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    Els Week 5 Folding and Faulting

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    Els Week 5 Folding and Faulting

    Uploaded by

    cloudisaacbulabog
    6 views37 pages

    Original Title

    ELS-WEEK-5-FOLDING-AND-FAULTING

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    6 views37 pages

    Els Week 5 Folding and Faulting

    Uploaded by

    cloudisaacbulabog

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 37

    RECALL

    TECTONIC
    FORCES AND
    PROCESSES
    PLATE TECTONIC is a
    model or theory
    explaining how Earth
    works more specially
    the origin of continents
    and oceans.
    For over 60 years it has
    studied the movement of
    the plate and how rocks
    deform forming mountain
    ranges, volcanoes
    earthquake or
    continental drift.
    STRESS is the
    force exerted
    per unit area.
    TYPES OF
    STRESS
    COMPRESSIVE STRESS – involves
    forces pushing together
    TENSIONAL STRESS – involves
    forces pulling in opposite
    direction
    SHEARING STRESS – involves
    forces sliding to each other
    STRAIN is the
    physical change
    that result in
    respond to the
    force.
    Rocks may undergo
    deformation. DEFORMATION
    refers to the changes in the
    original shape and size of a rock.
    When rocks are subjected to
    stresses (tectonic processes),
    they begin to deform. They
    deform by folding and faulting.
    Folding
    Folding or folds occur
    when rocks are pushed
    towards each other from
    opposite sides. The rock
    layers bend into folds.
    Folds are described by the orientation
    of their axes, axial planes, and limbs.
    The plane that splits the fold into two
    halves is known as the axial plane. The
    fold axis is the line along which the
    bending occurs and is where the axial
    plane intersects the folded strata
    (layer). The hinge line follows the line of
    greatest bend in a fold. The two sides of
    the fold are the fold limbs.
    1. ANTICLINE is arch like that are convex-upward
    in shape.
    2. SYNCLINE is trough like or U shape folds that
    are concave downward.
    3. MONOCLINE is step-like folds in which it has
    two horizontal or nearly horizontal
    limb connected to a shorter inclined limb.
    4. DOME is a circular or elliptical anticline in
    which the limbs dip away in all
    directions.
    5. BASIN is a circular or elliptical syncline in
    which the limbs dip toward the
    center.
    Folds are produced by
    horizontal compressive stresses,
    such as continent, continent
    collisions or collisions at any
    convergent plate boundary.
    They may occur
    in groups and may be large
    scale or small scale.
    Faulting
    The fracturing and displacement
    of brittle rock strata along a fault
    plane. Faults are fractures along
    the crust in which displacement
    has occurred. There are different
    faults based on the relative
    movement of the blocks on either
    side of the fault.
    DIP-SLIP FAULT
    -the movement of the
    two blocks is vertical.
    Examples of dip-slip
    fault are the normal and
    reverse faults.
    In differentiating the two dip-
    slip faults, foot wall block and
    hanging wall block should be
    identified first. Foot wall block is
    the block below your feet and
    the one upon which you would
    hang your miner's lamp is the
    hanging wall block.
    o NORMAL FAULT- the
    hanging wall block moves
    down relative to the foot wall
    block.
    o REVERSE FAULT- the
    hanging wall moves up
    relative to the foot wall block.
    o STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
    The dominant displacement is
    horizontal and parallel. A special
    kind of strike- slip fault is the
    transform fault. Some transform
    faults cut the oceanic crusts.
    Others occur between two
    diverging plates.
    Types of
    strike slip
    fault
    1. TRANSFER FAULT – Just
    like tear fault but much
    longer. This fault may
    scale meter up to ten
    kilometers between two
    dip-slip faults
    2. TEAR FAULT – It is a
    small fault separating the
    dip-slip fault with a length
    scale of meter to a few
    kilometers.
    3. TRANSFORM FAULT – A plate
    boundary fault reaching ten to
    hundreds kilometer long.
    4. TRANSCURRENT FAULT – This strike
    slip fault also extends ten to hundreds
    of kilometers long. This fault is crustal
    – lithospheric-scale fault embedded
    within orogens (collision zone)

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