HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction : -
It is a process of heat transfer in which heat is transferred from high temperature to low
temperature without the actual motion of particles in a solid. Let we heat a rod from its one
end as shown in fig.

(1) Variable state : - In this state temperature of each and every part of the rod increases
with time.
(2) Steady state : - After some time a variable state comes when no heat is absorbed by
any part. So the temperature of every part is constant and decreases uniformly from
hotter end to colder end.

Note : In steady state each point have different temperature but it remain constant.
 HEAT TRANSFER
Rate of heat flow :-
In given diagram, in steady state the heat flow through the rod is constant. The rate of heat
dQ
flow dt
depends on :-

(1) Cross section Area (A) of rod

𝒅𝑻
(2) rate of change of temperature with distance − = temperature gradient
𝒅𝒙

dQ KA
 = T1 − T2 Rate of heat flow
dt L Q = 0
dx (T1>T2)
T1 T2
HOT COLD
T (T–dT)
L
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q = 0

dQ
∝A
dQ dT
∝ − dx dx (T1>T2)
dt dt T1 T2
On Combining the relations
HOT COLD
dQ dT
∝A − T (T–dT)
dt dx
L
dQ dT
 = −KA
dt dx

where K  coefficient of conductivity

if we take the whole length of rod then
dQ T2 −T1
 = −KA
dt L
dQ KA
 dt
=
L
T1 − T2 Rate of heat flow
 HEAT TRANSFER
Note : Thermal conductivity (K) :
It depends on nature of material.
Order of thermal conductivity Ag > Cu > Au > Al
SI Unit : J s–1 m–1 K–1 Dimensions : M1 L1 T–3 q–1

• For cooking the food, low specific heat and high conductivity utensils are most suitable.
• In winter, the iron chairs appear to be colder than the wooden chairs.
• Cooking utensils are made of aluminium and brass whereas their handles are made of
wood.
• Two thin blankets are warmer than a single blanket of double the thickness.
 HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal resistance :-
It is the obstruction offered to the flow of heat through the conductor.
When we compare the flow of heat to the flow of electricity.
T1 > T2
i
T
1
T
2
V1 V2

dQ KA V1 −V2
iT = = T1 − T2 i=
dt L R

(iT = Thermal current)

L
On comparing we get that is the value of thermal resistance
KA

L
So R=
KA
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Find thermal resistance of a rod having area 10–3 m2,
W
K = 200 , ℓ = 2m
m°C

ℓ 2
Sol. R= ⇒ = 10
KA 200×10−3
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Find the rate of heat flow in the following figure. :-
(1) 50 J/s (2) 100 J/s (3) 150 J/s (4) 200 J/s

W
Sol. K = 200 m°C , ℓ = 2m
A = 10–2 m2
Q KA ΔT
iT = =
t ℓ
200×10−2 ×100
= 2
 100 J/sec.
 HEAT TRANSFER
Equivalent conductivity in series combination :-
Both rods have same cross sectional area, we know in series combination
L1 +L2 L L
R eq = R1 + R 2 ⇒ Keq .A
= K 1A + K 2A
1 2

K1 K2
Equivalent thermal conductivity is l1 l2
L +L
K eq = L11 L22
+
K1 K2
If lengths of rod is same then
2K1 K2
K eq = K +K
1 2
 HEAT TRANSFER
Equivalent thermal conductivity in parallel combination :-

Length of both rod is same

In parallel combination
1 1 1
R
= R
+ R
eq 1 2

Keq. A1 +A2 K1 A1 K2 A2 K1 A1 +K2 A2

⇒ = + ⇒ K eq = A1 +A2
L L L
if Area of both rod is same then
K +K
K eq = 1 2 2
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Find the equivalent conductivity (Keq)
K 3K
2l 2l
1 3 5 7
(1) 2 K (2) 2 K (3) 2 K (4) 2 K

ℓ1 +ℓ2
K eq =
ℓ1 + ℓ2
K1 K2

4ℓ1
=
2ℓ+ 2ℓ
K 3K

4×3K 12 3
= 6+2 = 8 K⇒ 2 K
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Find the equivalent conductivity (Keq)

K 2K K
l 4l 3l
1 2 4 5
(1) K (2) K (3) K (4) K
3 3 3 3

Leq
K eq =
ℓ1 ℓ2 ℓ3
K1 + K 2 + K 3

8ℓ 16𝐾
= ⇒
ℓ 4ℓ 3ℓ 2 + 4 + 6
𝐾 + 2𝐾 + 𝐾
4
= 𝐾
3
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Find equivalent thermal conductivity (Keq)
A, L, 3K
7K 5K 2K K TH TL
(1) 3 (2) 3 (3) 3 (4) 3
2A, L, 2K

3KA + 4KA
K eq =
3A

7K
=
3
 HEAT TRANSFER
NOTE K1 A1 + K 2 A2
K eq = A2 = πr22 A1A=
1 =
2 2 2)
π(rπ(r1)
1 − r2− π(r22 )
A1 + A2
K1 π r12 − r22 + K 2 πr22 K1 r12 − r22 + K 2 r22
K eq = =
π(r12 − r22 ) + πr22 r12
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTION
 HEAT TRANSFER

Temperature of junction | Interface temperature (T0)

T1 T0 T2
(1) K1 (2) K2
L1 L2
When we have to calculate the temperature of junction then we equate the rate of heat flow
from both parts.

dQ dQ Κ1 A Κ2 A
dt 1
= dt 2
⇒ L1
T1 − T0 = L2
T0 − T2

and calculate the T0 .

 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Find the temperature of junction for following figure.

100ºC T 20ºC

K 3K Area is same

l 3l
(1) 80°C (2) 60°C (3) 40°C (4) 20°C
 HEAT TRANSFER
Sol. 100ºC T 20ºC

K 3K Area is same

l 3l
i1 = i2
Q Q Q KA
= ∴ = T − T2
T 1
T 2
t ℓ 1

KA ΔT KA ΔT
=
ℓ 1
ℓ 2

A 100 − T A T − 20
K = 3K
ℓ 3ℓ
 100 – T = T – 20  2T = 120  T = 60°C
 HEAT TRANSFER

Q. Find temperature of junction :-

T
T1 K1 K2 T2

l1 l2

K1 ℓ1 T1 −K2 ℓ2 T2 K2 ℓ2 T2 −K1 ℓ1 T1
(1) (2)
K1 ℓ1 −K2 ℓ2 K1 ℓ1 +K2 ℓ2

K1 ℓ2 T1 −K2 ℓ2 T2 K1 ℓ2 T1 +K2 ℓ2 T2
(3) (4)
K2 ℓ1 +K1 ℓ2 K2 ℓ1 +K1 ℓ2
 HEAT TRANSFER
Sol. i1 = i2 T
Q Q T1 K1 K2 T2
=
T 1
T 2
l1 l2
T1 − T T − T2
K1 A = K2A
ℓ1 ℓ2
K1l2 T1 – K1l2 T = K2l1 T – K2T2l1
K2l1T + K1l2 T = K1l2 T1 + K2 T2l1
T (K2l1 + K1l2) = K1l2T1 + K2l1T2

K1 ℓ2 T1 + K 2 ℓ1 T2
T=
K 2 ℓ1 + K1 ℓ2
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Two cylinder of the same diameter, one of iron and other of silver are placed in closed
contact as shown in fig. If the thermal conductivity of silver is 11 times that of iron the
temperature of the interface is :
100°C
Fe
A
Ag

0°C
(1) 91.7°C (2) 80°C (3) 50°C (4) 8.3°C
 HEAT TRANSFER
100°C 100
Sol.
Fe K iH1
A – i
Ag 11K i
iH2
0°C O
iH 1 = iH 2
KA 11KA
(100 − θ) = θ−0
L L
100 – q = 11q
100 = 12q
100 50 25
θ= = =
12 6 3
q = 8.3°C
CONDUCTION
 HEAT TRANSFER

Q. For shape or shape combination use conseruation of current i.e. total heat
incoming is equals to total heat out golut:

Example : T=? 80°C

90°C
70°C

If all rods are identical find the junction temperature

(1) 80°C (2) 60°C (3) 40°C (4) 30°C
 HEAT TRANSFER

Sol. T 80°C
90°C i2
i1 = iin
i3 70°C
iin = i2 + i3
KA KA KA
(90 − T) = (T − 80) + T − 70
L L L
90 – T = T – 80 + T – 70

3T = 240
T = 80°C
 HEAT TRANSFER
B
R R
R A C
Q.
100ºC R 0ºC
R R
D
We have 6 wires of equal length, Area and K are connected as shown in fig. Find
temperature of A & C.
(1) 100/3 (2) 200/3 (3) 160/3 (4) 140/3
 HEAT TRANSFER
Sol. Q L, K, A  Same for all Rod
L B
 R = KA R R
R A C
100ºC R 0ºC
R R
D
100
So each resistance hold °C changed in temperature.
3
So, Equivalent diagram
100 A C O
R R R
100 200
TA = 100 − = °C
3 3
100 100 100
TC = 100 − = = °C
3 3 3
 HEAT TRANSFER
Q. Calculate :-
(i) Keq
(ii) net heat current

K1= 60 W/mºC

100ºC 0ºC
K2= 40 W/mºC

2m
A= 2m2
 HEAT TRANSFER
W W
Sol. Given l = 2m K1 = 60 m°C , K 2 = 40 m°C
A = 2m2
K1= 60 W/mºC

100ºC 0ºC
K2= 40 W/mºC

2m
A= 2m2
60 × 2 + 40 × 2 120 + 80 200
K eq ⇒ ⇒ =
4 4 4
K eq A=
eq
50 W m°C
H= T1 − T2
ℓeq
50 × 4 × (100 − 0)
H= J s
2
H = 10000 J s
 CONDUCTION

Growth of Ice on Lake

Å"eh; pkyu CONDUCTION
 CONDUCTION

L x
t 
2
xdx
Kq x1

L 2 2
t ( x2  x1 )
2 Kq

t1 : t 2 : t3 :: (12  0 2 ) : (2 2  12 ) : (32 : 2 2 )

CONDUCTION