Vector - Class 12 - Maths Full Chapter

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What we will cover today?

● Vectors And Scalars
● Position Vector Of A Point
● Direction Cosines & Direction Ratios
● Types Of Vectors
● Addition Of Vectors & Its Properties
● Multiplication Of A Vector By A Scalar
● Components Of A Vector
● Position Vector Of A Point Dividing A Line Segment In A Given Ratio
● Scalar (Dot) Product Of Vectors
● Vector (Cross) Product Of Vectors
| shimon_joseph Vector | Class 12 | Maths Full Chapter
Vectors And Scalars
A quantity that has magnitude

as well as direction is called a
vector and it is denoted as
or
Vectors Vs Scalars
Vectors Vs Scalars
Representation of Vectors
The standard form of representation of a vector is
Here, a,b,c are real numbers and are the unit vectors along
the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis respectively.
The magnitude of a vector can be calculated by

Q. Which of the following is not a scalar?
A 5 seconds B 1000 cm3 C 10 Newton D 30 km/hr

Q. Which of the following is not a scalar?
A 5 seconds B 1000 cm3 C 10 Newton D 30 km/hr

Q. Which of the following is a vector?
A 10 kg B 2 meters north-west C 40o D 40 watt

Q. Which of the following is a vector?
A 10 kg B 2 meters north-west C 40o D 40 watt

● Position Vector of A Point
Position Vector Of A Point
A position vector represents the position of a point P in

space in relation to an arbitrary reference origin O.
In other words, it is the displacement or translation that
maps the origin to P :
Important Notes on Position Vector
● A position vector indicates either the position or the

location of any given point with respect to any arbitrary
reference point like the origin.
● The direction of the position vector always points from

the origin of that vector towards the given point.
Q. Find the magnitude of the vector
A 10 B 15 C 7 D 3
Q. Find the magnitude of the vector
A 10 B 15 C 7 D 3
Solution
Direction Cosine
OL be inclined at angles α, β, γ to the

coordinate axes. Thus, the direction cosines are
given by
l = cos ⍺, m = cos β, n = cos γ
Note: P lying on the line OL with direction

cosines l, m, n such that OP = r, the
coordinates of P will be
p = (lr, mr, nr) p
Now, Since
The direction ratios are simply a set of three real numbers a, b, c

Direction Ratios proportional to l, m, n, i.e.
From this relation, we can write

These relations tell
how to find the
direction cosines
from direction ratios
Important Notes on Direction Ratio & Direction Cosine
Note: that the direction cosines for any line must be

unique. However, there are infinitely many sets of
direction ratios.
Q. A line with positive direction cosines passes through the point P(2,−1,2)
and makes equal angles with the coordinate axes. Find the direction cosine of
the line.
Q. A line with positive direction cosines passes through the point P(2,−1,2)
and makes equal angles with the coordinate axes. Find the direction cosine of
the line.
Solution
● Types of Vectors
● Addition of Vectors & Its Properties
Zero Vectors
Vectors that have 0 magnitude are

called zero vectors, denoted by
The zero vector has zero
magnitudes and no direction. It is also
called the additive identity of vectors.
Unit Vectors
Vectors that have magnitude equals to 1 are called unit vectors, denoted by
It is also called the multiplicative identity of vectors.
● The magnitude of a unit vectors is

1.
● It is generally used to denote the

direction of a vector.
Equal Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be equal if their corresponding components are
equal.
● Equal vectors have the same magnitude as

well as direction.
● They may have different initial and terminal

points but the magnitude and direction
must be equal.
Parallel Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be parallel vectors if they have the same
direction but not necessarily the same magnitude.
● The angles of the direction of

parallel vectors differ by zero
degrees.
Collinear Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
Negative Vector
A vector is said to be the negative of another vector if they have the same
magnitudes but opposite directions.
Let’s Solve
Q. Find the values of x, y and z so that the vectors and

are equal
Q. Find the values of x, y and z so that the vectors and

are equal
Solution
Note that two vectors are equal if and only if their corresponding
components are equal. Thus, the given vectors will be equal if and
only if
x = 2, y = 2, z = 1
Q.
Q.
Solution
Q. Find unit vector in the direction of vector

Q. Find unit vector in the direction of vector
Solution
Q. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors

Q. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors
Solution
Distance and Displacement

Distance and Displacement

Q. John travels 250 m to North but then back-tracks to South for 100 m to
pick up a friend. What is John’s total displacement?
A 100 m B 150 m C 175 m D 350 m

Q. John travels 250 m to North but then back-tracks to South for 100 m to
pick up a friend. What is John’s total displacement?
A 100 m B 150 m C 175 m D 350 m
Solution
Addition of Vectors
Triangle Law Parallelogram Law

Triangle Law
Suppose we have a car that is moving from point A

to B.
Once it reaches point B, it starts moving again till
point C.
Now, the net displacement of the car is given by

the vector AC which can be calculated using the
triangle law of vector addition as:
Parallelogram Law
If two co-initial vectors acting

simultaneously are represented by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the
diagonal of the parallelogram represents
the sum of the two vectors.
The diagonal of the parallelogram that

has the same tail as the vectors P and Q
represents the sum of the two vectors. i.e.,
P + Q = R.
Properties of Addition of Vectors
Commutative Property :
Associative Property :
Subtraction of Vectors
If are two vectors, then the

subtraction of is deﬁned as
the vector sum of and it is
denoted by
Let’s Solve
Q. If be the vectors represented by the sides of a triangle, taken m

order, then prove that
Q. If be the vectors represented by the sides of a triangle, taken m

order, then prove that
Solution
B C
Q. If P1, P2, P3, P4 are points in a plane or space and O is the origin of vectors,
show that P4 coincides with O iff
Q. If P1, P2, P3, P4 are points in a plane or space and O is the origin of vectors,
show that P4 coincides with O iff
Solution
Q. If show that the points P, Q, R are collinear.

Q. If show that the points P, Q, R are collinear.
Solution
Multiplication of A Vector
By A Scalar
In common geometrical contexts, scalar multiplication of a vector by a positive
real number multiplies the magnitude of the vector—without changing its
direction.
Properties of Multiplication of A Vector By

A Scalar
Q.
Q.
Solution
● Components of A Vector
Components of a vector
The vector in the below image is called the

component form. The values a, b, c are called the
scalar components of vector A, and
are called the vector components.
are called unit vectors along the axes

OX, OY and OZ, respectively
Hence, the position vector of A with reference to

O is given by
Note: a, b, c are called direction ratios of
Algebraic Operations Using Components of a

Vector
Let us consider two vectors
and
● For the addition of two vectors we have:
● For the subtraction of two vectors we have:
● The multiplication of a vector with a scalar λ gives:

Vector Joining Two Points

Q. Find the magnitude of the vector that connects point A with coordinates
(4, 5, 6) to point B with coordinates (10, 11, 12).
Q. Find the magnitude of the vector that connects point A with coordinates
(4, 5, 6) to point B with coordinates (10, 11, 12).
Solution
Let’s Solve
Q. Find the vector that connects two points A(1,2,6) and B(7,9,10), pointing
from Point A to Point B, as well as the magnitude.
Q. Find the vector that connects two points A(1,2,6) and B(7,9,10), pointing
from Point A to Point B, as well as the magnitude.
Solution
Section Formula
The position vector of the point R which divides P
and Q internally in the ratio of m : n is given by,
The position vector of the point R which divides

the line segment PQ externally in the ratio m : n
is given by,
Let’s Solve
Q. The position vector of the point which divides the join of points
in the ratio 3 : 1 is
A B C D
Q. The position vector of the point which divides the join of points
in the ratio 3 : 1 is
A B C D
Solution
Q. If are position vectors of points A and B respectively, then find

the position vector of points of trisection of AB.
Q. If are position vectors of points A and B respectively, then find

the position vector of points of trisection of AB.
Solution
Q. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining the two
points P and Q with position vectors respectively,
in the ratio 1 : 2 internally.
Q. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining the two
points P and Q with position vectors respectively,
in the ratio 1 : 2 internally.
Solution
Q. L and M are two points with position vectors

respectively. Write the position vector of a point N which divides the line
segment LM in the ratio 2 : 1 externally.
Q. L and M are two points with position vectors

respectively. Write the position vector of a point N which divides the line
segment LM in the ratio 2 : 1 externally.
Solution
Scalar (Dot) Product

Of Vectors
● are two non zero vectors
● The dot product may be a positive

real number or a negative real
number or a zero.
●
●
●
Important Notes Scalar (Dot) Product Of Vectors
● Let be two nonzero vectors, then

if and only if are perpendicular to each other.
i.e.,
● If θ = 0, then
● If θ = 𝜋, then
● For mutually perpendicular unit vectors we
have
Angle between two

Vectors
The angle between two nonzero vectors
is given by
Two important properties of scalar product
Property 1 (Distributivity of scalar product over

addition) Let be any three vectors, then
Property 2 Let be any two vectors, and 1 be

any scalar. Then
Q. The angle between two vectors is
A 0° B 90° C 120° D 180°

Q. The angle between two vectors is
A 0° B 90° C 180° D None of these
Solution
Q. Find the angle between two vectors
A θ = 60° B θ = 30° C θ = 150° D θ = 120°

A θ = 60° B θ = 30° C θ = 150° D θ = 120°
Solution

Solution
Q. Find the angle between the vectors

Q. Find the angle between the vectors
Solution
Q. If then show that a + b, a - b are mutually

perpendicular
Q. If then show that a + b, a - b are mutually

perpendicular
Solution
Q.If are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, find

Q.If are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, find
Solution
Projection of a Vector on a line

Projection of a vector on a
line
The vector projection of one vector

over another vector is the length of
the shadow of the given vector
over another vector.
Thus, projection vector formula of

vector on vector
Important Notes Projection of a vector on a line
● If θ = 0, then the projection vector of

Itself.
● If θ = 𝜋, then the projection vector of
● If then the projection vector

of will be zero vector.
Q. Find the projection of the vector

Q. Find the projection of the vector
Solution
Q. If find the projection of a along b.

Q. If find the projection of a along b.
Solution
Vector (Cross) Product Of

Vectors
Note: The cross product of two vectors is the third vector that is perpendicular to the two original
vectors.
Right-Hand Rule - Cross Product of Two Vectors
We can find out the

direction of the vector
which is produced on
doing cross product of
two vectors by the
right-hand rule.
The cross product of two vectors is also represented using the cross
product formula as:
Important Notes Vector (Cross) Product Of Vectors

Area by Vector (Cross) Product Of Vectors
If represent the adjacent sides of a triangle,

then its area is given as
If represent the adjacent sides of a

parallelogram, then its area is given as
The cross product of the unit vectors
●
Q. Find the cross product of two vectors

Q. Find the cross product of two vectors
Solution
Q. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors

Q. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
Solution
Q. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector

where
Q. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector

where
Solution
Solution
Q. Find the area of a triangle having the points A(1, 1, 1) B(1, 2, 3) and
C(2, 3, 1) as its vertices using vector methods.
Q. Find the area of a triangle having the points A(1, 1, 1) B(1, 2, 3) and
C(2, 3, 1) as its vertices using vector methods.
Solution
Q. Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and
C(1, 5, 5)
Q. Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and
C(1, 5, 5)
Solution
Q. Calculate the area of a parallelogram formed by vectors.

Q. Calculate the area of a parallelogram formed by vectors.
Solution
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What we will cover today?

Vectors And Scalars

A quantity that has magnitude

The magnitude of a vector can be calculated by

Q. Which of the following is not a scalar?

A 5 seconds B 1000 cm3 C 10 Newton D 30 km/hr

Q. Which of the following is not a scalar?

A 5 seconds B 1000 cm3 C 10 Newton D 30 km/hr

Q. Which of the following is a vector?

A 10 kg B 2 meters north-west C 40o D 40 watt

Q. Which of the following is a vector?

A 10 kg B 2 meters north-west C 40o D 40 watt

Position Vector Of A Point

A position vector represents the position of a point P in

Important Notes on Position Vector

● A position vector indicates either the position or the

● The direction of the position vector always points from

Q. Find the magnitude of the vector

Q. Find the magnitude of the vector

OL be inclined at angles α, β, γ to the

Note: P lying on the line OL with direction

The direction ratios are simply a set of three real numbers a, b, c

From this relation, we can write

Important Notes on Direction Ratio & Direction Cosine

Note: that the direction cosines for any line must be

Vectors that have 0 magnitude are

● The magnitude of a unit vectors is

● It is generally used to denote the

● Equal vectors have the same magnitude as

● They may have different initial and terminal

● The angles of the direction of

Q. Find the values of x, y and z so that the vectors and

Q. Find the values of x, y and z so that the vectors and

Q. Find unit vector in the direction of vector

Q. Find unit vector in the direction of vector

Q. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors

Q. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors

Distance and Displacement

Distance and Displacement

A 100 m B 150 m C 175 m D 350 m

A 100 m B 150 m C 175 m D 350 m

Triangle Law Parallelogram Law

Suppose we have a car that is moving from point A

Now, the net displacement of the car is given by

If two co-initial vectors acting

The diagonal of the parallelogram that

Properties of Addition of Vectors

If are two vectors, then the

Q. If be the vectors represented by the sides of a triangle, taken m

Q. If be the vectors represented by the sides of a triangle, taken m

Q. If show that the points P, Q, R are collinear.

Q. If show that the points P, Q, R are collinear.

Properties of Multiplication of A Vector By

The vector in the below image is called the

are called unit vectors along the axes

Hence, the position vector of A with reference to