Unit – 14 Ratio and Proportion

350PAGE 1

UN IT–1

Ratio (GRW 2013, 15, 17, SWL 2014, 16, FSD 2013, 16, D.G.K 2014, 15, 17, MTN 2014, 15) (K.B)
Ratio is the comparison of two alike quantities. For any two quantities a and b it is
a
expressed as a : b  , b  0 , where a and b are called the elements (terms) of ratio.
b
(Elements must be expressed in the same units.)
For example
Ratio between 100 m and 250 m is 100 : 250  2 : 5
Proportion (K.B)
(GRW 2016, SWL 2017, FSD 2014, 16, 17, MTN 2013, 14, 16, 17, SGD 2016, 17)
Equality of two ratios is called proportion.
That is if a : b  c : d , then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion.
Where a and d are called extremes and b and c are called means.
Note (K.B + U.B)
Knowledge of a ratio and proportion is necessary requirement of many occupations like
food service occupation, medications in health, preparing maps for land survey and
construction works, profit to east ratio etc.
Similar Triangles (U.B)
(LHR 2013, 15, GRW 2016, 17, SWL 2014, 15, 16, SGD 2013, MTN 2013, 14, BWP 2017, D.G.K 2015,
RWP 2016, FSD 2015)
Two triangles are called similar if corresponding angles are congruent. In similar
triangles corresponding sides are proportional.
In ABC  DEF

mAB mBC mCA

If A  D B  E C  F and  
mDE mEF mFD
then ABC and DEF are called similar triangles, which is symbolically written as
ABC DEF .
Note (U.B)
Congruent triangles are also similar. But two similar triangles are not necessarily
congruent, as congruence of their corresponding sides is not necessary.

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Real Life Example of Similar Shapes (K.B)
A photographer can develop prints of different sizes from the same negative. In spite of
the difference in sizes, these pictures like each other. One UNphotograph
IT–1 is simply an
enlargement of another. They are said to be similar in shape.
Theorem 14.1.1 (K.B)
A line parallel to one side of a triangle and intersecting the other two sides divides
them proportionally.
Given:
In ABC, the line is intersecting the sides
AC and AB at points E and D respectively such
that ED || CB
To Prove
mAD:DB= mAE:mEC
Construction:
Join B to E and C to D .From D draw DM  AC
and from E draw EL  AB
Proof
Statements Reasons
In triangles BED and AED, EL is the
common perpendicular
1
 Area ofBED = 1  mBD  mEL....... i  Area of a  = (base)(height)
2 2
and Area of
1
AED   mAD  mEL....... ii 
2
Thus Area of BED  mDB ........ iii  Dividing (i) by (ii)
AED mAD
Similarly
Area of ΔCDE mEC
= ........(iv)
Area of ΔADE mAE
(Areas of triangles with common base and
But BED  CDE same altitudes are equal. Given that ED||CB ,
so altitudes are equal).
 From (iii) and (iv) We have
mDB mEC
 or
mAD mAE
mAD mAE
 Taking reciprocal of both sides.
mDB mEC
Hence mAD : mDB  mAE : mEC
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Corollaries:
From the above theorem we also have
mBD mCE mAD mAE UN IT–1
(i)  and 
mAB mAC mAB mAC
mAD mAE mAB mAC
(ii) (a) if  , then DE|| BC (b) if  , then DE || BC
mAB mAC mDB mEC
Note
(i) Two point determine a line and three non-collinear points determine a plane.
(ii) A line segment has exactly one midpoint.
(iii) If two intersection lines form equal adjacent angle, the lines are perpendicular.
Theorem: 14.1.2 Converse of Theorem 14.1.1 (K.B)
If a line segment intersects the two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then it is
parallel to the third side.
Given
In ABC, ED intersect AB and AC such that
mAD : DB  mAE : mEC
To Prove
ED || CB
Construction
If ED || CB then draw BF||DE to meet AC
produced at F.
Proof
Statements Reasons
In ABF
DE || BF Construction
(A line parallel to one side of a triangle
mAD mAE
  ..........(i) divides the other two sides proportionally
mDB mEF Theorem 14.1.1)

mAD mAE
But  ..........(ii) Given
mDB mEC

mAE mAE
  From (i) and (ii)
mEF mEC
or mEF  mEC,
This is possible only if point F is
(Property of real numbers)
coincident with C.
 Our supposition is wrong
Hence ED || CB
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Exercise 14.1

Q.1 In ABC (FSD 2017, MTN 2013, D.G.K 2017)UN IT–1 (A.B)
DE BC
(i) If AD =1.5cm BD =3cm
AE =1.3cm, then find CE
AD AE
=
BD EC
By substituting the values of AD, BD and AE
So
1.5 1.3

3 EC
EC(1.5) 1.3  3
1.3  3
EC 
1.5
3.9
EC 
1.5
EC  2.6cm
(ii) If AD = 2.4cm AE = 3.2cm (A.B)
EC = 4.8cm find AB
AD AE

AB AC
AC  AE  EC
AC  3.2  4.8
AC  8cm
AD AE
 
AB AC
2.4 3.2

AB 8
2.4 8 = (3.2) AB
19.2
 AB
3.2
AB  6cm
AD 3
(iii) If  , AC  4.8cm find AE (SWL 2017, BWP 2016, MTN 2015) (A.B)
BD 5
AC  AE  EC
AC  EC  AE
AE  4.8 – EC
By theorem 14.1, we have
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AD AE

BD EC
UN IT–1
AD AC  EC

BD EC
3 4.8  EC

5 EC
 
3 EC  5 4.8 – EC  
3  EC   24 – 5  EC 
3  EC   5  EC   24
8  EC   24
3

 EC 
24
8
EC  3cm
AE  AC  EC
 4.8  3
 1.8cm
(iv) If AD  2.4cmAE  3.2cmDE  2cmBC  5cm. Find AB, DB, AC,CE. (A.B)
Solution:
Since ABC ADE
AD AE DE
 
AB AC BC
(in similar triangles corresponding sides are proportional)
2.4 3.2 2
 
AB AC 5
2.4 2 3.2 2
 and 
AB 5 AC 5
(2.4)5 = 2(AB) 16.0 = 2(AC)
8
12.0 16
 AB  AC
2 2
AB  6cm AC  8cm
Now
DB  AB  AD
DB  6  2.4
BD  3.6cm
And
CE  AC  AE

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CE  8  3.2
CE  4.8cm
UN IT–1
(v) If AD  4 x  3 AE  8 x  7 (A.B)
BD  3x  1 and CE  5 x  3 Find the value of x
By theorem 14.1, we have
AD AE

BD EC
By putting the value of AD, AE, BDand CE
4 x  3 8x  7
=
3x  1 5 x  3
By cross multiplying
(4x -3) (5x-3) = (8x-7) (3x-1)
20x2 -12x -15x+9 = 24x2 – 8x – 21x +7
20x2 – 27x + 9 = 24x2 – 29x + 7
0 = 24x2 – 20x2 – 29x + 27x +7 – 9
4x2 – 2x – 2 = 0
2(2x2 – x – 1) = 0
0
2x2 – 2x + 1x – 1 =
2
2x(x-1) + 1(x-1) = 0
(x-1) (2x + 1) = 0
x – 1= 0 2x + 1 = 0
x=1 2x = -1
1
x
2
Distance is not taken in negative it is always in positive so the value of x = 1.
Q.2 In ABC is an isosceles triangle A is vertex angle and DE intersects the sides AB
and AC as shown in the figure so that (A.B + U.B)
mAD : mDB  mAE : mEC
Prove that ADE is also an isosceles triangle.
Given:
ABC is an isosceles triangle, A is vertex and DE
intersects the sides AB and AC .
mAD mAE

mBD mEC
To Prove
mAD  m AE

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Proof
AD AE
 UN IT–1
BD EC
BD EC
Or 
AD AE
AD  BD AE  EC
Or  (by componendo-dividendo theorem)
AD EC
As we know
AB  AD  BD
AC  AE  EC
AB AC

AD AE
From this
AB AC

AD AE
AD  AE
AB  AC
Q.3 In an equilateral triangle ABC shown in the figure mAE:mAC  mAD:mAB find all
the three angles of ADE and name it also. (A.B + U.B)
(FSD 2017, SWL 2014, RWP 2016, SGD 2017, RWP 2015, D.G.K 2014, 15)
Given
ABC is equilateral triangle
To prove
To find the angles of ADE
Solution:
mAE mAD

mAC mAB
All angles are equal. Each angle of equilateral triangle is
equal to 60o.
mA = mB = mC
mBC||mDE
mADE = mABC = 60o (corresponding angles of // lines)
mAED = mACB = 60o (corresponding angles of // lines)
mA = 60o (given)
ADE is an equilateral triangle.
Q.4 Prove that line segment drawn through the midpoint of
one side of a triangle and parallel to another side bisect
the third side (A.B + K.B)
Given
AD  BD
DE||BC
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To Prove
AE  EC
In ABC UN IT–1
DE||BC
In theorem it is already discussed that
AD AE

BD EC
As we know AD  BDor BD  AD
AD AE

AD EC
AE
1
EC
EC  AE
Q.5 Prove that the line segment joining the midpoint of any two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side (MTN 2017) (A.B + K.B)
Given
ABC the midpoint of AB and AC are L and
M respectively
To Prove
1
LM||BC and mLM  BC
2
Construction
Join M to L and produce ML to N such that
ML  LN
Join N to B and in the figure name the angles
1, 2, and 3
Proof
Statements Reasons
BLN  ALM
BL  AL Given
2 = 1 or 1 = 2 Vertical angles
NL  ML Construction
 BLN  ALM Corresponding angles of congruent triangles (Given)
A =3
And NB  AM Corresponding sides of congruent triangles
NB||AM
ML  AM Given
NB  ML
BC MN is parallelogram
 BC ||LM or BC || NL
BC  NM (Opposite side of parallelogram BCMN)

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1
mLM  mNM (Opposite side of parallelogram)
2
1 UN IT–1
Hence mLM  mBC
2
Theorem 14.1.3 (K.B)
The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the
sides opposite to it in the ratio of the lengths of the sides
containing the angle.
Given
In ABC internal angle bisector of A meets CB at the
points D.
To prove
mBD:mDC  mAB:mAC
Construction
Draw a line segment BE||DA to meet CA Produced at E
Proof
Statements Reasons
AD||EB and EC intersect them Construction
m1= m2………..(i) Corresponding angles
Again AD||EB and AB intersects them
 m3 = m4 ………..(ii) Alternate angles
But m1 = m3 Given
 m2 = m4 From (i) and (ii)
In a , the sides opposite to congruent angles
And AB  AEor AE  AB
are also congruent
Now AD || EB Construction
A line parallel to one side of a triangle and
mBD mEA
  intersecting the other two sides divides them
mDC mAC proportionally.
mBD mAB
or  mEA  mAB(proved)
mDC mAC
Thus mBD:mDC  mAB:AC

Theorem 14.1.4 (K.B)

If two triangles are similar, then the measures of their corresponding sides are
proportional

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Given
ABC  DEF
i.e A  D, B  E and C  F UN IT–1
To Prove
mAB mAC mBC
 
mDE mDF mEF
Construction
(I) Suppose that mAB  mDE
(II) mAB  mDE
On AB take a point L such that mAL  mDE
On AC take a point M such that mAM  mDF
Join L and M by the line segment LM
Proof
Statements Reasons
In ALM DEF
A  D Given
AL  DE Construction
AM  DF Construction
Thus ALM  DEF S.A.S Postulate
And L  E, M  F (Corresponding angles of congruent triangles)
Now E  B and F  C Given
 L  B, M  C Transitivity of congruence
Thus LM ||BC Corresponding angles are equal
A line parallel to one side of a triangle and
mAL mAM
Hence  intersecting the other two sides divides them
mAB mAC proportionally.
mDE mDF
Or  .............(i) mAL  mDE and mAM  mDF (Construction)
mAB mAC
Similarly by intercepting segments
on BA and BC , we can prove that
mDE mEF
 ..........(ii)
mAB mBC
mDE mDF mEF
Thus   By (i) and (ii)
mAB mAC mBC
mAB mAC mBC
Or   By taking reciprocals
mDE mDF mEF
If mAB  mDE
Then in ABC  DEF

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(II) If mAB  mDE , it can similarly be
proved by taking intercepts on the sides of
UN IT–1
DEF
A  D
B  E
And AB  DE
So  ABC  DEF A.S.A  A.S.A
mAB mAC mBC
Thus   1 AC  DF, BC  EF
mDE mDF mEF
Hence the result is true for all the cases.

Exercise 14.2

Q.1 In ABC as shown in the figure CD bisects C and meets AB at D.mBD is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 16 (c) 10 (d) 18 (A.B + U.B)
Solution:
By Theorem 14.3, we have
mBD mBC

mDA mCA
BD 10

6 12
5
10  6 60
BD  
12 12
BD  5
Q.2 In ABC shown in the figure CD bisects C. If mAC  3, CB  6 and mAB  7 then
find mADand DB (A.B)
Solution:
Let AD  x
Then, BD  7  x
By theorem 14.3, we have
mAD mAC

mBD mCB
1
x 3

7x 62
x 1

7x 2
2x = 7–x
2x + x = 7
3x = 7
7 7
x or AD 
3 3
AB  AD  BD
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7
7   BD
3
7 UN IT–1
7   BD
3
21  7
 BD
3
14
BD 
3
Q.3 Show that in any corresponding of two triangles if two angles of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding angles of the other, then the triangle are similar
(A.B + U.B)

Given
ABC and  DEF
B  E
C  F
To Prove
ABC  DEF
Proof
Statements Reasons
A + B + C = 180o Sum of three angles of a triangle = 180°
D + E +F = 180
A  D
B = E
C = F
Hence  ABC  DEF
mAX mCX
Q.4 If line segment AB and CD are intersecting at point X and  then
mXB mXD
show that AXCand BXD are similar
Given
Line segment AB and CD intersect at X

mAX mCX
=
mXB mXD

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To Prove
CXA and DXB are similar
Proof UN IT–1
Statements Reasons
AX CX
= Given
XB XD
1 2

AC||BD Vertical angles

A = mB
mC = mD Alternate angles
Hence proved the triangle are similar

Review Exercise 14

Q.1 Which of the following are true which are false? (K.B + U.B)
(i) Congruent triangles are of same size and shape. (True)
(ii) Similar triangles are of same shape but different sizes. (True)
(iii) Symbol used for congruent is ‘’ (False)
(iv) Symbol used for similarity is ‘ ’ (False)
(v) Congruent triangle are similar (True)
(vi) Similar triangles are congruent (False)
(vii) A line segment has only one midpoint (True)
(viii) One and only one line can be drawn through two points (True)
(ix) Proportion is non equality of two ratio (False)
(x) Ratio has no unit (True)
Q.2 Define the following
(i) Ratio (K.B)
Ans: see definition
(ii) Proportion (K.B)
Ans: see definition
(iii) Congruent Triangles (K.B)
Two triangles are said to be congruent (symbols  ) if there exists correspondence
between them such that all the corresponding sides and angles are congruent.

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UN IT–1

(iv) Similar Triangles (A.B)

Ans: see definition
Q.3 In LMN shown in the figure MN||PQ (K.B)
(i) If mLM = 5cm, mLP  2.5cm
mLQ = 2.3 cm then find LN
mLP mLQ

mLM mLN
2.5 2.3

5 LN
(2.5) LN  5 2.3
11.5
LN 
2.5
LN = 4.6cm
(ii) If mLM = 6cm, mLQ = 2.5cm (A.B + U.B)
mQN = 5cm then find
mLP
mLP mLQ

mLM mLN
LP 2.5

6 LN
LN  LQ  QN
LN  2.5  5
LN  7.5cm
LP 2.5

6 7.5
2.5  6
LP 
7.5
15
LP 
7.5
LP  2cm

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Q.4 In the show figure let mPA = 8x – 7 mPB = 4x – 3 mAQ  5x  3
mBR  3x  1 find the value of x if AB||QR UN IT–1 (A.B + U.B)
mPA mBP

mAQ mBR
8x  7 4x  3

5x  3 3x  1
By cross multiplying
8x  7 3x 1   4 x  35x  3
24 x2 – 8x – 21x  7  20 x2 –12 x –15x  9
24 x2 – 29 x  7  20 x2 – 27 x  9
24 x2 – 20 x2 – 29 x  27 x  7 – 9  0
4 x2 – 2 x – 2  0
4 x2 – 4 x  2 x – 2  0
4 x  x  1  2  x  1  0
 x 1 4 x  2  0
x 1  0
x 1
4x  2  0
4 x  2
1
2
x
42
1
x
2
Length is always taken as positive not negative so value of x = 1
Q.5 In LMN Shown in figure LA bisects L. If mLN  4m mLM  6cm mMN  8 then

find mMA and mAN (A.B + K.B)

mMA mLM

mAN mLN
MA = x
AN = 8-x
x 6

8 x 4
4 x  6 8  x 
4 x  48  6 x
4 x  6 x  48
10 x  48
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48
x
10
UN IT–1
x  4.8cm

mMA  4.8cm
MN = MA+ AN
8  4.8  AN
8  4.8  AN
AN  3.2cm
Q.6 In Isosceles PQR Shown in the figure, find the value of x and y
As we know that it is isosceles triangle (A.B + K.B)
So
PQ  RP
10= x
Or
x = 10cm
PM  QR
So it bisects the side and bisects the angle also
SO QM  MR
6=y
Or
y = 6cm

MATHEMATICS-9 365