Hilti Post Installed Rebars DrBeton - Ir

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Hilti North America
Post-installed
Reinforcing bar guide
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Post-Installed Reinforcing Bar Guide
Table of Contents
Section Description Page
1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Post-installed reinforcing bars and their application in construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Application range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Compatibility of post-installed reinforcing bars with cast-in-place reinforcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.0 How are they designed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Design requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Jobsite constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Required bond length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Connection detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
System specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Design examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.0 How are they installed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Location of existing reinforcement and other embedded items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Roughening the existing concrete surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Installation of post-installed reinforcing bars with small cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Drilling method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Hole cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Selection of adhesive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Injection of the adhesive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Bar installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.0 How do I decide which system to use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
System selection considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.0 How is the design data developed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Establishment of required system performance (qualification) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.0 What’s the back story? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Establishing the required bar embedment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Overview of ACI 318 development length provisions for straight reinforcing bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Other straight bar provisions in ACI 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Design of post-installed reinforcing bars based on development length concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Alternative approaches to establishing bar embedment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Design of post-installed reinforcing bars using anchor design concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Use of confinement to increase bond efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Strut-and-tie models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Design of shear dowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.0 What else do I need to know? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Sustained load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.0 Useful reference information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.0 References and suggestions for further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
11/15 DBS
2 Hilti, Inc. (US) 1-800-879-8000 | www.us.hilti.com I en español 1-800-879-5000 I Hilti (Canada) Corp. 1-800-363-4458 I www.hilti.ca I Post-Installed Reinforcing Bar Guide 2016
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1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they?
1.1 P
ost-installed reinforcing Another common and long-standing application of anchoring
bars and their application in adhesives is the installation of deformed reinforcing bars
construction in holes drilled in concrete to emulate the behavior of cast-
in-place reinforcing bars (Figure 2). These are commonly
Since the mid-1970s, adhesive anchors have been used
referred to as post-installed reinforcing bars. This application,
extensively in construction. In the U.S. and Canada, they
which until 2013 was largely unregulated in the U.S.2, can be
are regulated by a variety of codes and standards, including
characterized as follows:
ACI 318, ACI 355.4, CSA A23.3, as well as acceptance
criteria issued by the ICC Evaluation Service. Adhesive a. P
ost-installed reinforcing bars are embedded in adhesive
anchor systems for concrete typically employ threaded steel in a hole drilled into existing concrete on one side of the
rod as the anchor element (see Figure 1) and are designed interface and are cast into new concrete on the other side
using an extension of the concrete capacity design method of the interface. (Figure 3) The bars may be equipped with
(CCD-Method) used for headed anchors and post-installed hooks or heads on the cast-in end, but are by necessity
mechanical anchors1. straight on the post-installed end;
b. Post-installed reinforcing bars, in contrast to adhesive

anchors, are often installed with minimal edge distance. In
such cases, the strength under tension loading of the post-
installed reinforcing bar connection is typically limited by
the splitting strength of the concrete (as characterized by
splitting cracks forming along the length of the bar);
c. P
ost-installed reinforcing bars are typically not designed
to resist direct shear loading in the manner of an anchor
bolt (i.e., exclusively via dowel action3); and
d. Post-installed reinforcing bars are generally embedded

as required to “develop” their yield strength using the
development and splice length provisions of the code.
Figure 1 — Adhesive anchor installation (using Hilti HIT-ICE

for low temperature conditions, Säntis, Switzerland).
In this design environment the focus (for tension loads) is on

bond failure/pullout failure and concrete breakout. Splitting
of the concrete is deemed not relevant in view of limitations
placed on edge distances, concrete thickness, and anchor
spacing. Shear loads are resisted by the body of the anchor
with the associated concrete failure modes as defined by the
CCD method. From a design perspective, adhesive anchors
Figure 2 — Injecting Hilti HIT adhesive in a drilled hole
are typically addressed in the same manner as other structural
with Hilti pneumatic dispenser P 5000 D to facilitate
elements; i.e., the required strength is established as follows:
installation of post-installed reinforcing bars.
ΦRn ≥ U [1]
where U is the factored load, Φ is a strength reduction factor, The assumption of bar development is perhaps the most
and Rn is the nominal resistance (generally taken as the 5% fundamental distinction separating post-installed reinforcing
fractile).
1 ACI 318-11, “Committee 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI [2].
2 The suitability of an injectable adhesive for installing post-installed reinforcing bar applications should be verified by ICC Evaluation Service acceptance criteria AC308, June 2013 revision
[9] or equivalent.
3 In some cases, the use of dowel action alone may be appropriate for resisting shear; however, it should be noted that this resistance is typically associated with larger displacements. Dowel
action may also lead to premature edge failure where bars are close to an edge.
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bars from adhesive anchors. Although instances do arise where detection equipment, such as the Hilti PS 250 or Hilti PS 1000
post-installed reinforcing bars are designed for an applied scanning systems (Figure 5).
force as described by Eq. [1], the typical case conforms to the
Another class of applications involves the strengthening of
assumption of bar development.
existing concrete structures, often to improve performance
This Guide provides information regarding the design, under earthquake loads (Figure 6). These applications are
detailing and installation of post-installed reinforcing bars. It simplified by the fact that the bars typically do not carry gravity
does not address their design as governed by ACI adhesive loads, are not subject to fire design considerations, and often
anchor qualification and design provisions. involve doweling into concrete elements without close edge
distances. On the other hand, the required embedments for
1.2 Application range
development and splicing of bars subject to seismic loads may
As noted above, post-installed reinforcing bars are typically be greater than for bars designed only for static or wind loads.
used to facilitate connections between new and existing
A third application class with unique requirements is the
concrete elements or structures. Post-installed reinforcing
extension, rehabilitation, and strengthening of existing
bars are used in both retrofit work and in new construction
concrete bridges and other civil engineering structures
and are suitable for a wide range of applications (i.e., as
(Figure 7). These applications are often distinguished by the
adhesive anchors) outside of the context of bar development.
need for enhanced resistance to corrosion and temperature
extremes. Hilti has developed unique shear-friction solutions
drilled hole
for bridge deck overlays5 and offers hybrid adhesives
post-installed (e.g., Hilti HIT-HY 200) with superior resistance to elevated
reinforcing bar
temperatures.
Since the required embedments to satisfy development

length provisions of the building code (typically 25 to 40
bar diameters) often exceed typical anchoring embedment
(E) concrete (N) concrete lengths (generally limited to 20 bar diameters4), special
measures may be necessary to ensure that the holes are
straight and that the drilling process does not damage the
roughened concrete, existing reinforcing or other embedded elements.
interface These may include the use of specialized tools such as the
adhesive Hilti drilling alignment system and Hilti ferric- and GPR-based
Figure 3 —
Post-installed reinforcing bar. detection systems.
1.3 Compatibility of post-

Perhaps the most common class of applications for post- installed reinforcing
installed reinforcing bars is the extension of existing bars with cast-in-place
reinforced concrete (R/C) structural elements such as reinforcing
slabs, walls, and columns (Figure 4), either to facilitate
Post-installed reinforcing bars are designed to transfer
expansion of floor space or to address other functional
tension loads only. Extensive research programs have been
changes in the use of the structure. Such applications usually
conducted6 at laboratories in Europe and the U.S. to verify
involve the placement of large numbers of bars with close
that post-installed reinforcing bars installed with Hilti adhesive
spacing. In some cases the post-installed reinforcing bars are
systems (HIT-HY, HIT-RE) demonstrate load transfer and
installed close to the surface of the concrete (e.g., at close to
load vs. displacement behavior comparable to cast-in-place
minimum cover distance) whereby the presence of existing
reinforcing.
reinforcing must be taken into account. Where applicable,
such as in a column, slab, or wall extension, it is generally When installed well away from edges (i.e., where splitting
preferable to place the post-installed reinforcing bars inside does not limit the strength), post-installed reinforcing bars
of the existing reinforcing bar cage, both to minimize spalling typically exhibit higher pull-out strength than cast-in-place
during drilling and to ensure adequate cover. Avoidance bars of equivalent bar diameter and embedment.
of existing reinforcing is facilitated by use of reinforcing
4 See ACI 318-11 D.4.2.3.

5 Contact Hilti for further information.
6 See references and suggestions for further reading: [8], [10], [11], [12], [17], [18], [19], [20].
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a. Starter bars b. New bridge rail c. Diaphragm slab
d. Wall extension e. Steel column encasement f. Slab extension

Figure 4 — Applications involving extension of existing construction with new elements using Hilti HIT-RE 500 and Hilti
HIT-HY 200.
Figure 5 — Scanning for reinforcing bars and other

embedded elements with a Hilti GPR scanner.
a. Slab-to-wall connection b. Wall-to-wall connection c. Onlay shotcrete wall d. Slab-to-column connection

strengthening
Figure 6 — Structural strengthening applications using Hilti HIT-RE 500.
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a. Bridge widening b. Bridge deck rehabilitation c. Bridge deck augmentation

Figure 7 — Applications in bridge rehabilitation with post-installed reinforcing bars.
For near-edge bars subjected to tension loads (see Figure 8a (c) Starter bars, which are typically used to resist tension
below) the ultimate limit state behavior is characterized by and shear forces across beam-to-column and column-to-
splitting of the concrete along the bar or splice in response foundation joints. Starter bars are oriented perpendicular
to the hoop stresses developed around the bar. Provided that to the primary reinforcing of the existing concrete member
the adhesive used can accommodate redistribution of stress in which they are installed. In cast-in-place construction,
along the bar length in a manner similar to cast-in-place bars, starter bars are usually hooked. Post-installed starter bars
post-installed reinforcing bars exhibit ultimate strengths that are straight, and as such their design must be based on
are on a par with those obtained for cast-in-place bars. straight bar development length provisions (see Figure 8c).
Figure 8 depicts typical applications for post-installed It should be noted that with the sole exception of dowel action
reinforcing bars. Some of these applications have been as noted in (b) above, the method of load transfer between
verified experimentally while others have been investigated post-installed reinforcing bars and the concrete in which they
using advanced simulation (FEM) techniques. are anchored is bearing of the reinforcing deformations (lugs)
on the adhesive surrounding them. These bearing stresses
These applications may be categorized as follows:
in turn are transferred from the adhesive to the surrounding
(a) Non-contact lap splices in which tension loads are concrete via adhesion and micro-friction, whereby the lateral
transferred between adjacent bars via compression struts dilation of the adhesive layer in response to the bearing
and hoop stresses in the concrete directly surrounding the stresses enhances the friction mechanism. The concrete
spliced bars (see Figure 8a). in turn develops circumferential (hoop) stresses around the
bars that can result in splitting cracks at certain load levels.
(b) Shear dowels used to resist interface shear across
This response is identical to that observed for cast-in-place
a shear plane, usually the roughened joint between
reinforcing bars loaded in tension.
existing and new concrete (see Figure 8b). The primary
shear mechanism, friction across the irregular surface, Note: Where it is has been verified through appropriate
is enabled by the reinforcing bars (shear dowels) that qualification testing (in accordance with AC308 or similar
hold the surfaces together, and as such the usual design procedures7) that a given post-installed reinforcing bar
assumption, e.g., in the shear friction concept utilized by system results in similar bond strength and displacement
ACI, is that the shear dowels are placed in direct tension as behavior as cast-in-place reinforcing bars, the design of
the irregular shear plane is translated laterally. To a much post-installed reinforcing bar connections employing that
lesser degree, or in the case of a smooth interface, shear system can proceed using the provisions for cast-in-place
may also be transferred by dowel action; that is, bearing of reinforcing bars.
the concrete on the reinforcing bars.
7 Hilti HIT-RE and HIT-HY adhesives have been verified as suitable for post-installed reinforcing bar applications through extensive research and testing.
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(E) slab flexural reinforcing
(N) drilled-in
dowels
(N) slab extension
Roughened
(E) wall surface, ¼ in.
amplitude
a. Tension lap splice with existing flexural reinforcement
(N) column
(N) drilled-in
dowels
Roughened
(E) wall surface, ¼ in.
(N) shotcrete wall amplitude
(N) drilled-in
dowels
Roughened
surface, ¼ in.
amplitude
(E) foundation reinforcing

b. Development of shear dowels for new onlay shear wall c. Tension development of column dowels
Figure 8 — Examples of structural detailing with post-installed reinforcing bars.
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2.0 How are they designed?
2.1 Design requirements project documentation. In addition, the specifications and

details may include:
Design of post-installed reinforcing bar connections requires
that the type, size, spacing and quantity be established for the • adhesive system
connection. This is typically based on either direct calculation • bar type and size
of section forces or a requirement to match existing • required bar embedment
reinforcement. Density and sizing of dowels for shear transfer • hole diameters and drilling method(s)
between new overlays on existing structural elements such as • r equirements for preparation/roughening of existing
slabs and walls may be based on other considerations. concrete surface
• instruction on inviolability of existing reinforcement and
Additional design considerations may include:
embedded items as required
• loading type (sustained, seismic, shock) • r equirements on training/certification of installers as required
• fire requirements • inspection/proof loading requirements
• corrosion resistance
2.5 System specification
• detailing requirements based on element type (integrity
reinforcement, etc.) Specifications should correlate to the design assumptions and
the specific job site requirements addressed in the project
2.2 Jobsite constraints documentation. Substitutions based on a simple specification
Prior to designing a post-installed reinforcing bar connection, of bond stress may not be sufficient to ensure proper
identification of the jobsite constraints is vital. Key parameters execution of the work.
that should be accounted for in the design may include:
2.6 Design examples
• existing reinforcement layout as given in drawings and
The following design examples, based on the provisions of
confirmed on site using detection equipment (see Section 3.1).
ACI 318-119, are intended for illustration purposes only.
• required proximity of new to existing reinforcing to satisfy
conditions for non-contact lap splices, etc. 2.6.1 Design example — shear
• drilling method (hammer drill, core drill, Hilti Hollow Drill Bit) dowel
• orientation of connection (downhole, overhead, etc.) Requirement: Design dowels used to connect a new
• ambient air and concrete temperatures at time of installation 10-inch thick shotcrete (pneumatically-placed) shear wall to
• type and condition of the concrete e.g. cracked, carbonized an existing concrete wall (Figure 9).
• access and geometrical constraints
2.3 Required bond length

In general, the required bar embedment is based on the
development length and splice provisions of the code8. Where (N) drilled-in
geometrical or other practical constraints dictate, alternate dowels
procedures may be appropriate to establish bond length.
The size of the bar and required bond length may also guide (E) wall
the type of adhesive system to be used. Adhesives with (N) shotcrete wall
longer working time (e.g., Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3) are usually
more appropriate for large diameter bars in combination with
deep holes, whereby for small and medium bar diameters
and shorter holes, systems with accelerated cure (e.g.,
Hilti hybrid adhesive HIT-HY 200) can increase efficiency.
These considerations may be affected by the anticipated job
site conditions (e.g., access and ambient air and concrete
temperatures).
2.4 Connection detailing

The location of post-installed reinforcing bars with respect
Figure 9 — Section through wall.
to existing reinforcement should be clearly indicated in the
8 See e.g., ACI 318-11 12.2.

9 Similar equations and procedures may be found in CSA 23.3-14.
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Step 1: Determine area of dowel steel required.

14" Embedment
23"
Existing construction (N) #5 Dowel
(E) s hear wall, 16 in. thick, 4 ksi normal weight concrete @16" x 12"
Reinforcement Vu=9k/ft2
requirement based
Roughen surface,
on required shear
transfer using shear
1/4 in. Amplitude
friction Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3
Required area of
Adhesive anchor
Vu 9 system in hammer-
reinforcement per Avf = ____ = ______________ 0.2 in2/ft2
11.6.4.1, Eq. (11-25)
Φfyμ 0.75 x 60 x 1.0 drilled hole
ACI318-11
Figure 10 — Dowel detail (not to scale).
Provided area of #5 at 16 in. x 12 in. over face of wall.
reinforcement
Step 4: Specification
Step 2: Set design conditions.
Provide post-installed dowels at size, spacing and
• Drilling method : Rotary-hammer drilling embedment as indicated on construction documents (see
Figure 10).
• Orientation of connection: Horizontal/ wall position
Dowels: ASTM A615 Grade 60
• Installation and in-service temperature: 70˚F
• Type of concrete: Normal weight, 4 ksi Anchoring system: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 epoxy, install as
per Manufacturer`s Printed Installation Instructions (MPII),
• Condition of concrete : Dry concrete shall be dry during dowel installation unless
• Choice of adhesive based on condition: HIT-RE 500 V3 otherwise permitted in the MPII.
• Type and location of dowels: Hooked bars, in the face of the Drill holes using a rotary-hammer drill with carbide bit. Locate
existing wall at uniform spacing vertically and horizontally existing reinforcing prior to drilling — do not damage (E)
reinforcing without prior authorization of the EOR.
Step 3: Calculate the required embedment (development
length).
ACI 318-11 development length equation (12-1):
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 3
___ fy _______
______ ψs ⎢
ℓd = ⎢ ⎢ db
cb + Ktr ⎢
⎢ 40 λ √f′c _______
⎢ ⎢
⎣ db ⎦
⎡ 3 60000 0.8 ⎤
ℓd = ⎢__ _________ ___ ⎢0.625 = 14 in. (23db) > minimum ℓd = 12 in.
⎣40 1.0√4000 2.5 ⎦
Available end cover = 16 – 14.2 = 1.8 in. Exterior wall
exposure, required cover = 1.5 in. ok
Dowel length = 14 + (10 – 0.75) say 23 in. to outside of

standard hook
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2.6.2 Design example — lap Positive moment reinforcement: try #8 @ 12 in. o.c.
splice
0.79
Requirement: Provide post-installed reinforcing for a new  = ______ = 0.0082
12 x 8
balcony extension on an existing concrete structure as shown
in Figure 11. ⎡ fy ⎤ ⎡ 0.0082 (60000) ⎤
Kn = ⎢⎣1 ‒ ______⎦⎢fy = ⎢⎣ 1 ‒ ______________ ⎦⎢ 0.0082 (60000) = 458 psi
1.7λf′c 1.7 (0.85) (5000)
(E) slab reinforcing
(N) bars installed in 12 (8)2 x 458

drilled holes ϕMn = ϕb ∙ d2Kn = 0.9 ____________ = 26.3 ft-k / ft> 25 ∴ ok
12 x 1000
use #8 @ 12 in. on center for top bars

(E) slab (N) slab extension
Required area of reinforcement per 11.6.4.1, Eq. (11-25)
ACI318-11
Mechanically roughened
(E) wall surface, ¼ in. amplitude
Vu Vu 6000
Avf = _____ = _______ = _______________________ = 0.18 in2/ft
ϕfyμ ϕfy 1.0λ 0.75 x 60000 x 1.0 x 0.75
Note: although this is sand-lightweight concrete, the

Figure 11 — Section through balcony. value of λ for use with the shear friction equation is
taken conservatively as 0.75 in the absence of specific
Step 1: Determine area of flexural reinforcing for information to support a higher value — see 11.6.4.3 of ACI
cantilever moment. 318-11.
Existing construction: (E) slab, 10 in. thick, 4 ksi normal weight Shear reinforcement: use #5 at 16 in. on center for bottom
concrete, top bars #9 @ 8 in. on center, bottom bars #8 @ 12 bars
in. on center, transverse bars #5 @ 16 in. on center top and Step 2: Set design conditions.
bottom
• Drilling method: Rotary-hammer drilling
New construction: (N) tapered slab as shown, 5000 psi sand
lightweight concrete, ASTM A615 Gr. 60 reinforcement • Orientation of connection: Horizontal/ wall position
Factored moment and shear at face of cantilever: • Installation and in-service temperature: 90˚F
Mu = 25 ft-k / ft • Type of concrete: Normal weight, 4 ksi
Vu = 6k / ft
• Condition of concrete : Dry
d = 8 inches (Figure 12)
• Choice of adhesive based on condition: HIT-RE 500 V3
(N) bars installed in
drilled holes •T
ype and location of bars: As shown on drawings, position
ℓb
to avoid existing reinforcing, but no further than 4 inches
from existing flexural reinforcing.
d = 8 in. Step 3: Calculate the required embedment (splice length)
for the new top and bottom bars
(E) wall
Top bars:
Note: Since the new #8 bars are being spliced with

Figure 12 — P
lacement of new positive moment existing #9 bars, the required splice length per ACI 318-11
reinforcement. 12.15.3 is the larger of the development length of the larger
bar (#9) and the tension lap splice length of the smaller bar
(#8).
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Development length of #9 existing reinforcing per Eq. (12-1):
⎡ ⎤
#9 bars have 1-1/2 in. cover, transverse reinforcing is #5 @ 16 ⎢ 3 fy _______
ψs ⎢
ℓd = ⎢ ___ ______ ⎢ db
in. on center (see Figure 13)
⎢ 40 λ √f′c _______
cb + Ktr ⎢
⎢ db ⎢
⎣ ⎦
40Atr 40 x 0.31
Ktr = ______ = _________ = 0.78
s∙n 16 x1
⎡ 3 60000 0.8 ⎤
⎛ 1.128 ⎞ ℓd = ⎢__ _________ ___ ⎢0.625 = 14 in.
⎜ ______ + 1.5 ⎜+ 0.78 ⎣40 1.0√4000 2.5 ⎦
cb + Ktr
_______ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= ______________________ = 2.55 ∴ use 2.5
db 1.128
Note: locate (e)
reinforcing prior to (E) Slab reinforcing
drilling.
⎡ ⎤ 40 in. (N) #8 @ 12 in. o.c. installed in
⎢ 3
___ fy _______
______ ψs ⎢ drilled holes with Hilti
ℓd = ⎢ ⎢ db 14 in. HIT-RE 500 V3
cb + Ktr ⎢
⎢ 40 λ √f′c _______
⎢ db ⎢
⎣ ⎦ (E) Slab
d = 8 in.
⎡ 3 _________ 1.0 ⎤⎢1.128 = 32 in.

60000 ___
ℓd = ⎢__
(N) #5 @ 16 in. o.c. installed in
(E) Wall
Mechanically drilled holes with Hilti
⎣40 1.0√4000 2.5 ⎦ roughen surface to HIT-RE 500 V3
1/4-inch amplitude
Tension lap length (Class B) of #8 new reinforcing per 12.15.1:

Figure 14 — Detail (not to scale).
⎡ 1.3 60000 1.0 ⎤

1.3ℓd = ⎢____ _________ ___ ⎢1.0 = 37 in. > 32 ∴ use 37 in.
⎣ 40 1.0√4000 2.5 ⎦ Step 4: Specification
Provide post-installed dowels at size, spacing and

embedment as indicated on construction documents (see
(E) slab reinforcing Figure 14).
(N) #8 bars embedded in drilled
holes with Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 Dowels: ASTM A615 Grade 60
12 in. typ.
2 in.
adhesive anchor system

4 in. max. Anchoring system: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 epoxy, install as
(E) slab
permissible concrete temp. range for installation: 55˚F - 90˚F,
concrete shall be dry during dowel installation.
16 in. typ.
2 in.
(N) #5 bars embedded in drilled Drill holes using a rotary-hammer drill with carbide bit. Locate
holes with Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3
adhesive anchor system existing reinforcing prior to drilling – do not damage (E)
Figure 13 — Location of new bars (not to scale).
Bottom bars:
Development length of #5 bars with 1.5 in. cover
Assume Ktr = 0 (conservative)
⎛ 0.625 ⎞
⎜ ______ + 1.5 ⎜+ 0
cb + Ktr
_______ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= ___________________ = 2.9 ∴ use 2.5
db 0.625
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2.6.3 Design example — For 4 - #9 top bars, probable moment strength:

development length in a
special moment frame 4 (1.0)
- = ________ = 0.0162
14 x 17.6
Requirement: Provide post-installed reinforcement for an
addition to a special moment frame in a structure assigned to ⎛ fy ⎞
Seismic Design Category D (high seismic). Kpr- = 1.25 -fy ⎜1-0.735 - ___ ⎜
⎝ f′ c ⎠
⎛ ⎞
= 1.25 x 0.0162 x 60000 ⎜1-0.735 x 0.0162 60000
______ ⎜ = 998 psi
⎝ 4000 ⎠
(E) special
Kpr- b∙d2 ________________
998 x 14 x (17.6)2
Mpr- = _______
moment
frame (N) beam = = 361 ft-k
12000 12000
20 in.
For 2 - #9 bottom bars:
Roughened 2 (1.0)
(N) drilled-in surface, ¼ in. + = _________ = 0.0081
dowels amplitude
14 x 17.6
⎛ ⎞
Kpr+= 1.25 x 0.0081 x 60000 ⎜1-0.735 x 0.0081 60000
______ ⎜ = 553 psi
⎝ 4000 ⎠
24 in.
Kpr- b∙d2 ________________

553 x 14 x (17.6)2
Mpr+ = _______ = = 200 ft-k
Figure 15 — Addition to a special moment frame. 12000 12000
Shear associated with formation of plastic hinges:

Step 1: Establish requirements for new bars.
Mpr1 + Mpr2 W ℓ 361 + 200 3.6 (20)
Existing construction: Special moment frame with 18 x 24- Vc = __________ ± _____
u n
= __________ ± _______ = 64 k
ℓn 2 20 2
inch columns, 14 x 20-inch beams, 20-ft. bays, 4 ksi normal
weight concrete, A706 Gr. 60 bar, 4 - #9 top bars, 2 - #9 Step 2: Check ability of bottom bars to carry shear at joint
bottom bars, #3 hoops and crossties @ 3-1/2 in. on center face:
typical at joint. Factored wu = D + L = 3.6 k/ft
Vu Vu 64000
New construction: (N) 14 x 20-inch beam as shown, 4 ksi Avf = ____ = ______ = ________________ = 1.42 in2 2-#9=2.0 ∴ ok
ϕfyμ ϕfy1.0λ 0.75 x 60000 x 1.0
normal weight concrete, ASTM A706 Gr. 60 reinforcement,
4 - #9 top bars, 2 - #9 bottom bars, #3 hoops and crossties at Step 3: Calculate the required embedment for the new top
3-1/2 in. on center and bottom bars using ACI 318-11 Eq. (21-6) and 21.7.5.2:
Determine shear force associated with plastic hinges at beam

ends per ACI 318-11 Section 21.6.5.1 and 21.7.2.1 fydb 60000 x 1.128
ℓd = 2.5 _______ = 2.5 x ________________ = 41 in.
Effective depth of bars in beams: 65√f′c 65√4000
d = 20 - 1.5 - 0.375 - 1.128/2 = 17.6 in.
Per 21.7.5.3, portion of development length not within
confined core =41-24=17in.
ℓd =24+1.6 x 17=51in.
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(N) 4 - #9 Top bars

embedded in drilled holes
with Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3
(N) column
51 in.
(N) 14 x 20 in. Beam
Roughened
surface, ¼ in.
20 in. (E) amplitude
Roughened
surface, 1/4 in.
(N) 2 - #9 Bottom amplitude (N) drilled-in
bars embedded in dowels
drilled holes with
Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3
24 in.
(E) foundation reinforcing
Figure 16 — Detail (not to scale). Figure 17 — New column on existing foundation.
Step 4: Specification
Step 2: Determine the development length for the column
Provide post-installed bars at size, spacing and embedment bars.
as indicated on construction documents (Figure 16).
Note that the confinement term can be taken as the maximum
Dowels: ASTM A706 Grade 60 value of 2.5 given the edge distance and confinement condition.
Anchoring system: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 epoxy, install as Eq. (21-1):

permissible concrete temp. range for installation: 55˚F - 90˚F,
⎡ ⎤
concrete shall be dry during dowel installation. ⎢ 3 fy _______
ψs ⎢ ⎡ 3 60000 1.0 ⎤
ℓd = ⎢ ___ ______ ⎢ db = ⎢__ _________ ___ ⎢0.875 = 25 in
Drill holes using a rotary-hammer drill with carbide bit. Locate cb + Ktr ⎢
⎢ 40 λ √f′c ________ ⎣ 40 1.0√4000 2.5 ⎦
⎢ db ⎢
existing reinforcing prior to drilling — do not damage (E) ⎣ ⎦
2.6.4 Design example —

development length for
column starter bars
Requirement: Provide post-installed starter bars for a new (N) Column
column on an existing foundation.
(N) 4 - #7 Dowels
Step 1: Establish requirements for the new bars. embedded in Mechanically
drilled holed with roughen surface
Existing construction: Foundation grade beam 24 x 36-in., Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 to 1/4 in.
4 ksi concrete, A615 Gr. 60 reinforcing amplitude
New construction: (N) 18 x 18-inch column as shown, 4 ksi
normal weight concrete, ASTM A615 Gr. 60 reinforcement,
25 in.
4 - #7 column bars (E) Grade

beam
The column resists moment and shear arising from wind
loading.
(E) Foundation reinforcing
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Step 3: Specification distance and confinement condition. Also, per 21.9.2.3(c) of
ACI 318-11, the development length must be increased by
Provide post-installed bars at size, spacing and embedment
25% to account for possible overstrength in the bars.
Dowels: ASTM A615 Grade 60 ⎡ ⎤

⎢ 3
___ fy _______
______ ψs ⎢ ⎡ 3 60000 1.0 ⎤
Anchoring system: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 epoxy, install as ℓd = ⎢ ⎢ db = 1.25 ⎢__ _________ ___ ⎢1.27 = 40 in
cb + Ktr ⎢
⎢ 40 λ √f′c _______ ⎣ 40 1.0√5000 2.5⎦
per Manufacturer`s Printed Installation Instructions (MPII), ⎢ db ⎢
permissible concrete temp. range for installation: 55˚F - 90˚F, ⎣ ⎦
concrete shall be dry during dowel installation.
Drill holes using a rotary-hammer drill with carbide bit. Locate Step 3: Determine the development length for the #8
existing reinforcing prior to drilling — do not damage (E) vertical wall bars, which are assumed to be exempt from
reinforcing without prior authorization of the EOR. the 1.25 increase factor of 21.9.2.3 (c).
2.6.5 Design example — ⎡ 3 60000 1.0 ⎤

development length for ℓd = ⎢___ __________ ____ ⎢1.0 = 26 in
⎣ 40 1.0√5000 2.5 ⎦
starter bars in a special
structural wall
Requirement: Provide starter bars for a new special structural (N) #8 Drilled-in starter bars embedded in
drilled holes with Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3, typ.
(shear) wall in SDC D. B
A-A
A A
B
Roughened
A-A surface, 1/4 in.
amplitude
A A
(N) 7 - #10
Drilled-in
Roughened starter bars
26 in.
surface, ¼ in. embedded in
40 in.
amplitude drilled holes
with Hilti
HIT-RE 500 V3
(E) FDN
(N) drilled-in
starter bars B-B Elevation
B
(E) mat foundation (E) mat foundation

B-B
B Elevation Step 4: Specification
Figure 19 — New special structural wall.
Provide post-installed bars at size, spacing and embedment
Step 1: Establish requirements for the new bars.
Dowels: ASTM A706 Grade 60
Existing construction: Foundation mat 4-ft. thick, 5 ksi
Anchoring system: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 epoxy, install as
concrete, A615 Gr. 60 reinforcing.
New construction: (N) 18-inch thick wall detailed and permissible concrete temp. range for installation: 55˚F - 90˚F,
constructed in accordance with 21.9 of ACI 318-11, two concrete shall be dry during dowel installation.
curtains of steel, boundary member reinforcement per
Drill holes using a rotary-hammer drill with carbide bit. Locate
21.9.6, 6 ksi normal weight concrete, ASTM A706 Gr. 60
existing reinforcing prior to drilling — do not damage (E)
reinforcement, boundary member reinforcing 7 - #10 bars,
web reinforcing is #8 @ 12 in. on center vertical and #6 @ 10
in. on center horizontal (see Figure 19). Note: Hilti maintains a staff of qualified engineers available
to answer inquiries related to design and installation of
Step 2: Determine the development length for the #10
post-installed reinforcing bar connections.
chord bars.
As in the previous example (2.6.3) the confinement term

can be taken as the maximum value of 2.5 given the edge
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3.0 How are they installed?

Jobsite constraints should be taken into consideration while 3.2 Roughening the existing
designing and installing post-installed reinforcing bars. concrete surface
Note: In addition to state-of-the-art adhesive anchoring Surface roughening prior to casting new concrete against
systems, Hilti offers best-in-class detection and drilling existing provides not only for increased adhesion, but also
equipment to facilitate the installation of post-installed increases the ability of the joint to transfer shear through
reinforcing bars over a wide range of bar diameters and shear friction. Where new concrete is to be applied to an
embedments. existing concrete surface, roughening of the existing concrete
surface is typically specified10. In cases where the surface
3.1 Location of existing layer of existing concrete is carbonated, the carbonated layer
reinforcement and other should be removed in areas that are to receive post-installed
embedded items reinforcing bars. A rule of thumb is to remove the carbonated
concrete over a circular area given by the diameter of the bar
The location of existing reinforcement is generally
plus 2-1/2 inches.
accomplished with one or more scanning methods. These
may be generally categorized as: ACI 318-11 Section 11.6.9 requires roughening "...to
a full amplitude of approximately 1/4 in." This may be
a) S
canners that locate ferrous materials using magnetic fields
accomplished by mechanical means (e.g., using a Hilti
(ferrous scanners, see Figure 21),
TE 76 ATC equipped with a bushing tool, see Figure 22),
b) Scanners that utilize GPR (ground-penetrating radar sand-blasting or water-blasting. It should be ascertained that
technology), and the resulting surface does not contain loose material prior to
c) X-ray scanning equipment. placing new concrete.
For reinforcing bars located within 8-10 inches of the concrete

surface, ferrous scanners provide both bar location and
size. For location of both ferrous and non-ferrous embedded
items (e.g., aluminum conduit), GPR-based scanners are
appropriate. For areas of heavy congestion or where existing
reinforcing is too deep for ferrous or GPR systems, x-ray
scanning methods may be necessary. Where available, it is
generally preferable to supplement scanning results with as-
built or original design documents.
Figure 22 — Roughening a concrete surface with a Hilti

TE 76 Combihammer.
Figure 21 — Using a Hilti PS 200 hand-held Ferroscan

scanner to locate and map existing reinforcing prior to
beginning drilling.
10 S
ee ICRI Technical Guideline No. 310.2 Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings and Polymer Overlays or ASTM E965 Standard Test Method for
Measuring Pavement Macrotexture Depth Using a Volumetric Technique.
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3.3 Installation of post-installed

reinforcing bars with small
cover
As with cast-in bars, post-installed reinforcing bars must
be provided with sufficient concrete cover to prevent
corrosion. If the bar has been properly installed with adhesive
surrounding the bar over its entire length, additional protection
against corrosion is provided by the adhesive. Qualification
of post-installed reinforcing bar systems under ICC-ES
Acceptance Criteria for Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors in Figure 24 — Drilling with and without drilling alignment
Concrete Elements (AC308) includes verification (through an aids.
accelerated aging test) that the adhesive provides adequate
corrosion resistance.
Clearance requirements for core-drilled holes vary according
In addition, sufficient distance must be provided from the to the type, diameter and length of core bits being used.
concrete face to facilitate drilling without splitting and/or
spalling the existing concrete, particularly where hammer- Regardless of the drilling method used, embedded items may
or rock-drilling equipment is used. Hilti drilling alignment cause drill bits to deviate from the intended path.
aids can be employed with Hilti hand-held hammer drills to As a matter of practicality, spacing of adjacent post-installed
improve drilling accuracy (Figure 24). In the absence of other reinforcing bars should in general be maintained at 4 bar
guidance, and where alignment aids or other techniques diameters or greater. Where applicable, ACI provisions for
to maintain drilling accuracy are not used, the following cover and bar spacing should be observed.
relationships may be used to account for possible deviation of
the drilled hole from its intended path11: 3.4 Drilling method
Hammer-drilled holes: To satisfy development length requirements, post-installed
cmin,req = 1.2 + 0.06 ℓd ≥ 2db (in.) [2] reinforcing bars are usually associated with deeper
embedments, and therefore longer drilled holes, than
Compressed-air (rock) drilled holes: adhesive anchors. As noted previously, one of the following
cmin,req = 2.0 + 0.08 ℓd ≥ 2db (in.) [3] three drilling methods is typically employed:
Drill stand (e.g., core-drilled holes): • rotary-impact drills (hammer drills) equipped with standard or
cmin,req = 1.2 + 0.02 ℓd ≥ 2db (in.) [4] cruciform carbide bits or with Hilti Hollow Drill Bits (HDB)12
where, • percussive rock drills
ℓd is the hole length in inches; and • diamond core drills utilizing either wet or dry coring
db is the diameter of the reinforcing bar in inches technology
cmin,req is the distance from the concrete edge to the face of the Each method is associated with advantages and
drill bit (Figure 23). disadvantages. See section 3.3. Hammer drills (Figure 25)
are readily available and are the preferred approach for most
ℓd
applications given their portability and ease of use. Hilti
hammer drills produce a non-uniform hole surface especially
cmin
cmin,req suitable for enhancing bond (provided correct hole cleaning
procedures are used). For longer holes, hammer drills may
not be practical; they are also not always suitable for drilling
through embedded steel where this is required.
The Hilti SafeSet™ system consists of Hollow Drill Bits (HDB)

Figure 23 — cmin,reqc is intended to increase the probability used in combination with Hilti Vacuum Cleaners (VC 40-U or
that the end of the installed bar will remain within the VC 20-U). Hilti HDBs utilize the same state-of-the-art carbide
minimum required concrete cover cmin. drilling technology as Hilti TE-CX and Hilti TE-YX bits and they
11 Source: EOTA Technical Report TR023 [7]

12 Hilti Hollow Drill Bits automatically remove concrete dust during drilling as part of the HIT-HY 200 SafeSet™ System.
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comply with the ANSI B212.15 standard for carbide drill bit
dimensions. The Hilti SafeSet system performs equally well in
dry and wet concrete.
Figure 27 —Inclined core drilling with a Hilti drill stand.
In contrast to hammer drills, which fracture the concrete with

impact energy, core drill bits utilize a sacrificial matrix containing
diamond fragments to abrade the concrete. Hilti diamond core
bits with laser-welded segments offer long life and exceptional
drilling efficiency. Using extensions, core drills can produce very
long, straight holes. The stiffness of the core barrel permits holes
to be drilled with less deviation from the intended path, and they
are capable of drilling through embedded steel without great
effort. On the other hand, where the existing reinforcing must
Figure 25 — Drilling with a Hilti rotary-percussive drill
be protected (e.g., as in the case of prestressing tendons), this
equipped with Hilti SafeSet™ technology.
feature of core drilling may be a liability. More importantly, core
drills typically produce a very smooth hole that is usually covered
Rock drills offer speed and efficiency and produce a rough with a thin film deleterious to bond. Accordingly, core drilled
hole surface that is suitable for bond, but the larger impact holes must be thoroughly cleaned prior to injecting adhesive.
energy associated with rock drills may increase the tendency Note also that some adhesive systems are not suitable for use
for damage in the concrete member, particularly if used in with core drilled holes. For qualified systems, specific hole
applications with small edge distance or reduced backside cleaning procedures have been developed to optimize bond
cover. Rock drills typically require larger edge distances/ under these conditions, and are detailed in the Hilti Instructions
member thickness (see Section 3.3). For applications involving for Use (generically, these instructions are known as the
rock drilled holes, contact Hilti. Manufacturer’s Printed Installation Instructions, or MPII).
For longer embedment depths, core drills are generally the Note: Drilling through existing reinforcing or other
preferred option (Figure 26 and Figure 27). embedded objects should in general not be undertaken
prior to consultation with the engineer of record or other
authority having jurisdiction.
Note: Correct hole drilling and cleaning are critical for the
performance of post-installed reinforcing bars. Detailed
instructions, referred to by Hilti as Instructions for Use,
accompany all Hilti anchoring products. For questions
regarding correct installation Hilti offers expert advice
through Hilti field representatives, nationwide Hilti Centers,
Hilti Customer Service, and online at www.us.hilti.com
(USA), or www.hilti.ca (Canada).
Figure 28 illustrates the potential influence of drilling method

on the load-displacement behavior of a post-installed
reinforcing bar at shallow embedment. Where the drilling
Figure 26 —Core drilling with a hand-held Hilti wet core
method to be used has not been predetermined, it is
drill with water-capture technology.
advisable to use an adhesive that is suitable for all drilling
methods (e.g., Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3).
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18
16
Compressed air drilling
14
Bond strength [N/mm 2]
12
Hammer drilling Figure 30 — Hilti extension rod and Hilti HIT-RB matched-
10
hef = 10da tolerance steel brushes for hole cleaning.
8
f'c ~ 3000 psi
6
All cleaning procedures finish with the use of compressed air.
4 Diamond drilling
(It is important to note that the use of compressed air may
2
produce flying debris — eye protection should be worn at all
0 times.)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Displacement [mm] The importance of hole cleaning as specified in the Hilti
Figure 28 — Example of the influence of drilling method Instructions for Use for the performance of post-installed
on the bond-displacement behavior of a post-installed reinforcing bars is indicated in Figure 32. For cases where
reinforcing bar installed with an adhesive not suitable for adherence to multi-step hole cleaning procedures may not be
diamond drilled holes. possible, use of Hilti SafeSet™ technology with Hilti Hollow
Drill Bits (HDB) is recommended.
3.5 Hole cleaning

Bond between adhesive and concrete is directly influenced
by the condition of the hole wall at the time of adhesive
injection. The concrete in which the post-installed reinforcing
bar is to be installed may be dry, saturated or even partially or
completely submerged at the time of installation.
Note: Where installation in water-saturated or submerged

concrete is required, check that the adhesive system to be
used is qualified for these conditions.
Wet diamond core drilling will necessarily result in a damp

environment in the drilled hole. Hole cleaning generally
involves a water-cleaning process, followed by sequential Figure 31 — Hilti Profi Rebar Accessory Set.
blowing out the hole with compressed air (Figure 29 and
Figure 33) to remove debris and water, and the use of a wire
brush (Figure 30) to mechanically scour the hole wall.
hole cleaning in accordance with MPII
reduced cleaning effort
no brushing (compressed air only)

Compressed air nozzle Hose extension
Bond stress
no cleaning
Blow out tool

Figure 29 — Hilti accessories for compressed air hole
Displacement
cleaning operations (partial).
Figure 32 — Schematic representation of the potential
influence of hole cleaning procedures on the measured
bond and displacement of a post-installed reinforcing bar
loaded in tension.
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adhesive may exceed the working time of the polymer. In
such cases it may be impossible to insert the bar fully into
the hole and/or the adhesive may not reach full strength. In
particular, when adhesives are delivered in bulk quantities into
a large drilled hole, the exothermic reaction associated with
polymerization can result in excessive temperature rise which
in turn can result in accelerated cure, further complicating bar
installation.
Figure 33 — Cleaning a hole using a compressed air blow-

out tool.
Hilti provides a number of accessories for cleaning deep

drilled holes in accordance with the Instructions for Use.
These include matched-tolerance wire brushes, brush
extensions for long holes, attachments to facilitate power
brushing, air wands, hose extensions, couplers and air
nozzles. Hilti Profi Rebar Accessory Sets (Figure 31) provide Figure 35 — Using Hilti ED 3500 battery dispenser in
the necessary additional components for installation of post- combination with Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 / Hilti HIT-HY 200 for
installed reinforcing bars in a single package. smaller bar diameters.
3.6 Selection of adhesive
system Conversely, injection of adhesives under sub-zero conditions
The suitability of Hilti adhesive systems for post-installed can result in elevated viscosity, likewise making manual
reinforcing bar applications has been verified for a wide adhesive injection and bar installation difficult or impossible.
variety of jobsite parameters. Nevertheless, the choice of the Basic considerations associated with adhesive selection
appropriate Hilti adhesive system (Figure 34) and injection should include:
equipment (Figure 35) for post-installed reinforcing bar
installations is to a degree dependent on jobsite parameters; • Can the adhesive be injected and the reinforcing bar
see Section 4.1. installed within the gel time of the adhesive?
• Is the appropriate injection equipment available, including

all necessary accessories, to ensure correct dispensing and
mixing?
• Is the adhesive suitable for the concrete temperature and

Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 Hilti HIT-HY 200-R moisture conditions, hole orientation and drilling method?
Figure 34 — Hilti anchoring adhesives suitable for post-
• What mechanical effort or equipment is required to inject the
installed reinforcing bar connections.
adhesive and to install the reinforcing bar into the adhesive-
filled hole?
Note: Adhesives which have not been properly verified for • How will the bar be held in place during adhesive cure?
post-installed reinforcing bar applications should not be
used for structural or safety-related applications.
For example, if a rapid-cure adhesive is specified for a large

and deep bar installation, the time required to inject the
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3.7 Injection of the adhesive 3.8 Bar installation

The objective of adhesive injection is to achieve a void-free Smaller bar diameters can be inserted in a vertical downward
installation. Aside from reducing bond area and inhibiting direction with (relatively) minimal effort. Large-diameter bars
cure, air voids in the injected adhesive may lead to increased in horizontal and upward-inclined orientations may require
effort associated with bar installation and can cause substantial effort to lift and insert the reinforcing bar into the
uncontrolled ejection of the adhesive from the hole during bar adhesive-filled hole (Figure 38). In all cases, it is advisable
installation as air is forced out of the adhesive matrix. to test the fit of the bar in the hole prior to injecting
adhesive.
Note: Proper skin and eye protection should always be
worn during injection of Hilti adhesives. For overhead installations, particularly of larger diameter bars,
provision must be made for securing the bar during adhesive
In order to inject the adhesive with minimal air voids in drilled
cure. In addition, certification requirements for installers
holes, the Hilti injection system utilizes matched-tolerance
performing installation of bars to carry sustained tension
piston plugs (Figure 36). The Hilti piston plug system provides
loads, as well as additional special inspection requirements,
positive feedback to the operator for controlling the injection
may apply.
process through the pressure of the adhesive on the plug and
has been shown to dramatically improve injection quality and Note: Hilti dispensers provide efficient, void-free adhesive
efficiency. injection at all orientations, hole diameters and depths, and
temperature conditions.
Figure 36 — Hilti HIT-SZ piston plugs, available in

diameters appropriate for #3 through #18 reinforcing bars.
Dispensing equipment used for injection is generally selected

as a function of bar size and orientation, ambient temperature
conditions and accessibility (Figure 37).
Figure 38 — Installing large diameter bars.
Figure 37 — The Hilti HIT-P8000D pneumatic dispenser,

appropriate for large volume installations and large bar
diameters.
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4.0 How do I decide which system to use?

Options for the installation of post-installed reinforcing System selection is therefore dependent on the combination
bars include cementitious grouts, polymer adhesives, and of design requirements and jobsite constraints. Note also that
hybrid systems that combine cementitious components each system is offered with a variety of options for injection
with polymers. The use of cementitious (e.g., baseplate) in terms of cartridge size and injection equipment (manual
grouts is typically limited to down-hole applications and is vs. battery or pneumatic drive). Additionally, Hilti offers
not discussed further in this Guide. Adhesives (sometimes specialized drilling systems that substantially reduce hole
referred to as thixotropic adhesives) that have the correct cleaning requirements.
viscosity to provide a void-free bond layer in the annular
An aspect of system selection that is sometimes overlooked
space between the bar and the concrete while still resisting
is the absolute volume of adhesive that must be placed in
unrestricted flow have been developed specifically for
the hole. Large diameter and very deep holes may require a
anchoring and bar embedment. These systems permit
greater volume of adhesive than can be reasonably placed
installation at all orientations with superior bond strength
even with pneumatic delivery equipment. Furthermore,
under a variety of use conditions. The proper selection of the
injection of large quantities of adhesive can result in
system is dependent on a number of job-specific parameters.
excessive heat generation due to the exothermic nature of
4.1 System selection polymerization. These issues should be carefully considered
considerations for cases outside of the normal range of post-installed
reinforcing bar applications.
Jobsite constraints impact both design values (bond strength)
as well as installation effectiveness. Typical parameters for Note: Hilti technical staff can provide assistance with
Hilti adhesive systems are shown below: unique or non-standard applications.
Jobsite constraints HIT-HY 200-R1 HIT-RE 500 V3

Typical reinforcing bar
#3 to #8 #3 to #112
diameter range
Embedment range Up to 25 in. Up to 7 ft.
Temperature of base
14°F to 104°F 41°F to 104°F
material (installation)
Working time3 6 min. to 3 hrs. 12 min. to 4 hrs.
Cure time3 1 hrs. to 20 hrs. 4 hrs. to 72 hrs.
Holes drilled in dry
and water-saturated Yes Yes
concrete
Water-filled holes
and underwater No Yes
applications
Hammer-drilled holes Yes Yes
Core drilled holes No Yes
Hilti SafeSet™
technology using Hilti Yes Yes4
HDB and VC vacuum
Earthquake/dynamic
Yes Yes
loading
1 H
IT-HY 200-A (accelerated cure) available. Not suitable for larger bar diameters due to
short gel time.
2 For larger bar sizes contact Hilti.
3 Temperature dependent.
4 Contact Hilti.
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5.0 Development of design data
5.1 Background add additional tests to check cyclic tension performance

(seismic) and near-edge performance over deep embedment
At the reinforcing bar-adhesive interface, load is transferred
depths.
by adhesion and mechanical interlock. At the adhesive-
concrete interface, load is transferred by adhesion and micro- 5.2 Establishment of required
mechanical interlock. Bond strength is typically defined as system performance
the maximum average bond over embedded length of bar. (qualification)
The suitability of an adhesive system for post-installed
Splitting failures
reinforcing bar applications is dependent on many factors.
Concrete failure/bar rupture
2db 2.5db 6db

Bar rupture Systems that may be otherwise appropriate for anchoring
50000
applications will not necessarily fulfill the requirements for safe
40000 and reliable reinforcing bar installations.
Tension load [ lb]
~2100 psi
30000
A critical aspect of adhesive systems intended for post-
20000 installed reinforcement is the behavior of the system in
10000 ~1100 psi #6 Gr. 60 bar @ configurations where splitting controls. Figure 40 shows
12db embedment –
HY 200-R
tension testing of #8 bars embedded 35 bar diameters in
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Edge distance [in.]
4.0 5.0
the corner of a column. These tests, which were developed
specifically for qualification of post-installed reinforcing
Figure 39 — Unconfined tension failure load as a function
bar systems under AC308, directly compare cast-in and
of edge distance.
post-installed bar behavior under conditions where splitting
is the limiting failure mode. If the adhesive is too stiff,
Over the past two decades, extensive investigations have
excessive shear lag can lead to zipper-like failure of a near
been conducted to evaluate post-installed reinforcing bar
edge bar. If the bond is too "soft", relaxation of the post-
connections subjected to a variety of loading conditions.
installed bar may permit excessive opening of the joint
Much of this work has been conducted at leading research
between old and new concrete, leading to loss of shear
institutions in Europe and the U.S.13 The tests have
transfer or corrosion.
consistently shown that post-installed reinforcing bars
installed with qualified systems exhibit performance that is Confined test
setup, see Fig.
at least equivalent to cast-in reinforcing bars under similar 4.5. Bearing plate
to cover entire
conditions. surface.
Figure 39 plots tension failure loads for increasing edge

distance for a #6 reinforcing bar embedded to a depth of 12
(38 mm)
1.5 in.
bar diameters in a Hilti HIT hybrid adhesive. Near-edge bond

strength is limited by the splitting strength of the concrete
and is on the order of 1100 psi. At larger edge distances, the
#3 (10 mm)
average ultimate bond strength increases to approximately closed tie
(875 mm)
A A
38 in. (965 mm)
35 in.
2100 psi.
4.75 in. (120 mm)
In 2006, the European Organization for Technical Approvals

(EOTA) issued TR023 Assessment of Post-installed
Reinforcing Bar Connections [7]. This document provides #3 (10 mm) closed tie
a path for verifying that post-installed reinforcing bar

connections performed with a specific system will exhibit
Figure 40 — Test for bond/splitting behavior per AC308
comparable behavior to cast-in-place reinforcing bar
[9].
connections in terms of load and displacement behavior.
In 2013, ICC-ES amended their acceptance criteria14 to Figure 41 lists the full range of tests required to qualify
include testing to verify adhesive anchor systems for post- adhesive anchor systems for post-installed reinforcing bar
installed reinforcing bar applications. These qualification applications as provided in Table 3.8 of AC308.
provisions include the procedures developed for TR023 and
13 See references and suggestions for further reading: [8], [10], [11], [12], [17], [18], [19], [20].
14 AC308 — Acceptance Criteria for Post-installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete Elements, approved June 2013, ICC Evaluation Service, LLC. [9].
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Figure 41 — A
C308 Table 3.8: Test Program for Evaluating Deformed Reinforcing Bars for Use in Post-installed
Reinforcing Bar Connections* [9].
Testing Bar size Assessment Minimum

Bar
Load sample
Test Test fc 1 Embedment
Purpose Test parameters US/M 3,4 αreq and size
no. ref. ℓb
displ. nmin
Service condition tests

Tension confined, single 10.25.2
1a 9.4.3.1 Bond resistance #4/12 – low 7db Five
reinforcing bar 2 10.25.3
1b 9.4.3.1 Bond resistance #8/25 – low 7db Five
1c 9.4.3.1 Bond resistance db,max – low 7db Five
1d 9.4.3.1 Bond resistance db,max – high 7db Five
Tension confined, reinforcing bar 10.25.6
2 9.4.3.2 Bond/splitting behavior #8/25 – low 35db Six 6
in corner condition 2
Reliability tests
Sensitivity to hole Tension confined, single
3 9.4.4.1 db,max ≥0.8 10.25.7 low 7db Five
cleaning, dry substrate 5,7 reinforcing bar 2
Sensitivity to installation Tension confined, single
4 9.4.4.2 db,max ≥0.8 10.25.7 low 7db Five
in saturated concrete 5,7 reinforcing bar 2
Sensitivity to freezing/ Tension confined, single
5 9.4.4.3 #4/12 ≥0.9 10.25.7 high 7db Five
thawing conditions 5 reinforcing bar 2
Sensitivity sistained load Tension confined, single
6 9.4.4.4 #4/12 ≥0.9 10.25.7 low 7db Five
at elevated temperature 5 reinforcing bar 2
Decreased installation Tension confined, single
7 9.4.4.5 #4/12 ≥0.9 10.25.7 low 7db Five
temperature 5 reinforcing bar 2
Sensitivity to installation Tension confined, single
8 9.4.4.6 db,max ≥0.9 10.25.7 low 7db Five
direction 5 reinforcing bar 2
Installation procedure verification

Installation at deep Bar installation in injected hole,
9 9.4.5.1 db,max – 10.25.8 – 60db Three
embedment horizontal
10 9.4.5.2 Injection verification Injection in clear tube db,max – 10.25.8 – 60db Three
Durability
11a 9.4.6.1.1 Resistance to alkalinity 5 Slice test #4/12 – 10.25.10 low – Ten
11b 9.4.6.1.2 Resistance to sulfur 5 Slice test #4/12 – 10.25.10 low – Ten
12 9.4.7 Corrision resistance Current and potential test #4/12 – 10.25.9 high 2-3/4" Three
Special conditions
Seismic qualification for
Cyclic tension, confined, single
13 9.4.8 reinforcing bar connections db,max – 10.25.11 low 7db Five
9
reinforcing bar
1 For definition of high- and low-strength concrete, refer to 4.3.4.

2 Tests performed in test specimens in accordance with Fig. 4.5 and having minimum length/thickness of ℓb + 2 in. (ℓb + 50 mm)
3 Sizes are U.S. customary and European metric db,max is maximum size sought for recognition.
4 Perfom tests with deformed reinforcing bars conforming to the mechanical requirements of 9.4.3.2.1.
5 Tests are not required if corresponding test has been performed in accordance with the Table 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3.
6 Test bars in three test specimens for a total of six tests with cast-in bars and six tests with post-installed bars.
7 Tests shall be required if hole cleaning equipemnt and technique varies from that used for tests in accordance with Table 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3.
8 ptional test. If this test is not perfomed, the evaluation report shall note that the value of f'c to be used in the determination of develpoment and splice lengths in accordance with ACI 318
O
shall not exceed 2500 psi (17.2 MPa)
9 Optional test.
* Reproduced here with permission. For section and figure references see AC308.
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In addition to the bond/splitting tests described above, tests 5. T
he ability of the adhesive to develop bond resistance
are conducted to establish the suitability of the system for use over the development length when splitting controls the
in post-installed reinforcing bar applications in terms of: behavior; and
1. The ability of the adhesive to develop the required bond 6. T

he cyclic tension load behavior of the post-installed
resistance; reinforcing bar compared to cast-in-place bar response as
documented in the literature.
2. The sensitivity of the bond resistance to hole cleaning,
freezing and thawing conditions, concrete temperature While it is generally the case that modern structural-grade
extremes in service, installation orientation, and alkalinity/ adhesives are capable of developing bond resistances
sulfur exposure; well beyond those given in Figure 45, the effects of job-
site installation conditions, temperature, and other factors
3. The ability of the system to successfully execute long bar
included in the assessment can reduce bond resistance
installations (up to 60 bar diameters) without substantial
substantially. Therefore, system performance is critical for
voids in the adhesive around the post-installed reinforcing
qualification, not just adhesive bond strength as determined
bar;
under optimum conditions.
4. The corrosion resistance of the post-installed reinforcing
bar;
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6.0 What’s the back story?
6.1 Establishing the required Orangun, et al. [13] proposed an expression for determining
bar embedment the development length ℓd of deformed reinforcing bars in
tension as follows:
Systems qualified under AC308 are required to demonstrate
bond resistance and stiffness characteristics that are
compatible with cast-in reinforcement. Therefore, post- ⎡ ⎛ fs ⎞ ⎤
installed reinforcing bars installed with qualified systems can ⎢ ⎜ ______ –50 ⎜ ⎢
⎢ 4
⎝ √f′c ⎠ ⎢
be designed and detailed using the same provisions that are ℓd = ⎢ ________________________ ⎢ db (lb, in.) [5]
applicable to the development of straight cast-in-place bars. ⎢⎛ cb Atrfyt ⎞ ⎢
⎢ ⎜ 1.2 + 3 ____ + _________ ⎜⎢
db 500s ‧ db ⎠ ⎦
6.2 Overview of ACI 318-1115 ⎣⎝
development length
provisions for straight where,
reinforcing bars Atr The total cross-sectional area of all transverse
The ACI concept of development length is based on the reinforcement within spacing that crosses the potential
attainable average bond stress over the length of embedment plane of splitting through the reinforcement being
of the reinforcement. Development length can be defined as developed
the shortest length in which the bar stress increases from zero cb Smaller of: (a) center of bar to nearest concrete surface,
to the nominal yield strength. This definition incorporates and (b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of bars
two very important concepts — bar stress and nominal yield being developed
strength. Bar stress is the force per unit area of the bar cross-
db Diameter of bar being developed
section. The nominal yield strength is the minimum bar stress
at which permanent (inelastic) deformation occurs. Structural f΄c Specified 28-day compressive strength of concrete
reinforced concrete design is based on the assumption
fs The maximum stress in the bar
that the reinforcing bar will develop its yield strength
before premature failure occurs due to inadequate bond. fyt Specified yield strength fy of transverse reinforcement
Development length is intended to ensure that the nominal
yield strength of the bar can be developed under structure
loading.
U.S. reinforcing bar size Canadian reinforcing bar size
"Soft" Mass per unit Metric Mass per unit length Nominal diameter Cross-sectional
Imperial Nominal diameter Nominal area
metric length bar size (kg/m) (mm) area (mm2)
bar size
size lb/ft (kg/m) (in) (mm) (in2) (mm2) 10 M 0.785 11.3 100
#2 #6 0.167 0.249 0.250 = 1/4 6.35 0.05 32 15 M 1.570 16.0 200
#3 #10 0.376 0.561 0.375 = 3/8 9.525 0.11 71 20 M 2.355 19.5 300
#4 #13 0.668 0.996 0.500 = 4/8 12.7 0.20 129 25 M 3.925 25.2 500
#5 #16 1.043 1.556 0.625 = 5/8 15.875 0.31 200 30 M 5.495 29.9 700
#6 #19 1.502 2.24 0.750 = 6/8 19.05 0.44 284 35 M 7.850 35.7 1000
#7 #22 2.044 3.049 0.875 = 7/8 22.225 0.60 387 45 M 11.775 43.7 1500
#8 #25 2.670 3.982 1.000 25.4 0.79 509 55 M 19.625 56.4 2500
#9 #29 3.400 5.071 1.128 28.65 1.00 845
#10 #32 4.303 6.418 1.270 32.26 1.27 819
#11 #36 5.313 7.924 1.410 35.81 1.56 1006
#14 #43 7.650 11.41 1.693 43 2.25 1452
#18 #47 13.60 20.257 2.257 57.3 4.00 2581
#18J 14.60 21.775 2.337 59.4 4.29 2678
Figure 42 — North American reinforcing bars.16
15 American Concrete Institute, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” Farmington Hills, MI, 2011 [2].
16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar
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This equation was modified in 2003 to include the = 1.0 for uncoated and zinc-coated
confinement term, Ktr, and a strength reduction factor of 0.8 reinforcement (applies generally to
as follows: post-installed bars
ψs = 0.8 for no. 6 and smaller bars
⎛ = 1.0 for no. 7 and larger bars
fs –200⎞
⎜ ______ ⎜
⎝ √f′
______________ ⎠ cb + Ktr
ℓd = db c (lb, in.) [6] ______ ≤ 2.5
cb + Ktr ⎞
⎛________ db
12 ⎜ db
⎜
⎝ ⎠
λ = modification factor for lightweight concrete
where
Note: ACI Committee 408 (Bond and Development)
has issued a report on the current development length
Atrfyt
Ktr = _________ provisions in ACI 318. The report, ACI 408R-03 [1], makes
1500s ‧ n specific recommendations for the improvement of the
development length equation, including a reduction in
the exponent on concrete compressive strength, and
= c
ontribution of confining reinforcement to increased
reconsideration of the small bar factor.
splitting resistance, with n being the number of bars
being spliced or developed along the plane of splitting 6.3 Other straight bar
(Ktr may be conservatively taken as zero). provisions in ACI 318-11 [2]
The basic tension development length equation in ACI 318-11 ACI 318-11 contains many provisions relevant for straight bar
is obtained from this expression by removing the constant anchorage. Selected provisions are summarized here. For
(200), replacing 1/12 with 3/40, replacing fs in Equation [6]with further information, please consult the code.
the nominal yield stress fy, and taking the yield strength of the
Section 12.2.5 (Excess reinforcement) permits reduction
transverse reinforcement as fyt = 60000 psi.
of development length in direct proportion to the amount
Development length for straight deformed bars in tension is of excess reinforcement provided over that required by
given in Section 12.2.3 of ACI 318-11 as follows: analysis. This provision applies to reinforcement in flexural
members “…except where anchorage or development for fy
is specifically required or the reinforcement is designed under
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 3 fy ψ tψ eψ s ⎢ (seismic) provisions of 21.1.1.6.”
ℓd = ⎢ ___ ______ _______ ⎢ db ≥ 12 in (lb, in.) [7]
cb + Ktr ⎢
⎢ 40 λ√f′c _______ The development length requirement for straight bars in
⎢ db ⎦⎢
⎣ compression in Section 12.3.2 is given by:
where ⎡ ⎛ 0.02fy ⎞ ⎤
ℓd = max ⎢ ⎜ _______ db ⎜ (0.0003 fydb); 8 in. ⎢ (lb, in.) [8]
whereby s is the bar spacing and n is ⎣ ⎝ λ √f′ ⎠ ⎦
40Atr
_____
c
Ktr = the no. of bars being developed

s∙n
Section 12.10.3 notes that reinforcement “…shall extend
ψt = 1.3 for horizontal reinforcement placed beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist
with more than 12 in. of fresh flexure for a distance equal to d or 12db, whichever is greater,
concrete cast below the bars except at supports of simple spans and at free end of
= 1.0 for other situations (applies to post- cantilevers.”
installed bars) Section 12.10.4 requires that continuing reinforcement in
ψe = 1.5 for epoxy coated bars, zinc and epoxy a flexural member be embedded for a distance “…not less
dual coated bars with cover less than than ℓd beyond the point where bent or terminated tension
3db, or clear spacing less than 6db reinforcement is no longer required to resist flexure.”
= 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars, zinc Section 12.10.5 prohibits the termination of flexural
and epoxy dual-coated bars reinforcement in a tension zone unless either (a) the shear
stress at the bar cutoff does not exceed 67% of ϕVn, (b)
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excess stirrup reinforcement is present, or (c) excess Section 21.9.2.3(c) stipulates that development length ℓd
reinforcement is provided and the shear stress does not be increased by 125% “…where yielding of longitudinal
exceed 75% of ϕVn. reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of lateral
displacements…” in special structural walls and coupling
Section 12.11.2 requires that positive moment reinforcement
beams.
in flexural members that are “part of a primary seismic-load-
resisting system” be anchored to develop fy in tension at the Section 21.9.6.4 (e) permits horizontal reinforcement in the
face of the support. wall web to be anchored to develop fy in tension within the
confined core of the boundary element provided the required
Section 12.11.4 requires that positive moment reinforcement
area of web reinforcement does not exceed the required area
in deep beams be anchored to develop fy at simple supports
of the boundary element transverse reinforcement parallel to
unless the design is carried out using the strut and tie
the web reinforcement.
provisions of Appendix A.
Section 21.11.7.3 requires that all reinforcement “used to
Section 12.12.1 requires that straight bars acting as negative
resist collector forces, diaphragm shear, or flexural tension…”
reinforcement be anchored with development length in the
be developed or spliced for fy in tension.
supporting member.
Section 12.14.2.3 requires that bars spliced by noncontact

6.4 Design of post-installed
lap splices in flexural members be spaced not more than the
reinforcing bars based
lesser of 1/5 the required splice length and 6 inches.
on development length
concepts
Section 12.15.1 provides requirements for Class A and Class
Figure 43 provides a comparison of the performance of
B tension lap splices. Class A splices (ℓd) are permitted where
post-installed and cast-in reinforcing bars from tension tests
at least twice the required reinforcement is provided and 1/2
conducted at the University of Stuttgart. For small concrete
or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required
cover (approx. 2 in.) the failure loads of post-installed and
lap length. Class B splices (1.3 ℓd) are permitted in all other
cast-in reinforcing bars are shown to be nearly identical,
cases.
verifying that, for splitting failure, qualified post-installed
Section 12.15.3 requires that bars of different size be spliced reinforcing bars behave the same as cast-in-place bars. At
over a length not less than ℓd of the larger bar or the tension larger concrete cover, splitting no longer controls the behavior
lap splice length (1.3 ℓd) of the smaller bar. and the bars fail by pullout. In such cases, the bond strength
Section 21.5.2.3 requires that hoops or spiral reinforcement of a post-installed reinforcing bar may be significantly higher
is provided over the lap splice length of flexural reinforcement than that of a cast-in reinforcing bar, depending on the
in special moment frames. Splices are not permitted within adhesive used.
joints, within a distance of twice the member depth from
the joint face, and “…where analysis indicates that flexural
14 Large concrete cover
yielding is caused by inelastic lateral displacements of the
12
frame.”
Mean bond stress [N/mm 2]
10
Section 21.7.5.2(a) requires that the development length of #3
8
through #11 straight bars in tension in special moment frames
be taken as follows (low lift, applicable to post-installed bars): 6
db = 20 mm (#6)
4 hef = 200 mm (7.8 in.)
f'c ~ 3000 psi
fydb Concrete cover c = 50 mm
ℓd = ________
2
[9] Cast-in-place bar
( 26 √f′ ) 0
Post-installed bar
c
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement [mm]
Section 21.7.5.3 requires that straight bars terminated at a
Figure 43 — Comparison of bond stresses as a function of
joint pass through the confined core of a column or boundary
edge distance17.
element, and any portion of ℓd not within the core be
increased 160%.
17 Spieth, H., “Structural Behavior and Design of Bonded Reinforcing Bars,” doctoral thesis, University of Stuttgart [20].
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In addition, the load-slip performance of post-installed Equivalent (uniform) bond stress values corresponding to
reinforcing bars installed with a qualified system is similar development lengths determined in accordance with
to that of cast-in-place reinforcing bars. Thus, the design ACI 318-11 are shown in Figure 45:
provisions for cast-in reinforcing bars in tension can be
Concrete Compressive Strength (psi)
extended to qualified post-installed reinforcing bars as well. Bar size
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
ACI 318-11 Equation (12-1) for deformed bars in tension can ≤ #6 570 658 735 806 870 930
≥#7 456 527 589 645 697 745
be recast in terms of an equivalent bond stress equation as
follows: Figure 45 — Equivalent bond strengths (psi) for bars
Asfy = τbondπdbℓd [10] developed in accordance with ACI 318-11 Section 12.2.3
in normal weight concrete with (cb + Ktr)/db = 2.5.
where In the absence of confining reinforcement, the confinement

term achieves the limiting value when the ratio of cb to
τbond is the equivalent bond stress
db equals 2.5. Theoretically, the development length of a
Substituting As = πdb2/4, the following expression for bond reinforcing bar with cover equal to or greater than 2.5db is no
can be derived from the development length equation given in longer controlled by splitting. Since practical considerations
Section 12.2.3: often dictate edge distances for post-installed reinforcing bars
greater than 2.5db, the presence of transverse reinforcement
⎛c +K ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ is often not a factor for determining the development length.
τbond = 3.33λ √f′ ⎜ _______
b tr
⎜ ⎜_______ ⎜ (lb, in.) [11]
c
⎝ db ⎠ ⎝ ψtψeψs ⎠ 6.5 Alternative approaches
For post-installed reinforcing bars, the “top bar” modification to establishing bar
factor, ψt, which accounts for defects associated with embedment
concrete placement, can be taken as unity.
The development length provisions of the ACI code are
Note that the ACI code limits the extent to which bond predicated on the assumption that bars may be closely
stresses in the concrete may be utilized via a 2.5 cap on the spaced and may be placed at cover depth from the concrete
value of the quotient (cb + Ktr)/db in the development length surface.
equation in Section 12.2.3. Figure 44 provides a schematic
Limited reduction in development length is afforded for bars
representation of this limit, whereby for bars located well away
placed at or greater than 2.5db away from edges, since it
from edges, it is assumed that splitting no longer controls
is assumed that pullout should control for these bars (as
the behavior at ultimate load. Hilti anchoring adhesives can
opposed to splitting). Increases in edge distance should
generate bond stresses that far exceed this limit; however,
permit further reductions in development length; however,
strain compatibility and serviceability considerations often
closely spaced bars carrying higher bond stresses could lead
dictate the use of the more conservative embedments
to concrete breakout failure, a failure mode not anticipated in
associated with the code.
the development length formulation.
However, when post-installed reinforcing bars are not lapped

τbond [N/mm2]
Available bond strength
Fully-utilized bond
Extension for post- strength of
with existing reinforcing and are installed sufficiently far
installed bars with adhesive (product- from edges, it may be appropriate to employ other design
large cover (product- dependent)
dependent) approaches as described in the following sections.
6.5.1 Design of post-installed

Effective limit on reinforcing bars using
3.5 bond per ACI 318-11
§12.2 anchor design concepts18
3.0
2.5 The use of anchor design concepts for determining the

0 embedment of post-installed reinforcing bars is discussed in
0 1.0 2.5
the literature and is appropriate for systems that have also
Edge distance as a function of bar diameter [cd/db]
been qualified under anchor qualification provisions (e.g., ACI
Figure 44 — Effective limit on bond stress. 355.4, AC308). The use of anchor design concepts is relatively
straightforward, but appropriate assumptions are required
18 Charney, F., et al., “Recommended Procedures for Development and Splicing of Post-installed Bonded Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural Journal [4].
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with respect to the embedment. For example, is achievement per Eq. (D-2) of ACI 318-11 as the product of the tensile
of bar yield required? If so, should overstrength be applied to stress area of the anchor element and the anchor element
the nominal bar yield stress? The answers to these and other nominal ultimate strength. ACI 318 notes that the ultimate
questions are situation dependent. strength is used because many anchor elements do not
exhibit well-defined yield plateaus. As such, a limit of 1.9fy is
This approach can be subdivided into two categories:
placed on the value of the nominal ultimate stress that can
Category 1 — Bars installed far away from edges in the face be used in Eq. (D-2) in order to avoid yielding of the anchor
of walls, slabs, and foundations. In this case, post-installed element at service load levels. In the case of reinforcing bars,
reinforcing bars are assumed to be located sufficiently far the nominal yield strength is not generally well controlled.
from any edge to preclude splitting failure. Concrete breakout Generally speaking, yield strengths may exceed specified
and bond resistances are likewise assumed to be unaffected values by 25%. ASTM A706 Grade 60 bars are controlled
by edge conditions. such that the actual tested yield cannot exceed 78 ksi, and
the tested ultimate cannot be less than 125% of the actual
Category 2 — Bars installed away from edges but still
yield.19
potentially affected by edge distance when determining
the concrete breakout strength. The use of anchor design In accordance with ACI 318-11 D.5.2.1, the nominal concrete
concepts is still possible in such cases, but is complicated breakout strength in tension of headed anchors is obtained as
by the edge proximity and requires iteration to find an optimal follows:
solution.
ACI 318-11 specifies that the design strength for adhesive ANc ⎡ ⎤
Ncbg = ____ ψed,Nψec,Nψc,Nψcp,N ⎢kc λa √f′ (hef)1.5 ⎢ (lb, in.) [12]
anchors in tension be taken as the minimum value of the ANco ⎣ c
⎦
steel, concrete breakout and bond strengths as determined
for a given bar diameter and anchorage length (embedment
where
depth), and including the appropriate strength reduction
factors. Significantly, ACI limits the uniform bond model that ANco 9(hef)2
is the basis for the design provisions to embedment depths
ANc Projected area of theoretical breakout body based
between 4 and 20 anchor diameters. Beyond 20 diameters,
on critical anchor spacing of 3hef and anchor edge
the nonlinearity of the bond stress distribution can lead to a
distance of 1.5hef
reduction in the usable bond stress at failure that must be
assessed with engineering judgment. ψed,N
Factor that accounts for near-edge anchors that
reflects the disturbed stress state caused by the
The nominal steel strength in tension, Nsa, of a single anchor
presence of an edge
element (e.g., threaded rod or reinforcing dowel) is determined
120 120
100 100
80 80
#3 bar #5 bar
Stress [ksi]
Stress [ksi]
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Strain [in/in.] Strain [in/in.]
Figure 46 — Stress strain curves for #3 and #5 ASTM A706 Gr. 60 reinforcing bars.20
19 ASTM Standard A706/A706M, 2014, “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,
2003, DOI: 10.1520/A0706_A0706M, www.astm.org.
20 Publication No. FHWA-HIF-13-038, “Laboratory Tests of Column-to-Drilled Shaft Socket Connections,” Federal Highway Administration, June 2013, p. 11.
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ψec,N
Factor to account for eccentrically-loaded groups increased cover and/or provided with transverse reinforcing
are governed by pullout failure, but, it is noted, “… an
ψc,N Increase factor that accounts for uncracked concrete
increase in cover or transverse reinforcement (beyond that
ψcp,N Factor to account for splitting hoop stresses assumed to ensure pullout behavior) is unlikely to increase
the anchorage capacity.” Note that in no case is concrete
λa Lightweight concrete adjustment factor
breakout anticipated, regardless of the density of bars placed
kc
Efficiency factor for concrete breakout (characteristic in a specific volume of concrete. This assumption is likely
value, cracked concrete); for adhesive anchors, this predicated on the relatively low bond stresses associated with
value is determined by testing in accordance with the development length equation (see Figure 45). For post-
ACI 355.4. installed reinforcing bars designed in accordance with anchor
theory, however, the full tested bond strength of the adhesive is
hef Effective embedment depth
utilized and as such evaluation of both the bond and breakout
Similarly, in accordance with ACI 318-11 D.5.5.1, the capacities in accordance with ACI 318 is required.
characteristic bond strength,Nag, of adhesive anchors in
Post-installed reinforcing bars can be designed by recasting
cracked concrete is determined as follows:
the concrete breakout and bond strength expressions in
ACI 318 into development length equations; that is, by
ANa ⎡ ⎤
Nag = ____ ψed,Naψec,Naψcp,Na ⎢τcr λa  da hef ⎢ (lb, in.) [13] equating the strength associated with concrete failure or
ANao ⎣ ⎦ bond failure with the yield strength of the embedded bar and
solving for the embedment. This may be particularly useful
where where cover (edge distance) is large but embedment depth
is limited, such as the development of bars into the face of a
ANca = (2cNa)2 wall.
ANa Projected influence area based on critical anchor
Note: For additional information on this approach,
edge distance, cNa
see Charney, et al., “Recommended Procedures for
cNa τuncr Development and Splicing of Post-installed Bonded
= 10da ______ (lb, in.)
1100 Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural

Journal, Vol. 110, No. 3, May-June 2013 [4].
Characteristic bond stress in cracked concrete per
τcr
Per Charney et al., when a single post-installed reinforcing
evaluation in accordance with ACI 355.4
bar is installed in normal weight concrete away from edges
τuncr Characteristic bond stress in uncracked concrete per such that the concrete break out strength is not affected by
evaluation in accordance with ACI 355.4 edge distance, the concrete breakout-associated embedment
required to achieve yield in the embedded reinforcing bar may
da
Diameter of anchor element (threaded rod,
be expressed as:
reinforcing bar)
Other terms are analogous to the expression for concrete ⎛ A f ⎞2/3

ℓd,breakout = 1.2 ⎜ ______
b y ⎜ (lb, in.) [14]
breakout. ⎝ kc √f′ ⎠
c
Strength reduction factors (ϕ) given in D.4 are applied to Similarly, when a single post-installed reinforcing bar
the nominal steel, concrete breakout, and bond strengths, is installed away from any edges, the bond-controlled
and the minimum value is compared to the factored design embedment required to achieve yield in the embedded
load Nua. Additional design checks are made in accordance reinforcing bar can be expressed as:
with Section D.4.1.2 for adhesive anchors subjected to
sustained tension loads. Where anchors are used in structures 0.3db fy
ℓd,bond = _______ (lb, in.) [15]
assigned to Seismic Design Categories C, D, E or F, additional τcr
requirements in accordance with D.3.3 are placed on the
The design development length for this particular case may be
anchor behavior.
taken as the greater of and ,ℓd,breakout and ℓd,bond, i.e.,
According to ACI 318-11 R12.2, splitting governs the
ℓd = max ⎜ℓd,breakout ; ℓd,bond ⎜ (in.) [16]
behavior of reinforcing bars placed at minimum cover with no
transverse or other confining reinforcement. Bars placed with
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The particular assumptions used for the application of anchor 6.5.2 Use of confinement to
theory to bar development (e.g., bar yield and bond strength increase bond efficiency
values) are a matter of engineering judgment and will in
As shown in Figure 45, the bond stresses associated with
part depend on the specific circumstances of the design.
typical development lengths are low relative to the bond
For groups of bars and for bars near edges, this approach
strengths that can be achieved with post-installed adhesives
obviously becomes more complex, but can be solved by
(compare, e.g., with Figure 39). The term associated with
inclusion of the necessary edge distance and spacing
confinement in Equation (12-2) of ACI 318-11 is
adjustments in ACI 318-11 Appendix D.
Note: ACI 318-11 D.4.2.3 states: “For adhesive anchors ⎛ 40 A ⎞

with embedment depths 4da ≤ hef ≤ 20da, the bond strength cb + ⎜______tr ⎜
⎝ s‧n ⎠
_____________
requirements shall be considered satisfied by the design ≤ 2.5 (lb, in.) [17]
db
procedure of D.5.5.” This requirement recognizes the limits
of the uniform bond model adopted by ACI. In some cases
it may be justifiable to specify embedment in excess of where
20 bar diameters in order to ensure the desired margin of cb a factor to represent the smallest of the side cover,
safety. Contact Hilti for further information. the cover over the bar as measured to the bar
Example: Shear dowels (compare with example provided in centerline, or one-half the center-to-center spacing
2.6.1) of the bars (in.)
Requirement: Determine the embedment requirement for Atr area of transverse reinforcement effective to prevent
post-installed reinforcing bars used to connect a new 10- splitting (in2)
inch thick shotcrete (pneumatically-placed) shear wall to s spacing of transverse bars (in.)
an existing concrete wall (9). Bars are #5 at 24 in. x 24 in.
over face of wall. Existing shear wall is 12 in. thick with n no. of bars being spliced or developed along the line
4 ksi normal weight concrete. Based on an assessment of splitting (in.)
in accordance with AC308, the bond strength, τcr, of the The limit of 2.5 placed by Section 12.2.3 on the confinement
adhesive is 1090 psi and the kc value is 17. The bond strength term reflects the relatively conservative assumption regarding
of the adhesive in uncracked concrete, τuncr, is 1560 psi. the effectiveness of confinement in suppressing splitting and
Assume spacing is sufficient to use simplified expressions for pullout failures. Research sponsored by Hilti [17] indicates
development of bars based on application of anchor theory in that, for specific adhesives, the limit on this term can be
accordance with Charney, et al. increased by nearly 100%, to 4.5. The particular conditions
under which this adjustment can be made are given in the
⎛ 0.31 x 60000 ⎞2/3 literature. In addition, testing of laterally loaded columns
ℓd,breakout = 1.2 ⎜ ____________ ⎜ = 8 in. anchored with post-installed bars has demonstrated that
⎝ 17 √4000 ⎠
the confinement effect provided by the compression toe of
the column can effectively be used to reduce the required
ℓd,bond = 0.3 x 0.625 x 60000 = 10.3 in.
__________________
development length for these cases [12].
1090
Check spacing assumption for concrete breakout: 6.5.3 Strut-and-tie models

3 x 8 = 24 in. ≤ 24 in. ∴ ok ACI 318-11 Appendix A provides procedures for the
Check spacing assumption for bond failure: development of strut-and-tie models to design reinforced
concrete structures or members that contain D-regions (an
1560 area around a force or geometric discontinuity). This approach
2cNa = 20 x 0.625 _____ = 15 in. ≤24 in.∴ ok
1100 is particularly suitable for the design of post-installed
reinforcing bars where the bar is installed perpendicular to the
Use #5 hooked dowels embedded 10-1/2 inches = 16.8 bar
primary reinforcement in the existing concrete member. The
diameters < 20 (limit of uniform bond model per ACI 318-11
structure is divided into B- and D-regions. B-regions are parts
D.4.2.3).
of a structure in which Bernoulli's hypothesis of straight-line
strain profiles applies. The internal stress state of B-regions
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can be easily derived from the sectional forces and the region Nodes are represented by extended nodal zones, which
can be designed on the basis of classical beam theory. are in turn classified according to the sense and orientation
of intersecting the ties and struts (Figure 49). The proper
D-regions are parts of a structure with a complex variation in
modeling and assessment of extended nodal zones requires
strain. They include portions near abrupt changes in geometry
a thorough understanding of the limits of the strut-and-tie
(geometrical discontinuities) or concentrated forces (statistical
model approach.
discontinuities). D-regions are assumed to extend a distance
h from the force or geometric discontinuity (see Figure 47). Most post-installed reinforcing bar problems can be
expressed with some variant of a C-C-T node, as shown in
Figure 50.
h D-region B-region D-region B-region D-region
h 2h h Column tie
Post-installed
reinforcing bar
Figure 47 — Idealized D- and B-regions in a concrete
beam.
Effective bond length

The design of D-regions is complex and requires a clear
understanding of force flow. In strut-and-tie modelling, the
complex state of internal forces is idealized as a truss. The Compression strut
compression (struts) and tension (ties) members are identified

in the region. The points of equilibrium where struts, ties, and
concentrated forces intersect are denoted as nodes (Figure 48).
Figure 49 — Strut-and-tie model for a post-installed
reinforcing bar connection.
Tie
Strut
Node
Figure 50 — Extended nodal zone.
Note: A detailed description of strut-and-tie modeling of

a post-installed reinforcing bar connection in a column-
foundation joint subject to overturning moment is provided
in Hamad, B., et al., "Evaluation of Bond Strength
of Bonded-In or Post-Installed Reinforcement," ACI
Structural Journal V. 103, No. 2, pp. 207-218 [8]. Additional
Figure 48 — Strut-and-tie model of a corbel. experimental verification of this connection is described in
Kupfer, et al. [11].
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Example: Column starter bars (compare with example Note: Additional checks for the adequacy of the model may
provided in 2.6.4) be required. For further information, see Hamad, B., et al.
Requirement: Establish the embedment requirement for "Evaluation of Bond Strength of Bonded-In or Post-Installed
post-installed starter bars for a new column to be cast on Reinforcement," ACI Structural Journal V. 103, No. 2, pp.
an existing grade beam 15-in. wide by 30-in. deep with 4 ksi 207-218 [8].
concrete and A615 Gr. 60 reinforcing. The new column is 15 6.6 Design of shear dowels
x 15-inch square with ASTM A615 Gr. 60 #7 column bars (see
Figure 17). The column must resist moment and shear arising According to shear friction theory as adopted by ACI 318,
from wind loading. reinforcing bars that cross a shear plane serve to clamp the
two faces of the shear interface together, enabling shear
transfer through friction acting over the interface surface area.
Although often referred to as dowels, the reinforcing bars
that cross the shear interface are not assumed to resist shear
forces through dowel action; shear friction presumes that the
reinforcing acts in tension only.
d1 N
T σso - σSN
θ ws
EQ
z1R ℓst s
EQ σc
Ns=T/sinθ
σc
db
z0
θ
σso - σSN N
Ac
Detail
Figure 52 — The main mechanisms of shear transfer
Figure 51 — Strut-and-tie model for column to grade along a reinforced concrete interface: dowel action and
beam connection. aggregate interlock, from [21].
Determine the bond length based on the geometry of the However, recent work by Palieraki, et al. [16] has demonstrated
compression strut required to develop the bar (see Figure 51): that the static and cyclic strengths of the shear friction
T interface can accurately be described as the sum of friction
Ns = _____ and dowel action mechanisms. This approach also permits
sinθ
the determination of shear force transfer for reduced dowel
T = ϕ ‧ As ‧ fy = 0.9 x 2 x 0.60 x 60000 = 64800 lb embedment depths.
fce = 0.85 x βs x f'c = 0.85 x 0.6 x 4000 = 2040 psi

ACI 318-11 Section A.3.2
ϕc = 0.65
Assume a strut angle θ of 60 degrees:
Ns 64800
ws = __________ = _______________________0 = 3.8
t x ϕc x fce 15 x 0.65 x 2040 x sin60
Ws
ℓst = ______ = 7.5 in.
cos600
Figure 53 — Prediction of static interface shear plotted

ℓst ℓst 7.5
ℓd = Z0 + ___ = Z1R x tanθ + ___ ≈ 12 x tan60 + ____ = 25 in. against test results.
2 2 2
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The following formulation of the interface shear design Dowel action:
method proposed by Palieraki [14] is a simplification based
on conservative assumptions. It consists of the summation 1.3 ‧ n ‧ db2 √f′c ‧ fy
τd = __________________ (lb, in.) [20]
of friction and dowel action effects (see Eq. (18)) with Ac
modification terms that account for surface roughness,
where
reinforcing quantity and grade, reinforcing embedment and
bond strength, and loading type (i.e., static vs. cyclic). As db = diameter of interface dowel reinforcement (in.)
shown in Figure 53, the approach proposed by Palieraki
n = number of dowels crossing interface
provides excellent agreement with an extensive database of
test results. Ac = area of interface transected by n dowels (in2)
Vn = Ac (βf ‧ τf + βd ‧ τd) [18] The contribution factors have been experimentally established
as follows:
where
Friction contribution factor, βf, for non-cyclic shear loading
Vn = nominal interface shear strength (lb.)
across the interface:
τf = nominal interface shear contribution from friction
Surface roughness βf
(lb./in2)
shear keys, or where fext ≥ + 0.1 f'c 0.8
τd = nominal interface shear contribution from dowel
mechanically roughened (1/4-in. amplitude) 0.6
action (lb./in2)
not roughened 0.4
βf = contribution factor for friction
not roughened, steel formed surface (very smooth) 0.2
βd = contribution factor for dowel action
Friction contribution factor, βf, for cyclic (seismic) shear
Ac = surface area of interface (in2) loading across the interface = 0.2.
Friction: Dowel action contribution factor, βd, for non-cyclic shear

loading across the interface:
τf = 0.33 [ (f'c)2 ‧ ( fc,vf + fext) ]1/3 (lb., in.) [19]
where Dowel embedment βd

ℓe > 8db 0.75
fc,vf = compression stress over interface due to action of
dowel reinforcement ℓe ≤ 8db 0.5
fy ‧ Avf For cyclic shear, use ℓe ≥ 12db and βd = 0.75.

= ______ for fully embedded dowels (i.e., dowels
Ac Example: Shear dowels (compare with examples provided
embedded ℓd (lb., in.)
in 2.6.1 and 6.5.1)
5 ‧ fbu ‧ ℓe ‧Avf
= ____________ for dowels embedded less than ℓe Requirement: Determine the embedment requirement for
db ‧ A c
(lb., in.) post-installed reinforcing bars used to connect a new 8-inch
fext = uniform stress over interface due to externally thick shotcrete (pneumatically-placed) shear wall to an
applied normal force (positive for compression, existing concrete wall (Figure 9). Bars are #5 at 12 in. x 16 in.
negative for tension) (lb./in2) over face of wall. Existing shear wall is 10 in. thick with 4 ksi
normal weight concrete. Try dowels embedded the minimum
fbu = bond strength associated with the post-installed of 12 diameters (cyclic shear).
bar (lb./in2)
vu = 9 ksf = 63 lb. / in2
ℓe = embedment length of the dowel (in.)
Ac = 12 ‧ 16 = 192 in2
Avf = area of interface dowel reinforcement (in2)
fbu = 1090 lb. / in2 (characteristic bond strength in cracked
fy = y ield stress of interface dowel reinforcement (lb./in2) concrete per ACI 355.4)
f'c = concrete uniaxial compressive strength (lb./in2) Vn = Ac (βf ‧ τf + βd ‧ τd)
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5 ‧ fbu ‧ ℓe ‧ Avf 5 ‧ 1090 ‧12 (0.625) ‧ 0.31

fc,vf = _____________ = _____________________ = 106 lb. / in2
d b ‧ Ac 0.625 ‧ 192
fext = 0
τf = 0.33 [(f′c)2 ‧ (fc,vf + fext)]1/3 = 0.33 [(4000)2 ‧ (106 + 0)]1/3 = 394 lb. / in2
1.3 ‧ n ‧ db2 √f′c ‧ fy 1.3 ‧ 1 ‧ (0.625)2 √4000 ‧ 60000

τd = ______________ = ________________________ = 41 lb. / in2
Ac 192
Vn = Ac (βf ‧ τf + βd ‧ τd) = 192 (0.2 ‧ 394 + 0.75 ‧ 41) = 21030 lb.
0.75 ‧21030
ϕvn = ___________ = 82 lb. / in2 > 63 ∴ ok
192
Use #5 hooked dowels embedded 7-1/2 inches (12db).
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7.0 What else do I need to know?
7.1 Sustained loads, etc. 7.4 Corrosion

Sustained tension loading of adhesive anchors has Concrete is a naturally alkaline material and under normal
been associated with excessive creep in certain anchor conditions corrosion of embedded reinforcing is prevented
applications. For post-installed reinforcing bar applications, by passivation of the bar surface. However, when concrete
judgment is required to determine whether additional undergoes carbonation, the decreased pH can lead to
precautions for sustained tension load applications may be incipient corrosion. Furthermore, faster corrosion rates (pitting
required. For specific cases, e.g., where a small number of corrosion) are observed if the concrete is contaminated with
bars are subjected to direct tension as a result of dead loads, chlorides.
use of the reduced bond stress check required by ACI 318-11
The qualification of adhesive systems for post-installed
Section D.4.1.2 may be appropriate. Additionally, reductions
reinforcing bar applications includes a specific test for the
on bond strength for concrete temperature, presence of
susceptibility of the system to long-term bar corrosion.
water (e.g., saturated concrete), and installation in lightweight
Bars installed with qualified systems should exhibit similar
concrete should be adopted as appropriate.
corrosion rates to cast-in-place bars in the same concrete. It
7.2 Fatigue is important that the adhesive surrounding the bar be relatively
void-free to minimize corrosion. Therefore, installation quality
High-cycle fatigue loading is not specifically addressed in
is important for corrosion resistance as well as for high bond
the qualification requirements contained in AC308. Where
strength. Contact Hilti technical staff for additional guidance
high-cycle fatigue loading is relevant for a connection to be
on this topic.
performed with post-installed reinforcing bars, contact Hilti
technical staff for additional guidance.
7.3 Fire
Organic adhesives are affected by high temperatures. For
post-installed reinforcing bar connections that are part of a
fire-rated assembly (floor, roof, etc.) it is important that the fire
resistance of the connection be evaluated using test data for
the time-dependent reduction in bond strength associated
with typical geometries and time-temperature loading
protocols. Contact Hilti technical staff for additional guidance
on this topic.
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8.0 Useful reference information
8.1 ASTM standard reinforcing bars

Bar properties 1 Installation parameters 2
Adhesive volume per inch of
Bar size Nominal diameter Nominal weight
Nominal area [in2] Bit diameter 3 [in] embedment 4
[in] [lb/ft]
[cu in] [fl oz]
#3 0.375 0.11 0.376 1/2 0.110 0.061
#4 0.500 0.20 0.668 5/8 0.146 0.081
#5 0.625 0.31 1.043 3/4 0.176 0.098
#6 0.750 0.44 1.502 7/8 0.218 0.121
#7 0.875 0.60 2.044 1 0.252 0.140
#8 1.000 0.79 2.670 1-1/8 0.299 0.166
#9 1.128 1.00 3.400 1-3/8 0.601 0.333
#10 1.270 1.27 4.303 1-1/2 0.659 0.365
1 Source: ACI 318-11 Appendix E.
2 See Hilti Product Technical Guide for further information.
3 Values shown are typical. Refer to Hilti Instructions for Use.
4 Waste not included.
8.2 Canadian reinforcing bars

Bar properties 1 Installation parameters 2
Adhesive volume per mm of
Bar size Nominal diameter Nominal area Nominal weight Bit diameter 3 embedment 4
[mm] [mm2] [kg/m] [mm]
[mm] [mL]
10M 11.3 100 0.785 14 86.4 0.0864
15M 16.0 200 1.570 19 121.8 0.1218
20M 19.5 300 2.355 26 296.2 0.2962
25M 25.2 500 3.925 32 418.0 0.4180
30M 29.9 700 5.495 38 630.7 0.6307
1 Source: CSA G30.18 M92.

2 See Hilti Product Technical Guide for further information.
3 Refer to Hilti Instructions for Use.
4 Waste not included.
8.3 Common grades of reinforcing steel
Minimum Minimum
Specification specified yield specified ultimate
strength, fya strength, futa
psi 40,000 60,000
ASTM A615 Grade 40
(MPa) (276) (414)
psi 60,000 90,000
ASTM A615 Grade 60
(MPa) (414) (620)
psi 60,000 80,000
ASTM A706 Grade 60
(MPa) (414) (550)
psi 400 540
CAN/CSA-G30.18 Gr. 400
(MPa) (78,300) (58,000)
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8.0 Useful reference information
8.4 Calculated tension development and lap splice lengths for

Grade 60 reinforcing bars in walls, slabs and footings per
ACI 318-11 with (cb+Ktr)/db ≥ 2.5 [in] 1,2,3,4
System 5 Concrete compressive strength [psi] 6

2500 3000 4000 6000
HIT RE 500 V3
HIT-HY 200-R
HIT-HY 200-A
Bar size
ℓd 1.3 ℓd ℓd 1.3 ℓd ℓd 1.3 ℓd ℓd 1.3 ℓd
#3 ● ◐ ◐ 12 14 12 13 12 12 12 12
#4 ● ◐ ◐ 14 19 13 17 12 15 12 12
#5 ● ◐ ◐ 18 23 16 21 14 18 12 15
#6 ● ■ ◐ 22 28 20 26 17 22 14 18
#7 ● ■ ◐ 32 41 29 37 25 32 20 26
#8 ● ■ ◐ 36 47 33 43 28 37 23 30
#9 ● ■ ◐ 41 53 37 48 32 42 26 34
#10 ● ■ ◐ 46 59 42 54 36 47 30 38
◐ See Hilti Instructions for Use (IFU) for recommended application range.
● Suitable for all tabulated embedments.
■ Not recommended.
1 Values calculated for (cb+Ktr)/db ≥ 2.5. See ACI 318-11 §12.2.2.

2 ψt= 1.0 after Charney, F., et al., “Recommended Procedures for Development and Splicing of Post-installed Bonded Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural Journal [4]. See
ACI 318-11 §12.2.4 (a).
3 ψe = 1.0 for non-epoxy coated bars. See ACI 318-11 §12.2.4 (b).
4 ψs = 0.8 for #6 bars and smaller bars, 1.0 for #7 and larger bars. See ACI 318-11 §12.2.4 (c).
5 Applicable for hammer-drilled holes. For rock-drilled and core-drilled holes, contact Hilti.
6 Values are for normal weight concrete. For sand-lightweight concrete, multiply by 1.18, for all-lightweight concrete multiply by 1.33. See ACI 318-11 §8.6.
8.5 Calculated tension development and lap splice lengths for

Canadian 400 MPa reinforcing bars in walls, slabs and
footings per CSA A23.3-14 with (dcs+Ktr) ≥ 2.5db [mm] 1,2,3,4
System 5 Concrete compressive strength [psi] 6

2500 3000 4000 6000
HIT RE 500 V3
HIT-HY 200-R
HIT-HY 200-A
Bar size
ℓd 1.3 ℓd ℓd 1.3 ℓd ℓd 1.3 ℓd ℓd 1.3 ℓd
10M ● ◐ ◐ 300 380 300 340 300 310 300 300
15M ● ◐ ◐ 410 540 370 480 340 440 300 380
20M ● ◐ ◐ 510 660 450 590 410 540 360 460
25M ● ■ ◐ 820 1,060 730 950 670 870 580 750
30M ● ■ ◐ 960 1,250 860 1,120 790 1,020 680 890

◐ See Hilti Instructions for Use (IFU) for recommended application range.
● Suitable for all tabulated embedments.
■ Not recommended.
1 Values calculated for (dcs+Ktr) ≥ 2.5 db. See CSA A23.3-14 §12.2.2.
2 K1 = 1.0 after Charney, F., et al., “Recommended Procedures for Development and Splicing of Post-installed Bonded Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural Journal [4]. See
CSA A23.3-14 §12.2.4 (a).
3 K2 = 1.0 for non-epoxy coated bars. CSA A23.3-14 §12.2.4 (b).
4 K4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bars, 1.0 for 25M and larger bars. CSA A23.3-14 §12.2.4 (d).
5 Applicable for hammer-drilled holes. For rock-drilled and core-drilled holes, contact Hilti.
6 Values are for normal weight concrete. For sand-lightweight concrete, multiply by 1.2, for all-lightweight concrete multiply by 1.3. See CSA A23.3-14 §12.2.4 (c).
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9.0 References and suggestions for further reading

[1] ACI (2003). "Committee 408: Bond and Development [12] Mahrenholtz, C. and Eligehausen, R. (2014). “Numerical
of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension (ACI 408R-03)." Simulation of Column-to-Foundation Connections with
ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, American Concrete Reduced Anchorage Lengths Loaded Monotonically
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. and Cyclically,“ Proceedings of the Tenth U.S. National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake
[2] ACI (2011). "Committee 318: Building Code
Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK.
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and
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1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they?

b. Post-installed reinforcing bars, in contrast to adhesive

d. Post-installed reinforcing bars are generally embedded

Figure 1 — Adhesive anchor installation (using Hilti HIT-ICE

In this design environment the focus (for tension loads) is on

1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they?

Since the required embedments to satisfy development

1.3 Compatibility of post-

4 See ACI 318-11 D.4.2.3.

1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they?

a. Starter bars b. New bridge rail c. Diaphragm slab

d. Wall extension e. Steel column encasement f. Slab extension

Figure 5 — Scanning for reinforcing bars and other

a. Slab-to-wall connection b. Wall-to-wall connection c. Onlay shotcrete wall d. Slab-to-column connection

1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they?

a. Bridge widening b. Bridge deck rehabilitation c. Bridge deck augmentation

1.0 Post-installed reinforcing bars — what are they?

(E) slab flexural reinforcing

(N) slab extension

a. Tension lap splice with existing flexural reinforcement

(E) foundation reinforcing

Figure 8 — Examples of structural detailing with post-installed reinforcing bars.

2.0 How are they designed?

2.1 Design requirements project documentation. In addition, the specifications and

2.3 Required bond length

2.4 Connection detailing

8 See e.g., ACI 318-11 12.2.

2.0 How are they designed?

Step 1: Determine area of dowel steel required.

ACI 318-11 development length equation (12-1):

Dowel length = 14 + (10 – 0.75) say 23 in. to outside of

2.0 How are they designed?

(N) bars installed in 12 (8)2 x 458

use #8 @ 12 in. on center for top bars

Note: although this is sand-lightweight concrete, the

Note: Since the new #8 bars are being spliced with

2.0 How are they designed?

⎡ 3 _________ 1.0 ⎤⎢1.128 = 32 in.

Tension lap length (Class B) of #8 new reinforcing per 12.15.1:

⎡ 1.3 60000 1.0 ⎤

Provide post-installed dowels at size, spacing and

adhesive anchor system

2.0 How are they designed?

2.6.3 Design example — For 4 - #9 top bars, probable moment strength:

Kpr- b∙d2 ________________

Shear associated with formation of plastic hinges:

Determine shear force associated with plastic hinges at beam

2.0 How are they designed?

(N) 4 - #9 Top bars

Figure 16 — Detail (not to scale). Figure 17 — New column on existing foundation.

Anchoring system: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3 epoxy, install as Eq. (21-1):

2.6.4 Design example —

4 - #7 column bars (E) Grade

(E) Foundation reinforcing

Figure 18 — Detail (not to scale).

b. Post-installed reinforcing bars, in contrast to adhesive

d. Post-installed reinforcing bars are generally embedded

1.3 Compatibility of post-

2.6.3 Design example — For 4 - #9 top bars, probable moment strength:

2.6.4 Design example —

2.6.5 Design example — ⎡ 3 60000 1.0 ⎤

3.3 Installation of post-installed

• Is the appropriate injection equipment available, including

• Is the adhesive suitable for the concrete temperature and

1. The ability of the adhesive to develop the required bond 6. T

6.5.1 Design of post-installed