Logic Lecture MTH 101 2.3

UNIT 2
MATH
LANGUAGE
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ELEMENTARY
LOGIC
“My nose
grows now.”
What is logic?
§ Logic is the science and
art that directs the
reasoning process so
that man may attain
knowledge of the truth
in an orderly way, with
ease, and without error.
(St Thomas Aquinas)
What is logic?
§ It is the science and art of correct thinking.
§ Logic is the systematic study of the form of
valid inference, and the most general laws
of truth
§ Logic illustrates the importance of precision
and conciseness of the language of
mathematics.
Truthfulness of a Mathematical Statement
Some statements can be easily identified

whether TRUE or FALSE:
1. 90⁰ is an acute angle.
2. 1+1=2
3. If x = 2, then 5x - 3 = 2.
Truthfulness of a Mathematical Statement
Truthfulness of a
Mathematical Statement
What is a proposition?
A PROPOSITION is a
declarative sentence that is
either TRUE or FALSE but not
both.
What is a proposition?
1. A cube is a polyhedron with six flat faces.
2. The line y = 2x + 1 has slope equal to 1.
3. 10 – x = 4
4. If 3x – 5 = 7, then x = 4.
5. The function f(x).
6. What time is it?
Exercises I
Simple and Compound Propositions
SIMPLE Proposition
§ a proposition that conveys a single idea
§ example: 2 is an even number
COMPOUND Proposition
§ a proposition that conveys two or more
ideas
§ example: 2 is an even and a prime
Logical Connectives
Logical Connectives: Negation
P
T F
F T
Logical Connectives: Conjunction
§ Truth Value: True if
and only if both P Q
conjuncts are true. T T T
§ Let P and Q be T F F
propositions. At the
F T F
right is the truth
table for F F F
conjunction.
Logical Connectives: Conjunction
Logical Connectives: Disjunction
§ Truth Value: True if
and only if one of P Q
the disjuncts is true. T T T
§ Let P and Q be T F T
propositions. At the
F T T
right is the truth
table for F F F
disjunction.
Logical Connectives: Disjunction
Logical Connectives: Implication
§ Truth Value: True under
all circumstances P Q
except when the T T T
premise is true and the T F F
conclusion is false.
F T T
§ Let P be the premise
and Q be the F F T
conclusion.
Logical Connectives: Biconditional
§ Truth Value: True if P Q

components are both T T T
true or both false. T F F
§ Let P and Q be F T F
propositions.
F F T
Logical Connectives: Biconditional
Exercises 2-A
§ Convert to symbolic:
1. If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is either
a rhombus or a rectangle.
2. A number is even if and only if it is divisible by
2.
3. A tiger is a cat but not a dog.
4. If the government is corrupted or the
presidency is not well-educated, then the
country does not progress.
Exercises 2-C
Exercises 2-B
§ Convert to English statement. Consider the
propositions below:
p: The government is corrupted.
q: The country does not progress.
r: The presidency is well-educated.
s: The country experiences successful democracy
Worth thinking…
§ Do you believe that irrationality and
unreasonableness must be avoided?
Why?
§ Next Lesson:
§ Quantification, Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
§ Equivalences, Tautology, Contradiction,
Contingency
The Conditional Statement
• Three statements are related to conditional
statements
Examples
Given :
Conditional statement : P→Q
“If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle.”
The premise P is “a quadrilateral is a square”

The conclusion Q is “it is a rectangle” or
“the quadrilateral is a rectangle”.
The converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the
given conditional are;
Converse (Q→P)
If the quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it is a square.
Examples
A. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the
. Then, determine their truth values.
: If n2 is positive, then the number n is positive.
: If n is not positive, then n2 is not positive.
: If n2 is not positive, then n is not positive.

2. If a color is blue, then it is not red.
: If a color is not red, then it is blue.
: If a color is not blue, then it is red.
: If a color is red, then it is not blue.

B. Which of the following is also true if the conditional
“ is
true?
a. If a guy knows how to swim, then he is May’s brother.
b. If a guy is not May’s brother, then he does not know

how to swim.
c. If a guy does not know how to swim, then he is not

May’s brother.
Answer
Choice (c). Notice that by structure, it is the contrapositive of

the given statement. Since, the given statement is true,
hence (c) is also true.
Negation of a Compound Propositions
EXAMPLE
Exercises
A. State the negation of the following compound

propositions. Then, determine the truth values of the
given proposition and its negation.
1. A square is both a rectangle and a rhombus.

: A square is not a rectangle or not a rhombus.
2. A real number could either be rational or irrational.
: A real number is not rational and not irrational
3. If the distribution is normal, then its mean,

median, and mode are all equal.
: The distribution is normal but its mean, median, and mode

are not all equal.
B. Given the following symbolic statements, find their negations.
Quantifiers and Categorical Propositions
Quantified Statements have the form
For Non - Mathematical Form

Examples
3. All dogs are animals - affirmative universal
4. No cats are dogs - negative universal

5. Some apples are green- affrimative particular
6. Some apples are not red - negative particular
Negation of Quantified Proposition
Negation of Categorical Proposition

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UNIT 2

All photos and gifs/videos credit to the owners

Some statements can be easily identified

§ Truth Value: True if P Q

“If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle.”

The premise P is “a quadrilateral is a square”

: If n2 is positive, then the number n is positive.

: If n is not positive, then n2 is not positive.

: If n2 is not positive, then n is not positive.

: If a color is not red, then it is blue.

: If a color is not blue, then it is red.

: If a color is red, then it is not blue.

a. If a guy knows how to swim, then he is May’s brother.

b. If a guy is not May’s brother, then he does not know

c. If a guy does not know how to swim, then he is not

Choice (c). Notice that by structure, it is the contrapositive of

A. State the negation of the following compound

1. A square is both a rectangle and a rhombus.

: A real number is not rational and not irrational

3. If the distribution is normal, then its mean,

: The distribution is normal but its mean, median, and mode

Quantified Statements have the form

For Non - Mathematical Form

3. All dogs are animals - affirmative universal

4. No cats are dogs - negative universal

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