P & S SUMMER 2024 SOLUTION

Q1 – (a) Define & give example of Random Variable (3 M)

SOLUTION

 Random Variable
 A random variable is a mathematical function that associates a
numerical value with each outcome of random experiment. The
value of random variable varies with each trial of experiment
 Examples
 Tossing a coin
 If you toss an unbiased coin three times, the number of times

z
head appears in random variable with values 0,1, 2 or 3
 Weight of person
aa
 Weight of person in kg or pounds is continuous random variable
Aw

 Types of Random Variable

1) Discrete Random Variable
ut

2) Continuous Random Variable

gr

Q1 – (b) What is probability that leap year selected at random will have
Ja

53 Sundays ? (4M)

SOLUTION
 Leap year has 366 days or 52 weeks & 2 odd days
 Two odd days can be =
{Sunday, Monday}, {Monday, Tuesday}, {Tuesday, Wednesday},
{Wednesday, Thursday}, {Thursday, Friday}, {Friday, Saturday}, {Saturday,
Sunday}
 So there are 7 possibilities of which 2 have Sunday.
 So probability of 53 Sundays is
𝟐
P(A) =
𝟕

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Q1 – (c) In bolt factory, three machines A, B, C produce 25 %, 35% & 40% of
total output respectively. It was found that 5%, 4% & 2% are defective bolts
in production by machines A, B, C respectively. A bolt is chosen at random
from total output & is found to be defective. Find probability that it is
manufactured from (i) Machine A (ii) Machine B (iii) Machine C (7M)

SOLUTION
 Let A1,A2, A3 be events that bolts are manufactured by machines A, B & C
respectively
 Let B be event that bolt drawn is defective

z
aa
Aw
𝟐𝟓
 P(A1) = = 0.25
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟓
P(A2) = = 0.35
𝟏𝟎𝟎
ut

𝟒𝟎
P(A3) = = 0.4
𝟏𝟎𝟎
gr

 Probability that bolt drawn is defective given that is manufactured

Ja

from machine
𝟓
Machine A : P(B/A1) = = 0.05
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟒
Machine B : P(B/A2) = = 0.04
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐
Machine C : P(B/A3) = = 0.02
𝟏𝟎𝟎

(i) Machine A
Probability that bolt is manufactured from machine A given that is
defective
𝑩
𝑷(𝑨𝟏 )𝑷(𝑨 )
𝟏
P(A1/B) = 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩
𝑷(𝑨𝟏 )𝑷(𝑨 )+ 𝑷(𝑨𝟐 )𝑷(𝑨 )+ 𝑷(𝑨𝟑 )𝑷(𝑨 )
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟎.𝟐𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟓
P(A1/B) =
𝟎.𝟐𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟓+𝟎.𝟑𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟒+𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟎𝟐

P(A1/B) = 0.3623

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 (ii) Machine B
𝑩
𝑷(𝑨𝟐 )𝑷(𝑨 )
𝟐
P(A2/B) = 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩
𝑷(𝑨𝟏 )𝑷(𝑨 )+ 𝑷(𝑨𝟐 )𝑷(𝑨 )+ 𝑷(𝑨𝟑 )𝑷(𝑨 )
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟎.𝟑𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟒
P(A2/B) =
𝟎.𝟐𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟓+𝟎.𝟑𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟒+𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟎𝟐
P(A2/B) = 0.4058

(iii) Machine C
𝑩
𝑷(𝑨𝟑 )𝑷(𝑨 )
𝟑
P(A3/B) = 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩
𝑷(𝑨𝟏 )𝑷(𝑨 )+ 𝑷(𝑨𝟐 )𝑷(𝑨 )+ 𝑷(𝑨𝟑 )𝑷(𝑨 )
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟎.𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟐
P(A3/B) =
𝟎.𝟐𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟓+𝟎.𝟑𝟓×𝟎.𝟎𝟒+𝟎.𝟒×𝟎.𝟎𝟐

P(A3/B) = 0.2319

z
aa
Q2 – (A) A bag contains 3 red & 4 white balls. Two draws are made
Aw
without replacement. What is probability that both balls are red (3M)

SOLUTION
ut
gr

 Let A be event that ball drawn is red in first draw

Ja

𝟑
P(A) =
𝟕

 Let B be event that ball drawn is red in second draw given that first ball
drawn is red
𝟐
P(B/A) =
𝟔

 Probability that both balls are red

P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B/A)
𝟑 𝟐
= ×
𝟕 𝟔
𝟏
P(A ∩ B) =
𝟕

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 𝟐
Q2 – (B) The probability that student A solves mathematics problem is &
𝟓
𝟐
probability that student B solves it is . What is probability that
𝟑
(i) problem is not solved
(ii) both A & B can solve problem, working independently of each other (4M)

SOLUTION

 Let A & B be events that student A & B solve problem respectively

𝟐 𝟐
P(A) = P(B) =
𝟓 𝟑

 Events A & B are independent

 Probability that student A does not solve problem

z
P(𝐴̅) = 1 – P(A)
=1-
2
5
aa
𝟑
Aw
=
𝟓

 Probability that student B does not solve problem

ut

P(𝐵̅ ) = 1 – P(B)
gr

2
=1-
3
Ja

𝟏
=
𝟑

(i) Probability that problem is not solved

̅∩ 𝑩
P (𝑨 ̅ ) = P(𝑨̅ ) . P(𝑩
̅)
̅) = 𝟑 × 𝟏
̅∩ 𝑩
P (𝑨
𝟓 𝟑

̅) = 𝟏
̅∩ 𝑩
P(𝑨
𝟓

(ii) Probability that both A & B solves problem

P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
𝟐 𝟐
P(A ∩ B) = ×
𝟓 𝟑
𝟒
P(A ∩ B) =
𝟏𝟓

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Q2 – (C) Verify that following function F(x) is distribution function
F(x) = { 0 x<0
𝒙
1 - 𝒆− 𝟒 x>0
Also, find probabilities P(X < 4), P(X < 8), P(4 < X < 8) (7M)

SOLUTION

 For function F(x),

(i) F(- ∞) = 0
(ii) F(∞) = 1 – e-∞ = 1 – 0 = 1
(iii) 0 < F(x) < 1 -∞<x<∞

 If f(x) is corresponding probability density function

z
f(x) = fI(x) = 0
𝟏
= e-x/4
x<0
x>0
aa
𝟒
Aw

∞ 0 ∞
 ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
ut

∞ 𝟏 −𝒙⁄
= 0 + ∫0 𝒆 𝟒 𝑑𝑥
𝟒
∞
gr

1 𝑒 −𝑥/4
= | 1 |
4 −4
Ja

0
𝑥
−4
= |𝑒 |∞ 0
= - (0 – 1)
=1
Hence f(x) is distribution function

 P(X < 4) = F(4)

= 1 – e-1
1
=1-
𝑒
𝒆−𝟏
P(X < 4) =
𝒆

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  P (X > 8)
P(X > 8) = 1 – P(X < 8)
= 1 – F(8)
= 1 – (1 – e-2)
= e-2
𝟏
P(X > 4) =
𝒆𝟐

 P (4 < x < 8)
P (4 < x < 8) = F(8) – F(4)
= (1 – e-2) – (1 – e-1)
= e-1 – e-2
1 1
= -
𝑒 𝑒2

z
𝒆−𝟏
P (4 < x < 8) = aa
𝒆𝟐
Aw

OR
Q2 (C) The probability mass function of random variable X is zero except
ut

points X = 0, 1,2. At these points it has values

P(X = 0) = 3c3, P(X = 1) = 4c – 10c2, P(X = 2) = 5c – 1
gr

Find (i) c (ii) P(X < 1) (iii) P(1 < X < 2) (iv) P(0 < X < 2) (7M)
Ja

SOLUTION

(i) Since P(X = x) is probability mass function

∑ 𝑷( 𝑿 = 𝒙 ) = 𝟏
P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 1
3c3 + 4c – 10c2 + 5c – 1 = 1
3c3 – 10c2+ 9c – 2 = 0
(3c – 1) (c - 2) (c – 1) = 0
𝟏
c = , 2, 1
𝟑
But c < 1, otherwise given probabilities will be greater than one or less
than zero
𝟏
c=
𝟑

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 Hence, probability distribution is
X 0 1 2
P(X = x) 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟗 𝟗 𝟑

(ii) P(X < 1)

P(X < 1) = P(X = 0)
𝟏
P(X < 1) =
𝟗

(iii) P(1 < X < 2)

P(1 < X < 2) = P(X = 2)
𝟐
P(1 < X < 2) =
𝟗

z
(iii) P(0 < X < 2)
P(0 < X < 2) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
aa
Aw
2 2
P(0 < X < 2) = +
9 3
𝟖
P(0 < X < 2) =
𝟗
ut
gr

Q3 (a) Find constant k such that function

f(x) = { kx2 ; 0 < x < 3
Ja

0; otherwise
is probability density function (3M)

Since f(x) is probability density function

∞
∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟎 𝟑 ∞
∫∞ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟑 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 1
3
0 + ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 0 = 0
3
𝑥3
k| | =1
3 0
𝑘
(27 – 0) = 1
3
9k = 1
𝟏
k=
𝟗

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Q3 (b) A random variable X has following distribution
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x) 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
Find (i) mean (ii) variance (4M)

SOLUTION

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x) 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

(i) Mean

z
Mean = µ = ∑ 𝒙 𝒑(𝒙)
1 3 5
aa
Mean = 1 ( ) + 2( ) + 3 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 5 ( ) + 6 ( )
7 9 11
36 36 36 36 36 36
Aw
161
Mean =
36
Mean = 4.47
ut

(ii) Variance
gr

Variance = σ2 = ∑ 𝒙𝟐 𝒑(𝒙) - µ2
Ja

1 3 5 7 9 11
Variance = 1 ( ) + 4( ) + 9 ( ) + 16 ( ) + 25 ( ) + 36 ( )- (4.47)2
36 36 36 36 36 36
791
Variance = - 19.98
36
Variance = 1.99

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Q3 (c) Compute Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation between X & Y
for following data (7 mark)
x 10 14 18 22 26 30
y 18 12 24 6 30 36

SOLUTION

 Let a= 22 & b = 24 be assumed means of x & y series respectively

 Let h = 4, k = 6, n = 6
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−22
dx = =
ℎ 4
𝑦−𝑏 𝑦−24
dy = =
ℎ 4

z
x y dx dy
aa dx2 dy2 dx. dy
10 18 -3 -1 9 1 3
14 12 -2 -2 4 4 4
Aw

18 24 -1 0 1 0 0
22 6 0 -3 0 9 0
26 30 1 1 1 1 1
ut

30 36 2 2 4 4 4
gr

∑ 𝒅𝒙 = - 3
Ja

∑ 𝒅𝒚 = - 3
∑ 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 19
∑ 𝒅𝒚𝟐 = 19
∑ 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚 = 12

∑ 𝒅𝒙.𝒅𝒚
∑ 𝒅𝒙.𝒅𝒚 −
𝒏
r= 𝟐 𝟐
√∑ 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − (∑ 𝒅𝒙) −√∑ 𝒅𝒚𝟐 − (∑ 𝒅𝒚)
𝒏 𝒏
(−3)(−3)
12 − 6
r= 2
(−3) (−3)2
√19− −√19−
6 6

r = 0.6

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OR
Q3. (A) Find coefficient of correlation between x & y if regression lines
are : x + 6y = 6 and 3x + 2y = 10 (3M)

SOLUTION

(i) Regression Lines pass through lines (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅)

̅ + 𝟔𝒚
𝒙 ̅=6 (1)
̅ + 𝟐𝒚
3𝒙 ̅ = 10 (2)

Solving eqs (1), (2)

1
𝑥̅ = 3, 𝑦̅ =
2

z
(i) Let line x + 6y = 6 be line of regression of y on x aa
6y = - x + 6
Aw
1
y=- x+1
6
𝟏
byx = -
𝟔
ut
gr

Let line 3x + 2y = 10 be line of regression of x on y

3x = - 2y + 10
Ja

2 10
x=- y+
3 3
𝟐
bxy = −
𝟑

r = √𝒃𝒚𝒙 𝒃𝒙𝒚
−1 −2
r = √( ) × ( )
6 3
1
r=
3

Since bxy & byx are negative, r is negative

𝟏
r =−
𝟑

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OR
Q3. (B) Calculate first four moments from following data (4M)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 5 10 15 20 25 20 15 10 5

SOLUTION
N = ∑ 𝒇 = 125
∑ 𝒇𝒙 𝟓𝟎𝟎
µ= = =4
𝑵 𝟏𝟐𝟓

x f fx x- f(x - µ) f(x - µ)2 f(x - µ)3 f(x - µ)4

µ
0 5 0 -4 -20 80 - 320 1280

z
1 10 10 -3 -30 90 - 270 810
2
3
15
20
30
60
-2
-1
- 30
- 20
aa60
20
- 120
- 20
240
20
Aw
4 25 100 0 0 0 0 0
5 20 100 1 20 20 20 20
6 15 90 2 30 60 120 240
ut

7 10 70 3 30 90 270 810
8 5 40 4 20 80 320 1280
gr

∑𝒇 = ∑ 𝒇(𝒙) ∑ 𝒇(𝒙 − µ) ∑ 𝒇(𝒙 − ∑ 𝒇(𝒙 − ∑ 𝒇(𝒙 − µ)𝟒

Ja

125 = 500 =0 µ)𝟐 = 500 µ)𝟑 = 0 = 4700

Moments about actual mean

∑ 𝑓(𝑥−µ) 0
µ1 = = = 0
𝑁 125
∑ 𝑓(𝑥−µ)2 500
µ2 = = = 4
𝑁 125
∑ 𝑓(𝑥−µ)3 0
µ3 = = =
𝑁 125 0
∑ 𝑓(𝑥−µ)4 4700
µ4 = = =
𝑁 125 37.6

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OR
Q3(C) . The following data give experience of machine operators & their
performance rating as given by number of good parts turned out per 100
piece
Operator 1 2 3 4 5 6
Performance 23 43 53 63 73 83
rating (x)
Experience 5 6 7 8 9 10
(y)

Calculate regression line of performance rating on experience & also

estimate probable performance if operator has 11 years of experience (7M)

SOLUTION

z
n=6
aa
Aw
x y y2 xy
23 5 25 115
43 6 36 258
ut

53 7 49 371
63 8 64 504
gr

73 9 81 657
Ja

83 10 100 830
∑ 𝒙 = 338 ∑ 𝒚 = 45 ∑ 𝒚𝟐 = 335 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 2735

∑𝒙 ∑𝒚
∑ 𝒙𝒚−
𝒏
bxy = 𝟐
(∑ 𝒚)
∑ 𝒚𝟐 −
𝒏
(338)(45)
2735−
6
bxy = (45)2
355−
6
bxy = 11.429

∑𝑥 338
𝑥̅ = = = 56.33
𝑛 6
∑𝑦 45
𝑦̅ = = =7.5
𝑛 6

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 Equation of regression line of x on y is
x-̅ ̅)
𝒙 = bxy (y - 𝒚
x – 56.33 = 11.429 (y – 7.5)
x = 11.429y – 29.3875

Estimated performance if y = 11 is
x = 11.429 (11) – 29.3875
x = 96.3315

Q4 (A) Explain term of testing of hypothesis : (i) Null Hypothesis (ii)

Alternate Hypothesis (iii) Level of Significance (3M)

z
SOLUTION
aa
Aw
Null Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis is statement in hypothesis testing that assumes
there is no effect or no difference between groups or variables. It
ut

serves as default or starting assumption, which resembles aim to

gr

test against alternative hypothesis

Ja

Alternate Hypothesis
 Alternate Hypothesis is statement that directly contradicts null
hypothesis. It represents hypothesis that researcher aims to
support, suggesting that there is significant effect or difference
between groups or variables

Level of Significance (∝)

 Level of Significance is threshold set by researcher to determine
whether null hypothesis should be rejected. It represents
probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is actually true

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Q4 (B) A dice is tossed 960 times & it falls with 5 upwards 184 times. Is
the dice unbiased at level of significance of 0.01? (|Z0.01| = 2.58) (4M)

SOLUTION

n = 960
𝟏
p = probability of throwing 5 with one die =
𝟔
𝟏 𝟓
q=1–p=1- =
𝟔 𝟔
𝟏
µ = np = 960 × ( ) = 160
𝟔
𝟏 𝟓
σ = √𝒏𝒑𝒒 = √𝟗𝟔𝟎 × × = 11.55
𝟔 𝟔
x = number of successes = 184

z
(i) Null Hypothesis H0 : Dice is unbiased
aa
Aw

(ii) Alternative Hypothesis H1 : Dice is biased

ut

(iii) Level of Significance ∝ = 0.01

gr

𝑥−µ 184−160
(iv) Test Statistics : Z = = = 2.08
Ja

𝜎 11.55
|Z| = 2.08

(v) Critical Value : |Z0.01| = 2.58

(vi) Decision : Since |Z| < |Z0.01|, null hypothesis is accepted at 1% level of
significance i.e dice is unbiased

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Q4 (C) A set of five similar coins is tossed 320 times & result is obtained
as follows
No of 0 1 2 3 4 5
heads
Frequency 6 27 72 112 71 32

Test hypothesis that data follow a binomial distribution (Critical value

X20.05 = 11.07) (7M)

SOLUTION

(i) Null Hypothesis H0 : Data follows binomial distribution

z
aa
(ii) Alternative Hypothesis H1 : Data do not follow binomial distribution
Aw
(iii) Level of Significance : ∝ = 0.05

(iv) Test Statistics :

ut

1
Probability of getting head : p =
2
gr

1
Probability of getting tail : q =
2
Ja

By binomial distribution
P(X) = nCx px qn-x
N = 320
5 1 𝑥 1 5−𝑥
P(X) = Cx ( ) ( ) , x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2 2

Expected Frequency fe= Np(x)

1 𝑥 1 5−𝑥
= 320 [5𝐶𝑥 ( ) ( ) ] x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2 2

Expected or Theoretical Frequency

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
fe 10 50 100 100 50 10

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 No of Observed Expected f0 - fe (𝒇𝟎 − 𝒇𝒆 )𝟐
heads Frequency f0 Frequency fe 𝒇𝒆
0 6 10 -4 1.6
1 27 50 - 23 10.58
2 72 100 - 28 7.84
3 112 100 12 1.44
4 71 50 21 8.82
5 32 10 22 48.4
(𝒇𝟎 −𝒇𝒆 )𝟐
X2 = ∑ = 78.68
𝒇𝒆

(v) Critical Value : v = n -1 = 6 – 1 = 5

X20.05 = 11.07

z
(vi) Decision : Since X2 > X20.05 at 5% level of significance, null hypothesis is
aa
rejected i.e data does not follow binomial distribution
Aw

OR
Q4 (A) : The heights of 10 males of given locality are found to be 175,
168, 155, 170, 175, 160, 160 & 165 cm. Based on this sample, find 95%
ut

confidence limits for heights of males in that locality [t0.05 (v = 9) = 2.262]

gr
Ja

SOLUTION

n = 10
̅ = 165
𝒙 From calculator
S = 7.6
v = n – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9

From t – table : t0.05 (v = 9) = 2.262 (Two tailed test)

The 95% confidence limits for µ are
𝑆 𝑆
[𝑥̅ − 𝑡0.05 ( ) , 𝑥̅ + 𝑡0.05 ( )]
√𝑛−1 √𝑛−1
2.262(7.6) 2.262(7.6)
[165 − , 165 + ]
√10 − 1 √10 − 1
i.e heights of males in locality are likely to be in limits 159.27 cm &
170.73 cm

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OR
Q4 (B) : Random samples drawn from two countries gave following data
relating to heights of adult males :
Country A Country B
Standard Deviation (in 2.58 2.50
inches)
Number in Samples 1000 1200

Is difference between standard deviation significant ? (|Z0.05| = 1.96)

SOLUTION

n1 = 1000
n2 = 1200

z
S1 = 2.58 aa
S2 = 2.50
Aw

(i) Null Hypothesis H0 : σ1 = σ2 i.e there is no significant difference between

two Standard Deviations
ut

(ii)Alternative Hypothesis H1 : σ1 ≠ σ2 (Two tailed test)

gr

(iii) Level of Significance : ∝ = 0.05

Ja

(iv) Test Statistics

𝑆 −𝑆
Z= 1 2
𝑆 2
𝑆 2
√ 1+ 2
2𝑛 1 2𝑛2
2.58−2.00
Z=
(2.58)2 (2.50)2
√ +
2(1000) 2(1200)
|Z| = 0.077

(v) Critical Value : |Z0.05| = 1.96

(vi) Decision : Since |Z| < |Z0.05|, null hypothesis is accepted at 5% level of
significance i.e there is no significance difference between standard
deviations

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OR
Q4 (C) : If random variable has Poisson distribution such that
P(X = 1) = P(X = 2), find (i) Mean of distribution (ii) P(X = 4)
(iii) P(X > 1) (iv) P (1 < X < 4) (7M)

SOLUTION

For Poisson Distribution

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
P(X = x) = x = 0, 1, 2…
𝑥!

P(X = 1) = P(X = 2)
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆1 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆2
= !
1! 2
2
λ = 2λ

z
λ2 - 2λ = 0 aa
λ=0 or λ = 2
Aw
Since λ ≠ 0
λ = Mean = 2
𝒆−𝟐 𝟐𝒙
Hence, P(X = x) = x = 0, 1, 2..
𝒙!
ut
gr

(ii) P(X = 4)
𝑒 −2 24
P(X = 4) =
Ja

4!
P(X = 4) = 0.9022

(iii) P(X > 1)

= 1 – P(X < 1)
= 1 – P(X = 0)
𝑒 −2 20
=1-
0!
P(X > 1) = 0.8647

(iv) P(1 < X < 4)

= P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
= ∑3𝑥=2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)
𝑒 −2 2𝑥
= ∑3𝑥=2
𝑥!

P(1 < X < 4) = 0.4511

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Q5 : (A) Fit straight line y = ax + b to following data (3M)
x 1 2 3 4 6 8
y 2.4 3 3.6 4 5 6

SOLUTION

Let straight line to be fitted to data be

y = ax + b

Normal Equations are

∑ 𝒚 = na + b∑ 𝒙 … (1)
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = a ∑ 𝒙 + b ∑ 𝒙𝟐 ….(2)

Hence, n = 6

z
x y x2 aa xy
1 2.4 1 2.4
2 3 4 6
Aw

3 3.6 9 10.8
4 4 16 16
6 5 36 30
ut

8 6 64 48
gr

∑ 𝒙 = 24 ∑ 𝒚 = 24 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 130 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 113.2
Ja

Substitute these values in eq (1) & eq (2)

24 = 6a + 24b ……… (3)
113.2 = 24a + 130b ……… (4)

Solving Eq (3) & Eq (4)

a = 1.9764
b = 0.5059

Hence, required equation of straight line is

y = 1.9764 + 0.5059x

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Q5 : (B) Fit curve y = abx to following data (4M)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 1 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.6 4.7 6.6 9.1

SOLUTION

y = abx
Taking log on both sides
logey = logea + x logeb

Putting logey = Y, logea = A, x = X & logeb = B

Y = A + BX

Normal equations are

z
∑ 𝒀 = nA + B∑ 𝑿 … (1) aa
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = a ∑ 𝒙 + b ∑ 𝒙𝟐 ….(2)
Aw

n=8

x y X Y X2 XY
ut

1 1 1 0.000 1 0.0000
gr

2 1.2 2 0.1823 4 0.3646

3 1.8 3 0.5878 9 1.7634
Ja

4 2.5 4 0.9163 16 3.6652

5 3.6 5 1.2809 25 6.4045
6 4.7 6 1.5476 36 9.2856
7 6.6 7 1.8871 49 13.2097
8 9.1 8 2.2083 64 17.6664
∑ 𝒙 = 36 ∑𝒚 = ∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 204 ∑𝒙𝒚 =
8.6103 52.3594

Substituting these values in eq (1) & eq (2)

8.6103 = 8A + 36B … (3)
52.3594 = 36A + 204B …. (4)

Solving eq (3) & eq (4)

A = - 0.3823

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 B = 0.3241

logea = A logeb = B
logea = - 0.3823 logeb = 0.3241
a = 0.6823 b = 1.3828

Hence required law is

y = 0.6823 (1.3828)x

Q5 : (C) The lifetime of certain kind of batteries has mean life of 400
hours & standard deviation as 45 years. Assuming distribution of lifetime
to be normal find (i) percentage of batteries with lifetime at least 470
hours (ii) proportion of batteries with lifetime between 385 & 415 hours
& (iii) minimum life of best 5% of batteries (P(0 < z < 0.33) = 0.1293) (7M)

z
aa
SOLUTION
Aw

Let X be random variable which denotes lifetime of certain kind of

batteries
ut

µ = 400, σ = 45
gr

𝒙−µ
Z=
𝝈
Ja

(i) When X = 470

470−400
Z= = 1.56
45

P(X > 470) = P(Z > 1.56)

= 0.5 – P(0 < Z < 1.56)
= 0.5 – 0.4406
P(X > 470) = 0.0594
Hence, the percentage of batteries with life time of atleast 470 hours =
5.94 %

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(ii) When X = 385
385−400
Z= = - 0.33
45

When X = 415
415−400
Z= = 0.33
45

P(385 < X < 485) = P(- 0.33 < Z < 0.33)

= P(- 0.33 < Z < 0) + P(0 < Z < 0.33)

z
= P(0 < Z < 0.33) + P(0 < Z < 0.33)
= 2P(0 < Z < 0.33)
aa
= 2(0.1293)
Aw

P(385 < X < 485) = 0.2586

Hence, proportion of batteries with lifetime between 385 & 415 hour =
ut

25.86 %
gr

(iii) P(X > X1) = 0.05

Ja

P(X > X1) = P(Z > Z1)

0.05 = 0.5 – P(0 < Z < Z1)

P(0 < Z < Z1) = 0.5 – 0.05
P(0 < Z < Z1) = 0.45
Z1 = 1.65
𝑥 −400
Z= 1
45
x1 = 1.65 (45 + 400)
x1 = 474.25 hours

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OR
Q5 : (A) The mean and variance of binomial variate are 8 & 6. Find P(X > 2)

SOLUTION

µ = np = 8
σ2 = npq = 6

𝑛𝑝𝑞 6 3
= =
𝑛𝑝 8 4
3
q=
4
3 1
p=1–q=1- =
4 4

z
np = 8
1
n× =8
4
aa
n = 32
Aw

P(X = x) = nCx px qn-x

𝟏 𝒙 𝟑 𝟑𝟐−𝒙
= 32Cx ( ) ( )
ut

x = 0, 1, 2… 32
𝟒 𝟒
gr

P(X > 2) = 1 – P(X < 2)

Ja

= 1 – [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]

= 1 - ∑1𝑥=0 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)
1 1 𝑥 3 32−𝑥
=1- ∑𝑥=0 𝑃(32𝐶𝑥 ( ) ×( ) )
4 4
P(X > 2) = 0.9988

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OR
Q5 : (B) Out of 800 families with 5 children each, how many would you
except to have (i) 3 boys (ii) 5 girls?

SOLUTION

Let p be probability of having boy in family

𝟏
p=
𝟐
𝟏
q=1–p=
𝟐
n=5
N = 800

Probability of having x boys out of 5 children in each family

z
P(X = x) = nCx px qn-x
5
P(X = x) = Cx ( ) ( )
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟓−𝒙
aa
x = 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5
𝟐 𝟐
Aw

(i) Probability of having 3 boys out of 5 children

1 3 1 5−3
P(X = 3) =5C3 ( ) ( )
ut

2 2
5
P(X = 3) =
gr

16
Ja

Expected no of families having 3 boys out of 5 children

= NP(X = 3)
5
= 800 ×
16
= 250

(ii) Probability of having 5 girls out of 5 children

5 1 5 1 5−5
P(X = 3) = C0 ( ) ( )
2 2
1
P(X = 3) =
32

Expected no of families having 5 girls out of 5 children

= NP(X = 0)
1
= 800 ×
32
= 25

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OR
Q5 : (C) Fit second – degree parabolic curve to following data (7M)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 2 6 7 8 10 11 11 10 9

SOLUTION

Let X = x – 5
Y = y – 10

Let equation of parabola be

Y = a + bX + cX2

z
The normal equations are aa
∑ 𝒀 = na + b ∑ 𝑿 + c ∑ 𝑿𝟐 ……… (1)
∑ 𝑿𝒀 = a ∑ 𝑿 + b ∑ 𝑿𝟐 + c ∑ 𝑿𝟑 ……… (2)
Aw

∑ 𝑿𝟐 𝒀 = a∑ 𝑿𝟐 + b∑ 𝑿𝟑 + ∑ 𝑿𝟒 ……….. (3)

X2 X3 X4 X2Y
ut

x y X Y XY
1 2 -4 -8 16 -64 256 32 -128
gr

2 6 -3 -4 9 -27 81 12 -36
3 7 -2 -3 4 -8 16 6 -12
Ja

4 8 -1 -2 1 -1 1 2 -2
5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 11 2 1 4 8 16 2 4
8 10 3 0 9 27 81 0 0
9 9 4 -1 16 64 256 -4 -16
∑𝒙 = ∑𝒚 = ∑ 𝒙𝟐 = ∑ 𝒙𝟑 = ∑ 𝒙𝟒 = ∑𝒙𝒚 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
0 -16 60 0 708 = 51 = -189

Substituting these values in eq(1), (2), (3)

- 16 = 9a + 60c (4)
51 = 60b (5)
-189 = 60a + 708c (6)

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Solving eqs (4), (5), (6)
a = 0.0043
b = 0.85
c = - 0.2673

Hence required equation of parabola is

y = 0.0043 + 0.85x – 0.2673x2
y – 10 = 0.0043 + (0.85) (x – 5) – 0.2673 (x – 5)2
y = 10 + 0.0043 + 0.85(x – 5) – 0.2673 (x2 – 10x + 25)
y = 10 + 0.0043 + 0.85x – 4.25 – 0.2673x2 + 2.673x – 6.6825
y = - 0.9282 + 3.523x – 0.2673x2

z
aa
Aw
ut
gr
Ja

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