A Quantitaive Study: Investigating the Influence of Poverty and The

Poor Readin Comprehension of Junior High School Students in

DiCNHS

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Prime Innovations School of South Davao, Inc. – Senior High School
Brgy. Tiguman, Digos City
Davao del Sur

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research II

by

Sophia Bianca Mahinay

Khelly Kyle. Ramirez
Rhovic Jay Gonzales
Chares B. Loquias
Mayqueen Velasques
Ashley Bughaw
Jayde Frande
 Miko Lapiz

November 2024
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale

A single-parent family consists of either a mother or father raising their

child on their own. These families often face more challenges than those with

two parents, including money problems, less time for parenting, and less

emotional support for the kids. It is important to understand the experiences of

students from single-parent families because they often deal with difficulties

that can affect their education. These challenges can lead to lower grades,

higher dropout rates, and fewer resources available to them (Bokhove &

Hampden-Thompson, 2022).

Students’ academic performance is affected by many interconnected

factors, such as their family’s income, how involved their parents are, the

school environment, friendships, personal traits, and mental health. Families

with higher income often have better access to educational resources, while

supportive parents help create a positive atmosphere for learning at home

(Davis‐Kean, Tighe, & Waters, 2021). The quality of the school, including

effective teachers, smaller class sizes, and available resources, is also

important. Friends can either encourage or discourage academic efforts.

Personal traits like motivation and learning styles matter too, and mental

health issues like anxiety and depression can hurt performance by making it

hard to focus (Diržytė et al., 2021).

Moreover, the relationship between single-parent households and

academic performance is complicated and affected by several factors, mainly

income level, emotional support, and parental involvement. Kids in

singleparent families often deal with money issues that can limit their access

to educational resources and make their home life less stable, which can hurt

their academic success (Igandu, Odek, & Marima, 2023). The emotional

stress of not having a second parent can also make it harder to focus in

school. On the positive side, many single parents are involved in their

children’s education, which can lead to better outcomes. Additionally, kids

from these families often learn resilience and adaptability, helping them

develop strong coping skills and motivation to do well in school (Sabri et al.,

2020). In the end, while there are challenges in single-parent households,

personal situations, community support, and individual determination are key

factors that influence academic performance.

However, there are reams of researches on how single-parent

households affect academic performance, yet still there is a need to

understand the more subtle influences of things like income level, cultural

background, and emotional support. Many studies have looked mostly at

numbers and statistics, but they often overlook important personal aspects,

such as how involved parents are and how emotional well-being plays a role.
Objectives

This study aims to determine the relationship between single-parent

households and academic performance of the students.

Specifically, it will seek to answer the following:

1. To determine the level of single-parent households in terms of:

1.1. Type of Single Parental Support;

1.2. Challenges Students of Single Parent Families Face; and 1.3.

Parental Involvement in the Aspect of School Work Support.

2. To determine the level of academic performance in terms of:

2.1. Combined Test Scores in Core Subjects.

3. To determine the relationship between single-parent households

and Senior High School students’ academic performance.

Hypothesis

The following hypothesis will be tested at a 0.01 level of significance.

H₀: There is no significant relationship between single-parent

households and Senior High School students’ academic performance.

Review of Related Literature

To enhance understanding of the study, this section presents the

literature and research collected from various books, articles, and online

publications.

Single-parent households, where one parent raises a child

independently, are increasingly common and present unique challenges and

dynamics. Studies indicate that such families often experience economic

difficulties, as single incomes can limit access to resources like education and
healthcare (Morelli et al., 2022). Children in these households may face

behavioral or academic struggles, although supportive parenting and stable

environments help mitigate these effects (Zarra-Nezhad et al., 2019). Single

parents frequently adopt an authoritative parenting style, balancing warmth

with structure, which positively impacts children’s emotional well-being (Li, Li,

& Zhu, 2023). Social support from family, friends, and community resources

also plays a crucial role in helping single-parent families manage stress and

build resilience, enhancing the overall quality of life for both parents and

children.

Type of Single Parental Support

Single parents often demonstrate strong support for their children’s

education by prioritizing timely payment of school fees. This commitment

ensures that their children have uninterrupted access to resources and school

programs. In addition to managing finances, single parents take the

responsibility of providing necessary school materials, including textbooks and

supplies, ensuring their children are well-prepared for their studies (Barger et

al., 2019) . By meeting these needs, single parents create a stable

environment for learning, fostering a sense of consistency and readiness in

their children. Their dedication to these educational expenses reflects a clear

focus on their children’s academic well-being and success (Grolnick &

Pomerantz, 2022).

Beyond financial support, single parents actively engage in their

children’s learning by supervising studies at home. This hands-on approach

helps children stay focused, complete assignments, and prepare for exams,

especially in a single-parent setting where challenges may be unique (Cosso,

Suchodoletz, & Yoshikawa, 2022). Moreover, single parents show involvement

by attending Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) meetings and other school

events, demonstrating their commitment to staying informed and engaged in

their children's academic progress. By participating in school activities, single

parents foster a connection between home and school, which enhances their

children’s sense of support, belonging, and motivation to excel academically

(Li et al., 2019).

Challenges Students of Single Parent Families Face

Students from single-parent families face unique challenges,

particularly when financial resources are limited. With only one income, many

single parents struggle to provide adequate funds for their child’s education,

affecting their ability to pay for school fees, supplies, or extracurricular

activities (Ostroot & Backstrom, 2021). This lack of financial stability can limit

a student’s access to essential educational resources and opportunities,

placing them at a disadvantage compared to peers from two-parent

households (Sallee & Cox, 2019). As a result, children in these circumstances

may feel a sense of insecurity or worry about their academic future, which can

impact their focus and motivation at school.

Beyond financial concerns, students in single-parent families may

experience a lack of effective guidance or discipline. With the demanding

workload that many single parents bear, some may have difficulty consistently

monitoring their child’s behavior, which can lead to issues in academic

performance or personal conduct (Bannawi et al., 2023). Additionally, without

a second parent to share responsibilities, some single parents may find it

challenging to set and enforce boundaries, potentially causing their children to

act out (Muhle, 2020). This gap in supervision and discipline can result in

struggles with authority or rules at school, affecting students’ relationships with

teachers and peers.

In addition, another challenge faced by students of single-parent

families is the potential for strained parent-child interactions. Some single

parents, overwhelmed by financial and emotional stress, may unintentionally

take out frustrations on their children, leading to verbal abuse (Unamba, Kalu,

& Georgeline, 2020). This negative communication can significantly affect a

child’s self-esteem, making them feel undervalued or unsupported (Wang,

Huebner, & Tian, 2021). Furthermore, single parents often lack the time to

participate in school activities like PTA meetings, which may leave their

children feeling disconnected from the school community. This absence of

parental engagement can further impact the child’s academic progress and

emotional well-being, making it harder for them to thrive in school settings.

Parental Involvement in the Aspect of School Work Support

Parental involvement plays a crucial role in supporting students with

their schoolwork by creating a structured and nurturing environment. Many

parents establish clear boundaries for activities that can distract from

academics, such as limiting TV, phone, and computer time (Yang et al., 2023).

This focus helps students develop discipline and prioritize their studies.

Furthermore, parents ensure homework completion and provide a quiet study

area, which encourages focus and helps foster a productive learning

environment at home (Tan, Lyu, & Peng, 2020). By maintaining these routines,

parents instill a sense of responsibility in their children and reinforce the

importance of academic achievement.

 Additionally, involved parents actively communicate with school staff to

stay updated on school rules, classroom expectations, and their child’s

progress. They often participate in school activities, engage with other

parents, and stay connected through meetings and social events, which

strengthens the home-school connection (Schmid & Garrels, 2021). This

engagement not only builds positive relationships with teachers and staff but

also demonstrates to students that their education is valued and supported by

a community. Some parents even help their children with difficult academic

skills, offer creative activities like drawing or storytelling, and reach out to

teachers to discuss any personal issues that may impact school performance,

providing holistic support that contributes to student well-being and success

(Prakhov, Kotomina, & Sazhina, 2020).

However, not all students respond well to this level of parental

involvement, as some may feel pressured or overly monitored, which could

lead to resistance. While setting boundaries on TV or phone time may help

some students focus, others might view it as restrictive, limiting their freedom

and self-regulation (Jeynes, 2022). Similarly, constant communication with

teachers about personal matters could feel invasive, making students feel that

they lack independence. In such cases, it is essential for parents to balance

involvement with trust, allowing students to take ownership of their school

responsibilities while being there for support when needed (Otani, 2019).

The academic performance of students is often positively influenced by

active parental involvement in schoolwork support. When parents set

structured routines—such as limiting distractions from TV and devices,

ensuring homework completion, and providing a quiet study environment—

students are more likely to stay focused and achieve better academic results

(Jiang et al., 2023). This sense of structure and support helps students

develop discipline, time-management skills, and a strong sense of

responsibility (Šilinskas & Kikas, 2019). Studies have shown that students

who experience consistent parental involvement in their education often

display higher academic performance, as they are equipped with the tools and

guidance needed to succeed.

Furthermore, open communication between parents and school staff

contributes to a supportive learning environment that can enhance student

performance. Parents who engage with teachers and attend school activities

are able to stay informed about their child’s progress and address any

academic challenges promptly (Fu et al., 2022). This partnership between

home and school builds a network of support, making students feel valued

and motivated to perform well. On the other hand, when parents provide

additional help with challenging academic skills and incorporate creative

activities like storytelling or drawing, they contribute not only to skill-building

but also to developing a positive attitude toward learning (Kaptich, Kiplangat,

& Munyua,

2019).

Student’s Test Scores

Test scores often serve as a measure of academic performance and can reflect the

level of support students receive at home, which is particularly important in

singleparent households. Many studies have shown that children from single-parent

households can achieve similar test scores to their peers from two-parent families,
especially when their single parent is actively involved in their education ( Kim,

2021).

By managing responsibilities such as ensuring homework completion, creating a

quiet study environment, and staying connected with teachers, single parents provide

the structure and support that contribute to their children’s academic success ( Zhu,

Chan, & Yao, 2022). These efforts often translate into improved test scores, as

students feel more prepared and motivated to perform well.

However, not all students from single-parent households experience

positive test score outcomes, as there are unique challenges that may impact

their academic performance. The demands on a single parent can limit the

time and resources available to help with schoolwork, especially in cases

where they are balancing multiple jobs or responsibilities (Ngangi, Mwania, &

Cheloti, 2023). This lack of support may hinder students’ ability to focus,

prepare for tests, or receive help with challenging subjects, which could result

in lower test scores compared to their peers from two-parent households

(Adeyinka, Temiloluwa, & Chioma, 2022). Additionally, students may feel

increased pressure to succeed academically to alleviate family stress, which

can sometimes have a counterproductive effect on their performance.

Despite these challenges, many single-parent households find creative

ways to overcome obstacles and support their children’s test preparation.

Some single parents enlist the help of extended family, mentors, or after-

school programs to supplement the academic support they can provide at

home (Duriancik & Goff, 2019) . Others foster a strong sense of self-discipline

and resilience in their children, encouraging them to take ownership of their

education. This adaptability and resilience often equip students from

singleparent households with valuable skills for handling academic pressures,

helping them maintain competitive test scores even under challenging

circumstances (Dawadi, 2020).

Theoretical Framework

This study will be anchored on Epstein’s Theory of Overlapping Spears

of Influence developed from the Framework of six types of parental

involvement model by Epstein (1995). This indicates that schools should

partner with parents to create family-like schools where each child feels

special and included. This theory points out that parents should partner with

schools to be helped to create school-like families where the importance of

school, homework and other activities is reinforced. Epstein identifies six types

of parental involvement which include: Parenting, communicating,

volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with

community.

The framework has been revised to give specific practices that schools

can do to help parents to increase each of the six types of involvement.

According to the theory, parenting addresses the responsibilities that parents

have to create a supportive home learning environment (Syomwene, 2022).

Under this obligation, parents are supposed to provide a safe and healthy

home environment, adopt positive parenting practices, and establish

conditions that support learning at home. Epstein stipulates that schools

should offer parents support on how they can create a supportive home

leaning environment. Applying this model, principals in Kenya public schools

can, for instance, discharge this important duty by holding parents’ meetings

and seminars to train and educate parents on how can create a positive home
learning environment (Choge & Edabu, 2023). By doing that, schools will help

parents to create family like schools where the importance of education is

reinforced.

Conceptual Framework

The figure shown below illustrates how single-parent households

influence students' academic performance, particularly in core subjects.

Variations in parental support, challenges faced, and levels of involvement

significantly affect students' test scores. Active engagement from single

parents can enhance educational outcomes, despite the difficulties associated

with single-parent family dynamics.

Single-Parent Household
● Type of Single Parental
Support;
● Challenges Students of Academic Performance
Single Parent Families Face;
and ● CombinedTest Scores
in Core Subjects.
●Parental Involvement in the
Aspect of SchoolWork
Support.

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram Showing the Variables of the Study.

Significance of the Study

This study investigates the effects of single-parent household dynamics

on students' academic performance, particularly their combined test scores in

core subjects. By understanding the various types of support that single

parents provide, the challenges their children face, and the level of parental

involvement in academic work, this research aims to highlight the importance

of these factors in shaping educational outcomes. The findings will contribute

valuable insights for the following:

 Students. Identifies the challenges faced by single-parent students,

promoting awareness and targeted support to improve academic

performance;

Parents. Empowers single parents by highlighting effective support

strategies, enhancing their involvement in their children's education;

Teachers. Provides insights into the unique needs of students from

single-parent households, enabling tailored teaching approaches and support

mechanisms;

Department of Education. Informs policy development and program

initiatives aimed at supporting single-parent families and improving

educational outcomes; and

Future Research. Opens avenues for further studies on family

dynamics, academic performance, and the effectiveness of intervention

strategies in various contexts.

Definition of Terms

Single-Parent Household - one parent raising their children due to

divorce, separation, or loss of a partner;

Academic Performance - the measure of a student's achievement in

educational goals, often indicated by grades and assessments;

Test Scores - numerical indicators of a student's performance on

standardized assessments in various subjects;

Senior High Students - are those aged 16 to 18 in the last two years

of secondary education; and

 Prime School – a private institution where the respondents of this

study are enrolled.

CHAPTER 2
METHOD

Presented in this section are the research design, research locale, the

population and sample, research instrument, data collection and statistical

tool employed in the study.

Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive-correlational research design to

examine the relationship between single-parent households and the academic

performance of senior high school students. This design is appropriate

because it allows researchers to describe specific characteristics of single-

parent households, such as the type of parental support, challenges students

face, and parental involvement in schoolwork, and to examine how these

factors correlate with students' academic performance. Surveys and academic

records will provide data on the household characteristics, while students’

academic performance will be assessed through their combined test scores in

core subjects. According to Liu, Peng, and Luo (2020), correlational designs

are useful for identifying and examining relationships between variables,

especially in educational research, where understanding patterns between

social factors and academic outcomes is critical.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Prime Innovations School of South Davao,

Inc., located on Parallel Street, Sugar Road, Barangay Tiguman, Digos City.
 Prime School is a well-established private institution in Digos City,

providing quality education to a diverse student body. The researchers

selected this school as the study site due to its representative population of

senior high school students, including those from single-parent households,

making it a suitable setting for examining factors affecting academic

performance within this demographic.

Population and Sample

There are a total of 341 senior high students enrolled in Prime Innovations

School of South Davao, Inc. that will serve as respondents of this study. The

researchers will take 181 students as respondents, based on the sample size

computed using Raosoft. Supporting the tool used for computing the sample

size, the convenience sampling technique will be employed, as it allows the

researchers to select participants who are easily accessible and willing to

participate in the study. This approach is practical for the current study, given

the limited resources and time constraints, while still providing a

representative sample of the student population.

Research Instrument

The study will use a survey questionnaire consisting of two parts. The first

part will include students’ test scores in core subjects such as English and

Filipino, while the second part will contain questions about the characteristics

of single-parent households. This questionnaire is adapted from Diez’s (2018)

study entitled “The Academic Performance of Students from Solo Parent

Families of Jesus F. Magsaysay High School” and from Mensah and Oduro’s

(2020) study entitled “Assessment of Students from Single Parents' Support at

Konongo-Odumase Senior High School in the Ashanti Region.”

Moreover, the respondents will answer these questions using a 5-point Likert

scale with options ranging from very high to very low. The numerical ratings,

descriptive levels, and interpretation are shown on the succeeding page.

Numerical Range of Descriptive Descriptive Meaning

 Rating Means Level
5 4.20 – 5.00 Very High This means that single-parent
households greatly influence
the academic performance of
senior high school students.
4 3.40 – 4.19 High This means that single-parent
households often influence
the academic performance of
senior high school students.
3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderate This means that single-parent
households sometimes
influence the academic
performance of senior high
school students.
2 1.80 – 2.59 Low This means that single-parent
households rarely influence
the academic performance of
senior high school students.
1 1.00 – 1.79 Very Low This means that single-parent
households never influence
the academic performance of
senior high school students.

Further, the following table shows the correlation analysis between the single-
parent households and the academic performance of the senior high student
at Prime School.
Coefficient Range Strength of Association
±0.91 to ±1.00 Very Strong positive (negative) correlation
±0.71 to ±0.90 High positive (negative) correlation
±0.41 to ±0.70 Moderate positive (negative) correlation
±0.21 to ±0.40 Low positive (negative) correlation
±0.00 to ±0.20 Negligible correlation

Data Gathering Procedures

The following are the steps that will be involved in the process of

conducting the study.

1. Determining the Sample Size of Respondents. The sample size for

the study will be determined using the Raosoft sample size calculator, which
will account for the total population of 341 senior high school students enrolled

at Prime Innovations School of South Davao, Inc. Based on the calculations,

the researchers will select 181 respondents to participate in the study. This

sample will be representative of the broader student population, ensuring that

the findings accurately reflect the experiences and academic performance of

senior high school students from single-parent households.

2. Validation of Research Instruments. Before administering the

research instruments, the researchers will validate the questionnaires to

ensure their reliability and relevance to the study objectives. This validation

process will involve consulting with experts in the field of education and

conducting a pilot test with a small group of students. Feedback from these

experts and pilot respondents will be used to refine the instruments, ensuring

that the questions effectively measure the intended variables related to single-

parent households and academic performance.

3. Administration and Retrieval of the Research Instruments. The

researchers will administer the validated research instruments to the selected

respondents during scheduled class sessions. They will provide clear

instructions regarding the purpose of the study and how to complete the

questionnaires. To facilitate the retrieval of completed instruments, the

researchers will set a specific deadline for submission, ensuring that all

responses are collected in a timely manner. They will also assure respondents

of the confidentiality of their answers to encourage honest and accurate

responses.

4. Gathering of the Results. Once the research instruments have been

administered and retrieved, the researchers will begin gathering the results for
analysis. They will systematically compile the data from the completed

questionnaires, entering the information into a statistical software program for

processing. The researchers will analyze the data to identify trends and

relationships between single-parent household characteristics and the

academic performance of senior high school students. The findings will then

be organized for presentation in the study’s results section.

Statistical Tools

The following are the tools that can be used in this study:

Mean. It can be used to summarize the levels of single-parent

household characteristics and academic performance. For instance,

researchers can calculate the mean scores for different types of single

parental support, challenges faced by students, and parental involvement in

schoolwork. Additionally, the mean of the combined test scores in core

subjects can provide an overall picture of academic performance among the

students. This information helps identify general trends and averages,

allowing for comparisons across different groups within the study.

Pearson's r. It can be employed to assess the strength and direction of

the linear relationship between continuous variables, such as the level of

parental involvement and the academic performance of students (measured

by combined test scores). By calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient, the

researchers can determine if higher levels of parental involvement are

associated with better academic performance, thus supporting the

investigation into the relationship between single-parent household dynamics

and student achievement.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers will adhere to ethical standards in their study,

particularly with regards to managing the population and data. To ensure the

integrity of the study, they will follow specific principles:

Privacy and Confidentiality. The researchers will ensure that all

respondents information will be kept private and confidential. Identifiable data

will be securely stored and only accessible to authorized personnel,

preventing any unauthorized access to sensitive information;

Informed Consent. Respondents will be provided with clear

information about the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks. They

will be required to give their informed consent before participating, ensuring

they understand their involvement in the research;

Right to Revoke. Respondents will be informed that they have the

right to withdraw from the study at any time, without any negative

consequences. This ensures that their participation is entirely voluntary and

respects their autonomy;

Benefits. The researchers will explain the potential benefits of the

study, including how the findings may contribute to understanding the

academic challenges faced by students from single-parent households,

ultimately helping to improve educational support; and

Deceit. The researchers will avoid any deceitful practices in the study.
All information provided to participants will be truthful, and they will not be

misled about the study’s intentions or procedures. Transparency will be

maintained throughout the research process.

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