬ less than the least
many / much/a lot of ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬ more than the most
Late ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ‬ later than the latest
latter than the last
Far (‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ)ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ farther than the farthest
Far (‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ) ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬/‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ further than the furthest
ex.She ran farther than the rest.
Today is the worst day I've had in a long time.

Comparative Adjectives ‫رم‬‫ت ا‬

:‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ (‫رم‬‫ )ا‬‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ر‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫م‬

‫ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬-1
This shirt is small. I need a bigger one.

He wants a more expensive car

.‫ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ‬-2

My new flat is colder than the old one.
The museum is usually more crowded on a Saturday than a Sunday

.‫ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻲﺀ‬-3

He is feeling happier. My brother is getting better.

more ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬less ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬4

Hoda is taller than Nada. Nada is less tall than Hoda
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲﺀ‬
.‫ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬and ‫ ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
 It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
 It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
 These days more and more people are learning English.
 The weather is getting colder and colder.
6. almost as +  + as slightly/a bit/a little + ‫رم‬  + than
 ‫ او‬  ‫ا‬  ‫رق‬‫ن ان ا‬ ‫ا ا‬  
 I'm almost as old as my brother.
 Reham thinks that her friend is slightly prettier than her.
 traveling by train is a little/ a bit cheaper than traveling by car.

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 7. much/ a lot/ far /even/rather + ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬+ than
 ‫ او‬  ‫ا‬ ‫رق‬‫ن ان ا‬ ‫ا ا‬  
Her illness was far more serious than we expected.
English is much easier to study than Chinese
 Gold is a lot/ much more expensive than salt.

Superlative Adjectives
‫ت ا‬
:‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺗﻴﺔ‬
(‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ) ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺊ ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬-1
Oysters are one of the rarest meals you can eat in France.
He bought the most expensive suit in the shop.

‫ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﻨﺎً( ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬/ ‫ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺐ‬/ ‫ ) ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ( ) ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬extremes ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ‬-2

Mount Everest is the highest mountain on earth.

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬

‫ ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬as ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬as) ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-1
as + . + as = ‫ول‬‫ ا‬‫رم‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬+the same (noun) as + ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫رم‬‫ ا‬‫و‬
Samy is as tall as Samir = Sami is the same height as samir.
( as  ‫و‬
(me, him, her, it, you, us, them) : ‫(أو ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬.noun)‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬-1
-She is as young as him/Ali.
:‫ ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺪه )ﻓﻌﻞ( ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬:(I, he, she, it, you, we, they) ‫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬-2
-She is as young as he is.

‫وى م‬‫ ا‬ ‫ م‬-2

not as / so + . + as = less + ‫ او‬‫ در‬+ than
.Dina is not as /so tall as Heba = Dina is less tall than Heba

:‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬-3

That was really a good film. In fact, it was the best film I have ever seen.
comparative ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬the ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬-4
Leila is the younger of the two girls. Who is the taller of the two brothers?

(........... ) : -‫ ا‬‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﻓﻰ ا‬-5

(‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ er ) (‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ er )
The ( more /less + ‫) ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬, The ( more /less + ‫) ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
( ‫) ﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ‬ ( ‫)ﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ‬
- The harder you study, the higher marks you get.
- The more expensive the hotel (is), the better the service (is).-

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 :‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬the ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-7
Naguib Mahfouz is Egypt's best novelist.

‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬very ‫ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬the ‫ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬most ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬-8

Hala is most pretty = Hala is very pretty.
very much  ‫ن‬ ‫ ا‬‫ م‬ the ‫ون‬ best /most ‫ م‬‫م‬‫أ‬- 9

Of all sports, I like tennis best (most) .
‫ ا‬  ‫ ا‬ in ‫ا‬‫ ا‬ -10
The longest river in the world (Not: of the world)
The best student in the class / The best player in the team
e.g. Cairo is farther than benha : ‫ت‬‫ ا‬‫رم‬  (farther) ‫– م‬11

he gave me further details : ‫ ذ‬ ‫ ا‬ (further) ‫– م‬

older/elder ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬-12

‫اد‬‫ أ‬     ‫ او‬ ‫ ا‬‫رم‬  eldest ‫ و‬elder ُ -
elder  than ُ ‫ة و‬‫ا‬
Ali is my elder brother . He is the eldest in our family.
My elder brother is two years younger than my eldest brother.
than ‫ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺿﻤﻨﻴﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬than ‫ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﻨﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬older ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
We start understanding many things as we grow/get older.
My parents are older than your parents.
The older version of the software had many useful features than this one.

- I am the eldest child in my family. ✔

I am the oldest child in my family. ✘
- I am 2 years older than my younger brother. ✔
I am 2 years elder than my younger brother. ✘

:‫ا ا‬  ‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬-13

It ( be ) + adj. + of + someone + to do something
(nice / kind / stupid / silly / clever / polite / careless)
It was careless of Jack to leave the door unlocked.
It was very generous of Ann to lend us the money.
latter/later/last  ‫ق‬‫ا‬-14
‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬later  
Sorry, I'm busy right now - I'll speak to you later.

‫ ذ‬  ‫ او‬  ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ latter  ‫م‬
She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter.

‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ب‬‫ا‬/ ‫ء‬ ‫ او‬ ‫ ا‬ last 
I didn’t read the last chapter of the book.

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 The next meeting will be held in the last week in June.

‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫ة أو ط‬ ‫ت‬  ‫ت‬‫ ا‬ ‫ك‬-15
( Common – narrow -simple – quiet – stupid – clever – polite – friendly
– gentle – cruel )
quiet → quieter/more quiet→ the quietest/most quiet
clever → cleverer/more clever→ the cleverest/most clever
narrow → narrower/more narrow→ the narrowest/most narrow
simple → simpler/more simple→ the simplest/most simple
:(real / wrong / true / right) ‫ ذات ا‬ ‫ و‬‫ وا‬ ‫ ذات‬‫ت ا‬‫ا‬-16
This is the most real situation I've ever witnessed.
.‫ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻋﺎدة‬ing ‫ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ و اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ ﺑـ‬ed ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ ﺑـ‬-17
Bored ‫ﻣﺘﻀﺠﺮ – ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬ boring ‫ﻣﻤﻞ‬
ُِ
excited ‫ ﻓﺮﺣﺎن‬/ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ‬ exciting ‫ُﻣﺜﯿﺮ‬
interested ‫ﻣﮭﺘﻢ‬ interesting ‫ﺷﯿﻖ‬
terrified ‫ﻣﺮﻋﻮب‬ terrifying ‫ُﻣﺮﻋﺐ‬
tired ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬
َ ُ tiring ‫ُﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬
surprised ‫ﻣﻨﺪھﺶ‬ surprising ‫ﻣﺪھﺶ‬
amused ‫ُﻣﺴﻞ‬ amusing ‫ﺷﻰء ُﻣﺴﻞ‬
E.g. The match was exciting. When I saw the match, I was excited.
‫ ﺗﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺷﻌور‬- ‫ ﻟﺗﺻف اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﻟد‬-ing ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــــــــﻆ‬
e.g. This is a confusing girl ← ‫ ﻣﻊ أﻧﮭﺎ إﻧﺴﺎن ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ھﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺜﯿﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬-ing ‫وﺻﻔﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺎة ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
← ‫?وﻟﻜﻦ اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺛﻼث اﺷﺨﺎص ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬
Adverbs‫وف‬‫ا‬
Adverbs are words which describe a verb, an adjectives or another adverb.
.‫ آ‬  ‫ أو‬ ‫ أو‬  ‫ت‬  ‫رة‬  ‫ال‬‫وف أو ا‬‫ا‬
Ahmed walks slowly) .(v. + adv ) She is incredibly clever) .(adv. + adj.)
Hany speaks very angrily. (adv. + adv.)
Many adverbs, especially adverbs of manner, are formed by adding (ly) to an adjective:
: (ly)  ‫ن‬ ‫وف ا‬‫ ظ‬‫وف و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬
adverb adjective adverb adjective
kindly kind quietly quiet
loudly loud quickly quick
difficultly difficult slowly slow
seriously serious badly bad
 Adjectives ending in (y) remove the (y) and : add (ily ):
(ily)‫( وﯾﻀﺎف‬y) ‫( ُﺗﺤﺬف اﻟـ‬y) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
happy happily busy busily
easy easily greedy greedily
 Adjectives ending (e) : add (ly), but (true – truly)
(true – truly)‫( وﻟﻜﻦ ُﯾﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ly) ‫( ُﯾﻀﺎف‬e) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
nice nicely sure surely
extreme extremely sincere sincerely
 Adjectives ending (le) remove the (e) : and add (y)
(y)‫( وﯾﻀﺎف‬e) ‫( ُﺗﺤﺬف اﻟـ‬le) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
horrible horribly possible possibly
incredible incredibly comfortable comfortably
 Adjectives ending in (l) : add (ly)
(ly)‫( ُﺗﻀﺎف‬l) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
useful usefully historical historically

5
beautiful beautifully local locally
 some adverbs have the same form as adjectives and they are similar in
meaning
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻈﺮوف)ﺷﺎذة ( ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ( اﻟﺼﻔﺔ وھﻰ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
late early hard fast
high low free enough
right wrong daily weekly
straight near monthly yearly
The lake is deep. adj. They went deep into the forest. adv.
There is enough food in the fridge. Adj .He isn’t tall enough to play basketball. adv.
Adverbs of degree
extremely (100%)‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬ very (90%) ً‫ﺟـﺪا‬ rather (70%)‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬
quite (50%)‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ fairly (30%)‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ‬
slightly(10%)‫ﺟﺪا‬
Adverbs of degree are used to modify adjectives, adverbs or verbs.
.‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ظﺮوف اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺻﻔﺔ أو ظﺮف واﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ rather ‫رﯾﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬/ ً ‫ ُﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬/ ً ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬ absolutely
‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ pretty ً ‫ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬/ ً ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ completely
ً ‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬/ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺎم‬ quite ً ‫ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬/ ً ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ totally
‫ اﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﺣﺪ‬/ ‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ fairly ‫ اﻟﻰ أﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺪود‬/ ً‫ﺟﺪا‬ extremely
‫ ﻧﻮﻋﺄ ﻣﺎ‬/ ً‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬ slightly ‫ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬/ ً‫ﺟﺪا‬ very
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ظﺮوف اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ) اﻟﺼﻔﺔ – اﻟﻈﺮف – ﻓﻌﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻰ ( وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
He is totally unacceptable. They arrived rather early.
I don’t quite understand what you mean.
Adjectives and adverbs of degree ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ و ظﺮوف اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
Ordinary ‫ ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬Strong ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬ Ordinary ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ Strong ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬
tired ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬ exhausted ‫ﻣﺮھﻖ‬ Angry ‫ﻏﺎﺿﺐ‬ furious‫ﻏﻀﺒﺎن ﺟﺪا‬
frightening ‫ﻣﺨﯿﻒ‬ terrifying ‫ﻣﺮﻋﺐ‬ hot ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬ boiling ‫ﻏﻠﯿﺎن‬
cold ‫ﺑﺎرد‬ freezing ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ bad ‫ﺳﺊ‬ terrible ‫ﻓﻈﯿﻊ‬
unusual ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدى‬ incredible ‫ﺧﯿﺎﻟﻰ‬ big ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ enormous/huge
interesting ‫ﺷﯿﻖ‬ amazing ‫ُﻣﺬھﻞ‬ good ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ fantastic / wonderful

exhausted = very tired freezing = very cold …etc‫ﻻﺣﻆ أن‬

‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬extremely / quite / rather / really / very / fairly ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
I'm very tired. The film was quite frightening.
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ‬totally / absolutely / completely / really ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
The film was really terrifying. I was absolutely exhausted
:‫ﻻ ﺣﻆ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬
After spending the night in the desert, the children were very cold. (freezing)
- After spending the night in the desert, the children were freezing.
Tarek told us a very unusual story. (incredible) - Tarek told us an incredible story.
.‫( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻈﺮف‬well) ‫( ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ‬good) ‫ﻻﺣﻆ أن‬
He is a good teacher . (well ) -He teaches well.
(ly)‫ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
friendly lovely lonely silly
fatherly lively elderly ugly
brotherly likely cowardly deadly
:‫وﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻛﻈﺮوف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
in + a / an + adj. + way / manner
His speech to me was fatherly. (spoke) - He spoke to me in a fatherly way / manner.
He is a friendly boy. He treated me in a friendly way

6
 :Form ‫ ا‬.1
( + has/have + P.P )  ‫ن‬ :‫ت‬‫ ا‬  -1
 Ex.He has watched the match.
(  +has/have(not) + p.p...... )  ‫ن‬ :‫ ا‬  -2
 Ex. He hasn't watched the match.

( Have/has + sub…+ p.p ....?)  ‫ن‬ :‫ال‬‫ ا‬  -3

or
( ‫ ادة ا‬+have/has + sub…+ p.p ....?)
 Have you finished your homework? Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
- When have you finished your homework?

( ‫ل‬+have/has + been+ p.p... )  ‫ن‬ :‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬  -3

 TV has been watched by them.
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.2
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬  ‫ أو‬  ‫ ام‬‫ ا‬ ‫اث‬‫ أ‬  ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬-1
I’ve just finished reading David Copperfield
.

for/since  ‫رع‬‫ ا‬  ‫زال‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ – 2

We have lived in Giza for ten years . We have been at this school since 2012.
because ‫ او‬so  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ او م‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬-3
 I can't open the door because I have lost my keys.
 Ahmed has hurt his leg, so he can’t play football today.
Ali is happy because he has passed his exam
‫ و‬ ‫ دون‬‫ ا‬  ‫ث‬   -4
E.g. – I have painted the house . He has visited England three times.

Key words ‫ا‬‫ت ا‬ -3‫ا‬

So far = up till now = until now ‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻻن‬
E.g. Mona has studied for lessons so far/up till now
ever :(  )  ‫ات ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬(ever ) 
Have you ever been to the desert?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. /
It's the first time + +have / has + ever + p.p :‫ا ب‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬-1
It is the first time I have ever seen snow.
:‫ ا‬  ‫ى‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬- 2
 + Is/are the ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ est + ‫ ا‬+ I have ever + p.p
Most + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ طوﯾﻠﺔ‬
 This is the tallest tree I have ever seen.
Soha is the most intelligent girl I have ever met.
Nothing like this has ever happened to me. No ‫ا ب‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-3
never :( / ‫ا‬‫ )ا‬ ‫ات ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ ا‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬(never )  

7
He’s never ridden a camel and he’s never seen the sea.
: ‫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻻﺗﯿﮥ‬never ‫ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ان ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬: 
My brother has never driven a car before ( never ) + ( before )
 I have never seen such a tall tree. ( never ) + such + ‫اﺳم ﻣوﺻوف‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ have/has + never + p.p + ‫ اﺳﻢ‬+ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬+ than + ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬/‫اﻟﺸﻰء‬
I have never seen a more exciting film than Brave heart.
just : ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬  ‫ث‬   ‫ل ان‬ ( )  ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ (just ) 
Leila isn’t here. She’s just gone.
The bus has just left! I can see it over there
already : ‫ م‬   ‫ث‬   ‫ل ان‬ ( )  ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ (already ) 
Hany has already made his bed ‫ واﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬have/has ‫ ﺑﯾن‬already ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ‬
 Leila has finished her homework already. ‫ ﻓﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ‬already ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ‬
Have you finished doing the exercise already? how fast ! (‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳؤال )ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺟب واﻟﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن ﺗﻣﺎم اﻟﻔﻌل‬
yet : ‫و‬   ‫ء‬  ‫ او م‬ ‫ل‬ (‫ن‬‫ ا‬ )  ‫رع‬‫ ا‬ (yet) 
 Have you finished your homework yet? ‫ ﻓﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺳؤال‬yet ‫ ﺗﺎﺗﻰ‬
 I haven’t had breakfast yet. ‫ ﻓﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ‬yet ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ‬
Hany has not yet woken up ‫ واﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬has/have not ‫ ﺑﯾن‬yet ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ‬
Lately ((‫ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ ً )ُﯾﻔﻀﻞ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﯿﺔ أو ﺳﺆال‬/ً‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮا‬
E.g. I haven't met Soha lately. Have you heard from tom lately?
recently (‫ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ ً )ُﯾﻔﻀﻞ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ او ﺳﺆال‬/ً‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮا‬
Samy has married recently. Have you heard from tom recently?
Last (week- month – year – Monday - night )
1998 / 5 o'clock / Sunday
The /this morning –yesterday
Since + (‫ة‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬) ‫ث‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ Lunch time – spring – then-that time
His arrival/ childhood/death /Marriage/ birthday/graduation
I /He/she was ………../the age of…… /the beginning of ....
Since the last + ‫ ( ا‬since the last visit/match/meeting.
Since + ‫ة ز‬ + ago( since three years ago)
I’ve studied English since I was eight years old
( a week/three weeks – a month/five months – a year/ten
years– a day /four days – an hour /7 hours – a minute /15
For +  ‫ة‬ minutes / a night / a while/ a decade / a season )
( a long(short) time / ages/ more than /some time/ ever )
For the last/past + ‫ة‬ ( for the last week/month)
(a /an ‫ا ب‬‫ و‬S ‫ ب‬‫ام‬   ) ‫ا‬
 I have lived here for 13 years.
‫م‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫دم‬ ‫رى‬‫ت ا‬
Over / throughout the (years /ages ) ‫ور‬‫ا‬/‫ن‬‫ر ا‬ 
in the last (weeks / months /years) ‫وات ا‬‫ا‬/‫ور‬‫ا‬/‫ ا‬
in the past few years ‫ ا‬‫وات ا‬‫ ا‬
‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ظ‬ ‫رة ا‬ ‫ز‬‫رات ا‬‫ذه ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رات اذا‬‫ت وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫دم‬
Today/this ( morning /evening/ week/month ) e.g He has written three reports this morning.
This is the first time/It's the second time.

8
 ‫داة ر‬ since ‫ا‬‫ ا‬
Have/has + p.p   
Since
It's a period of time   
Ex-It's two weeks since I met him .
he has studied English since she started her school.
  Since then   ‫رع‬
Hany went to live in Paris. since then I haven't contacted him
   Had + p.p
Since

It was a year since I had seen her.

How long is it   
Since

How long is it since you got married?

(have/has) been to & (have/has) gone to  ‫ق‬‫ ا‬
has/have been to ‫ ذھﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن او زار ﻣﻜﺎن وﻋﺎد ﻣﻨﮫ او ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻢ ﺗﺰوره ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬-1
E.g. Hassan has been to London = (He visited London at some time in the past,
and has now returned)
My father has been to Cairo . He returned yesterday.
Ahmed, where have you been?
Have you been to America before?
has/have gone to ‫او ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻰ ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫ذھﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن او زار ﻣﻜﺎن وﻟﻢ ﯾﻌﺪ‬-2
He has gone to London = ( He is still there/ He is in London now)
Ali has gone to school.
Belal is not here. He has gone to the dentist’s
where has heba gone? I can't find her.
have/has been in/at ‫ذھب اﻟﻰ ﻣﻛﺎن وﻣﺎزال ھﻧﺎك ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣدة‬-3
Ali has been in London for two months.

Present Perfect continuous ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤـﺮ‬

:Form ‫ ا‬.1

(she /he /it ) has + been + "v +ing"
(I /we /they/ you ) have
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.2
‫ ا‬‫ و‬  ‫زال‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ -1
-I have been reading a new book. (I’m still reading it. I haven’t finished it yet.)
-She has been studying English for five years. (She is still studying it now.)
It has been raining heavily for the past three days.
:‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ او م‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ -2
- I'm so tired because I've been running all day
- It’s been raining all day, so the garden is very wet
Manal’s brother has been living in England for a year, so his English is very good
Key words:‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.3
Since +‫ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺪث‬/ for+‫ ﻣﺪةزﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬/ all + ‫ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬/ for…….now
- He has been working there since he passed his exams.

9
 - It has been raining for three days now.
- For the past hour, I’ve been talking to patients
-My father’s been working in the garden all morning.
:How long  ‫ ا‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ 
- How long have you been smoking?
:    ‫ إ‬‫ ط‬‫ق و‬ ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ا ا‬ 
teach / learn / rain / cook / sleep / play / run / study / write / read / stay/wait
- It has been raining for the past three hours.
: ‫ ا‬ ‫ار‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬  ‫ة‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬‫ ا‬   ‫ل‬‫ك أ‬ ‫ أن‬
know / own / be / love / hate / like/ think/see/smell
 We’ve known each other since university.We've been knowing each other since university.
 She’s had that laptop for over ten years!She's been having that laptop for over ten years!
- He has been in the army for 5 years now

‫ ا‬‫ و‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫وث ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫د‬ ‫ اذا ذ‬
- He has written three letters. He has drunk four cups of tea.
Khaled has sent me three emails since he left Cairo .

:‫ ذ‬‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ز‬، ‫د او ا‬‫ ا‬‫ذ‬‫ ا‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ : 
( many /few/ afew /several/ a lot/lots of /all/plenty of ) how
much/how many
I have met many friends recently
How many English lessons have you had?
:Negation ‫ ا‬.4
(she /he /it ) has not + been + "v +ing"
(I /we /they/ you ) have not
-I haven’t been watching TV this week.
:question ‫ال‬‫ ا‬.4
‫ اداة اﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬+ has/have +subject + been + v. ing+ ……?
ex-What has he been reading?
ex- How long have you been doing this job?

Unit 8

‫ )ا‬active ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ م‬    ‫ و‬‫ل ا‬ ‫أ دا‬   passive ‫ ا‬
:  ‫ن‬ passive  ‫ي‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ( ا‬

‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ ‫( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬be) + P.P + by + ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬

( ‫ واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬by ) ‫ وھﻤﺎ‬passive ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ اﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ال‬
‫ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬passive ‫اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ واردﻧﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟـ‬
‫وﺳﻨﺒﺪأ ﺑﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
passive ‫اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ‬
Tense ‫اﻟزﻣن‬ Passive ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮل‬

10
 Present simple ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ am / is / are + P.P
Past simple ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ was / were + P.P
Present continuous ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ am / is / are being + P.P
Past continuous ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ was / were being + P.P
Present perfect ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ have / has been + P.P
Past perfect ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ had been + P.P
Will / would / can / could Will / would / can / could
May / might / shall / should + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ May / might / shall / should (be) + P.P
Must / ought to Must / ought to
Have / has / had / will have to Have / has / had / will have to
Needn’t – seem to – appear to + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ Needn’t – seem to – appear to (be) + P.P
(be) going / supposed to / about to (be) going / supposed to/ about to
Would like to Would like to

Examples
- Present simple ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
She writes the homework every day The homework is written every day
- Past simple ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
They watched TV last night TV was watched last night
- Present continuous ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
We are cooking lunch Lunch is being cooked .
- Past continuous ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
He was reading a newspaper at 7 yesterday . A newspaper was being read at 7
yesterday .
- Present perfect ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
She has cleaned the rooms recently The rooms have been cleaned recently .
- Past perfect ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
Someone had stolen my wallet My wallet had been stolen .
- future simple ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
Mona will wash the dishes The dishes will be washed
Osama is going to prepare the luggage The luggage is going to be prepared

‫ﻻﺣـــــــــــــﻆ‬
to ‫ م‬passive  ‫ ا‬ ( see- hear – make – help ) to ‫ون‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬  ‫ل‬   ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬-1
The teacher made us write the homework .→ We were made to write the homework .
I saw him play tennis → he was seen to play tennis

‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬ ( being + p.p ) ‫ ( م‬v.ing )  ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬-2
like/love/hate/remember/ enjoy/avoid
I dislike people laughing at me → I dislike being laughed at .
I don’t like people deceiving me. → I don’t like being deceived .

11
 ( be + p.p )    ‫ م‬let ‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬/ ‫ل‬‫ وا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫ اذا‬-3
1- He let people deceive him ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬
- He let himself be deceived
She let others cheat her.
she let herself be cheated by others.
2- He let his sister watch TV ‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬
- His sister was allowed to watch TV

: ‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬ need to -4

Need to + inf. ‫ ا‬
Need to be + PP. / Need + V +ing ‫ل‬‫ ا‬
 We need to clean the floor. The floor needs to be cleaned. =The floor needs cleaning.
. v.to be ‫ف‬‫ل و‬  ‫ أو‬v. to be  ‫ء‬ ‫ إذا‬‫ ا‬   who , which ‫ف‬   5
Who/Which + (v) to be + p. p = p.p
They boy who was punished yesterday got the worst marks.
The boy, punished yesterday got the worst marks.
The hospital which was built last year, is wonderful.
The hospital built last year, is wonderful.
 ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ( v to be)   get ‫ ا‬‫ ان م‬ .6
( catch / arrest /damage /kill/ marry / burn /destroy) :‫ل ا‬‫ا‬
The bank robbers got caught/arrested yesterday.

‫ت ا‬‫ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻰ ا‬-5

say - think It is/was + pp ‫ل‬‫ه ا‬ 
know -consider
announce – report Subject + (be) + pp + to + (inf) ‫رع‬‫ا‬
People
expect - believe
agree – predict Subject + (be) + pp + to have + pp ‫ا‬
understand- deny
 passive  ‫ن ا‬ ‫ي‬‫ ا‬    ‫ء‬‫ ا‬ ‫او‬that   ‫ل ا‬‫ا‬
(it ) ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ ← ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
People say that ……… It is said that …………..
We think that ……….. It is thought that …………
People believe that ………….. It is believed that …………
People thought that …… It was thought that ………
Scientists have shown……. It has been shown that……….
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ← ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
passive ‫ ا‬  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬-2 that  ‫ب‬‫ ا‬‫م‬‫ ا‬ ‫أ‬‫ م‬-1
to have + p.p ‫ م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ اذا‬‫ ا‬to + inf ‫رع م‬ ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫د‬‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫ اذا‬-3
 ‫ت‬‫ن ا‬
: ‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬‫ل ا‬  ‫رع او‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫اذا‬
People+ think/believe……..that+ +  ‫ او‬ + ‫ ا‬
It is + p.p (thought/believed)……..that+ +  ‫ او‬ + ‫ ا‬
‫ ا‬ +is/are + p.p (thought/believed)…….. to + ‫ر ا‬
Ex-people expect that the government will lose the election.

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 It is expected that the government will lose the election.
The government is expected to lose the election.

People+ have (thought/believed/reported)……..that+ +  ‫ او‬ + ‫ ا‬

It has been + p.p (thought/believed/reported)……..that+ +  ‫ او‬ 
‫ ا‬ +has been/have been + p.p (thought/believed/reported)…….. to + ‫ر ا‬
People have reported that many people are homeless after the flood.
It has been reported that many people are homeless after the flood.
Many people have been reported to be homeless after the flood.

:‫اذا ﮐﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﮥ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﮥ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل ﮐﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬

People+ think/believe……..that+ +   + ‫ ا‬

It is + p.p (thought/believed)……..that+ +   + ‫ ا‬
‫ ا‬ +is/are + p.p (thought/believed)…….. to + have+ p.p
People know that he killed his wife .
It is known that he killed his wife .
He is known to have killed his wife

People+  +thought/believed……..that+ +   + ‫ ا‬

It was + p.p (thought/believed)……..that+ +   + ‫ ا‬
‫ ا‬ +was/were + p.p (thought/believed)…….. to + have+ p.p
The newspaper reported that the bank was robbed
It was reported that the bank was robbed
The bank was reported to have been robbed

Unit 9

Countable nouns ‫ودة‬ ‫ء‬‫أ‬-1

 ‫م‬   ‫ت‬‫ إذا ذ‬the ‫ أو‬a – an – one ‫د‬‫ ا‬   ‫ و‬‫ و‬ ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫و‬
‫ذ‬  ‫ود‬  ‫ن‬  ،‫ ا‬  ‫ آ‬ s  ‫ أن م‬ ‫ء ا‬‫ا‬

- a car→ cars - a watch →watches - an apple→ apples - a baby → babies – a wife →wives ‫ﲨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﻯ‬-1
: ‫ ﲨﻊ ﺷﺎﺫ ﳛﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-2

( Child ‫ ط‬children ‫ل‬‫ أط‬- phenomenon ‫ة‬‫ ظ‬phenomena ‫ا‬‫ ظ‬- man ‫ ر‬men ‫ل‬‫ر‬
– woman ‫أة‬‫ ا‬women ‫ء‬‫– م‬
Ox ‫ر‬ oxen ‫ان‬ – tooth 
ِ teeth ‫ن‬‫ – أ‬foot  feet ‫ا‬‫ – أ‬goose ‫ إوزة‬geese ‫ – إوز‬Deer ‫ا‬ deer
‫ن‬ sheep ‫وف‬ sheep ‫ن‬ – means ‫ و‬means ‫ – و‬Oasis ‫ وا‬oases ‫ت‬‫ وا‬- fish  fish
‫ك‬‫ – أ‬basis ‫ة‬ bases ‫ا‬ – medium ‫ و‬media ‫ و‬- species  species  )

.‫د‬‫ أو ا‬‫ت ا‬  an ‫ أو‬a ‫ أو‬s  ‫ أن م‬  ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ Uncountable Nouns   ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫ أ‬-2
: ‫ ا‬‫ و‬ two ‫ أو‬one ‫ و‬ ‫و‬

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 Liquids ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ water – coffee – oil - milk – soup – blood- petrol

Materials ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‬ Iron – wood – plastic – copper – gold – lead – sand – sliver - paper

Phenomena ‫ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬Tide – lightning – thunder – eclipse- heat- rain – snow- ice

Subjects ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ Maths – science – physics – Algebra- chemistry – history - geography

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‬
Activities ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ Reading – cycling – writing – shopping-painting – fishing- swimming
Abstract nouns Progress – hope – behaviour – beauty – freedom – luck – patience
‫ﺮﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍ‬ – honesty – tolerance – peace - hatred ‫ ﻛﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ‬- courage ‫ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬
Sports ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬ Football – tennis – volleyball - basketball – ping pong -
baseball
Languages ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬ English – Arabic – French – Italian – Spanish - German

food ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ Rice – macaroni – jam – butter ‫ ﺯﺑﺪﻩ‬- yogurt ‫ ﺯﺑﺎﺩﻱ‬- flour ‫ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬-
sugar – meat – bread
Other nouns Furniture ‫ اﻷﺛﺎث‬- grass ‫ اﻟﻌﺸﺐ‬- luggage – baggage ‫ اﻷﻣﺘﻌﺔ‬- jewellery
‫ﺃﲰﺎء ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ – money – electricity – work – news – information –
laughter ‫ – اﻟﻀﺤﻚ‬rubbish – hair- traffic – clothing ‫ – اﻟﻤﻠﺒﺲ‬advice –
money -experience- equipment
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﮭﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬a/an ‫* ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ُﺗﻌﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﮭﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ‬
Ex : We had a nice breakfast. – I spent a nice time on the beach.

‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬sُ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﮭﻴﺔ ﲝﺮﻑ‬
Diabetes ‫ض ا‬ - measles ‫ ا‬- politics ‫ ا‬-economics ‫د‬‫ ا‬ electronics
Physics ‫ء‬‫ ا‬- mathematics ‫ت‬‫ ا‬- athletics ‫ي‬‫ب ا‬‫ ا‬gymnastics ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-
genetics ‫را‬‫ ا‬ - classics ‫م‬‫م‬‫دب ا‬‫ ا‬‫ درا‬– cards ‫ا‬
Ex - Politics is my favourite interest. - Athletics is better than chess
‫ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬S ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑـ‬
Means ‫ – و‬‫ و‬- species  –  - crossroads  ‫ق‬‫ق – ط‬‫ق ط‬ Series ‫ت‬ – 

‫( ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬gloves / scissors / trousers / shoes / socks/ glasses)‫ﺃﲰﺎء ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﲔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﲨﻊ‬pair ‫ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬pair ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
His trousers are dirty. - A pair of socks doesn't cost much money

:‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬

: ‫ م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء ا‬‫ا‬-1
Trousers / glasses / scales / gloves /shorts / pyjamas / pliers
: ( ings)‫ ب‬‫ھ‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬-2
savings ‫ات‬ / lodgings ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ / surroundings ‫ء ا‬‫ا‬
‫ي‬‫ء أ‬ ‫أ‬-3

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 Police/ people / youth/clothes/ wages / goods/ troops/cattle /arms /cards/remains
e.g- Our youth are the power of development. – The police have arrested the thieves.

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻔﺮﺩ ( ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ) ﺃﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺠﻤﻊ ( ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ ﲨﻊ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
(army  – family  ‫ة أو‬‫ – أ‬navy ‫ – ا‬gang - group  – crew ‫ط‬
‫ة‬‫ أو ا‬‫ – ا‬staff ‫ ا‬ – population ‫ن‬‫ – ا‬crowd ‫س‬‫ ا‬  – couple ‫ زوج‬-
company / – board of directors ‫دارة‬‫ ا‬ – university - government - the
public)

e.g.-The Egyptian Team is playing well. ‫ة‬‫ة وا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ھم‬
- The team are leaving the pitch . ‫اد‬ ‫ ا‬‫ م‬‫ھم‬
e.g.: The government is doing its best to solve the problems
The government are meeting to discuss the problems .

‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻷﲰـﺎء ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﺣﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﻌـﲎ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬

Countable ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬ uncountable ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬

a glass ‫ﻛﻮب زﺟﺎج‬ glass ‫زﺟﺎج‬

Please, give me a glass of water . This window is made of glass .

a paper ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺪة‬ paper ‫ورق‬

I’m going to buy a paper.(= a newspaper) Paper is made of wood

a time ‫ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة‬ time ‫وﻗﺖ‬

He went to London three times Don’t hurry. There’s plenty of time

a cold ‫ﻧﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﺮد‬ cold ‫اﻟﺒﺮد‬

I’ve got a bad cold. The cold is unbearable this winter.

a chicken ‫دﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬ chicken ‫ﻟﺤﻢ دﺟﺎج‬

I saw lots of chickens on grandfather's Do you like chicken?
farm
a light ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ‬ light ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬
There are four lights in our classroom. The sun gives us light and heat.

a hair ‫ﺷﻌﺮة‬ hair ‫ﺷﻌﺮ‬

There are four hairs on your jacket. Her hair is long.

an iron ‫ﻣﻜﻮاة‬ iron ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬

I bought an iron yesterday. - Hospital beds are made of iron.

a coffee ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺎن ﻗﮭﻮة‬ coffee ‫ﻗﮭﻮة‬

Could I have two coffees? (cups of Much coffee is harmful to your health
coffee)
an orange ‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬ orange (‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ )ﻟﻮن‬
There are two oranges on the table. I don't like orange. I prefer red

15
A School ( ‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ) ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ School ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﻲ‬/‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
They're building a new school in the She drives the kids to school every morning
village.
A university ( ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ) ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ university ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬
The government will build a new after finishing university, she traveled
university next year abroad
. ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ – ﻭﻗﺖ – ﲦﻦ – ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ – ﻭﺯﻥ – ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬
Twenty thousand pounds
Five kilometers
Three hours is / was / has / ‫ ﻣﺼﺪر‬+s
Forty degrees
Fifty litres of petrol
 ‫* و‬
Seven pounds are on the table
Three-one pound coins are on the desk
‫ ﻻﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﻨﯿﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ‬are ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ‬
Ten minutes have passed
‫ھﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮت ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﯾﺆدي اﻧﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
Fifty litres of petrol fills my tank
. ‫ﻓﮭﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻠﺘﺮات ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد‬
a lot of /lots of /plenty of– many – much – a few – few – a little - little
a lot/lots of ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ و اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ‬A lot of / lots of , plenty of ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ إن‬-

- Ali has got a lot of / lots of/ plenty of books.

– We ate a lot / lots /plenty of cheese.
‫ وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ A lot of / lots of
Can you hurry up? I don’t have a lot of time.
Are there a lot of good players at your tennis club?
Have you eaten lots of chocolate?
Many ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬:
a lot of – many – much – a few – few – a little - little
- I haven't got many friends.. - Do you have many friends?
Are there many campsites near you?
( so – as – too - a good - a great ) many ‫ ( ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ إذا ﺳﺒﻘﮭﺎ‬many ) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬
- There are too many people in the bus. – He has a great many suits.
- Very many people have complained about the situation.
- As many as 5,000 people are believed to have died in the earthquake.
Much ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻌـﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬:
a lot of – many – much – a few – few – a little - little
- Did you eat much cheese? – We didn’t eat much cheese
Is there much unemployment in that area?
(so - very - as - too) much ‫ ( ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ إذا ﺳﺒﻘﮭﺎ‬much ) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬

16
 a few .‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ وﺗﺸـﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻋـﺪد ﻗﻠﯿـﻞ وﻟﻜـﻦ ﯾﻜـﻔـﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬:
- I have a few pounds so I can buy a shirt
Only/quite + a few ‫ا‬‫ ا‬

Only a few hundred houses survived the hurricane without any damage.

few :‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ وﺗﺸـﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻋـﺪد ﻗﻠﯿـﻞ وﻻ ﯾﻜـﻔﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
I have few pounds so I can't buy a shirt
As/ so / too /very + few ‫ا‬‫ ا‬
He has so few friends in his school.
a little ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻭﺗﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻗﻠﻴـﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﺗﻜـﻔـﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬,
I have a little sugar but it is enough to make a cup of tea.
Only/quite + a little ‫ا‬‫ ا‬
She saves quite a little money every month.
little ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻭﺗﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻗﻠﻴـﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻔـﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
I have little sugar so I can't make a cup of tea.
As/ so / too /very + little ‫ا‬‫ ا‬
They have very little knowledge about politics.
.‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ أو اﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻌـﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠـﺔ ﺧﺒـﺮﯾـﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘـﺔ و ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆاﻟﻲ اﻟﻌـﺮض واﻟﻄـﻠـﺐ‬
( can, could, shall, should, will, would, may )  ‫و‬:‫ م‬ ‫أ‬  ‫ ا‬‫ا‬
some
‫ر‬  ‫ و‬  ‫ء‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ أو‬  ‫ء‬ ‫ ط‬ ‫ل‬  ‫ ا‬‫ا‬
- My mother knows some good stories. (‫)اﺳم ﯾﻌد‬
- I drank some water. (‫)اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد‬
- Would you like some tea? (‫)ﻋرض‬
- Can I have some of these apples? (‫)طﻠب‬
any .‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ ﻗﺑـل اﺳـم ﯾﻌـد أو اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌـد ﻓﻰ ﺟﻣﻠـﺔ اﺳﺗﻔﮭـﺎﻣﯾـﺔ أو ﻣﻧﻔـﯾـﺔ‬
- I don't want any stamps. ( ‫)ا‬
- I didn't drink any milk. (‫)اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد‬
  ‫ء‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ أو‬  ‫ء‬ ‫ ط‬ ‫ر و‬‫ ا‬‫ ط‬ ‫ل‬  ‫ ا‬ ‫ال‬‫ ا‬  
)am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had ‫و‬: ‫ة‬‫ل ا‬‫ا‬
.‫ ﻣـﻊ ﻧﻔـﻰ اﻟﻔﻌـل‬some ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻧﻔﻰ‬
- I bought some books. - I didn't buy any books.
- She has some money. - She doesn't have any money.
: ‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻛـﻠﻣـﺎت اﻟداﻟـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻧﻔـﻰ ﻣﺛـل‬
hardly – scarcely - never – without – refuse –
- He never had any luck. - We hardly had any money.
. ‫ اﻟداﻟـﺔ واﻟﻣﻌﺑـرة ﻋـن اﻟﺷـك‬If ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧـدم ﻣـﻊ‬
- If anyone has any questions, I'll be pleased to answer them.
Too many ‫ز‬‫ ا‬ ‫د ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫و‬    ‫ ا‬ 
- There are too many people in the hall.
Too much ‫ز‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫و‬     ‫ ا‬ 
- There is too much water in the bottle.

All
all +   ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬+ ‫د‬ 
all ( of )+ the /that/this /   +   ‫د‬ ‫ا‬+ ‫د‬ 

17
 All Mona’s money is at home
All (of) the information you asked for is on our web site.

all +  ‫ ا‬+  

all ( of )+ the /these/those /   +  ‫ا‬+  
Ex: All (of ) my friends have got the full mark in the English exam.
All children need care and love

All + ‫ة‬‫ة وا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬+ ‫د‬ 
+-
All the country is ready to face terrorism
(the ‫رة او‬‫ء ا‬‫ او ا‬ ) ‫د‬‫ و‬ of ‫ف‬  ‫ ام‬
All of us = We all () ,us all(‫ل‬)
All of them = They all () , them all (‫ل‬)
All of you = you all

Ex: All of us enjoyed the party = We all enjoyed the party. ُ

:‫ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬all ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬the ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
All day / all week / all night / summer

Each & Every

: (‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﺍﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ )ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء( ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ )ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‬each ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-1
: ‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ )ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء( ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍ‬every ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-2

each +  ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬+ ‫د‬ 

every +  ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬+ ‫د‬ 
Each student wears a uniform. -Every student was given a book
Every cook needs good knives and a chopping board.
Every store has a manager in charge of it.

each of + the /  +  ‫ا‬+ ‫د‬ 

each of +  ‫ل‬  + ‫د‬ 
-Each of my brothers wants his own car.
Huda and Aya play tennis. Each of them is good at it.
He told each of us our jobs. I gave each of my three brothers a card. ‫ﺿﯿﻐﺔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬each ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬each of ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

Each of us = we each (‫ )ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬or us each(‫)ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬

Each of them = They each (‫ )ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬, them each(‫)ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬

Each of them has important exams these days. = they each have important exams
these days

‫(ﺍﻃﻼﻗﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ‬Every of ) ‫ ﻻﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬- ‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬

18
 Every car in the city causes some pollution.
Every one/day/noun of + ( these / them /my/ the....etc.) ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬
Ex : I enjoyed every minute of my stay in Alexandria.
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬every ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-
I go to the school library every week.
Computers can perform millions of calculations every second.
Almost / Nearly/ practically : ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬Each ‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬every ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-

Almost every car pollutes the atmosphere.

Practically every house now has at least two televisions.

 ‫ ا‬+ ‫د‬Every +

 He gets his head shaved every three weeks.

 You need to take a break every two hours.

None of
( ‫ ) ﻻ اﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻞ‬none ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

none of +   ‫ ا‬+ ‫د‬ 

none of +  ‫ ا‬/  ‫ل‬ + ‫د‬ 
None of my children has blue eyes.
None of us cares what happens to him.
-None of the water was kept in the jam
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﯾﺎﺗﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻊ‬
(none)
None of the children were awake.

Unit 10
Deduction ‫ج‬‫ا‬

Present Past
must + inf must have + pp
‫رع‬‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬   ‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬  
  ‫ت‬ .‫ا‬  / ‫ا‬ ‫ أم‬‫ أ‬/ ُ - .‫ا‬ ََ  / ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ أم‬‫ أ‬/ ُ -
I'm sure/certain/definitely/I think
He has three cars and a villa. He must be Menna looks very happy. She must have
rich. passed her exams.
Ali must be happy. He has just won a gold It must have been cold there. There is
medal. snow on the ground in the photo.
Nadia lived in England for 20 years, so she
must speak English well.
can't + inf can't have + pp

19
 ‫رع‬‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬   ‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬  
.‫ا‬  / ،‫ا‬ ‫ أم‬ /  .‫ا‬ ََ  / ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ أم‬ /  -
I'm sure/certain/definitely/I think
He has three cars and a villa. He can’t be Here is his mobile. He can't have left it in
poor. his room.
He can’t be cold. He isn’t wearing a jacket. They can’t have had lunch. Their food is
in the fridge.
May/might + inf May/Might have + inf
‫رع وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ج‬‫ل أو ا‬‫ ا‬ ُ  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ج‬‫ل أو ا‬‫ ا‬ ُ 
.‫ا‬   ‫و‬ .‫ا‬  

I'm not certain / sure/ possible/probable/perhaps/I don't know/ I don't think

Ahmed might travel abroad, but I don’t think She was late. She might have missed the
so. train.
I don’t know why he doesn’t look happy. He I don’t think he won the race. He might
might feel ill. have lost it.
The tourist might be American because he I can’t find my book. I might have left it at
has an English guidebook. home.
We didn’t see Tarek at the sports club
today. He might not have been there.

‫ ا‬ ‫ او ا‬‫ او ا‬ ‫ء‬‫ ا‬  --

 should have + pp.:
should ( ought to )have + p.p:
     ‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ أن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ أن‬  :
You missed the start of the show. You should have arrived earlier.
-I should have booked a seat on the train and now there are no seats left.
-You should have asked me before you used my computer!
shouldn’t ( ought not to )have + pp.:
    ‫ او ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ث وم‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ أن‬  :
-The tourists shouldn’t have brought their coats to Egypt. They won’t need them in the summer!
-You shouldn't have put more sugar in your tea. It's not healthy
-You shouldn’t have gone to bed late last night. Now you are very tired

could have + past participle

.‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وث‬ ( ‫ ) ا‬  1
I could have seen the documentary, but I’m not sure.
He could have bought these eggs when he went out this morning.
:‫ث‬  ‫ و‬‫و‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء‬  ‫ أ‬ ‫ أن‬-2
He went to school on foot but he could have gone by bus.
couldn't have + past participle
.‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬    ‫ن‬ (‫ )ا‬ 
You couldn't have seen Dina today, because she's in Germany at the moment.

20
 (Always- often- never-usually/every....)‫ ا‬ ‫دة‬  ‫ل‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ت ا‬  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ 1-
E.g. When he was a child, he walked to school everyday.
I always ate breakfast before I went to school.
Heba always got up early when she was a student
2.used to + inf
‫ن‬‫ ا‬   ‫ او‬‫ او رو‬‫ا‬( ‫ن‬‫ث ا‬  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫دة‬   ) ‫د أن‬‫ ا‬ ‫ م‬
- I used to play football when I was young. - He used to be a driver, but now he isn’t.
- I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
- I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.
‫ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻼﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻥ‬Used to ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.

‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ used to + inf . , but now + ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬
Sama's mother used to be a teacher, but now she works in a bank.
He used to be lazy , but now he isn't
‫ ا‬ ‫دة‬  ‫ ا‬used to ‫ او‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ق‬‫ ا‬
In the past , people used to travel/traveled on camels.
‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻰ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻓﻘط ﻋﻧد اﻻﺷﺎرة اﻟﻰ ﺣدث ﺗم ﻓﻰ وﻗت ﻣﺣدد اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻰ وﻟم ﯾﻛن ﻋﺎدة‬
We went to the museum twice last week.
Didn't use to + inf / never used to+ inf ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧـدم‬
- I didn't use to play football when I was young. - He didn't use to be fat but now he is.
He never used to come early
Did +  + use to + inf ? ‫وﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم ﻧﺳﺗﺧـدم‬
- Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby? Did you use to get up early?
3.would + inf
‫ء‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ او‬‫ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ ا‬‫ك ا‬‫دات وا‬‫ ا‬  Would + inf
At weekends, my father would go and buy fruit and also he would buy me sweets.

‫ت‬
‫ﻻﺣــــظ أن‬
used to + ‫ر‬ = was / were / got used to + v.ing / ‫اري = ا‬ ‫ف‬‫ ظ‬+   - 1
- I used to go to school in Paris - I was used to going to school in Paris
- I got used to going to school in Paris - I always went to school in Paris
‫ وﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬used to ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣـن‬no longer ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬-2
- He used to live here =He no longer lives here.
‫ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﻰ اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط و ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬used to ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬any longer ‫ ـ‬anymore ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬-3
- He used to live here.= - He doesn’t live here anymore.
- They don't live here any longer
(be) used to + inf = (be) used for + ( v+ing )
 َْُ ‫ه‬ ‫ل و‬    ‫ أ‬
- Wood is used to make furniture. = - Wood is used for making furniture.

21
 (am / is / are) / (get) used to (v + ing) / noun /pronoun =
Be accustomed to/ be in the habit of ‫ﻣﻌﺗﺎد ان‬
(‫ﺻﻔــﺔ ) ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬
I'm used to playing football . = I usually play football.
My father is active. He is used to getting up early.
She isn't used to living in hot climates.
‫ م‬‫ ا‬‫و‬
am – is- are +  + used to + (v + ing) ..?
- Is he used to playing football

Unit 11
1- Compound adjectives
- Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words.
‫اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﮫ ﻣﻛوﻧﮫ ﻣن ﻛﻠﻣﺗﺎن او اﻛﺗر‬
These are often: adjective or adverb + past participle.
‫ ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬+ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣن ﺻﻔﮫ او ﺣﺎل‬
well-balanced\ clear-cut \ e.g. well-known
● Use a hyphen to link the words together if the adjective is before the noun
( ‫ﻧﺿﻊ واﺻﻠﮫ ﻟرﺑط اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﺎ اذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻗﺑل اﺳم ) اﺳم ﻣوﺻوف‬
It is a well-known fact that languages can improve some brain functions.
● Don’t use a hyphen if it follows the noun it describes:
‫ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟواﺻﻠﮫ اذا ﻟم ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ اﺳم‬
English is widely spoken all over the world.

compound adjectives (adjective or adverb + past participle)

1. Adjective + Past Participle
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬middle-aged ‫ ﻗﺎدر ﺟﺴﺪﯾﺎ‬able-bodied
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺑﺸﺪة‬much-needed ‫ ﺷﺎرد اﻟﺬھﻦ‬absent-minded
‫ ﺿﯿﻖ اﻷﻓﻖ‬narrow-minded ‫ﻣﺤﺪد – واﺿﺢ‬clear-cut
‫ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻄﺮاز‬old-fashioned ‫ﺑﺪم ﺑﺎرد‬cold-blooded
‫ ﻣﻨﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﯿﺔ‬open-minded ‫راﺳﺦ – ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻞ‬deep-seated = deep-rooted
high-spirited ‫روﺣﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
ّ quick-witted ‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺪﯾﮭﺔ‬
‫ذو ﺷﻌﺮ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‬short-haired ‫طﯿﺐ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ kind-hearted
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬short-handed =short-staffed ‫ﻣﺘﺰن اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ / ‫رﺻﯿﻦ‬level-headed
many-sided ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ‬ strong-willed ‫ﻗﻮي اﻹرادة‬
2. Adverb + Past Participle
‫ﺳﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ poorly-constructed ‫ﻓﺎﺗﺢ اﻟﻠﻮن‬brightly-coloured
‫ﻣﺘﻮازن‬ well-balanced ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎءة‬brightly-lit
‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺼﺮف‬ well-behaved ‫ﺑﺄﻟﻮان زاھﯿﺔ‬brightly-patterned
‫ﻣﺜﻘﻒ‬ well-educated ‫واﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬clearly-defined =well-defined
‫ﻣﻌﺮوف‬ well-known ‫ راﺳﺦ‬/ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺬر‬deeply-rooted
densely-populated ‫ذات ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ well-mannered ‫ذو اﺧﻼق ﺣﻤﯿﺪة‬
highly-qualified ‫درﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ well-rounded ‫ ﺟﻤﯿﻞ‬/ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺔ‬
highly-respected ‫ﯾﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮام ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ wholly-owned ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
highly-valued ‫ذات ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ widely-recognized ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺮف ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬
widely-spoken ‫ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬

22
 : ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬: ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﻫﻰ‬
. ;  ‫ و‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬   (Who /that)-1
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Who / that ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
I saw the policeman who(that) arrested the thief.
.   ‫ و‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ف ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ل‬  (whom/Who /that) -2
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Whom/Who / that ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
Ahmed whom ( who - that ) you met yesterday is my brother.
. who – that ‫ و‬ whom ‫ ا‬   ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬   ‫ف ا‬  ‫ـ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
That's the man about whom you are talking.

‫ او‬  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ أو ا‬‫ ( ا‬which/that) - -3
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Which / that ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
1-The stories which ( that ) are on the shelf are all mine.
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Which / that ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
The film which ( that ) I watched last week was boring.
. that ‫ ( و‬which )   ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬   ‫ف ا‬ 
He made a bad mistake for which he had to apologise..
This is the article in which she writes about science.
.    ‫ر إ‬ (which) ‫دم‬ ‫ن أن‬ -(‫م‬)-
- He came first, which made his parents very happy.
- He was usually late, which always annoyed his father

(‫ او م‬‫ا‬  ‫ن او‬   ‫ن )و‬‫ ا‬ where --4

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ Where ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
This is the house where we live.
Alex is a nice city where I like to live .
►There is also a stadium Where you can watch horse riding
‫ ا‬‫ او‬ ‫ف ا‬ ‫ ( و‬where ) ‫ م‬‫( و‬which ) ‫ن م‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬  ‫ف‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬ ‫ـ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
‫ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ‬+ Which = where ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
Which ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬.................‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ‬
e.g. This is the house which we live in . This is the house in which/ Where we live .
That is the stadium at which we saw the cup final.
Dr Aisha used to go with him to meetings, at which she learned to read and write.

‫ء‬‫ ا‬.‫ن‬‫ف ا‬‫ر‬  ‫ت‬ ‫ل ) او‬ ‫س‬‫ل و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ن إذا‬‫ ا‬ (which ) ‫ـ م‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
. 
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ Which 
(‫ء‬ ‫ن‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬) 
This is the school which was built last year.
Cairo, which is very crowded , is the capital of Egypt.
 This is the house which I bought /built last week. ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎ ﯾﻌﺎﻣل ﻛﺷﻰء‬

.( my , his , her , its , your , their , ) ‫ ا‬ ‫' ( أو‬s )  ‫ و‬ ‫ و‬  whose  -5

23
 :  ‫ن ا‬‫ و‬our
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ‬ Whose ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬
That's the man whose son succeeded.
The girl whose bag was stolen was crying
whose ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺏ‬
Sub + Whose + play, use, water, plant, love, help , wish , visit + verb
work, stay, dreams, likes ‫اﻻﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﻣﻔﺿﻠﺔ‬Exports ‫ﺻﺎدرات‬
Ex: people whose work requires staying up late suffer a lot in life.
Ex: People whose stay ended should renew it.
Ex- I'm thankful to my friend whose help was very necessary.

. ( ‫ ) ا‬‫ ا‬ (when) -5

‫ﺯﻣﻦ‬ When ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
It's the month July when we go on holiday.
The photo shows Alexandria in 1990, when my parents lived there
‫د‬ ‫ او‬ ‫ر‬‫رف ا‬ ‫ ( و‬when ) ‫دم‬ ‫( و‬which) ‫دم‬ ‫ن‬‫ز‬‫ ا‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رف‬ ‫ود‬‫د و‬  ‫ظ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ‬+ which =when ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
1-It's the month July which we go on holiday in .
2- Friday is the day on which/When I visit my relatives in our village.
‫ل‬ ‫س‬‫ل و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ن إذا‬‫ز‬‫ ا‬ (which ) ‫ـ م‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
Ex- summer is the time which is very hot.

. v.to be ‫ف‬‫ل و‬  ‫ أو‬v. to be  ‫ء‬ ‫ إذا‬‫ ا‬   who , which ‫ف‬   1
Who/Which + (v) to be + p. p = p.p
They boy who was punished yesterday got the worst marks.
The boy, punished yesterday got the worst marks.
The hospital which was built last year, is wonderful.
The hospital built last year, is wonderful.
ing.‫ إ‬ ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬‫ و‬‫ ان و‬v.to be ‫ف‬‫ و‬   ‫ء‬ ‫ إذا‬who , which ‫ف‬  -2
Who/which + ‫ ا‬  = v. ing
►The man who is living(lives) next door is my friend.
The man living next door is my friend.
Vegetables which contain a lot of water, don't freeze well.
Vegetables containing a lot of water, don't freeze well
 ‫ل‬   ‫ اذا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ف‬ .3
The fish was delicious.we ate it yesterday.
The fish( which/that ) we ate it yesterday. was delicious.
The fish we ate it yesterday. was delicious.

The man is my neighbour . I meet him every day .

The man ( who/whom/that) I meet every day is my neighbour .
The man I meet every day is my neighbour .

24
 .‫ع‬‫ا ا‬  that ‫ م‬ ‫رة ا‬ ‫ و‬ comma ‫ا‬‫ ا‬ -4
My mother, who is standing beside me, is very kind.
This photo, which I took, shows our house

:‫ت ا‬‫ وا‬‫ ا‬   that  -5

All- any -every -few -little -many - much- nothing -none -some -the only
There isn't anything that we can eat in this house.
This is the best book that I have ever read.  I gave him all news that I had.
( it is / it was ) ‫ ب‬‫أت ا‬ ‫ اذا‬‫ ا‬ –
It was Graham Bell that invented the telephone.
the thing ‫وى‬ ‫ور ( و‬ ‫ل او‬ ‫ او‬ ) ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬‫د و‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ و‬‫ و‬ what  -6
that/which

(‫ ا‬ )  ‫ف‬ ‫ او‬‫ او‬ what 

Ex. We'd better decide what we need to buy. (‫ﻣﻔﻌول‬
Have you seen what I bought from London? I can't give what you need.
You had better make up your mind on what you need to buy
What you achieve will help my project ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬
: ‫ ﻓﻘط‬whom/which ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻻﺗﯾﯾﺔ ﻓﻘط ﻣﻊ‬-7
all of/ some of / none of / each of / much of / one of /three of / half of /both of
Here were several girls, none of whom seemed good enough for him.
She asked me many questions, none of which I answered.
Adam has two brothers, both of whom work as an engineer.
I read three books last week, one of which I really enjoyed
Samy has very nice neighbors, all of whom I like very much..

Unit 12
‫ﻋ ﮭﻒ‬

Reported speech :  ‫ ا‬‫ا‬

".........."‫ ﻭﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻼﻣﱴ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺺ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﺔ‬
-She Said,” I like tennis” ( ‫) ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
- She said that she liked tennis. ( ‫) ﻣﻨﻘﻮل‬
‫ ھﻮ اﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ اﺧﺮ‬: ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
1- statement ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬
: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اى ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
‫ م‬‫ و‬  said -1
  (promised/explained/complained/claimed/informed/deny)
told ‫ أ‬said to ‫ل‬-2
‫اس‬‫ف ا‬ -3
  ‫ او‬، that ‫ ب‬‫ م‬-4
‫ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﻘول‬said/explained/claimed/denied/complained (that) ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﺎﺿﻰ‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﻘول‬told + ‫ ﻣﻔﻌول‬+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﺎﺿﻰ‬

25
e.g He complained that the service in that restaurant was not good
➤He claimed that the snake was homeless
➣She told me that she had interviewed a lot of celebrities
She said that the following year she was going to write a novel..
‫ط‬‫ او ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ -5
: ‫ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل وﺗﺤﻮل ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬- ‫أ‬
* I . he / she ===me .. him / her === my .. his / her
* We .. they ===us ... them ===our . their
: ‫ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺐ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل وﺗﺤﻮل ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬-‫ب‬
* You ........ I / he / she / we / they --------- ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
* you ........ me / him / her / us / them --------- ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
* your ....... my / his / her / our / their --------- ‫ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻘﻮل‬

say say Say to Tell
says says Says to Tells
said said Said to Told
: ‫ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﻰ‬
Direct   Indirect   
(‫ول‬‫ ا‬‫ )ا‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬ (‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ )ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(am/is/are + V.ing) ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬ (was/were+ V.ing) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(have/ has +P.P) ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬ (had+ P.P) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(have/has + been+ V.ing ) ‫ ا‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬ (had + been+ V.ing ) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ )ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬ ‫ او‬   (‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ )ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(had+ P.P) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(was/were+ V.ing) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬ (was/were+ V.ing) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
(had + been+ V.ing ) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
Will +‫ر‬ Would +‫ر‬
can +‫ر‬ could +‫ر‬
shall +‫ر‬ (‫اح‬‫ا‬/‫ ا‬) should +‫ر‬
" We shall meet on Monday", He said. He said that they should meet on Monday
shall +‫ر‬ (‫ ا‬) Would +‫ر‬
She said, ‘I shall need more money.’ She said she would need more money.
must +‫ر‬ (‫ا‬‫ ا‬/‫ورة‬) must /had to +‫ر‬
must +‫ر‬ (‫ج‬‫)ا‬ Must + have + P.P
mustn't +‫ر‬ () mustn't/wasn't to/weren't to +‫ر‬
have to/has to +‫ر‬ had to +‫ر‬
May+ ‫ر‬ (‫ل‬‫)ا‬ Might+ ‫ر‬
‘I may be back later,’ she said. She said she might be back later
May+ ‫ر‬ (/‫)اذن‬ could +‫ر‬
‘You may wait in the hallway,’ he said. He said we could wait in the hallway..

26
  ‫م‬‫ وا‬‫وف ا‬‫ل ا‬ -
Direct Reported Direct Reported
now Then/ at that time yesterday the day before
the previous day
the last day
tonight that night tomorrow the next ( following )
day/ the day after
Today/this day that day Next + ‫اﺳم‬ the + ‫ اﺳم‬+ after /the next +
‫ اﺳم‬/ the following + ‫اﺳم‬
here there tomorrow morning the next ( following )
morning
these those The day after tomorrow In two days' time
this that yet By then
ago before The day before Two days before
yesterday

Ex → ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
1- “I like tennis and I played a good game this morning,” said Tamer
- Tamer said that he liked tennis and had played a good game that morning.
2-Ahmad said to me, “I can swim fast .”
-Ahmad told me that he could swim fast.
3- He said to me: "I will see you tomorrow”.
He told me that he would see me the next day
4-" “I want to visit Cairo next week.” said Hany.
Hany said that he wanted to visit Cairo the following week.
5-“I’ll be home tomorrow morning,” he said.
He promised that he would be home the next morning.
6-“We’re hot because we’ve been playing tennis,” said Tarek.
Tarek explained that they were hot because they had been playing tennis.
‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﻷﻗـﻮﺍﺱ ﻓﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤـﻞ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
. ‫اس‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬  ‫ن‬-1
-Ali said to Ramy, “ The sun rises in the morning.”
Al told Ramy that the sun rises in the morning..
The teacher said to us“The Nile is the longest river in the world.”
The teacher told us that the Nile is the longest river in the world
Eman said " Damascus is the capital of Syria"
Eman said that Damascus is the capital of Syria.
She said 'What is the captial of Egypt ?"
She wanted to know what the capital of Egypt is.
 ‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫رع‬ ‫ل‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬-2
Ex-Rania says, “ I will travel to London.”
Rania says that she will travel to London.
Ex-Ahmad says“I am ready for the exam.”
Ahmad says that he is ready for the exam
 Hany says to me " Where do you live ?"
Hany asks me where I live.
.

27
 ((just) now – a moment/a moment ago)   ‫ة‬  ‫ل أو‬‫ ا‬  ‫ث‬‫ن ا‬-3
He said just now, “ I have already passed the exam.”
He said just now that he has already passed the exam.
. :  ‫ و‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ل ا‬‫ وا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -4
( would/ could /might/should/ought to/had better/ had+ p.p)
Ex-He said" We could see the mountain after we had reached the top of the tower "
He said that they could see the mountain after they had reached the top of the tower.
"You should study hard, Samy " said the teacher .
The teacher told samy He should study hard.
‫و‬‫ وظ‬‫ ز‬  ‫ ا‬ ، (‫ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬/‫دات‬‫ا‬/ ‫ف‬‫و‬‫ ا‬) ‫ال‬ ‫ ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -5
‫ ا‬‫ر ا‬ ‫ ﻧﺟده‬ ‫ وان‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬    ‫ وا‬‫ ز‬ ‫اى‬
He said," I'm two metres tall"
He said he is/was two metres tall"
He said, "She is a beautiful girl with long hair"
He said (that) she is/was a beautiful girl with long hair.
‫ة‬  ‫( او‬‫ )ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ ا‬ ‫ف و‬‫ ا‬  : ‫ن‬‫ ا‬‫ وم‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫ ا‬  ‫ اذا‬-6
Heba said," I will meet them here again tomorrow"
Heba said that she will meet them here again tomorrow.
Heba said that she would meet them here again tomorrow.
.   ‫دة و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ ( ا‬Used to )‫ل‬  -7
Aya said ," I used to play tennis ".
Aya Said that she used to play tennis.
: ‫ات ا‬‫ ا‬   ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-8
'If- would rather - I wish - It is time ...
Ex-Susan said" I wish I lived in the mountains".
Susan said that she wished she lived in the mountains.
Newspaper article said," It's high time the government did something about this
problem."
The article said that it was high time the government did something about the problem.

‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ا‬

that  ‫ او‬to+ inf  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ said/said to   ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬
Promised/offered/threatened/decided/agreed/claimed/ + to + inf
Ex: He said, “ I’ll lend you the money you need.”
He promised to lend me the money I needed.
He promised that he would lend me the money I needed.
Ex: He said, "Go away or I’ll call the police.”
He threatened to call the police if I didn’t go away.
He threatened that he would call the police if I didn’t go away.
:(v.ing ) ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ إ‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ( said to )   ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬-
suggested/admitted ‫ﻗﺑل‬/ ‫أﻗر‬/denied ‫أﻧﻛر‬/ apologised for/objected to ‫اﻋﺗرض ﻋﻠﻲ‬/insisted on ‫أﺻر‬
- He said, “Let’s discuss this question now.”
- He suggested discussing that question then.
:‫ ﺑﻌد ﺑﻌض ھذه اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺣول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬that ‫ وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-
- He said, “I wasn’t there when the crime happened.”
- He denied being there when the crime happened.
- He denied that he had been there when the crime happened.

28
 -Reported Questions ‫ﺃﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

Yes/ No questions ‫اﻟﻧوع اﻻول‬

: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
( asked – wanted to know –wondered- inquired ) : ‫ ا‬said / said to ‫ل‬-1
‫اس‬‫ف ا‬ – 2
. / ‫ أذا‬ " If / whether " ‫ ب‬‫ – م‬3
.‫او ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ "وم‬do/does / did " ‫ف‬ – 4
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬‫ ا‬‫ل ( وم‬ +  +  ) ‫ ا‬  – 5
‫ز‬‫ ا‬  (asks/wants to know/says) ‫رع‬ ‫ل‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ واذا‬-6
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ whether ‫ا‬‫ ا‬ -
if/ whether +   + or not
whether or not + 
EX -Ali asked me if/ whether I was going out or not.
Ali asked me whether or not I was going out.

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ wondered/inquired/(asked + ‫ل‬ )+(if / whether)+  +  

Examples →
1 - “Are you going to visit the pyramids , Ali? Said Ahmed
 Ahmed asked Ali if / whether he was going to visit the pyramids .
2- “Can you speak French , Ola?” said Mona
 -Mona asked ola if / whether she could speak French .
3-Amira said to Radwa, ”Have you ever been to Aswan?”
 Amira asked Radwa if/whether she had ever been to Aswan
4- " “Do you often write poems?” said I.
I asked him if / whether he often wrote poems
5-“ “Will you study abroad?” he said to me
She asked me if/whether I would study abroad.
6-“Shall we go now?" He said
He asked me if / whether we should go now.
Wh questions ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
( asked – wanted to know –wondered/inquired ) : ‫ ا‬said / said to ‫ل‬-1
‫اس‬‫ف ا‬ – 2
. ‫دة‬‫ ا‬‫ أ‬ ‫ ا‬‫ – م‬3
( ‫ل‬ +  +  ) ‫ ا‬  – 4

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ wondered/inquired/(asked + ‫ل‬ )+( ‫) أداة ا‬+  +  
Examples →
1- “Where did you spend your holiday, Khaled?” Nasser wanted to know.
Nasser wanted to know where Khaled had spent his holiday.
2 - “How long will the pain last? Hany asked me
-Hany asked me how long the pain would last
3 ““Where will you go next week?" She said to him

29
 She asked him where he would go the following week.
4- “Which subjects are you studying next year?”
He/She asked me which subjects I was studying next/the following year.
5-“What did you do yesterday?” ? I asked Ali
I asked Ali what he had done the day before.

3-Reported imperatives, suggestions and advice ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﱰﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ‬

: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻯ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔﺍﻭ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻭﺍﻗﱰﺍﺡ ﺍﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻰ‬

: ‫ ﺍﱃ‬said / said to ‫ ﳓﻮﻝ‬-1
Asked ( ‫ )ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ‬+told/ advised/ordered/warn/encourage/beg/urge + ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﺔ‬
‫ – ﳓﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﺱ‬2
( To + ‫ – ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺏ ) ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬3
(not To + ‫ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺏ ) ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
Examples: ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
1-"Open your books." the teacher said
The teacher told / asked/ ordered us to open our books.
2-"Don’t waste time.” My father said
my father advised me not to waste time.
3-Look and listen before you cross the road,” said the teacher.
The teacher warned the children to look and listen before they crossed the road.

 that+ subject + infinitive: ‫ ( ﺍﻭ‬verb + ing ) ( suggest / recommend ) ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
 “Do Exercise 2 again.”  Leila suggested ( doing / that I do) Exercise 2 again.
 “You should revise quietly.” My friend recommended revising / that I revise quietly.
‫دم‬ ‫ن ان‬ ‫ ا‬‫ظ ا‬
recommend + ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﺔ‬+ to + ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
Ahmed recommended me to enrol on the new course.

( that + ‫( ﻭ ﻟﻜـــــﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ )ﲨﻠــــﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠــــﺔ‬say) ‫( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬to + ‫ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬-
“Don’t park there.”-The policeman said that we must not park

‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬-1

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ said (that) +  +    ‫ و‬
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-1
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ told + ‫ل‬ (that)+  +    
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ told + ‫ل‬ + (to / not to ) + ‫ر‬‫ا‬   ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-2
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ asked +‫ل‬ + (to / not to ) + ‫ر‬‫ا‬   ‫ ا‬-3
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ asked + ‫ل‬‫ون او‬ +(if-whether / ‫) أداة ا‬+  +    ‫ و‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-4
+ wondered/wanted to know +(if-whether / wh.. )+  +  

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ said to + ‫ل‬"………….." ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬-5

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ advised/ordered/warned/ + ‫ل‬ + (to / not to ) + ‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬-6

‫ وا‬‫وا‬

30
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ suggested/recommended + v ing or (that) +  + ‫ر‬  ‫اح‬‫ ا‬-7
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ Promised/offered/threatened/decided/agreed + to + inf ‫ ا‬‫ اا‬‫ا‬-8
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ Promised/offered/threatened/decided/agreed + that + 
Or
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ admitted /denied / apologised for/objected to /insisted on+ v ing
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ admitted /denied / apologised for/objected to /insisted on+ that+ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ز‬‫ر ا‬ -2
. ‫ ا‬‫ وم‬‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ل م‬‫ اوا‬    ‫ او‬   ‫رة‬ ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫اذا‬-1
( would/ could /might/should/ought to/had better/used to/had+ p.p)
( (just) now – a moment ago/a short time ago)   ‫ة‬  ‫ل أو‬‫ ا‬  ‫ث‬‫ن ا‬ -2
(tell(s)/ask(s)/wants to know/says/explains) ‫رع‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ اذا‬-3
‫ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬-3
‫ ا‬  ‫ى‬‫ف ا‬‫ا‬  ‫ ا‬‫ا‬
Today/now/this day/at the moment ( am / is / are + V. ing )  ‫رع‬
Tonight / tomorrow/ tomorrow morning Will ( am/is/are + going to + ‫ر‬)
Next + ‫ﻣﺪة‬ Am/is/are + V. ing
Yesterday/the day before yesterday ( ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ) ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬
Last + ‫ﻣﺪة‬/ ‫ ﻣﺪة‬+ ago (was / were + V. ing )  ‫ ا‬‫ز‬
That day/then/ at that moment (was / were + V. ing )  
That night Would +‫ر‬
The following day/ the day after/ the next morning was/were + going to ‫ر‬
The next + ‫ة‬ /The following + ‫ة‬/ the + ‫ة‬ + after Was/were+ V. ing
The day before/ the previous day (had + P.P ) ‫ ا‬‫ا‬
The previous + ‫ة‬ / the + ‫ة‬ + Before
‫ة‬ + before/earlier (had + been + ving ) ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬
Since/for/just/already/recently

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