Unit 3

Internet
Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the
web. However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
 Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
 Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

 computer location.
 A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP
Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.
 For example, a DNS server will resolve a
name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely
identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
 Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Evolution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several
technological & Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
 The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project
Agency Network (ARPANET).
 ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
 Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various
bodies of government.
 Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
 In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different
countries and thus became known as Internet.
 By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS,
WWW, browsers, scripting languages etc.,Internet provided a medium to publish
and access information over the web.

Advantages
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will discuss
some of the advantages of Internet:
 Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote locations.
There are various apps available on the wed that uses Internet as a medium for
communication. One can find various social networking sites such as:
o Facebook
o Twitter
o Yahoo
o Google+
o Flickr
o Orkut
 One can surf for any kind of information over the internet. Information regarding
various topics such as Technology, Health & Science, Social Studies,
Geographical Information, Information Technology, Products etc can be surfed
with help of a search engine.
 Apart from communication and source of information, internet also serves a
medium for entertainment. Following are the various modes for entertainment
over internet.
o Online Television
o Online Games
 o Songs
o Videos
o Social Networking Apps
 Internet allows us to use many services like:
o Internet Banking
o Matrimonial Services
o Online Shopping
o Online Ticket Booking
o Online Bill Payment
o Data Sharing
o E-mail
 Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that allows the business
deals to be conducted on electronic systems

Disadvantages
However, Internet has prooved to be a powerful source of information in almost every
field, yet there exists many disadvanatges discussed below:
 There are always chances to loose personal information such as name, address,
credit card number. Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such
information. One should use credit cards only through authenticated sites.
 Another disadvantage is the Spamming.Spamming corresponds to the
unwanted e-mails in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to
obstruction of entire system.
 Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus
attacks may cause your system to crash or your important data may get deleted.
 Also a biggest threat on internet is pornography. There are many pornographic
sites that can be found, letting your children to use internet which indirectly
affects the children healthy mental life.
 There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information.
This leads to misconception among many people.
Internet service provider (ISP)
Internet service provider (ISP), company that
provides Internet connections and services to individuals
and organizations. In addition to providing access to the
Internet, ISPs may also provide software packages (such
as browsers), e-mail accounts, and a personal Web site or
home page. ISPs can host Web sites for businesses and can
also build the Web sites themselves. ISPs are all connected
to each other through network access points, public network
facilities on the Internet backbone.

What exactly do ISPs do?

In short, an ISP provides you with Internet access, usually for a fee. Without
an ISP, you wouldn’t be able to shop online, access Facebook, or read this
page. Connecting to the Internet requires specific telecommunications,
networking, and routing equipment. ISPs allow users access to networks that
contain the required equipment, enabling users to establish Internet
connectivity.

ISPs are responsible for making sure you can access the Internet, routing
Internet traffic, resolving domain names, and maintaining the network
infrastructure that makes Internet access possible.

While the core function of an ISP is to provide Internet access, many ISPs do
much more. ISPs also offer services like web hosting, domain name
registration, and email services.

How do ISPs work?

At the top of the Internet access pyramid are Tier 1 Internet service
providers. A Tier 1 Internet service provider is an ISP that has access to all
the networks on the Internet using only network peering agreements they do
not have to pay for. To help conceptualize what purpose Tier 1 ISPs serve,
think of Tier 1 ISPs as the major highways of the Internet. These ISPs connect
all corners of the World Wide Web. Some popular examples of Tier 1 ISPs
include Vodacom, Bharti, Deutsche Telekom, British Telecommunications,
and Verizon.
Image courtesy of Privacy Canada.

Tier 1 Internet service providers sell access to their networks to Tier 2 ISPs.
Tier 2 ISPs then sell Internet access to organizations and home users.
However, sometimes Tier 1 ISPs may sell Internet access directly to
organizations and individuals. Additionally, a second intermediary ISP,
referred to as a Tier 3 ISP, may purchase network bandwidth from a Tier 2
ISP before selling that bandwidth to end users.

When traffic is routed from your home network to the Internet, it goes
through a number of hops before reaching its destination. For example,
traffic may travel from your modem, to your Tier 3 ISP’s network, to a Tier 2
ISP’s network, to a Tier 1 ISP’s network, then back down through a different
set of ISPs before reaching the destination.

The underlying technology that ISPs use to establish connectivity can be

based on analog telephone lines (dial-up), DSL, cable, satellite, Wi-Fi, fiber
optics, or other connectivity mediums. The reason many cable and telephone
providers are also ISPs is because their underlying infrastructure can
accommodate Internet traffic.

Can I connect to the Internet without an ISP?

No, organizations and home users need an ISP to be able to access the
Internet. If your ISP is down, you will not be able to access the Internet
unless you have access through another ISP. Organizations that require
redundant Internet connections may use a cellular service provider or
secondary ISP connection to another provider for backup. A popular way for
home users to work around Internet connectivity outages is to use their cell
phone to continue working or as a mobile “hotspot”.

What is broadband internet?

According to the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC),
broadband Internet speeds are defined as 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps
upload. Average broadband speeds across the globe can vary from less than
1 Mbps to over 50 Mbps. The ability to get speeds equivalent to or faster
than broadband will depend on the types of service your ISP offers.

Dial-up speeds fall well below broadband speeds. Dial-up depends on older
analog technologies.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and satellite connections are generally faster
than dial-up, but still usually fall short of the broadband benchmarks.

Cable connections can well exceed the FCC requirements for broadband
Internet speeds and serve as a good choice for reliable, fast Internet
connections.

Fiber optic connections are generally the fastest of all the options listed here.
If you are looking for speeds in the 1GB or higher range, fiber optic may be
the best choice.

Dialup Networking
Dialup networking refers to a network connection that is established by dialling into the
network through the public telephone system.
Dialup connections can be analog or digital. Analog connections involve the use of modem
while the digital connections require end-to-end digital connectivity. Dialup networking
technology provides PCs and other network devices access to a LAN or WAN via standard
telephone lines. Dial up internet service providers offer subscription plans for home
computer users. Dial up system utilize special-purpose network protocols like point-to-point
protocol.
In dial up networking, both the client and the server have a standard modem. The client
initiates the dial up connection using the modem. The connection to the server modem is
made over public phone lines, and the server authenticates the user and the provides the
configured access. The modems transfer network information over the telephone until one
modem or the other disconnects.
Dialup connections can be classified as either terminal based or network-based.up
connection involves the use of special terminal emule, which makes the local system a
The performance of dial up networking is relatively poor due to the limitations of traditional
modem technology. Many home users are currently replacing their dial up service with high-
speed broadband technologies that operate at much higher speeds.
Creating a Dial-up networking connection:-
Step 1. click start then computer panel.
Step 2. click network and internal then. Network and sharing center.
Step 3. click on the set up a new connection or network option.
Step 4. click on connect to the internet.
Step 5. click dial-up.
Step 6. Enter the service provider’s dial-up phone number in the dial-up phone number
field. In the user name field type in your full email address allotted by the service provider.
In the password field type in your password. For connection name, name your connection.
Click the connect option to dial your new dial-up connection.
Step 7. Once connected you will see a THE CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET IS READY
TO USE window. Click close.
 Search Engines
Introduction
Search Engine refers to a huge database of internet resources such as web pages,
newsgroups, programs, images etc. It helps to locate information on World Wide Web.
User can search for any information by passing query in form of keywords or phrase. It
then searches for relevant information in its database and return to the user.

Search Engine Components

Generally there are three basic components of a search engine as listed below:
 1. Web Crawler
2. Database
3. Search Interfaces
Web crawler
It is also known as spider or bots. It is a software component that traverses the web to
gather information.
Database
All the information on the web is stored in database. It consists of huge web resources.
Search Interfaces
This component is an interface between user and the database. It helps the user to
search through the database.

Search Engine Working

Web crawler, database and the search interface are the major component of a search
engine that actually makes search engine to work. Search engines make use of
Boolean expression AND, OR, NOT to restrict and widen the results of a search.
Following are the steps that are performed by the search engine:
 The search engine looks for the keyword in the index for predefined database
instead of going directly to the web to search for the keyword.
 It then uses software to search for the information in the database. This software
component is known as web crawler.
 Once web crawler finds the pages, the search engine then shows the relevant
web pages as a result. These retrieved web pages generally include title of
page, size of text portion, first several sentences etc.
These search criteria may vary from one search engine to the other. The retrieved information is
ranked according to various factors such as frequency of keywords, relevancy of information,
links etc.

 User can click on any of the search results to open it.

Architecture
The search engine architecture comprises of the three basic layers listed below:
 Content collection and refinement.
 Search core
 User and application interfaces
Search Engine Processing
Indexing Process
Indexing process comprises of the following three tasks:
 Text acquisition
 Text transformation
 Index creation
Text acquisition
It identifies and stores documents for indexing.
Text Transformation
It transforms document into index terms or features.
Index Creation
It takes index terms created by text transformations and create data structures to
suport fast searching.
Query Process
Query process comprises of the following three tasks:
 User interaction
 Ranking
 Evaluation
User interaction
It supporst creation and refinement of user query and displays the results.
Ranking
It uses query and indexes to create ranked list of documents.
Evaluation
It monitors and measures the effectiveness and efficiency. It is done offline.

Examples
Following are the several search engines available today:

Search Description
Engine

Google It was originally called BackRub. It is the most popular search engine
globally.

Bing It was launched in 2009 by Microsoft. It is the latest web-based search

engine that also delivers Yahoo’s results.

Ask It was launched in 1996 and was originally known as Ask Jeeves. It includes
support for match, dictionary, and conversation question.

AltaVista It was launched by Digital Equipment Corporation in 1995. Since 2003, it

is powered by Yahoo technology.

AOL.Search It is powered by Google.

LYCOS It is top 5 internet portal and 13th largest online property according to Media
Matrix.

Alexa It is subsidiary of Amazon and used for providing website traffic information.
Using search engines

With billions of websites online today, there is a lot of information on the

Internet. Search engines make this information easier to find. Let's look at
the basics of using a search engine, as well as some techniques you can
use to get better search results.

Watch the video below to learn more about searching the Web.

How to search the Web

There are many different search engines you can use, but some of the
most popular include Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. To perform a search,
you'll need to navigate to a search engine in your web browser, type one or
more keywords—also known as search terms—then press Enter on your
keyboard. In this example, we'll search for recipes.

After you run a search, you'll see a list of relevant websites that match
your search terms. These are commonly known as search results. If you
see a site that looks interesting, you can click a link to open it. If the site
doesn't have what you need, you can simply return to the results page to
look for more options.
Most browsers also allow you to perform a web search directly from
your address bar, although some have a separate search bar next to the
address bar. Simply type your search terms and press Enter to run the
search.

Search suggestions

If you don't find what you're looking for on the first try, don't worry! Search
engines are good at finding things online, but they're not perfect. You'll
often need to try different search terms to find what you're looking for.

If you're having trouble thinking of new search terms, you can use search
suggestions instead. These will usually appear as you're typing, and
they're a great way to find new keywords you might not have tried
otherwise. To use a search suggestion, you can click it with your mouse, or
select it with the arrow keys on your keyboard.

Refining your search

If you're still having trouble finding exactly what you need, you can use
some special characters to help refine your search. For example, if you
want to exclude a word from a search, you can type a hyphen (-) at the
beginning of a word. So if you wanted to find cookie recipes that don't
include chocolate, you could search for recipes cookies -chocolate.

You can also search for exact words or phrases to narrow down your
results even more. All you need to do is place quotation marks (" ")
around the desired search terms. For example, if you search
for recipes "sugar cookies", your search results will only include recipes
for sugar cookies, instead of any cookies that happen to use sugar as an
ingredient.

These techniques may come in handy in certain cases, but you probably
won't need to use them with most searches. Search engines can usually
figure out what you're looking for without these extra characters. We
recommend trying a few different search suggestions before using this
method.
Content-specific searches

There may be times when you're looking for something more specific, like
a news article, picture, or video. Most search engines have links at the
top of the page that allow you to perform these unique searches.

In the example below, we've used the same search terms to look
for images instead of websites. If you see an image you like, you can click
to visit the website it originally came from.

You can use the extra search tools to narrow down your results even
more. These tools will change based on the type of content you're looking
for, but in this example we can filter our images by size, color, image
type, and more. So if you wanted to find cookies with pink frosting, you
could search for images that are mostly pink.

Advertisements

One final thing to note: Most search engines include advertisements with
search results. For example, you can see advertisements at the top of the
search results below.

These ads are based on your search terms, and they often look similar to
other search results. While they may be useful in some cases, it's usually
more helpful to focus on the actual search results.
Audio Streaming
A one-way audio transmission over a data network. It is widely used to
listen to audio clips and radio from the Internet on computers, tablets and
smartphones. In addition, computers are commonly set up to stream a
user's music collection to a digital media hub connected to a stereo or
home theater. Computers and mobile devices may also stream directly to
powered speakers via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. See digital media hub, Bluetooth
audio and Wi-Fi audio.

Unlike music files that are downloaded and played at any time in the future,
a streamed song is played immediately after a small amount of audio data
is received, and the song file is not stored permanently in the destination
device.

It's Already in the Buffer

Listening to momentary blips in music or a conversation is annoying, and
the only way to compensate for that over an erratic network such as the
Internet is to get some of the audio data into the computer before you start
listening to it. In streaming audio, both the client and server cooperate for
uninterrupted sound. The client side stores a few seconds of sound in a
buffer before it starts sending it to the speakers. Throughout the session, it
continues to receive audio data ahead of time.

VoIP Is More Demanding

Voice over IP (VoIP) is more taxing on the network than streaming audio. It
requires real-time, two-way transmission with sufficient bandwidth for audio
coming in and going out at the same time without being able to buffer any
of it (see real-time audio). See streaming video, home theater
streaming, VoIP and Windows Media.

Audio streaming is a technology that allows the steaming of audio files,

such as music or voice-overs to your computer over the Internet. Usually,
first you need to download an audio file in a format like MP3, WAV, WMA
etc. if you want to listen to music, or any other type of audio. However, in
case of audio streaming there’s no need to download the whole audio file
first.

In audio streaming, the audio file is delivered in small “packets”. As the

data arrives it is buffered for a few seconds and then playback begins.
More data is constantly arriving (or streaming) as the audio is playing. As
long as there is a steady stream of these packets delivered to your
computer/mobile phone, you will hear the audio without any disruptions.

Newsgroup
A newsgroup is an online discussion forum accessible
through Usenet. Each newsgroup contains discussions about
a specific topic, indicated in the newsgroup name. You can
browse newsgroups and post or reply to topics using a
newsreader program. Access to newsgroups also requires a
Usenet subscription. Most Usenet providers offer monthly
access for around $10 USD per month.

Newsgroups may be either moderated or unmoderated. In a

moderated newsgroup, a moderator must approve posts in
order for them to become part of the discussion. In an
unmoderated group, everything posted is included in the
discussion. Some newsgroups may also use bots to moderate
the content, automatically eliminating posts that are deemed
offensive or off topic.

While many people now use web forums and online chat
instead of newsgroups, the service is still popular around the
world. In fact, there are estimated to be over 100,000
newsgroups in existence. While many newsgroups host
traditional text-based discussions, a large number of
newsgroups are now used for file sharing. These
newsgroups, which primarily provide links to files, often
have the term "binaries" in their name.

Newsgroup, Internet-based discussion group, similar to

a bulletin board system (BBS), where people post messages
concerning whatever topic around which the group is
organized.

Newsgroups are typically found on USENET, a network of

discussion groups where millions of users read postings, or
articles, using software called a newsreader. Users can then
make comments and ask questions in response to the
postings. Thousands of newsgroups exist, covering a wide
range of topics. Newsgroups typically fall into a few basic
categories. There are newsgroups that have to be pre-
approved and cover a specific topic, and there
are alternative newsgroups that can be created by anyone
and cover any topic of their choosing. Newsgroups are also
categorized as either moderated—posts have to be approved
—or unmoderated.

Newsgroup names are made up of parts, separated by dots,

that indicate the topics covered in the newsgroup. The parts
of the name go from least specific to most specific. For
example, the group name comp.sys.apple2 discusses
computers (a general topic), systems (a computer topic), and
Apple II (a specific computer system). Some common group
subjects are comp (computers), rec (recreation), and sci
(science). Other newsgroups follow a similar order, including
alternative groups, which start with alt.

Blogs and message boards have taken the place of many

newsgroups, although newsgroups remain popular. In 2001
the American search engine company Google Inc. acquired
the archive of USENET postings, which dates back to 1981.
In addition to providing 20 years’ worth of USENET
archives, the company introduced Google Groups to bring
newsgroups to a new audience.

Newsgroup Examples
Below are some examples of active newsgroups. The first part of the name
(before the first dot) is the primary category (or hierarchy) or the newsgroup.
For example, sci. is used for science-related discussions.

 alt.politics
 talk.religion
 sci.physics
 comp.software.testing
 alt.binaries.documentaries
 alt.binaries.multimedia.comedy
You can browse discussions and post to newsgroups using a newsreader.

SUBSCRIBING TO NEWSGROUPS
Newsgroups are good ways of obtaining files and information on just about whatever
you would ever want. To subscribe to some newsgroups, you will need to open up your
e-mail program (Outlook Express for most TBSCC users) and download the group of
newsgroups that are on news.tbscc.com.

When you open your e-mail program, you will see a list of your folders to the left side of
the screen. At the bottom of this list, you should see news.tbscc.com. If you do not, then
follow these steps to setting up news.tbscc.com. If you do see news.tbscc.com, follow
the steps below to download and subscribe to some newsgroups.

1. Right click on news.tbscc.com and then on Newsgroups.

2. A window will pop up which will most likely be followed by another window, if this
is the first time you are subscribing to newsgroups. The window lets you know
that it is downloading a list of newsgroups from the server and that it will only
needed to be done once. This may take a while, but let it finish.
3. Once the list of newsgroups have downloaded, you will see a HUGE list of
newsgroups. You can enter a keyword or two in the "Display newsgroups which
contain" text box. This will bring up a list of newsgroups that contain the
keyword(s) that you entered above.

4. Click on a newsgroup that you want to subscribe to, and click on Subscribe.

5. If you want to subscribe to more newsgroups, then select another newsgroup

and click Subscribe, again.

6. Once you are finished subscribing to your newsgroups, click Ok to close that
window.

7. Upon closing the newsgroups window, the list of newsgroups that you subscribed
to will be show in the window. You can also click on the plus symbol next to
news.tbscc.com in the left frame. This will drop down a list of all of the
newsgroups that you subscribed to.

8. Click on the newsgroup that you want to check and wait for the headers to be
downloaded.