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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

12.1 Introduction

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Design Wheel Washer Cake

You are already familiar with some methods of finding perimeters and areas of simple plane figures such as rectangles, squares, parallelograms, triangles an d circles from your earlier classes. Many objects that we come across in our daily life are related to the circular shape in some form or the other. Cycle whee ls, wheel barrow (thela ), dartboard, round cake, papad , drain cover, various designs, bangles, brooches, circular paths, washers, flower beds, etc. are some examples of such objects (see Fig. 12.1). So, the problem of finding perimeters and areas related to circular figures is of great practical importance. In this chapter, we shall begin our discussion with a review of the concepts of perimeter (circumference) and area of a circle and apply this knowledge in finding the areas of two special parts o f a circular region (or briefly of a circle) known as sector and segment. We shall also see how to find the a reas of some combinations of plane figures involving circles or their parts.

Fig. 12.1

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Wheel barrow

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12.2 Perimeter and Area of a Circle A Review

Recall that the distance covered by travelling once aroun d a circle is its perimeter, usually ca lled its circumference. You also k now from your earlier c lasses, that circumference of a circle bears a constant ratio with its diameter. T his constant ratio is denoted by th e Greek letter p (read as pi ). In other words,

or,

circumference = p diameter circumference = p diameter

= 2p r

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the value of p as 22 or 3.14, approximately. . 7 Fig 12.2

62832 , which is nearly equal to 3.1416. It is also 20000 interesting to note that using an identity of the great mathematical genius Srinivas Ramanujan (1887 1920) of India, mathema ticians have been able to calculate the value of p correct to millio n places of decimals. As you know from Chapter 1 of Class IX, p is an irrational number and its decimal expansion is non-terminating and non-recurring (non-repeating). However, for practical purposes, we generally take
value of p. He stat ed that p =

You may also recall that area of a circle is pr2, where r is the radius of the circle. Recall that yo u have verified it in Class VII, by cutting a circle in to a number of sectors and rearranging them as shown in Fig. 12.2.

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T he great Indian mathematician Aryabhatta (A.D. 476 550) gave an approximate

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= p 2 r (where r is the radius of the circle)

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225

T herefore, if r metres is the radius of the field, then

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So,

2 pr = 220 22 or, 2 r = 220 7 220 7 or, r= = 35 2 22 i.e., radius of the field is 35 m. 22 T herefore, area of the field = pr2 = 35 35 m 2 = 22 5 35 m 2 7 Now, cost of ploughing 1 m 2 of the field = Rs 0.50 total cost of ploughing the field = Rs 22 5 35 0.50 = Rs 1925

EXERCIS E 12.1
.

Unless stated otherwise, use p =

22 7

1. The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm res pectively. Find the radius of the circle which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.

2. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle havin g area equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles. 3. Fig. 12.3 depicts an archery target marked wit h its five scoring regions from the centre outwards as Gold, Red, Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region representing Gold score is 21 cm and each of the other bands is 10.5 cm wide. Find the area of each of the five scorin g regions.

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Fig. 12.3

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Example 1 : T he cost of fencin g a circular field at the rate of Rs 24 per metre is Rs 5280. T he field is to be ploughed at the rate of Rs 0.50 per m 2. Find th e cost of 22 ploughing the field (Take p = ). 7 Total cost 5280 = 220 Solution : Length of the fence (in metres) = = Rate 24 So, circumference of the field = 220 m

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1 You can see that the shape in Fig. 12.2 (ii) is nearly a rectangle of length 2 p r 2 1 and breadth r. T his sugge sts that the area of th e circle = 2 pr r = pr2. Let us 2 recall the concepts learnt in earlier classes, through an example.

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4. The wheels of a car are of diam eter 80 cm each. How many complete revol utions does each wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelli ng at a speed of 66 k m per hour? 5. Tick the correct answer in the following and justify your choice : If the perimeter and the area of a circle are numeri cally equal, then the radius of the circle is (A) 2 units (B) p units (C) 4 units (D) 7 units

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Now, look at Fig. 12.5 in which AB is a chord of the circle with centre O. So, shaded region APB is a segment of the circle. You can also note that unshaded region AQB is another segment of the circle formed by the chord AB. For obvious reasons, APB is called the minor segment and AQB is called the major segment. Re mark : When we write segment and sector we will mean the minor segment an d the minor sector respectively, unless stated otherwise. Now with this knowledge, let us try to find some relations (or formulae) to calculate their areas. Let OAPB be a sector o f a circle with centre O an d radius r ( see Fig. 12. 6). Let the degr ee measure of AOB be q. You know that area of a circle (in fact of a circular region or disc) is pr2.

You have already com e across the terms sector and segment of a circle in your ea rlier classes. Recall that the portion (or part) of the circular region enclosed by two radii and the corresponding ar c is called a sector of the circle and the p ortion (or part) of the circular region enclosed between a c hord and the corresponding ar c is called a segment of the circle. T hus, in Fig. 12.4, sha ded region OAPB is a sector Fig. 12.4 of the circle with centre O. AOB is c alled the angle of the sector. Note that in this figure, unshaded region OAQB is also a sector of t he circ le. Fo r o bv ious r ea son s, OAP B is c alled t h e m in or sec to r a n d OAQB is ca lled the major sector. You can also see that angle of the ma jor sector is 360 AOB.

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Fig. 12.5 Fig. 12.6

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12.3 Areas of S ector and S egment of a Circle

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227

In a way, we can consider this circular region to be a sector forming an angle of 360 (i.e., of degree measure 360) at th e centre O. Now by applyin g the Unitary Method, we can a rrive at the area of the sector OAPB as follows: W he n de gr ee m ea sure o f t he a ngle a t th e ce nt r e is 3 60 , ar ea o f th e sec to r = p r 2 So , wh en t he degr ee m ea sure of t he a ngle a t t he c en tr e is 1, a re a of t he pr 2 se ct or = 360 T herefore, when the degree measure of the angle at the centre is q, area of the

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Now, a natural questio n arises : Can we find the length o f the arc APB correspon ding to this se ct or ? Yes. Aga in , by ap plyin g th e Unita ry Method and t aking the whole length o f the circle (of angle 3 60) as 2 p r, we can obtain the required q 2pr . length of the arc APB as 360 q 2 pr . So, le ngth of an arc of a se ctor of angle q = 360 Now let us take the ca se of the area of the segment APB o f a circle with centre O and radius r (see Fig. 12.7). You can see that : = and

Are a of the se ctor of angle q =

q pr 2 , 360

where r is the radius of the circle and q the angle of the sector in degrees.

Area of the segm ent APB = Area of the sector OAPB Area of D OAB

q pr 2 area of D OAB 360 Note : From Fig. 12.6 and Fig. 12.7 respectively, you can observe that : Area of the major sector OAQB = pr2 Area of the m inor sector OAPB Area of m ajor segment AQB = pr2 Area of the m inor segment APB

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Fig. 12.7

q pr 2 q = pr 2 . sector = 360 360 T hus, we obta in the following relation (or formula) for area of a sector of a circle:

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MATHEM ATICS

Let us now take some examples to understand these concepts (or results). Example 2 : Find the area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm and of angle 30. Also, find the area of the corresponding major sector (Use p = 3.14). Solution : Given sector is OAPB (see Fig. 12.8). Area of th e sector =

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= (3.14 16 4.19) cm 2 = 46.05 cm 2 = 46.1 cm 2 (approx.) (360 q) pr 2 360 Alte rnative ly, area of the major sector = = Example 3 : Find the area of the segment AYB shown in Fig. 12.9, if radius of the circle is 21 cm and AOB = 120 . (Use p = 22 ) 7

= pr2 area of sector OAPB

360 - 30 2 = 3.14 16 cm 360 330 3.14 16cm 2 = 46.05 cm 2 360 = 46.1 cm 2 (approx.)

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Fig. 12.9

q pr 2 360 A P B 30 3.14 4 4 cm2 = Fig. 12.8 360 12.56 cm2 = 4.19 cm2 (approx.) = 3 Area of the corresponding major sector

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Solution : Area of the segment AYB = Area of sector OAYB Area of D OAB Now, area of the sector OAYB = 120 22 21 21 cm 2 = 462 cm 2 360 7 (1)

Note that OA = OB. T herefore, by RHS congruence, D AMO @ D BMO. So, M is the mid- point of AB and AOM = BOM = Let So, from D OMA, OM = x cm

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or, So, Also, So, AM = T herefore, So,
21 3 cm 2 2 21 3 cm = 21 3 cm AB = 2 AM = 2

or,

1 1 x = cos 60 = 2 2 21 21 x= 2 21 OM = cm 2 AM 3 = sin 60 = OA 2

area of D OAB =

1 1 21 AB OM = 21 3 cm 2 2 2 2 441 3 cm 2 = 4

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Fig. 12.10 (3)

OM = cos 60 OA

441 3 cm 2 [From (1), (2) and (3)] T herefore, area of the segment AYB = 462 4 = 21 (88 21 3) cm 2 4

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1 120 = 60 . 2

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For finding t he area of D OAB, draw OM ^ AB as shown in Fig. 12.10.

(2)

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EXERCIS E 12.2
Unless stated otherwise, use p = 22 . 7

1. Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60. 2. Find the area of a quadrant of a ci rcle whose circumferen ce is 22 cm.

3. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. F ind the area swept by the minute hand in 5 minutes.

(i) the leng th of the arc (ii) area of the sector formed by the arc (iii) area of the segment form ed by the correspon ding chord

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(Use p = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73) 7. A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm subtends an angle of 120 at the centre. Find the area of the correspon ding segment of the circle. (Use p = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73) 8. A horse is ti ed to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by means of a 5 m long rope (see Fig. 12.11). Find (i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze. (ii) the increase in the grazing area if t he rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m. (Use p = 3.14) 9. A brooch is m ade with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter 35 mm. The wire is also used in making 5 diam eters which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors as shown in Fig. 12.12. Find : (i) the total length of the silver wi re required. (ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.

6. A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60 at the centre. Fi nd the areas of the corresponding minor and major segments of t he circle.

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Fig. 12.11 Fig. 12.12

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4. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right ang le at the centre. Find the area of the corresponding : (i) minor segment (ii) major sector. (Use p = 3.14) 5. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an ang le of 60 at the cen tre. Find:

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AREAS R ELATED TO C IRCLES 10. An umbrella has 8 ribs which are equally spaced (see Fig. 12.13). Assuming umbrella to be a f lat circle of radius 45 cm, find t he area between the two consecuti ve ribs of the umbrella. 11. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping through an angle of 11 5. Find the total area cl eaned at each sweep of t he blades. 12. To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a sector of angle 80 to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships are warn ed. (Use p = 3.14) 13. A round table cover has s ix equal designs as shown in Fig. 12.14. Ifthe radius of the cover is 28 cm, find the cost of maki ng the des ign s at the rate of Rs 0.35 per cm2. (Use 3 = 1.7) 14. Tick the correct answer in the following :

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Fig. 12.13

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Area of a sect or of angle p (in degrees ) of a circle with radius R is (A)
p 2 pR 180

(B)

p pR2 180

(C)

p 2p R 360

12.4 Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures

So far, we have calculated the areas of different figures separately. Let us now try to calculate the areas of some combinations of plane figures. We come across these types of figure s in our daily life and also in the form of various inter esting designs. Flower beds, drain covers, window designs, designs on table covers, are some of such examples. We illustrate the process of calculating areas of these figures through some examples. Example 4 : In Fig. 12.15, two circular flower beds have been shown on two sides of a square lawn ABCD of side 56 m. If the centre of e ach circular flower bed is the point of intersect ion O of the diagonals of the square lawn, find th e sum of the areas of the lawn a nd the flower beds.

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Fig. 12.14
p 2p R 2 720

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(D)

Fig. 12.15

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MATHEM ATICS

Solution : Area of the square la wn ABCD = 56 56 m 2 Let So, or, or, Now,
2

(1)

OA = OB = x metres x + x2 = 56 2 x2 = 28 56 area of sec tor OAB = (2)

90 1 p x2 = p x 2 360 4 1 22 28 56 m2 4 7 1 56 56 m2 4

= area of D OAB =

Also,

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( AOB = 90)

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So, = = 1 22 28 56 - 2 m2 4 7 1 8 28 56 m 2 4 7 1 8 28 56 m 2 4 7 Similarly, area of the other flower bed = T herefore, 1 8 total area = 56 56 + 28 56 4 7 + 2 2 2 = 28 56 2 + + m 7 7 = 28 56 18 2 m = 4032 m 2 7

1 1 22 28 56 - 56 56 m2 area of flower bed AB = 4 4 7 [From (3) and (4)]

1 8 28 56 m 2 [From (1), (5) and (6)] 4 7

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[From (2)] (3) (4) (5) (6)

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2 x2 = 56 56

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Alte rnative Solution : Total area = Area of sector OAB + Area of sector ODC + Area of D OAD + Area of D OBC

1 1 56 56 + 56 56 m2 4 4

1 22 22 28 56 + + 2 + 2 m2 4 7 7

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Example 5 : Find the area of th e shaded region in Fig. 12.16, where ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. Solution : Area of square ABCD = 14 14 cm 2 = 196 cm 2 14 cm = 7 cm 2 7 cm 2 Diameter of each circle = So, radius of ea ch circle = So, area of one circle = pr2 = 22 7 7 cm 2 7 2 2 = 154 77 cm = cm 2 4 2 T herefore, area of the f our circles = 4 Hence, 77 2 cm = 154 cm 2 2 area of the sh aded region = (196 154) cm 2 = 42 cm 2.

7 56 (22 + 22 + 14 + 14) m2 7 = 56 72 m 2 = 4032 m 2

=

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Fig. 12.16

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90 22 90 22 28 56 + 28 56 = 360 7 360 7

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Example 6 : Find the area of the shaded design in Fig. 12.17, where ABCD is a square of side 10 cm and semicircles ar e drawn with each side of the square as diameter. (Use p = 3.14)

Solution : Let us mark the four unshaded regions as I, II, III and IV (see Fig. 12.18). Area of I + Area of III = Area of ABCD Areas of two semicircles of eac h of radius 5 cm

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= (100 78.5) cm 2 = 21.5 cm 2 Similarly, Area of II + Area of IV = 21.5 cm 2 = (100 2 21.5) cm 2 = (100 43) cm 2 = 57 cm 2

1 2 2 = 10 10 2 p 5 cm = (100 3.14 25) cm 2 2

So, area of the sha ded design = Area of ABCD Area of (I + II + III + IV)

EXERCIS E 12.3

Unless stated otherwise, use p =

22 7

1. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.19, if PQ = 24 cm, PR = 7 cm and O is the centre of the circle.

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Fig. 12.19

Fig. 12.17

Fig. 12.18

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2. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.20, if radii of the two concentric circles with centre O are 7 cm and 14 cm respectively and AOC = 40.

Fig. 12.20

Fig. 12.21

4. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.22, where a circular arc of radi us 6 cm has been drawn with vertex O of an equilateral triangl e OAB of side 12 cm as centre.

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O 6 cm A 12 cm B

Fig. 12.22

5. From each corner of a square of si de 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut and also a circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in Fig. 12.23. Find the area of the remaining portion of the square. 6. In a circul ar table cover of radi us 32 cm, a design is formed leaving an equi lateral triangle ABC in the middle as shown in Fig. 12.24. Find the area of the design.

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Fig. 12.23 Fig. 12.24

3. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.21, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and APD and BPC are semicircles.

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236 7. In Fig. 12.25, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. With centres A, B, C and D, four circles are drawn such that each circle touch externally two of the remaining three circles . Find the area of the s haded region.

MATHEM ATICS

Fig. 12.25
8. Fig. 12.26 depicts a racing t rack whose left and right ends are sem icircular.

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Fig. 12.26
The distance between the two inner parallel line segments is 60 m and they are each 10 6 m long. If the track is 10 m wide, find : (i) the distance around the track along i ts inner edge (ii) the area of the track. 9. In Fig. 12.27, AB and CD are two di ameters of a circle (with centre O) perpendicular to each other and OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the area of the shaded region. 10. The area of an equilateral triangle ABC is 17320.5 cm2. With each vertex of the triangle as centre, a circle is drawn with radius equal to half t he length of the side of the triangle (see Fig. 12 .28). Find the area of t he shaded region . (Us e p = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73205)

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Fig. 12.27
A B C

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Fig. 12.28

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11. On a s quare handk erchief, nin e circular desi gns each of radius 7 cm are made (see Fig. 12.29). Find the area of the remaining portion of the han dkerchief.

Fig. 12.29

Fig. 12.30

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Fig. 12.31 Fig. 12.32
15. In Fig. 12.33, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is drawn with BC as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.

13. In Fig. 12.31, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If OA = 20 cm, find the area of t he shaded region . (Use p = 3.14)

14. AB and CD are respectively arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm and 7 cm and centre O (see Fig. 12.32). If AOB = 30, find the area of the shaded region.

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Fig. 12.33

12. In Fig. 12.30, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm. If OD = 2 cm, find the area of the (i) quadrant OACB, (ii) shaded region.

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238 16. Calcul ate the area of the designed region in Fig. 12.34 common between the two quadrants of circl es of radius 8 cm each.

MATHEM ATICS

Fig. 12.34

In this chapter, you have st udied the followin g points : 1. Circumference of a circle = 2 p r. 2. Area of a circle = p r2. q 2p r 360

3. Length of an arc of a sector of a circle with radius r and ang le with degree m easure q is

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5. Area of segmen t of a circle

4. Area of a sector of a circle with radius r and angle with degrees measure q is

= Area of the corresponding sector Area of the corresponding triangle.

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q p r 2 360

12.5 Summary

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