NAME:___________________________

REG NO:__________________________
BRANCH:_________________________
COURSE NAME: FEEE LAB
COURSE CODE: 20EC01P
 ASSIGNMENT : 1

Electrical and Electronics Symbols Chart

Wire Symbols
Symbol Name Description

Electrical Wire. It is the symbol that is used to represent a wire.

ConnectedWires This Symbol represents the wire connectedcrossing.

Not Connected This Symbol shows that wires are notconnected on

Wires crossing.
Sources
Symbol Name Description

AC Alternating Current.

DC Direct Current.

It is the symbol of a voltage Source whichgenerates

Voltage Source
constant voltage.

It is the symbol of a current Source whichgenerates

Current Source
constant current.
AC Voltage
This symbol shows the AC Voltage Source.
Source

It is the symbol of single cell use ogenerate

Battery Cell
constant volt.

It is the symbol of a battery which is thecombination of two

Battery
or more cells.
This Symbol is used for zero potential reference and
Earth Ground
electrical shock protection.

Digital Ground. It refers to the reference voltage of digital-analog if.

Meter Symbols
Symbol Name Description
It is the symbol that shows Voltmeter which is used to
Voltmeter
measure the voltage.
It represents the ammeter whose work is to measure the
Ammeter
current in the circuit.
It is the symbol of the ohmmeter which is needed to
Ohmmeter
measure the value of a resistor.
This represents the power meter which shows the power
Wattmeter
consumption.
 Switches Symbols
Symbol Name Description
SPST Toggle It is the symbol of a switch that disconnects current when
Switch open.

SPDT Toggle This Symbol of switch selects between twoconnections.

Switch

Push Button(N.O) It is a symbol that denotes Momentaryswitch -

normally open.
Push Button This denotes the symbol of a Momentaryswitch - normally
Switch (N.C) closed.
Utility Symbols
Symbol Name Description

BUZZER Produce a buzzing sound when current flows through it.

Electric Bell This is the symbol of Bell which Rings when activated.

The fuse disconnects when current above the threshold---

Fuse
used to protect a circuit from high currents.
Loudspeaker Convert electrical signal to sound waves.

Microphone Microphone Converts sound waves to the electrical signal.

Lamp/Light This is the symbol of a lamp that glows when current flows
Bulb through it.

Relays
Symbol Name Description

This shows the symbol of relay that closeconnection by an

SPST Relay
electromagnet.

This shows the symbol of relay that open

SPDT Relay
connection by an electromagnet.

Inductors
Symbol Name Description
Indicator Symbol of a Coil / solenoid that generates amagnetic field.
It is the symbol of the iron core InductorWhich Includes
Iron Core Inductor
iron.

Variable Inductor It is the coil or solenoid that has a Variablemagnetic field.

 Motor and Transformer

Symbol Name Description

Symbol of motor, which changes electric energy to kinetic
Motor
energy.

AC Transformer changes AC voltage from high to low or low to

Transformer. high.

Resistance
Symbol Name Description
Variable It is the symbol of an variable resistor which has 2
Resistance terminals.
It is the symbol of an adjustable resistor that has 3
Potentiometer
terminals.
It is the symbol of a Thermal resistor that changes the
Thermistor
resistance when temperature changes.
It is the symbol of Photo-resistor - change resistance
Photo-resistor
with light intensity change.
Diode
Symbol Name Description
Diode allows current flow in one direction only - left
Diode
(anode) to the right (cathode).
It allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow
Zener Diode
in the reverse direction whenabove breakdown volt.
Light Emitting
LED emits light when current flows through it.
Diode
This is the symbol of Photodiode that allowscurrent flow
Photodiode
when exposed to light.

Capacitor
Symbol Name Description
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. Itacts as a
Capacitor
short circuit with AC and an open circuit with DC.
Variable The Symbol represent the adjustable
Capacitor capacitance.

Transistors Symbols
Symbol Name Description

NPN Bipolar It allows current flow when the highpotential is at the

Transistor base (middle).

PNP Bipolar It allows current flow when the low potentialis at the base
Transistor. (middle) of the symbol.

Darlington It is made from 2 bipolar transistors. Hastotal gain of the

Transistor product of each gain.
 Logic Gates and Multiplexer Symbols
Symbol Name Description

Not Gate This is the symbol of NOT Gate. Output 1 when input is 0.

This is the symbol of AND Gate. Output 1 when both

AND Gate
inputs are 1.
This shows NAND Gate, which Outputs 0 when both
NAND Gate inputs are 1. (NOT + AND).

This symbol shows or Gate, which Outputs 1when any

OR Gate
input is 1.
Symbol of XOR Gate, which Outputs 1 wheninputs are
XOR Gate
different. (Exclusive OR).

Opto-coupler Opto-coupler isolates connection to other board.

 ASSIGNMENT - 02
ELECTRICAL SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

Symbol Name Description

Warning Sign Giving Warning of Hazard or

Warning Sign.
Danger.

There is a material handling going on by crane

Overhead Load
Overhead

Material
The material is Flammable.
Flammable.

Caution Sign There is obstacles in the way

It used for route direction.

Direction Sign.
(DOWN,LEFT,RIGHT,UP)
Height This Symbol represents the wire connected
Restrictions. crossing.
There is a material handling going on by crane
Fire Exit Sign.
Overhead.
First Aid Facility
First Aid Facility Sign.
Sign.

Fire Extinguisher
Fire Extinguisher Sign
Sign
DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF PPE KIT
 ASSIGNMENT – 03

ELECTRICAL EARTHING

Earthing (Grounding): Connecting metal body of an appliance or machinery to earththrough a

low Resistance wire is called earthing.

Necessity of electrical earthing: Earthing is necessary for all domestic, commercial &
industrial installations to safeguard the operator. Hence metal body of all appliances,
machineries & equipment areconnected to earth through a thick G I wire.
Whenever a live wire comes in contact with the body of an appliance, it is directly
connected to earthor ground & hence the body voltage comes to zero. Therefore, the operator
does not get any shock when he comes in contact with the body of an appliance.
Types of earthing: The two types of earthing are:
1. Plate earthing.
2. Pipe earthing.

(a). Pipe Earthing

Figure shows the line diagram of Pipe earthing

In this system a G.I. pipe of 38 mm dia and 2 m long is vertically embedded in a pit as shown in
Figure. The pit is 1 mx 1m x 2m & is filled with alternate layers of salt, sand and charcoal.
Pipe earthing is cheap and best form of earthing used for all purpose of earthing including domestic,
commercial, Industrial, transmission and distribution of electric supply.

(b). Plate Earthing

Figure shows the line diagram of Plate earthing

In this type of Earthing, either copper or G.I. plate is embedded vertically in a pit, at a depth of 2
meters in the ground. The earth wire is connected to the plate. The pit is 1m x 1m x 2m and is filled
with alternate layers of salt, sand and charcoal.
Plate earthing is costlier than pipe earthing, hence plate earthing can be used only for precise
Equipment like computer etc,.
 Necessity of Protective Devices

Protective devices are necessary to protect electrical appliance or equipment against

a) Short Circuit
b) Abnormal variations in the supply
voltagec) c) Overloading of equipment
d) To protect operator against accidental contact with the faulty equipment, falling which the
operator may get a severe shock.

Types of Protective Device

Different types of the protective device that are commonly used in electrical and electronic
circuit
1. Fuse Wire or Fuse.
2. MCB – Miniature circuit breaker.
3.ELCB – Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker.4.ELCB & MCB.
5.Earthing or Grounding.

EARTHING OR GROUNDING
Connecting the metal body of an electrical appliance, machinery or an electrical installation
to earth, through a low resistance wire, is called Earthing or Grounding.

Necessity of Earthing
Earthing is necessary for all domestic, commercial and industrial installation to safeguard the
operator, tall buildings and machinery against lightning.
Metal body of all the electrical appliances, equipment and machinery, the earth points of all
three-pin sockets and the body of the energy meter are connected to earth through a thick
G.I.wire.
Whenever a live wire comes in contact with the body of the appliance, it is directly connected
to earth the grounding wire and hence the body voltage comes to zero. Therefore the operator
does not get any shock, when he comes in contact with body of the appliance.

Electrical Wiring
What is Electrical Wiring?
Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related devices such as fuse,
switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main distribution board is a specific structure to the
utility pole for continues power supply.
Methods of Electrical Wiring
Systems
1) Joint Box or Tee or Jointing
System 2) Loop-in or Looping
System
Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System
In this method of wiring, connections to appliances
are made through joints. These joints are made in
joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or
joints cutouts. This method of wiring doesn’t
consume too much cables size.
This method of wiring doesn’t require too much
cable it is therefore cheaper. This method is
suitable for temporary installations and it is cheap.
 Loop-in or Looping System

This method of wiring is universally used in wiring. Lamps and other appliances are connected
in parallel so that each of the
appliances can be controlled
individually.
The switch and light feeds are
carried round the circuit in a series
of loops from one point to another
until the last on the circuit is
reached. The phase or line
conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals
are looped either in switchboard
or from light or fan. Line or phase
should never be looped from light
or fan.

Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

It doesn’t require joint boxes and so money is saved
In loop – in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or in roof spaces.
Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at outlets so that they are accessible.

Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop and copper losses are
thereforemore. Looping – in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.

Casing and Capping wiring

The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is made up of a
strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. the
capping (also made of wood) used tocover the wires and cables installed and fitted in the
casing.
Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring:
It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring systems.
If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is easy.
Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of capping and casing..
It stays safe from oil,Steam, smoke and rain.
No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing & capping.

Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:

There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions
Costly repairing and need more material.

Conduit Wiring
There are two additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe installation
 Surface Conduit Wiring
 Concealed Conduit Wiring

Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in this wiring
method, they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is installed then
with the help of rawal plugs.

Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called concealed
conduit wiring. It is the most popular and common electrical wiring system nowadays.
In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means
of pipe hooks (surface conduit wiring) or buried in walls under plaster and VIR or PVC cables
are afterwards drawn by means of a GI wire of size if about 18SWG.

Size of Conduit:
The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25,
37, 50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.

Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)
Repairing and maintenance is easy.
it is safe from corrosion, risk of fire, humidity, chemical effect and smoky areas.
No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallic
pipes).

Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

It is expensive wiring system .
Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
Installation is not easy and simple.
Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.

Types of wires, cables used for different current and

voltage ratings.

Wires may be classified into two groups:

(i) Ordinary wires and
(ii) Cables.
For different electric work conductors used are usually made of copper, although
aluminiumconductors are also used extensively now-a-days.
Wires are used to serve mainly two different purposes:
(i) For the manufacture of armature and field windings of generators, motors, electric bells,
electrical instruments etc.,
(ii) For house wiring and for drawing overhead transmission and distribution lines.
For armature and field coils and for underground cables annealed copper wire or soft
aluminium wire is used; for house wiring and for overhead lines, hard-drawn copper wire or
hard aluminium alloy wire is suitable.

Different types of insulated wires used for house wiring and service connections are below:
i. Vulcanized Indian Rubber (V.I.R.) Insulated Wires:
ii. Tough Rubber Sheathed (T.R.S.) or Cab Tyre Sheathed (C.T.S.) Wires:
iii. Metal Sheathed or Led Sheathed Wires:
iv. Weather Proof Wires:
v. Wires with Thermo-Plastic Insulation (P.V.C. Wires):
Grade of Wires:
For house and industrial wiring at present 250/440 volts grade and 650/1100 volts grade
wires are usually used.
(i) 250/440 volts grade cables may be used where d.c. supply voltage does not exceed 250
volt, or the line voltage of a.c. supply does not exceed 415 volts.
(ii) 650/1100 volts grade cable may be used where the circuit voltage exceeds 415 volts, but
the pressure between line conductor and earth does not exceed 650 volts.
In India cable manufacturing concerns manufacture cables according to Indian Standard
Specifications (I.S.S.).

The numbers of specifications laid down by Indian Standard Institution are givenbelow: