HAIM BRqZIS

2
GIAI TICH HAM
ti THUYET un Uruc DUNG

il0fdiil!c[: neuvrrllfirmnin
il[tlYEfl iltAtut t0tI8

NnA xudr sAN oA,r uec eudc cre

rp ud cui rrrNn - zooz
 GT. 01. T(v) 331782 T.GT.027-02(T)
DHQG.HCM.02

L--
 Q.idi Chifu GE
"TOAN uruC OUr,rC CHO CAO HgC"

86 Todn :ng dung cho Cao hoc c6 muc diclt trinh bdy
cdc l!, thuydt todn hoc dgi cuong ch ydu dinh hudng truc tidp
ud dp dung, phdt tridn ch ng m6t cd.ch nghi,m ttic, chi ra 16
rdng ud chinh xac su da dqng ud cdc tlng dung cia clt ng.
Cdc lj, thuydt tod.n hoc dai cttong hudng ud cac t?ng d4ng
ch ydu ld cdc co sd c a gidi tich phtong trinh ui phdn ud clao
hdm riAng, tuydn tinh hay phi tuydn tinh, m6 tti cac tinlt
hudng trong VQt l!, Co hoc, H6a lnc, u.u... hd ctj todtt Kinh td!
D6 cing ld cac c6ng cu chinh cia Gicii ttch sd, biit bu6c tru6c
khi udb xi fi, tAn mdy tinh: gid.i tich s6 ma trdn, pltuong
phtip tdi u, phuong phdp sai phdn hrtu han hay cdc phdn ttl
hrTu han dC xdp xi liti gicii cila phtong trinh dao hdnt ri/ng;
d6 crtng ld Thdng .hA, md cd,c ap dltng rdt rQng rdi, ua d d6
mdy tinh dd. mang lqi m6t xung luc m6i ddng hd;,d6 cing lit
Co hoc chdt rdn ud Co hoc chdt l6ng md su hidu bidt nghibnt
t c ddu cdn thidt cho moi nhd Todn hoc tng d.ung.
Coc lj, thuydt dai cuong duoc phat tridn mQt cdch chinh
xd.c trong b6 stu tdp ndy, qua trung gian cdc'tdi gitii tcing hop
nhdt, thanh lich nhdt ud. chiic chtin nhdt; cluing cung cdp tat
cd cac cing cu cdn thidt dd tidp c6.n ddn phdn ldn cdc bdi toan
duqc ddt ra thutng ngdy bdi cric tip dung c a chting. Cdc lj,
thuydt dqi cutng duoc trinh bdy trong b6 suu tap nd,y d,d duqc
sogn thdo de gidi quydt cdc rip dung, nghta lit cdc bai todn
duqc ddt rd. trong cdc ltnlt. uttc dbi hhi rdt xa toan hoc nhung
c6 thd bidu didn duoc dudi m6 hinh toan hoc.

1
 Cdc l!, thuydt ndy crtng d ng ldnt diem xudt phat cho stt
nghiOn c u cac bdi todn mdi dwc dQt ra b&i cac ung dung;
th6.t ra cd.c bdi toan mdi nd.y, chti ydu durtc trinh bdy dtdi
dang cdc cdu h6i hodn todn md. Trttdc An mQt n6 hinh h6a
toan hoc thudng hhdng hodn hd.o, hhi d6 cdch duy nhdt dd
tidp cdn chdng ndm trong cach xl l!'"6 at" ftAn may tinh', nhd
cac phuong phdp ud cd.c cdng cu co bdn dtqc trinh bdy trong
bo suu tdp ndy.
Vi thd bO suu fip ndy gti ddn tdt cd cd.c sinh uiAn dd nhi
cdp crta tudn "tip dung", cfing nhu (it ra ld udi cudn) ddnh cho
cdc sinh uian dO nhi cdp toan "thudn t y" ud Co hoc, VQt li',
aac trudng h! su,... kh1ng cht dua dQc gid. uao ctic lj' thuydt
nghi|nr ttic ud. thanh l[ch, hhi cung cdp cho ho m6t c6ng c.r1
htu f.ch trong rdt nhiAu tng dryng nhung c_dn . cho ho c6
nguyin uong di xa hon.
W su uu ai dd.nlt. clto btt suu tdp ttdy, ch ng t1i ddc biAt
cdm on Nhd Xudt bdn Masson, nhdt ld 6ng M.J.F. Le Grand.
Ching t6i c ng cdm on M.A.Warusfel, md hoat d6ng ua st tdn
tdtn dd. d6ng g6p nhidu ud.o srtr sogn thdo bb suu tdli nd.y.

P.G.GIARLET vi J.L.LIONS

2
 .4eo ?lit DAq
Cudn sdch ndy duoc uidt dudi dang ld m,6t gido trinh
Cao hoc, giting dq tai truijng Dai hoc pierre ud. Marie Curie
(Paris VI). Cudn sdch bao g6n nhtng thdnh td cdn btin cr)a
Topo dai cuong, tich phiin ud ui phd.n.
Phdn thtl nhd,t ctia cudn sdch (chtong I ddn chutng VII)
dd cdp ddn cac hdt quti "trtu tudng" cia Gidi tich hdn. phdn
tltt hai (Chuong VIII ddn chuong V) bdn ud uiAc nghiAn ciu
cd.c khing gian hdn "cu thd", liOn quan ddn l!, thuydt phuong
trinh dao hdm riAng,6 d6 chi ra ctic dinh ljt "trtu tuong" u6
su tdn tai cho phdp gidi cdc phuong trinh dao hdnt riOng nhu
thd ntn. Hai phdn ndy c a Gidi tlch todn hoc c6 m?ii liAn h0
chdt chd odi nhau. TrAn phuong diAn lich sil, Gidi tich hitnt
"tritu txong" duoc phat tridn dd ddp ttng nhttng udn d,d dat ra
khi gidi cac phuttng trinh dao hdnt ri\ng. Ngt*tc lai, nhtng
tidn b6 cia Gid.i tich hdrn "trtlu tuong,, d.d thnc ddy ,ronh ,r.C'
l! thuydt phudng trinh dao hdm ri|ng. Cudn sach ndy hh6ng
chta bd't ctl triclt dt)n lich stl ndo; chung toi xin d6c giti tham
hhd.o th|m quydn sdch c a J. Dieudonn| [3]. Chring t6i hy
ugng rdng cudn stich ndy uta c6 ich cho nhtng sinh uiAn quan
tdnt ud "todn hoc thudn ttiy" cing nhu nhtng ai mudn dinh
hudng tdi "todn hoc ing dung".
T6i xin ctitn ,tn:

- ML., G. Tronel, ngudi da dd xudt cho t6i nhidu cdi

tidn;

- Ph. Ciarlet ud P. Rabinouitz ui nhtng ldi khuyLn ud

hhich l2 qui, btiu;
 - Cdc 6ng Berestycki, Gallouet, Kauian, Mc' Intosh dd'
cho t6i nhtng nhdn xit htu ich;

- Trung tdm, nghiAn atu todn hoc, Dai hoc Wisconsin, ud'
Khoa Tod.n, Dai hoc Chicago, md' m\t phd'n c tt cudn sach dd
. duoc uidt tai d6.
Tdi xin tdng cudn sdch nd.v d€ tudng nhd tdi Guido
Stampachia, m\t chuyAn gia h.dng ddu u0 Gidi tich hdm'
ngudi dd. mdt sdm.
H. BREZIS
Vhi khuY6'n c6o
1.Kf hiQu tBTl dd chi quvdn srich cta H' Bresiz - G'
Tronel, Giii tich hdm, Recueil de Probldmes et Exercices
Masson.
MQt sd kdt qud ph6t bidu trong cudn siich tltroc chrln$
minh trong cric bdi t{P cria [BT].
2. MQt sd thdng tin hodc doan dddc ddnh ddu. D6 lh cdc
phdn rdt quan trong. Ddu + 6 mdt sd phAn 1d dd chi c6 thd
thoc b6 qua d lAn tlqc dAu ti6n.
3. Ch(ng t6i quy rrdc tLinh sd liOn tuc cho cdc mQnh tld,
tlinh lj vd h6 qu6; chi ri6ng c6c bd da la drlgc drinh sd khric'
4. Trong todn bQ cudn siich, chrlng ta chi x6t cric khdng
gian vecto tran R (thAt d6ng ti6c, nhung n6 don giAn h6a c6ch
trinh bdy). Phdn ldn nhlng phrit tridn t16 cirng dring tr6n cdc
kh6ng gian vectd trOn C; chi tliri khi c0ng cdn mdt vdi thay
ddi cdn thi6t. Trong [BT] c6 trinh bnv dqnh s6ch nhiing thay
aldi khi lam vi6c vdi cric khdng gian vectd trOn C.

L--
 tdt etot rnryu
TOi rdt ldy ldrn sung su6ng khi uidt ldi gidi thiAu cho ldn
ra miit tht nhdt cia bdn d.ich cudn sach ndi tidng trong gidi
sinh uiAn ud, nghiAn ctu Tod.n 0 cdc trttdng Dai hoc T6hg lutp
6 Phtip trong nhing ndm cia thQp hj, 80, Q0: 'ANALYSE
FONCTIONNELLE Th1orie et Applications" tac gid ld Hai'nt
Brbzis, giao su trudng Dat hoc Tdng hop Pierre uit Marie
Curie ud Eai hoc Bdch hhoa Paris. Dich gid ld hai tidn st
Todn hoc rdt quen bidt ddi udi sinh uiOn hai trutrng Dai hoc
Khoa hoc Tu nhiAn ud Dai hoc Bdch khoa thuQc Dai hoc eudc
gia TP H6 Chi Minh: TS Nguydn H6i Nghta ud. TS Nguydn
Thdnh Long.
M6t sd chuong 0 quydn sdch bAn phuc uu trtc tidp cho
sinh uidn giai doan II c a cdc trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu
nhidn, Dai hoc Su pham, Dai hoc Ky thudt. Sinh uiAn cdc l(rp
Cao hoc cfing nhu nghiAn ctu sinh Todn chdng nhtng cdn
dd 6n lai ud bd tic nhtng hidn thtlc co bdn uA Gidi tictt
hdm md. cdn c6 thd sujt nghi thAm nhrtng hu6ng nghiOn ctlu
nhd stt gitlp. dd c a gido su htt1ng ddn qua cdc binh ludn
(commentaires) md gid,o stt H. Br\zis ghi d cudi m6i chuong.
T6i xin gi_di thiQu thOm mdt td.i liAu quan trong ld quydn ,,BiLi
tdp" ci,ng do giao stt H. BrLzis soan dd bd sung cho quydn
trinh bdy li thuydt. Ndu hai dlch gid sdm tidp tuc clich phdn
"Bdi tdp" thi thdt hdt sfic may miin cho sinh uiOn.
Nhung trudc miit, sinh uizn c6 trong tay bdn dich m6t
phdn quan trong ud cdn thidt c a quy€n "ANALISE
FONCTIONNELLE Th4orie et Applications" ld m6t didu may.

5
miin ud. klp thtti do sq ng hO ttch citc cia Ban Xudt btin
tntdng Dai hqc Khoa hoc T4r nhiAn - DHQG TP H6 Chi Minh'

Xin ctim on hai dich gid, Ban Xudt bdn trudng Dai ltoc
Khoa hgc T4 nhi\n - DH]G TP H6 Chi Minh ud tra'n tong
gidi thi\u cnng dQc giri.
x
GS NGI,IYEN,CANG
Tidn si Hahil Khoa hoc To6n hoc

6
 r-,dr NcrJdI DICH

Trong cudn sdch n)y, tric gi:i trinh bdy ki6n thrlc vd Girii
tich him mdt crich dAy tlLi vA chdt ch6, nhung khric vdi m6t sd
chuy6n khrio, nQi dung tritu tudng d ddy da tLJdc cu thd h6a,
ldm ngr-rdi doc thdy rO cric rlng dung trong thuc te cria nhi6u
kdt qu6 ldn. Dic bi6t, ba chr-tong cudi ctrng - tir chtrong VIII
ddn chrrong X - c6, thd goi ld "kidn thri'c gdi ddu giudng" cho
bdt cf ai nghiOn crfu vd phrrong trinh dao hlm ri6ng.
Cdch trinh bdy mang ddc tinh cu thd, c6 rlng dung ngay
cia c6.c tdc giri tla khidn cu6'n s:ich trti n6n hodn toin kh6ng
kh6 khan vd ngrrdi doc c6 thd cdm nhAn duoc su hfru ich cua
ttng dbng trong cuO'n siich.
Cud'n srich tlQc drio niy thich hopcho ciic sinh vi6n nim
cudi chuyen ngdnh Todn, Ly cnng nhtr cho ceic hoc vien cao
hoc vA nghiOn cr1u. sinh. Di nhiOn, n6 cbn phuc vu t6't cho t6i
cei nhirng ngudi nghiOn crlu cric linh vrtc kh6c mudn tim hidu
sdu sac hon vA Giei tich ham.

Nhrlng ngridi dich

7
 CHUdNG I
cAc o!run lf nanru - BANAcH
rvrd sAu lf rnuvEr nrm ldt llEru nop
r.1. DANG crAl rfcn cOa slnn tY Hanru - BANACH: THAc
rnrEru cAc oaruc ruvEru riun
Cho E Id kh6ng gian vector trOn R. Ta goi mQt d?ng
tuydn tinh li mOt 6nh xa tuydn tinh xric tlinh trdn E, hay
tr6n mOt khOng gian vector con cfta E, vdi gi6 tr! trong R.
Kdt qu6 chinh cira L1 1i6n quan tdi tllie tridn dang tuydn tinh
x6c tlinh tr6n mQt khdng gian vector con crla E thdnh dqng
tuydn tinh xdc tlinh tr6n todn b0 E.
Dinh lf I.1 (Hahn - Banach' d4ng giAi tich). Cho p:
E -+ R lA :inh x4 th6a
(1) p(xx) = l.p(x) Vx L E vx e E vlL v)" > 0,
(2) p(x + y1 < p(x) + p(y) vx, y e E.
Cho G c E li kh6ng gian vector con vi g: G -+ R li
:inh x4 tuydn tinh sao cho
(3) g(x) s p(x) vx e G.
Khi .16 tdn tAi d4ng tuydn tinh f x6c dinh tr6n E
mi thdc triin g, tric lir
g(x) = f(x) Vx e G
vi sao cho

I
(4\ f(x) < P(x) vx eE
Chrlng minh dinh lf I.1 nhd t6i bd dd Zorn m2r ta s6
nhdc lai c6ch ph6t bidu. Ta Udt dAu bing crich n6u 16 vii khzii
ni6m cira l1i thuy6't cric t{p drroc sdp.
Cho P ld tap hgp c6 quan hQ tlll tr/ (br{n phdn) ki hiQu
li <. Ta n6i t6p con Q c P ln driqc sdp toirn phdn ndu vdi
moi cdp a, b cia Q ta c6 (it nhdt) mQt trong c:ic quan hQ a 3 b
hayb<a.
Cho Q c P in t4p con cfia P; ta n6i rEng c e. P Id trQi
cria Q ndu vdi moi a e Q ta c6 a ( c.
Ta n6i rhng m e P li phdn tr? tdi tl4i cria P ndu vdi moi
xeP sao cho m < x ta Phdi c6 x = m.
Cudi ctng ta n6i P ld quy nqp ndu moi tfp con tltroc sip
todn phdn cua P d6u c6 troi.
Bd di I.1 (Zorn). Mgi tAp ddde sdp, quy nap,
kh6ng trdng, dCu c6 mQt phdn tfi tdi d?i.
'
Chrlng minh bd d6 Zorn (ttr ti6n tld chon) c6 trong N.
Dunford - J.Schwartz t1l (Vo].1, Dinh li 1.2.7) hodc trong P.
Dubreil - M.L.Dubreil Jacotin [1] (chuong 6).
Chri thich 1. Vdi mQt ngudi lam gi6i tich, chfng minh
cia bd tld Zorn kh6ng Ia thi€t ydu, ngddc lai cdi cdt v6u la
hidu cdch ph:it bidu vi bidt str dung. Bd dd Zorn c6 nhieu rip
dung rdt quan trong trong Gi:ii tich: a16 lh cdng cu cdn thiet
dd chrlng minh c6c k6t quA vd sr/ tdn tai.
CHTING MINH DINH Lf I.1. x6t tap hgp
+ E, h tuv6n tinh
p = lh l c E R, D(h) la kh6ng gian vector con
D(h) cLia

G c l)ih), h thdc tri6n g vd h(x) < p(x), Yx e D(h))

10
 P duoc trang bi bdi quan he thf tu
(hr < hz) e (D(hr) c D(hz) vi hz thric tridn hr).
R6 ring P khOng trd'ng vi g e P. Mdt khric P ld quy n?p.
Thuc vQy, cho Q c P Id t4p con dudc sdp todn phAn; ta kf
hiQu Q = (h,ti.1. Ta dinh nghia

D(h) U D(h1) vi
= ieI h(x) = h(x) ndu x e D(hi).

Ta kidm chfng duoc rlng dinh nghia nay c6 nghia, heP

vi h td trQi cfia Q. Ta suy t bd dd Zorn rhng P c6 phAn tir tdi
dai k1i hiQu ln f. Ta chring minh rhng D(f) = E - tli6u ndy
hoin tA't chrlng minh tlinh l;i Ll. Ta dirng phdn chrlng vd gid
st D(f) + E. Cho xo e D(f); dat D(h) = D({) + Rxo ve h(x + txo)
= f(x) + ta (t e R) vdi x e D(0, c ld hhng s6's6 dudc cd dinh
drr6'i dAy tld cho h e P. Ta kidm chrlng rdng

r(x) + to < p(x + txo), Vx e D(f), Vt e R.

Do (1) chi cdn kidm chrlng

)'[f{xt*a < p(x r xo r, Vx r

D(f )
[f(xt - o < p(x - xo), Vx e Dlf r

N6i c:ich khric, cdn chon o. sao cho

Sup
y- O, t'
{fryr-p(}-xor} <o < x-Inf lp,**",,r-ftxr}.
Drf) -

C5 thd chon duoc vi

fly) - - xoE
p(y p(x + xo) - (x), Vx e D(f), vy e D(f);
thuc vay chri j rbng
f(x) + f(y) < p(x + y) s p(x + xo).+ p(y - xo)

11
 do (2).

V4y h trQi f vi f * h: tlidu niry mdu thudn vdi tinh tdi ilai
cira f.

vii
rip dung don gidn cria tlinh l;i I.1
Sau dAy ta chi ra
khi E Ie kh6ng gian vector dinh chudn (kgvdc) vdi chudn
lllla
Kf E'la d6'i ngdu (topo)(r' cira E trlc li kh6ng gian
hi6u:
cric dang tuydn tinh vA li6n tuc trdn E; E'c6 chudn ddi
ng6u(2)
(5) li
r ll" = supl f{xrl = sup 11x1.
xcE' xe E
ll-ll.t ll:<il= t
Khi f e E' vd x e E ta kf hi6u (f, x) thay vi f(x); ta n6i
ring ( , ) n ticrr v6 hrldng ddi ng6u E', E.
HQ qui I.2. Cho G li kh6ng gian vector con cria E
vir g: G -r R lir 6nh xe tuydn tinh v,i li6n tgc c6 chudn
ilgll c= s"Pgr*)
llr(li.1

Khi .16 t6n tqi f e E' thdc triCn g sao cho

llrll,=llello.
Chritrg minh. Ap dung tlinh lj I.1 vdi ilx) = ll g ll
"il "
ll

H0 qui I.3. Vdi mgi xo e E t6n tai fo e E' sao cho

0) Tronq ciic sdch Mi d6'i ngAu topo cta E drroc kj hi6u b<ii E .
(2)
Tdng qu6t ild don gi6n ta vidt ll f ll ttrav ctro ll
f ll ,. .

T2
 llf" ll= llx"llva (f",x")=llx" ll'?.

Chfng minh. - Ap dung h6 qui L2 v<ii G = Rxo vi

B(txo) = t ll x"ll'z ad co ll e llo = ll ll. ""
Chri thich 2. Phdn tfi fo trong hQ quA I.3 n6i chung
kh6ng duy nhdt (thfi xAy dgng vi dr,r hoqc xem [BT]). Tuy v{y
ndu E' ld l6i ng4t(r) - vi du E td khOng gian Hilbert (xem
chrrong V) hodc E = Lp(Q) vdi 1 < p < * (xem chrtong IV) - thi
fo ld duy ntrdi. NOI chung ta kf hiQu, vdi xo e E
.t ^t
= [o e E ; ll f" ll = ll x"ll va (f",x")=[x"ll'j
Ftxo)

Anh xa (tla tri) xo r-+ F(xo) ld 6nh x4 ddi ng6u til E

vdo E'; vdi tinh chdt cria n6 c6 trong [BT].
HQ qui I.4. Vdi mgi x e E ta c6
(6) llx ll = sup |
(r,*) | = (r, *)
f eE' 1,tel I |

llfll.l llfll.r

- Chr?ng minh. - Gi6 st x * 0. Rd ring ld

supl(f,x)l<llxll
feE"
llfll.l
Met khric (hQ qud I.3) t6n tai fo e E' sao cho ll f"ll = ll
" ll

va l(f",41= ll*ll'.

(r)Khong gian vector dinh chudn E le l6i ngit ndu Vx, y e E vdi
ll"ll = llyll =1va
x +yta c6 lltx+(1 -t)y ll <1, vt e (0,1).

i\ 10
 D4tf1= ll"ll'r" tasuyra ]lL il = 1va<fi,x>= il x fl.
Chri thich 3. tdn phan biQt c6ng thrlc (5) la dinh
nghia vd c6ng thrlc (6) ld ket qui. N6i chung "Sup" xuAt hi6n l.
<i (5) kh6ng ld "Max", tt?c id kh6ng d4t tlugc (xem vi du
trong [BT1). Tuy vfy "Sup" ndy dat drrdc ndu E ld kh6ng gian
Banach phdn x4 (xem chr-tong III); mQt dinh lli kh6 cria
R.C.James khing tlinh didu tlAo lai: ndu E li khdng gian
Banach sao cho vdi moi f e E' thi "Sup" trong (5) ld tlat drroc,
khi d6 E li phdn xq (xem Diestel [1], chuong I hay Holmes [1]
ching han).
I.2. cAc DANG HiNH HQC CTA OINH LV HAHN - BANACH:
rAcH cAc rAp l6t
Ta bdt ddu bing vdi n6t sc bQ vd si6u phlng. Sau dAy E
kj hiQu kgvdc.

Dinh nghia
li tap hop cri dang
MQt si6u phing (affin)
H={xeE; flx)=u}
Trong d6 f li dang tuydn tinh 1') tran E, kh6ng ddirg
nhdt kh6ng vA cr e R. Ta n6i rlng H Id si6u phlng c6
phrldng trinh lf = al.
MQnh tfd I.5. Si6uphing c6 phddng trinh [f = o] li
d6ng khi vir chi khi f li6n tgc.

(r)Khong nhdt thidt li6n tuc (khi E v0 han chi6u luon luon t6n tai
ciic dang tuydn tinh kh6ng li€n tuc; xem lBTl).

t4
 Chr?ng minh. R6 ring ndu f li6n tuc thi H d6ng. D:io
lai, giri sti H d6ng. PhAn bn CH H lA mo vd kh6ng trdng
",i,
(vi f* 0). Cho xo e CH ua gia srl r&ng flxo) < a. Cho r > 0 sao
cho B (xo, r) c CH trong t16

B(xo, r) = {* . n;li ,, - x"]l . r}.

Ta c6

Q) flx)<u Vx e B(x". r)

Thrrc vfy, gi6 sil f(xr) > G vdi mdt xr e B(xo, r)

Doan {xt = (1 - t)xo + tx1; t e [0, 1]l nim trong
B(xo, r) vA vi thd flxt) + cr, Vt € [0, 1]; mat khric (xt) = cr vdi
t = -!
*!: " di6u niry mAu thudn vd do do r 7 r duoc chrtng
ftxlt-fltxn ,
minh. Tit (7) suy ra f(xo + rz.) < ct, Vz e B(0, 1.).

Vdy f li6n tuc va ll f ll

. I ro f{xo rr.

Dinh nghia. Gi6 sit A c E vd B c E. Ta n6i rhng si6u

phing H c6 phrrong trinh [f = a] t6eh A vdr B theo nghia
rQng n6u
f(x) < o, Vx e A vi f(x) > n, Vx e B.

Ta n6i H tdch A vi B theo nghia ch{t ndu tdn tai

e>0saocho
(x) < cr- e, Va e Avd(x) >a+ e, Vx e B.

15
 H

MQt crich hinh hoc thi str tdch bidu thi rhng A vd B nhm
"6 b6n nhy vh b6n kia cta H".
Cudi cirng nhdc lai ring tdp hop A c E ln l6i ndu
tx+(1 -t)yeA,. Vx,yeA,Vte [0, 1].
Dinh lf I.6 (Hahn - Banach, d4ng hinh hqc thrl
nhdt).
Cho A c E vir B c E li hai tap hqp ldi, kh6ng trdng
vDr rdi nhau. Gi6 sr? A Ii m6. Khi al6 t6n tai mQt si6u
phing d6ng trich A vi B theo nghia rQng.
Chiing minh crla tlinh ly I.6 dua tr6n hai bd ald sau
Bd dd I.2 (Dung h/qng cria tflp hd.p ldi). Giri srt
C c E li mQt mEIdi vdi 0 e C. Vdi m6i x e E ta tl{t
(8) p1;) = Inf{o > 0; o-rx e Cl.
(Ta n6i ring p lir dung hlqng cta C).
Khi tI6 p th6a mdn (1), (2) vn

16
(9) t6n tai M sao cho 0 < p(x) < Mllx]l vx e E,
(10) C=[xeE:P(x)<1].
Chrlng minh bd dd I.2, GiA srr r > 0 sao cho B(0, r) c C;
rd rdng ld

R,*,. 111 vx
r" 1,, e E
x

Vdy cri t9t.

Tinh chdt (1) ld hidn nhiOn.
Chrlng minh (10). Tn-tdc hdt giA srl x e C; vi C md,
(1 + e)x e C.vdi e > 0 tlfi nh6. Vdy p(x) < 1 <1. Drio lai
1+c
ndu p(x) <l thi t6n tai 0 < cr < l sao cho a-lx e C vi vi thd
x=a(cr-1x)+(1 - o.)0 e C.
Chrlng minh (2). Gie st x, y € E vA e > 0. TrI (1) vd
( 10) ta suy ra

(1
--- p(y)+€e c. vdy
p(xi+eE c ve ----v , l*
" p(x)+€* p{y)-.t'Y . c
+e

t e t0, 11. Dec biQt rdi t =

r, h dd9.
v6i moi
;offi
lly-
p(x)+p(y)+2€
e C. Ttr(1) vi r10) suy ra ring
-
p(x + y) < p(x) + p(y) + 2e, Vs > 0. VQy c6 (2).
Bd d6 I.3. Gi6 srt C c E li md l6i kh6ng trdng
vh xoe E vdi xoe C. Khi tl6 tdn tai f e E' sao cho
f(x) < f(xo), Vx e C. D{c biQt, si6u phlng c6 phrrdng
trinh [f = f(xo)] t6ch lx"l vir C theo nghia rQng.

L7
 Chring minh bd dd I.3. BAi mQt ph6p tinh tidn ta lu6n
lu6n c6 thd coi ring O e C vd x6t dung luong cfra C (Bd dd I.2)
kj hiQu 1A p. X6t G = Rxo vd dang tuydn tinh g xric tlinh tr6n
G bdi

g(txo) = t, teR
Ro ring ld
g(x) < P(x), Vx e G
(16'y x = txo vd phAn ra ciic trudng hop t > 0 vd t < 0). Do tlinh
lj I.1, t6n tai dang tuydn tinh f trdn E thric tridn g sao cho
, (x) < p(x), Vx e E
Dec bi0t ta c6 f(xo) = 1 vi f ]i6n tuc do (9). Mdt khac trr
(10) suy ra ring f(x) < 1 vdi moi x e C.
Chrlng minh dinh li I.6. Dat C = A - B thi C ldi
(kidm chfng dO dnng). C 1A mri (chri I lA C = - y)) vd
,wo(A
0eC(viAr'B=At.
Theo bd tld I.3 c6 f e E' sao cho
ftzt<O,XzeC
hay li flx) < f(y), Vx e A, Vy e B
Cd dinh cre R vdi Sup f <n< Inf f(x)
. xeA Y€B

thisi6u phing c6 phrrong trinh [f = a] trich A vi B theo nghia

r0ng.

Dinh lf I.7 (Hahn-Banach, deng hinh hgc thrl hai).

Gii srt A c E vir B c E lir hai t{p hgp t6i, kh6ng trdng,

18
rdi nhau, Gi6 srl A d6ng vA B compact. Khi d6 t6n tai
mQt si6u phing tl6ng t6ch A vir B theo nghia ch{t.
Chrlng minh. Vrji e > 0 alat A. = A + B(0, e) vd
B. = B + B(0, e) thi A" vi B,' md, ldi vi khOng trong. Hon nrla,
vdi e > 0 tlti nh6, A" vd B, rdi nhau (ndu kh6ng ta s6 tim dudc
c:ic ddy en -) 0, x', e A vd y.' e B sao cho ]l x" - Y,.,ll < 2en; suy
ra c6 ddy con yn. -+ y e A n B). Theo dinh lf I.6 tdn tai si6u
phdng d6ng c6 phrrong trinh [f = o] trich A, vd B" theo nghla
rdng. Vfy ta c6
f(x+ez)<c<f(y + ez),Yx e A, Vy e B, Vz e B(0, 1).
Suy ra f(x) + e ll ril <a<f(y)-el] ill, vx e A, vy e B.

Ta k6t lu4n rhng A v?r B trich theo nghia chdt btii si6u
phdng lf =al vi ll f l+0.

Chri thich 4, Gid sit A c E vd B c E ld hai tap hdp ldi,

kh6ng trdng, rdi nhau. Ta kh6ng ludn lu6n tdch duoc A vA
B theo nghla rdng boi mdt si6u phing tl6ng ndu thi6u giri
thidt phq. Ta cfing c6 th6 xAy dr-rng vi du trong tl6 A vd B ld
c6c l6i d6ng, khOng trO'ng, rdi nhau sao cho khdng tdn tai si6u
phing tl6ng nio trich A vd B theo nghia rong: xem [BT]. Tuy
nhi6n ndu E ln khOng gian htlrr han chiCu ta lu6n lu6n q6
thd tdch theo nghia rQng hai tap hgp A vi B l6i, khdng tr6'ng,
rdi nhau (kh6ng cAn giiL thi6t phu!); xem [8T1.
Cudi cilng ta dua ra 4i0t he ouri rdt hrlu ich khi muon
chrlng minh kh6ng gian vector con ld trt m{t.
HQqui I.8. Gia s& F c E li kh6ng gian vector con
sao cho F * E. Khi dri tdn tai f e E', f * 0 dd (f,x) = 0.
VxeF,

19
 Chritng minh. Gi6 sil xo e E, xo e F. Ap dung tlinh l]y'
I.7 vdi A = F vd B = {x"}. V4ytdntai f = E'. f+ 0 sao cho siOu
ph6ng c6 phuong trinh [f = s] tdch theo nghia chat F vi {xo}.
Ta c6
(r,x) <o< (f.x"),vxe F
Ttr d6 (f, x) = 0, vx e F do )"(f, x) < cr vdi moi l. e B.
Chri thich 5. Ta thddng 6p dung he quri I.8 dd chrlng t6
mQt khdng gian vector con F c E ld trt m$t. X6t dang tuy6n
tinh 1i6n tuc f tr0n E sao cho f = 0 trOn F vi ta chrlng minh
rlng f tldng nhdt bing khOng tr6n E.
r.3. Md DAu IV rxuy€r cAc HAM L& LIEN HOP
Ta bdt tldu bing vdi chudn bi v6 cdc him ntla ii6n tuc
dr-tdi vi cric hdm 1di.
Trong mucniy ta x6t c6c hdm 9 xric dinh tr6n t{p hop
E idy gid tri trong l-co, +::l; vAy 9 c6 thd lay gi6 tri +"c,
(nhung gi6 tri *,,o 'bi loqi). Ky hi0u D(9) li midn x:ic dlnh
cria rp, nghia ia t4p hqp
D(q) = {x e E; 9(x) < +.c}
Kf hiQu. Dd thi tren (epigraph) c0a q ld tap hgp

epie={[x,tr,] eExR; q(x) < ],](1)

Bdy gid giri sit E IA kh6ng gian topo. Ta nhdc lai

(t'Nhdn mqnh Id R +"c[ vd vi vdy ri dAy i kh0ng thd ldy giri

= l-"o,
tri +"o

20
 D!nh* nghia. Hdm 9: E + l-.c, +"ol ggi ld nrla li6n
trlc drldi (n.l.t.d) ndu vdi moi )" e R ta c6 tap hdp [,p < l] =
{x e E; q(x) < }.} ld tl6ng.

Ta sO ding vii tinh chdt co bzin crla cric him n.l.t.d

(xem Choquet [1] hay Dixmier [1]):

(a) Ndu rp ld n.l.t.d thi epi 9ld tl6ng trong E x R; vd

dio lai.
(b) Ndu 9 li
n.l.t.d, thi vdi moi x e E vir moi e > 0 tdn
tai mQt 16n c4n V cfra x sao cho q(y) > q(x) - e, Vy e V; vd drio
lai.
Ddc bi6t ta suy ra rhng ndu rp li hdm n.l.t.d vi ndu
x,, -+ x, thi lim inf rp(x") > q(x).

(c) Ndu rp1 vd 92 ld n.l.t.d thi q1 + rp2 ld n.l.t.d.

(d) Ndu (tpi)i e I lA mQt ho czic hAm n.l.t.d thi bao tr6n
cfia (rpr) ld n.l.t.d, tfc ld-hAm <p x6c dinh bdi rp = Sup 9;(x) lA
t) iel
n.l.t.d.
(e) Ndu E lA compact vi 9 n.l.t.d, thi 9 dat chen dddi
tr6n E.
Bdy gid giA sir E ln kh6ng gian vector. Ta nhdc lai

Dinh nghia. Him q: E -+ l-co, +ccl goi li l6i na'u

p(tx + (1 - t)y) < tq(x) + (1 -t)tp(y)Vx,yeEVtel0, 1[

2l
 Ta s6 dirng vdi tinh chdt so ding cua hdm ldi:-
(a) Ndu I ti hdm ldi, thi epi q ld t{p hop ldi trong
E x R; r'a ddo lai.
(b) Ndu 9 li him ldi, thi vdi moi .), € R tep hop t9 < IJ
li ldi; nhrrng ttzio lai khdng dring.
(c) Ndu rpr vd 92 ld cdc hirn ldi, thi rp1-+ ,oz li ldi.
(d) Ndu (rpi)t e I li ho hdrn ldi, thi bao tr6n ctia (qi) c0ng
la lor.
Tir ddy ta giri srl riing. E ld kh6ng gian vector dinh
chudn.
Einh nghia. Cho hdm 9: E -+ l-.,r, +":l sao cho <p f
"o
(tr1c ld D(rp) + A, h dinh nghla hlm rp*: E' -+ l-"o, +.c1, li6n
h-d.p vdi 9 bdi

(f e E' )
') - t"l}
e*(0 = Sup {(r, ,p .
x"E

Qh{ j rhng.p- 1A he* ldi n.l.t.d tr6n E'. Thdc vay, vdi
m6i x e E cd dinh 6nh xa f -+ (f, x) - rp(x) ld ldi vd li6n tuc,
do tl6 n.l.t.d. Do v4y, bao tr6n ctia c6c him ndy (khi x ch?y
khdp t4p hop chi sd E) la ldi vd n.l.t.d.
Menh di I.9. cie sfi rling 9 li l6i, n.I.t.d vi (p + +.o.
Khi d6 e* * *-.
Chrlng minh. Gid st xo e D(q) vd ).o < q(xo). Ap dung
dinh lli I.7 (Hahn - Banach, dang hinh hoc thrl hai) trong
khdng gian E x R vdi A = epig vd B = {[xo, ),"]]

22
 R

H
A=epie

Lo x [x6, lq] : B

ro E

Khi dy tdn tai sidu phiing d6ng H trong E x R c6 phr-tong

trinh [O = a] t6ch ngat A ve B. Ch( y rhng .{nh xa
x e E -> o (tx, 0]) ti tuyen tinh, li6n tuc tr6n E vi do tlo
o(tx, 0l); (f, x) vdi mdt f e E'. Det k = o(to, 1l) thi
o(tx, )"1) = (f, x) + k)" vdi mgi [x, ].1 e E x R.
Vi <D > cr tr6n A vA O < c trOn B ta aludc
(r, x) + tl" > tr, vlx, il e epiq
vi (f, xo) + k).o < u
Ddc biQt ta c6
(1 1) (f , x) + krp(x) > cr, vx e D(9)
vd do v{y (f,x") + hq(xo) > cr > (f,x") + k}'o
d aay t > 0. Ttr (11) ta k6i luqn rhng

/-1r.r\ *,*,- o,vx. D{,pr

\k I k
1
vd dAn tdi tp f < +.o .
k
BAy gid khi tp* * + co
ta tlinh nghia hdm p..: E -+ l-"o, +ocl b8i

(x) = sup
,p-- kt,4-,r.ttr)
feE'

Dinh lf L10 (Fenchel-Moreau). Gi6 srl q le l6i,

n.l.t.d vh e ;a + oo. Khi at6 I = A.
Chrlng minh, Ta tidn hinh hai bddc

BrI6c 1: Giri sit th6m rhng I > 0. Trtrdc hdt, ro rdng ld

9-l 3 9; thrlc vAy theo dinh nghia cua g* ta c6

(f. x) s otxr + o (fl Vx e E. vf e E'.

Dd chiing t6 q-- = q ta dtng ph:in chrlng vA giA srr tdn tai
xo e E sao cho rp--(xo) < q(xo).

C6 thd le q(xo) = +.c, nhdng ta lu6n ludn c6 q**(xo,) < +r.

Ap dung dinh ly I.7 (Hahn-Banach, dang hinh hoc thf hai)
trong khdng gian E x R vfiA = epi e vd B = [xo, q-''(x")]. Thd
thi t6n tai, gidng nhrr trong chrlng minh m6nh dd I.9, f € E',
keRvdaeRsaocho
(12) (f, x) + kt, > a, v[x, l] e epi rp
(13) (f, x") + krp.*(xo; < cr.

Tild6 k > 0 (chgn trong (12) x e D(9) vA L = n -; co). [ri

tliy ta khdng thd kdt luan nhtr trong chrlng minh m6nh tl6 I.9
ring k > 0; c6 thd c6 k = 0, tudng (ng vdi si6u phdng H
"dring" trong E x Rl. Gizi sit e > 0; vi9>0n6ndo(12):

(f, x) + (k + e)Q(x) 2 cr, Vx e D(rp)

24
 d aay ,p
( *)= -#,theo tlinh nghia cira rp**(xo)
ta thdy

g.. {xo ) >

-f
- k-rr' x -q r .f )
[-r.-']
l-r \ o
t\r,..*t-'*"1*u-,
Din tdi (f, x") + (k + e)q--(xo) 2 o, va > 0 mAu thuAn vdi
(13).

B;nSc 2t Trudng hop tdng qurit. Gii sir foeD(g.)DQp") + O

do menh tld I.9). Gidng nhLr trLrdng hdp tren ta x6t him

,p(x) = q(x) - (f", x) + rp"(f")

ta suy raI ta t6i n.t.t.a. [ 1+, vd I > 0. Theo brrdc I

ta duoc (a) = a.

BAy gid ta di tinh (O)"va (O)"'. Ta cd

(O)-(f) = ro.(f + f") - e.-(f")
vd (rp).-(x) = a..(x)- (f",x) +9-(f").
Ttr tl6 q-- = 9.

Vi du. L6iy e(x) = ll x ll . O6 aang kidm chrlng tluoc ring

-^ l[o neuItll<1
ro (f ) =
l-x netllf ll> r

g<
 v4y q-- (x) = sup(f,x)
feE'
liflsl

Vidt ra tling thf'c rp** = rp ta tim lai drroc (mOt phAn) hQ

qu6 I.4.
Ta k6t thfc ch rrong ndy bing mQt tinh chdt nita crla cdc
hAm li6n hop.
x Dfnh li I.11. (Fenchel - Bockafellar) GiA sr? I
vir y lir hai him l6i. Gia sr? tdn tai xo e E sao cho
g(xo) < +"o, V(xo) < +o vir 9 li6n tgc t4i xo.
Khi dd
Inj{ro{x) + \y(x}} = Supf rp-t-f)
xeE''
- v-(f )l= gqxf
fcE' \
o"t-f r - v.(f )}
f.E, '
Chri'ng minh ctia dinh t5; I.11 dirng

Bti .16 I.4. Giri srl C c E li t4p hop t6i; khi dy Int C
le ldi(r). N€t hdn nrla Int C + A, th\ ta c6
e =r''tc
Chrlng minh cta bd dd I.4 xem chdng han L.Schwartz
[2], Bourbaki t1l ho4c tBTl.
Chrtng minh dinh l), I.11. Ta aldt

a = Inf {q (x) + v(x)}

u = supl- e-r-f I - ru'tf r,|

f eU'

(r)
Int C k],i hiQu phrdn trong cria C

26
 D6 ddng kidm chrlng dddc b < a. Mat khdc, ta c6 ho{c
a e R, hoic a = -"o. N6u 6 = -.., k6i lu6n cta dinh lf I.11 ld
hidn nhi6n.
Giri sr] a e R. Ta ky hiQu
C=epie
rdng 1d Int C + Z \v\ rp li6n tuc tai xo t. Biy gid rip
RO
dung dinh lj Hahn - Banach, dang h)nh hoc thrt nhdt, vdi
A=IntCvd
- B= itx, l-l e ExR; )"<a- v(*)).
A vd B li l6i, khdng trdng; ta kidm chtug chring rdi nhau: n€iu
lx, ).1 e A ta c6
),>q(x))a-v(x)
(do tlinh nghia cua a) vdvi vdy [x, ].1 e B. Do tlo t6n tai si6u
phdng tl6ng H t6ch A vi B theo nghia r6ng. VAy H cirng
tdch A vd B theo nghia r6ng. Theo bd de I.4 A = e. Oo aO
tdn tai f e E', k e R vd a e R sao cho siduphdng H c6
phudng trinh [O = o] trong E x R vdi
tD([x, t]) = (f, x) + k;.

trich C vd B theo nghia rOng.

Tir d6 ta c6:
tl4) (f. x) + tl, > a. vlx, tl e C

(15) (f, x) + t<i. < cr, vlx, ),1 eB

Chon x = xo vA )" -+ +.e trong (14) ta thay riing k > 0. Ta

chtlng minh ring

27
(16) k > 0.
Tnrdc hdt ta c6 @ + 0 b&i ll
u
rll +lkl+0. Ta l;i luAn
phin chrlng vi giri sil k = 0. Ta sd c6 (do (14) vd (15))
(f , a, Vx e D(rp)
x) >

(r, x) < o, vx e D(v)

BAy gid B(xo, eo) c D(q) vdi e. > 0 du nh6 vi vi thd

(1, x. * a"z) > u, Vz c B(0, t,.
vay (f, x") >o+c"ll f ll
.

Mdt khdc, (f, *" ) . a vi xo e D('{)

VAy f = 0 m6u thuin (do k = 0). Ta dd chrlng minh (16).

Tii ( I4r vd { 15) suy ra rdng

.f
f) - 0
o t--rs
( --
kl k
/t I .r
\, i-l<--a
\.k/ k

vd bdi vdy

_*-r f\ -/f \
[-rJ_v [;.J>a
Mit khdc ta c6 (do dinh nghia ciia b)

-a
f -v .l,!)= u
k k,/ \.

Ta kdt ludn ring

28
 ,=o=-*.(-*) ..(i)
Vi du: Gii st K c E la ldi, d6ng, kh6ng trdng. Ddt

16 (x) =
0 n6u xe K
+.o nduxeK
16 goi Id hirm ehi dinh cria K. Dd i ring 16 1A ldi,
n.l.t.d vd Ix * +co. Hdm 1i6n hop 16- goi lA h}m trla crla K. Ta
chrlng t6 ring vdi moi xo e E ta c6
(17) dist(xo, K) = I:{ll. -,."ll= Y.?l
(r, *"1-r;rrr}
1
llfll<

rhrrc v6y, ta co In{ll x - x"ll = {i[ {et-l + y(x)} vdi

e(x) = ll x - x" ll ve ry(x) = 16 (x)

Sau tl6 :ip dung dinh ly I.11.

Chd thich 6, Dang thrlc (17) c6 thd cho nhffng thdng tin
thrl vi trong tnJdng hdp khi In{ll x - x" ll ttrOng dat drroc;
xem vi du trong [BTl.
Lj thuydt met tdi tidu cho mQt vi du rdt hrlu ich trong
d6 biri todn nguy6n thty kh6ng c6 ldi gidi (n6i chung)
(t.1. Inf {q(x) + v(x)} khdnc alat tlddc) trong khi biri todn ddi

ngAu
(t.1. Max
feE' I q.(-rl -,r,-(r)) c6 ldi gidi; xem Ekeland -
Temam [ 1].

29
BiNH LUAN vE cHUdNG I

1) Cric tdng qu6t h6a vir bidn thd ctia c6c dinh l;f
Hahn - Banach
Dang hinh hoc thrl nhit cria dinh lj Hahn - Banach
tluoc md r6ng trong c:ic khdng gian vector topo n6i chung.
Dang hinh hoc thrl hai drtoc mo rQng trong cdc kh6ng gian
ldi dia phridng - ld c6c kh6ng gian d6ng vai trb quan trong
vi du trong lf thuydt phAn bd (xem L.schwartz tll. Bni
gi6ng hay c6 thd tham khrio & N.Bourbaki [11, Kelley -
Namioka [1J, G.Choquet [2] (Volume 2) vA Taylor - Lay [1].
2) Cdc ti:ng dgng cria cric dinh lf Hahn-Bdnach
Ch[ng rdt. nhidu vi phong phri. Ta chi drra ra mdt vdi
ri'ng dung:

a) Dinh l!, Krein-Milman

Trrrdc hdt nhdc lai vdi dinh nghia. Gi6 st? E IA kgvdc vi
A c E. Bao ldi d6ng cfia A - kj hi6u la convA - le tap hdp
ldi d6ng nh6 nhdt chrla A. Gi6 stl K c E ld tqp hop ldi. Ta
n6i rhng tlidm x e K lA diim c{c ndu (x = 11 - t)xo + txr vdi
te10, 1[ vi xo, xr e K) =+ (xo = x1 = x).
Dinh lf I.12 (Ikein-Milman). Gi6 sr? K c E li t{p
hqp tdi compact. Khi d6 K trring vdi bao ldi d6ng cria
cric diim c{c cta n6.
Dinh lf
Krein-Milman cfing c6 nhidu rlng dung vd mti
rQng (dinh lli
bidu di6n tfch phdn Choqu'et, dinh l1y' Bochner,
dinh lj Berstein... V6 chti d6 ndy tham khrio Bourbaki [1],
Choquet [2] (Volume 2), Phelps [1], Dunford - Schwartz [1]
(volume 1), Rudin [1], Larsen [1], Kelley-Namioka [1],

30
Edwards [1], Dellacheric - Meyer t1l (Chr.rong X), Taylor -
Lay [t], vd tBTl.
U Troig l!, thuydt phuong trinh dao hdm riAng
N6i riOng ta d6n chwrg sd tdn tai nghiQm so cdp cho
moi todn tt? vi phAn P(D) vdi hO sd hing, kh6ng ddng nhdt
blng khOng (tlinh lf Malgrange - Ehrenpreis); ch8ng han
xem Hormander [1], Yosida [1], Rudin [1], Treves t2l, Reed
-
Simon [1] (volume 2). Trong cdng tinh thAn d6 ta d6n chrlng
chr?ng minh su tdn tai hirm Green cho toiin trl Laplace bhng
phuong phzip Garabedian vd. Lax; xem Garabedian I l].
3) C6c hAm I6i
Lj thuydt hAm l6i vd cric bii to6n vd ddi ngiu drroc
phdt tridn d6ng ki ti/ ba mudi nem nay: xem Moreau [1],
Rockafellar [1], Ekeland - Temam [1]. lrong c6c tng dung ta
alda ra mdt sd nhu sau:

a) Lf thuydt trd choi, kinh t6, tdi rru, quy hoach ldi: xem
Aubin [1], [2], Karlin [1], Balakrishnan [l], Barbu _
Precupanu [1], Moulin - Fogelman t1l, Stoer
Witzgall [1].
-
b) Co hoc; xem Moreau [2], Duvaut - Lions [1], Germain
tll, bai brio cird Temam - Strang [1] vd cric chri gidLi
cfia Germain sau bii brio tld. Ta c[ng chfi f tdi str sti
dung tinh ddi ng6u trong bdi torin nhring trong lj.
thuydt plasma (Xem Damlamian [1] vd tii liQu tham
kh6o tl6 n6u).
c) Lj thuydt cdc todn tt don tli.6u vd ntia nh6m phi
tuydn, xem Brezis [1].

31
 d) Cric bdi todn bidn phAn gdn vdi nghiOn crlu c6c
nghiOm tudn hoAn cho hQ hamilton vi ciic phdong
trinh phi tuydn cfia dAy rung, xem cdc cdng trinh tl6
nOu cria Clarke, Ekeland, Lasry, Brezis' Coron'
Nirenberg (ch6ng han, Clarke - Ekeland [1]' Brezis -
Coron - Nirenberg t1l vn tAi IiQu tham khio cria cric
bdi bdo tl6).
4) Th6c tridn to6n trl tuydn tinh li6n tuc
Gii sir E F ld hai khdng gian Banach' Giri srl G c E
vi
id kh6ng gian vector con d6ng vd g: G + F ld to6n trl tuydn
tinh liOn iuc. Ta c6 thd d4t vdn dd ldm sao bidt c6 to:in til
y
tuydn tinh li6n tuc f: E -+ F thric tridn g' Dd ring he
qud I'2
giiii quydt bii todn chi khi F = R. CAu trti ldi 1i dudc trong
mQt sd trudng hoP sau:
a) Ndu dim p arco, ta c6 thd chon m6t co so trong F rdi
dp dqng hQ qu6 I.2 cho m6i thdnh phAn cfia g'
b) Ndu G c6 phdn bU topo (xem chrrong II); tlidu ndy xdy
ra ching han khi dim G < co hay codim Q a oo' hay khi E ld
kh6ng gian Hilbert.
. CAu trd ldi ld kh6ng thd trong tn'dng hop tdng qu:it'
(xem [BTl)'
c[ng nhrr khi E vd F ld cric khdng gian phdn xa
Cfrng vdy ta c6 thd tl4t vdn tld ldm sao bidt khi nno thi
tdn tai thric tridn f cfra g sao cho ll f ll".'rr, rr = ll s ll"rrc, rr' Dav
ld bii torin kh6.

32
 cHudrrc 2
OINH LV BANACH-STEINHAUS VA
DINH LV o6 rnlDoNG.
' ounru nE rRUc ctAo.
roAru r0 xnOruc el cHAN.
rnAl ntEnrt lrEn nOp.
oAc rnuruc cOe roAru r0 roAru Arun.

rr.r. runiic r-al sd oE earnr

Bd d6 sau day lA kdt quzi cd didn d6ng vai trd quan
trong
trong cdc chrlng minh c0a chuong II.
Bddi II.f (Baire). Gi6 sr? X Id kh6ng gian metric
dri. ciA sri| (X,,),,21 tA d6y t4p hqp d6ng. Ta gii thi6t
ring
Int X,, = A vdi mgi n> l.
Khi d6

Int lJx n =4.

n=l
Chri thich l. Bd dd Baire ndi chung tluoc dtrng dr-rdi
dang sau rlay. Gi6 st X Id kh6ng gian metric thi kh6ng
tr6rng.

ac

x
Gia sir (x")pr ld day c6c tap hgp tl6ng sao cho [Jx,, =x'
n=1

Khi tt6 tdn t4i no sao cho Int X,''o *Z'

Chdfng minh. Det on = Gxn thi O" la tap hop m& tri
m{t. Chi cdn chfng t6 G = nO" trir m{t trong X'
n=1

Giri sir to Id tdp hop mo khdng trdng cta X; ta s0 chr3ng

minh ring
,oOG+O

Kf hiOu B(x, r) = {y e X; d{Y, xt< r}

Chon xo e ro vit ro > 0 tiy f sao cho

B(xo, ro) c or.

Ta chon tidp x1 e B(xo, ro) OOr vd rr > 0 sao cho

B1xr, 11) c B(xo,ro) 0O1

o<11 .19

Didu ndy c6 thd vi Or Ii m& vi tri m{t' Cf thd ta dtlng

aludc hai dfly (xn) vi (r,,) bing ph6p truy chrlng, sao cho

B(xr.,r1, rr.,*1) c B(x,r, r, ) 0 O,.r*t n>0

r-
0 < fn*1 <-i
 Suy ra ring (x") li dAy Cauchy: gi6 sr? x, _+ L Vi
x,,*o e B(xn, r,,) v6i moi n > 0 vi moi p 2 0, ta drroc gidi han
(khi p -+ I e B(x',, r,,) Vn I 0.
"o):
DecbiQt leoflG
il.2. OINH Lv BANACH - STETNHAUS
Kf hieu. Gi6 s& E vd F ld hai kgvdc. Kj hieu J(E, F) ta
kh6ng gian c6c to6n trl tuydn tinh li6n tgc ttr E viio F trang
bi bdi chudn

ilrllr,r, r, = s"p llr.ll

ll,ll< t

Ta dat JtE) = JtE, F).

Dinh lf II.1 (Banach - Steinhaus). Gi6 srlt E vri F
hai kh6ng gian Banach. Giri st (Ti)i.r le hq (kh6ng nhdt
thidt al6'm drr_dc) c6c torin trX tuydn tinh li6n tgc til E
vio F. Ta gi6 thidt ring
(1) Supll 4x ll < - vx e E.
ieI
Ifti dd
e\ Sup lj r,lly,s, F) <
"
.o.
iel

N6i c6ch kh:ic, t6n tai hing sd c sao cho

llr,xll< cllxll vx e E, vi e r
Chri thich 2. Trong tdi li6u M! ilinh lj II.1 thddng dudc
goi ld Nguy6n If bi ch{n d6u - tli6u nAy bidu thi n6i
dung

35
cria kdt luQn: ta suy ra mQt tlinh gi6 ddu ti crie d6nh gi6
ting didm.
Chrlng minh. Vdi m6i sd nguyOn n > 1 dit
Xn= {x e E; vi e I ll Tlxll <n}

thi Xn Ia tl6ng vd do (1) ta c6

U X, =E
n=1

Til bd dd Baire suy ra rhng IntXno + A vdi nc,> 1 ndo

do.

Gi6 sr-txo e E vir r > 0 sao cho B (xo, r) c X,,o' Ta c6

ll
Tit*" n rz) ll < no vi e I, vz e B(0, 1)
Do d6
.ll r,llr,u, < n" +ll tx.ll ;
",
v6,y c6 Q).

Ta n6u 16n mQt sd hC quii trrlc tidp ciia tlinh l1i Banach -
Stdinhaus.
HQ qufl 11.2. GiA stl E vir F lir c6c kh6ng gian
Banach. Gii srl (To) li d6y c c to.6r. tri| tuydn tinh li6n
tgc trl E vio F sao cho vdi m6i x e E, T1x hQi trl khi
n -+ - v6 mOt gidi h4n kf hiQu ln T!r.
Khi d6 ta c6
(a) SuP ll T" ll7@, n <
'o
\
.10
 (b) Te -f (E, F).
(c)
ll
r ll-,rr, py < lim rnf ll T"ll-r,r,
"r
Chrlng minh. (a) dugc suy ra tr{c tidp tir dinh l5; II.1.
VAy c6 hlng sd c sao cho:

llr"xll<cllxll vn, vx e E
Qua gidi han ta c6

llrxll<cllxll vxeE
Mdt khdc 16 ring T li'tuydn tinh; vAy c6 (b).
Cu6i ctrng ta c6

llr"* ll<llr" lly,. .,ll,ll _ vx e E

vri suy ra (c).
.IIQ qu6 II.B. Gie sl? G li kh6ng gian Banach vi B
li tfp hop con cria G, Gi:i srl ring:
(3) vdi moi f e G' trfp hqp (B).= (t,") bi ch{n
*gu
(trong R)
Khi d6
(4) B li
bi ch{n.
Chfng minh
- Ta rip dung dinh lf IL1 vdi E = G,, F = R vA I = B
Vdim6ibeBdat
rb(o=(f,b), feE=G'

37
rhi SuplTs{f)l<- vfe E.
beB

Theo dinh lf II'1 tdn tai hing sd c sao cho

l(r,t)l <c1|r1 VreG',vbeB
Do v{y ta c6

llrll." vb e B
(xem h0 qui I.4)

Chri thich 3. Dd thir lai rhng mot tap hop ld bi chin chi
cAn "nhin" n6 qua tdt c6 cric dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc: tlidu
niy vAn thudng allldc l2rm trong trrrdng hop hfu han chidu
bing crich sir dung cric toa tlQ trong mQt co sd' HQ quA II 3
thay cho viQc st dung co sd trong trudng hop vd han chidu'
Kdt luQn ciia hQ qud II.3 tldng nghla vdi: "bi chdn vdu" + "bi
chin manh" (xem chuong III).
Ta c6 cdch phzit bidu "tlo'i ngiu- cta h6 quA lI'3:
HQ qu:i II.4. GiA st G li kh6ng gian Banach vir B'
lir tap hEp con cta G'. Ta gii thi6t ring
(5) vdi msi x e G tfp hop <B', *, =r!u,(f,x) bi ch,4n
(trong R)
.
Khi d6
(6) B'li bi ch{n.
Chrlng minh. Ta 6p dung dinh lf II.1 vdi E = G' F = R,
I = B'. Vdi m6i b e B' t16t
Tb(x) = (b,x) (x e G = E)

38
 va suy ra c6 hing sd c sao cho
l(u,x)l <cilxil vbeB',vxeG.
V4y (do dinh nghia chudn d6'i ng6u)

I
I

il.3. DINH LV ANH xA Md vA olNH LV 06 rHlo6NG

C6c kdt qud co bin sau dAy thuOc vd Banach
Dinh lf II.5 (Dinh.lf 6nh xa m6). Gi6 sr? E vi F ldr
c6c kh6ng gian Banach vi T ljr torin trl tuydn tinh li6n
tgc vir tohn dnh trl E l6n F. Khi d6 tdn tai hing sd c > 0
sao cho
(7) T(Be(0,1)) : Br(0, c).
Chri thich 4. Tinh ch6't (7) d5n tdi T chuyCn mqi t6p
hqp md trong E thinh t6p hop md trong F (tir d6 c6 t6n
crja tlinh lf ndy !). Thuc vay, gi6 sfi U la tQp hgp m6 trong E;
ta chrirrg t6 ring T(U) ln m6. Giri sir yo e T(U) thi y; f4 y6i
=
xo e IJ. Ldy r > 0 sao cho B(xo, r) c U, t.l. xo + B(0, r) c U.
Khi dy ta tluoc:
y"+T(B(0,r))cT(U)
BAy gid theo (7) ta c6

T(B(0, r)) : B(0, rc) .

vd bdi vAy

B(yo, rc) c T(U)

Tir tlinh lj II.5 ta suy ra ngay

39
 HQ qui II.6. GiA sr? E vir F lA cdc kh6ng gian
Banach vir T li todn tr? tuydn tinh li6n tuc vir song 6nh
trl E l6n F. Khi .16 1.l li li6n tgc trl F vho E.
Chrlng minh hQ qui II.6. Bao him thrlc (7) n6i 16n
rhng vd'i moi r e E sao cho ll Txll <c, thi ll xll <1. Do tinh
thudn nhdt ta c6

ll"ll< 1c Tx VxeE

vi vi vQy T-1 1i6n tuc.

Chri thich 5. Gi6 sfi E ln kh6ng gian vector c6 hai
chudn ll x ll, va ll x ll, . cia thidt rhng E vdi m6i chudn d5 ld
khdng gian Banach. Ta cfing gi6 thidt c6 hing sd C > 0 sao
cho

llxll, <cllxlll vxeE

Khi t16 tdn tai hing sd c > 0 sao cho

llxllr<cllxll, vx e E.
N6i cdch khdc hai chudn niy trldng dddng. Chi cdn 6p
dung hQ quA II.6 vdi

=(E,ll ll1),F=(E,ll lir) vd r=Id.

Chring minh 'dintr li ILs. Ch(ng minh tltroc chia
thlnh hai brrdc:
Brldc thrl nhdt. Gia srl T ld to6n ttl tuydn tinh vi todn
6nh {il E 10n F. Khi tl5 tdn tai c > 0 sao cho
(8) TG(0,D = B(0,2c).

40
 i

Chr?ng minh
Ta tlSt X" = nT(B(O,1)): vi T ld todn rinh ta c6

= F vi ttr bd tld Baire suy ra c6 no sao cho IntX,o+ A

Jir.
Do vQy

IntttIS(0, D)l * A.
Gi6 stlc > 0 vA yo e F sao cho
(9) B(yo, 4c) c T(B(0, 1))

Dqc biQt y" . nB10, ttt, va do tinh tloi x[rng ta duoc

rl0) -y" u T(BO, tt,
Kdt hop (9) vA (10) ta c6

B(0, 4c) - nB(O D * TGto, D).

Cuoi cung, ui TrBrO trr ld l6i ta c6

T(B(o.i)) * rfS(0, D = 2T(B(0J))

VAy co (8t.
Br/dc thrl hai. Gizi sti T li to:in trr tuydn tinh li6n tuc tir
E vio F th6a (8). Khi ay ta c6 .

( 11) T(B(0,1)): B(0,c)

Chtlng minh. Cd'dinh y e F v6i ll V.ll . .. Ta tim x e E
sao cho

li *ll .t u, Tx=J
Do (8) ta k6t ludn

47
G2) Ve >0 :zeE vdi ll
zll (=1
2
Va liy-rzll<e.

Ta chon
..) e = 9 vd thu tluoc m6t zr e E vdi

f r,il.l va Iy rzrll<]
Ap dung cirng c6ch ndy vdi y - Tzt (thay vi y) vd vdi
, = 9 t, aludc mdt zr e E sao cho
4

| ,.ll
ll .| .f va llr (v-Tz,t-Tz"ll<9
t ztt
4 . " 4

Cf thd, ta tim tluoc bing ph6p truy chirng m6t diy (2")
sao cho
c
li ,-il <!vhll "'v-T(zl+22+"' +zn'll" <F o'
2n.
V4y day xn = 21 + 22 + ... + z" ld diy Cauchy. Gi6 srl
xn -) x; ta cO ll xl] <1vi y=Tx vi T li6n tuc.

. DinhrI.7. (Dfnh li .16 thi dong). Giri sl? E vir F

lf
lir cdc kh6ng gian Banach. Gii srX T lir to6n tr? tuydn
tinh t1r E viro F. Ta gia thidt rling tld thi G(T) ctia T lir
d6ng trong E x F. Khi aI6 T li li6n tuc.
Chri thich 6. Di nhi6n phdn d6o dring vi moi 6nh xa
li6n tuc (tuydn tinh hay phi tuyen) c6 dd thi tl6ng.
Chrlng minh tlfnh lf II.7. Ta:ip dung chf thich 5. X6t
tr6n E cric chudn

42
 ll*ll, = llxll, + llrx llo,,, uu ll.ll, =ll.ll,
Do G(T) tl6ng, E tiang bi b6i chudn
ll fl, la khong gian
Banach.
Met khdc ll , ll, ll x ll, . Nhrl thd hai chudn ney ttrons
=
tluong: c6 hing s6' c > 0 sao cho ll x ll, *llr. Do vQy
=.ll
llrxllF <cllxllF
II.4. PHAN BU ToPo ToAN TO KHA NGHICH aEN pxAI
(BEN rRAt)
Ta bdt ddu bing c6ch pfrat tidu vdi tinh chd't hinh hoc
cria cric kh6ng gian con d6ng cfia kh6ng gian Banach suy ra
tir dinh lli dnh xa md.
* Dinh lf II.8. ciA sfi E li kh6ng gian Banach. Gii
sf G vi L lit cdc kh6ng gian vector con d6ng sao cho
G+Llird6ng.
Khi al6 tdn tai hing sd C > 0 sao cho
(l3) {
lmgi ze G+L c6 phAn tich du6i dqng
[z = x +yvdix e G, y e L, llxll s cllzi] vn
llvll < cp1
Chr.lng minh. X6t kh6ng gian tich G x L v6i chudn
'ilt*, yr ll = ll . ll
. lly ll

vd khdng gian G + L vdi chudn crja E. Anh xa T: G x L _>

G + L dinh nghia bdi TIx, yl = x + y li tuydn tinh li6n tuc vi

(')
Chudn ndy goi li chudn dd thi
toin dnh. Do tlinh lf dnh xa md tdn tai hlng sd c > 0 sao cho
moiz e G+ Lvdi ll zll < c se dr-roc vidt
z=x+! vdi x e G,y e Lvd ll
xll +ll vll <t
. Do tinh thuAn nhdt moi z e G + L tlrroc vi6't

z=x+yvd'ix e G,y e Lvd llxll+l]vil.:ilril

H€ qui II.9. Vdi cring c6c gi6 thidt nhrl trong dinh
li II.8. Khi d6 thi tdn tai hlng sd C sao cho
(14) dist(x, G n L) < Cldist(x, G) + dist(x' L)l Vx e E
Chrlng minh. Giri srl x e E vA e > 0. Tdn thi a e G vd
beLsaocho
ll
'-rll < dist(x,G) + e, *-lll li
< dist(x,L) + e.

Tinh chdt (13) rip dung cho z = a l- b chrrng t6 c6 a' e G,

b'eLsaocho
a - b = a'+ b', ll "' ll . c ll' - b ll, ll b' ll < c ll a - bll
Doa-a'eGnLvi
dist(x, GnL)< ll x - ( a - a') ll < ll x - a fl + lla'll
< ll x - a ll + cll a -I ll
< ll x - a ll + c{ll x - a ll + ll x - b ll )

< (1 + C) [dist(x, G) + dist(x, L) + (1 + 2C)e

Ta suy ra (14) khi cho e tidn vd 0.

Chri thich 7. Phdn d6o c0a hQ qu6 II.9 thing: ndu G vi

L li czic kh6ng gian con d6ng th6a m5n (14) thi G + L 1i tl6ng
(xem [BT]).
 Dinh nghia. Gi6 sir G c E ld kh6ng gian con d6ng cria
khdng gian Banach E. Ta n6i rhng kh6ng gian con L crla E lA
phdn bt topo cfra G ndu
(i) L ld d6ng;
(ii) GnL = {0} vAG+L=E.
Trong trudng hgp ndy moi z e E tlrroc vidt m6t crich duy
nhdt z = x + y vdi x e G, y e L. Trf dinh lj II.S suy ring cric
ph6p chidu z -+ y vir z -+ y lit ciic to6n tt tuydn tinh li6n
tBc. (Tinh chdt niy s6 dtng dd xdc dinh cdc phAn brj topo).
C:ic vi du
1) Moi khdng gian con G hriu h4n chiiu c6 phdn bir
topo. Thtrc v4y, gi6 st? e1, e2,..., e,, ld m6t co s6 cfra -G. Vdi x e
n
G ta vidt x = I xi e1 vA ddt qi(x) = xi. Ta thric tri6n m6i rp1
i=1
thinh dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc 6i tren E (nhd dinh l1y' Hahn
- Banach, dqng gi6i tich - hay thing hon ln h0 qud 1.2). Ta
kidm chrirng d6 ddng rhng

r, = A_ r 6, )-1(0) la phdn bil topo crla G.

l:l

2) Moi kh6ng gian con d6ng G c6 ddi chiCu hr?u hqn

ildu c6 mQt phdn bt topo. Thuc v6y chi cdn chon phdn bt dai
sd 1n6 tt-rong nhi6n tl6ng vi hrlu han chidu).
Sau tldy ld m6t vi du tlidn hinh cfra tnJdng hdp ndy. Giri
st? N c E' ln kh6ng gian con c6 chidu p. Khi d6

Q={xeE; (f,x) =0, vf eN}

ld d6ng, c6 ddi chidu p.

i
45 I

I
I
i
 Thuc v{y, gi6 sr} fi, f2,..., fp ld co s& cfia N. Khi 6'y tdn tai
eL e2,..., eo e E saO ChO:
(ri,"3) = ar, vi,j = 1,2,..., p

lX6t dnh xa <D : E -+ RP xiic dinh bdi

J
xeE r+ o (x) = ( (fr, x) , (r2,"),..., (r0,")1.

Anh xa @ li todn 6nh, ndu khOng thi do Hahn -

Banach (d4ng hinh hoc thr? hai) ta sE tim tluoc i = (or, oz, ...,
crp)+0saocho

I
p
cr . <D(x) = cl f x --0 VxeE,
i=1

mAu thuAnl.
Ta kidm chitng dO ding ring (ei)r < i <, ld tl6c lQp tuydn
tinh vi kh6ng gian vector sinh bdi (ei)r < i <.p la phdn bir
cta G.
3) Trong kh6ng gian Hilbert rrgi kh6ng gian con d6ng
G tldu c6 phdn bn topo (xem chuong V.2).
Chri thich 8. Trong c6c kh6ng gian ph6n xa ta c6 thd
xAy dung cric kh6ng gian con tl6ng kh6ng c6 phdn bt topo.
MOt k5t qu6 d6ng chri f cria Lindenstrauss vd Tzafriri [1]
khEng clinh ring mgi kh6ng gian Banach kh6ng tl&ng cdu vdi
khdng gian Hilbert thi chfa cric kh6ng gian con d6ng kh6ng
c6 phdn bt topo.

Gid sit T ld todn tfi tuy6'n tinh li6n tuc vd todn rinh tr] E
l6n F. Dinh lj rinh xa md chrlng t6 ring:

46

'

t
 vf e F, 3x e E sao cho rx = fva ilx ll < Cll f ll
.

I
Mdt cdu h6i trr nhi6n ld lim sao bi6t khi nio thi cd thd
xdy dung tlrroc torin tfi tuydn tinh 1i6n tuc S td F vdo E rtd
T65 = Idp. Khi 6iy ta n6i ring S ld nghich tl6o b6n ph6i
cira T.

Dfnh lf II.10. cie srit T 'li to6n trl tuydn tinh li6n
tgc vi toin 6nh tr] E l6n F.. C6c tinh chdt sau d6y li
tUdng dddng:
(i) T cri nghich d6o b6n phii;
(ii) N(T) = fr(o) c6 phdn bt topo trong E.
Chrlng minh
' (i) (ii). cie sr? S li nghich dAo b6n ph6i cfia T.
= D6
ddng thir lai ring R(S)= S(F) la phdn bi topri cria N(T).
(ii) + (i) Giri sir L ti phAn b topo cria N(T). Ta kj hiOu
P lA ph6p chidu tt E l6n L (P ld torin trl tuydn tinh.liOn tuc).
Cho trudc f e F, ta kf hiQu x ld m6t trong nhtrng nghi6m cria
phuong trinh Tx = f y1 d4t Sf = Px; ta chri ring S d6c lAp
f
vdi cdch chon cfra x. Ta d6 ddng kidm chdrng S li torin tir
tuydn tinh li6n tuc, sao cho TolS = IdF.

Chri thich g. Ta c6 thd x6y dung c6c vi du v6 c6c kh6ng

gian E vi F phrin xa vd ciic to6n trt toin dnh khOng c6 nghich
tl6o b6n phrii. Ch6ng han x6t G c E ld kh6ng gian con rl6ng
kh6ng c6 phdn bn topo (chf thich 8), F = E/G vd T lA ph6p
chidu chinh tdc t'J E l6n F (dinh nghia vd cdc tinh chrit crja
khdng gian thudng E/G xem chEng han trong [BT]).
 Tddng tu ta n6i ring S li mdt nghich d6o b6n trdi
cia T ndu S lA torin trl tuydn tinh li6n tuc t F I6n E sao cho
S.T = Idr.
Dinh Ij II.11. Gia sr? T todn trl tuydn tinh li6n tgc
vi ddn rinh trl E vDro F, Cdc tinh chdt sau trldng dddng3
(i) T c6 nghich.drio b6n trrii.
(ii) R(T) = T(E) d6ng vl c6 phdn bt topo trong F.
Chri'ng minh
(i)
= (ii) D6 dang tlur
phAn bn topo cria R(T).
lai rhng R(Tr td cl<ing vA N(S) ld

(ii) +
(i) Gi6 sit P ln ph6p chidu li6n tuc trl F lOn R(T).
Gi6 srl f e F; vi Pf e R(T), ta c6 x e E duy nhdt sao cho i

Pf = Tx. Ta tlet Sf = x. R6 rAng li SoT = IdB; m6t khric S li6n I

I
tuc do hQ quzi II.6. '
il.5. OUAN HE rBuC G|AO.
Kf hiQu: Gii stX lA khdng gian Banach
Ndu M c X 1A kh6ng gian vector con tlat
M'= lf e x'; (f, x) = o, Vx e Ml.
Ndu N c X' ld khdng gian vi:ctor con ta det
Nr= {x e x; (f,x) = o, vf e N}.
Ta n6i ring Mr (tddng rirng Na) ld kh6ng gian tr{c
giao cria M (tuong rltrg N). Dd j rlng M' (trrong fng N') lA
kh6ng gian vector con tl6ng cta X' (trrong r?ng X).
Ta bdt tlAu blng kdt qdri don giin:

48
 oMQnh dd II.l2. Gii sfi M c X Ii kh6ng gian
vector con. Khi d6 ta c<i
(1111)1
=M
'Gi6 sr? N c X' Ii kh6ng gian vector con. Khi d6 ta
c6
(Nj) ' N.
=
Chri thich 10, C6 thd xdy ra (Nr)r + N ; xem vi du
trong [BTJ. Ta s6 chfng t6 trong ch'Jdng III ring ndu X ph6n
xa thi (Nr)a = N. tdng qu:it hon ta s6 chfng t6 ndu X ld
khdng gian Banach bA't ky thi (N,)1 rrirng vdi bao d6ng cta N
ddi vdi topo o(X', X).
Chr.lng minh mQnh dd II.f 2. R6 ring li M c (Mr)r vd
vi (M1)1 t 5ng, ta c6 Mc (Mr)1.
D6o lai ta chtlng minh rlng (M1)i c M. Ta ding phrrong
phrip ph6n chting vi giA thidt rting cr5 xo e (Mr)1 md xo
e M.
Khi d;r ta t6ch {xo} vd M theo nghia chtrt bdi mQt siOu ph6ng
c16ng. Vdy t6n tai f e X' vi q e R sao cho

(15) (f, x) < a . (f, r"), vx e M,

. \ M ld kh6ng gian vector con n6n (f, x) = O, Vx e M.
VAy f e Mr; tr} d6 (f, x") = 0 - m6u thu6n vdi (1b).

C[ng vQy 16 rAng ld N c (N1)r vd do tl6 N c (Nr)r.

Chri thich 11. 56 c6 ich khi rht theo d6i chfng minh
tr6n nhlm chrlng t6 ring (Nr)r = N. Cia thi6i rbng, ngurrc
lai, tdn tai fo e (Nr)l sao cho fo e N . Xhi dd ta trich li") vi

I
49
I
N theo nghla chdt b6i mOt si6u phing d6ng trong X'. VAy c6
geX"viueRsaocho
rp(f) < a <'rp(fo) Vfe N.

Ta lai c6 A(0 = 0, Vf e N, nhrrng ta kh6ng thd theo ti6-p

- trir khi do "may mdn" tdn tai xo e X sao cho
e1j = (f, x") vf e X'.
(tlidu nAy thuc sr,l c6, khi X la phAn xa !)
i
MQnh <fi II.13. cia sr? G vd L li cric kh6ng gian I

con d6ng cria X. Ta c6 ;

(16) GnL= (Gr+La;l

(17) Gr n Lr = (G + L)r
Chrlng minh.
Chring minh (16). R6 ring lA G n L c (Gr + Lr)r; thuc
v{y ndu x e G n L vi f e Gl + Lr thi (f,x) = 0. Ngrroc lai ta
c6 Gr c Gr + LL vd vi thd (Gl +Lr)rcGu=G(chrijreng
ndu Ni c N2 thi N, c Nf ); trrong t'/ (Gr + Lr)i c L. Vdy
(Gr +L) cGaL.
Chrlng minh (17). - Hidn nhi6n.
HQ quri II.14. Gia srf G vir L li c6c kh6ng gian con
d6ng cria K Ta c6
(18) (G n L)a
= Gr + Lr
(19) 1G- nLl)-= c+r.
Chri'ng minh. Ap dung ciic m6nh tld II.12 vd II.L3.

50
 BAy gid li kdt quA s6u hon.
Dinh lf II.1S. Gia srX G v6r L lA cric kh6ng gian con
d6ng cria X.
C6c tinh chdt sau dAy trfdng drldng:
(a) G+Ld6ngtrongX
(b) Gr + Lr dring trong X'
(c) G+L=(GtnL,)1.
(d) Gr + Lr = (G n L)1.
Chring minh
(a) <= rc ) suy ra tit ( 17 r
(d) j} (b) hidn nhi6n.
Chi cdn phdi chung to rhng (ar
= (dr vA (b) > (a).
(a)
= (d). Do (16) chi cdn chrlng minh ring (G n L)r c
Ga + L'.
Vay ei6 sr? f e (G n L)r. Ta dinh nghta dnh xa g:
G+L-+Rnhr,rsau.
Giri s&x e G + L, thi x = a + b- vdi a e G vd b e L. Ddt
e(x) = (f, a)
Ch'i i ring 9 ldp vdi phdn tich cira x vd rp ld tuydn
.tlQc
tinh. MAt kh:ic (dinL lj II.8) ta c6 thd chon mgt phan
tich cria
x sao cho il . lj < C ll x vd nhr.r thd
ll

l,p(x)l< Cllxil vxeG+L

Thric tridn <p thAnh dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc
6 tr6n X.
Ta c0ng ddoc

51
 f =(f -O)+Q vdi f -iu G' r'd 6 e Lr.
(b,
= hf quA II.9 ta c6 hhng sd C sao cho
ta). Do
(20) dist (l Gr n Lr) < C ttlist (l Gi) + dist (f, L')1,
VfeX'
Mdt khric ta c6

(21) dist (f, Gl) = sup (f, x) VfeX'

' xeG I
ll,ll< I

tAp dgng tlinl.r lli' I.11 vdi I

rp(x) = Ig.,",r, ,, (xi - (i, x) vi ru(x) = Ic(x)J

Tudng td ta c6
(22) dist (f, Lr) = Sup (f , x) vf e X'.
xeL
ll*|i.1

Q3) dist (f, 6r ni') = di"r (i (G + L)r = xeC+L

Sup (f, x)
ii,.li< I

Vf e X'.
(do ( 17)).

K6t hop Q0), Ot), (22) vit (23) ta tluoc.

e4\ Sup (f, x) < C lsup (r, x) + Sup (f, x)l Vfe X'.
*.G-L x-(; x-L
l"ll.1 il,ll<t il*.t
Ti (24) suy ra ring
i

(25) 1
BG (0, 1) + BL (0, 1) l- Bc*L(0, 1)
C

Thtrc vAy, gi6 thidt ngrloc lai rlng tdn tai xo e G+ L vdi
'l....-
ll x"ll <- va xo d Bc(0, 1) + Br(0, lr
Khi al6 ta s6 trich ngit { xo) vd Bc(0, 1) + 81(0, 1) bdi si6u
phing d6ng trong X: s6 tdh tai f e X, vd o. e R sao cho
(r,x) < cr. (f,*") vx e Bc(0, 1) + Br(0, 1)
Tr) tl6 ta cd
Sup (f. x) - Sup (f. x) < o < (f, x^ )
x-C xrl
ll* l<r ll*ll.r
tlidu ndy mAu thu6n v6i (24). Vriy (2S) nghiOm dtlng.
Cudi ctng x6t kh6ng gian E = G r L vrji chudn

llr", vr ll = Max {lx ll,lly ll}

vA kh6ng gian F = G+ L vdi chudn ciia X.

Anh xa T: E +
F x6c dinh b6i T (tx, yl) = x + y le tuydn
tinh li6n tuc, vir do (25) ta c6 TrBrto,Dt, n"
(o,f) r" r.at
luAn rlng [xem chrlng minh dinh l1i II.b (dinh ly dnh xa md),
budc 21.

T(BB (0, 1)) : Bp 0

1

2C
Ddc biQt T ld toin dnh tr} E l6n F t.l G + L = 6.a1.

53
n.6.Md oAu vE cAc roAru r0 ruyEN riruH xnOruc e;
cxAr'r. slHn Hcx[a cOn roAru r0 uEru nge
Dfnh nghia. Gid st E vi F ln cdc kh6ng gian Banach.
Ta goi to6n trl tuydn tinh kh6ng bi ch{n tir E vio F ld
moi rinh xa tuydn tinh A: D(A) c E -+ F xiic dinh trdn kh6ng
gian vector con D(A) c E, ldy gi6 tri trong F. D(A) goi ld
miCn xdc dfnh cira A.
Ta n6i rlng A la bi chin ndu tdn tai hing sd c > 0
sao cho

ll
eu ll < c il u ll, vu e D(A).

Chri thich !2. C6 thd x6y ra m6t torin tir kh6ng bi chln
li b-i chIn. Thu{t ngrl kh6ng tlrroc thich hop 16m, nhung n6
phd biAh rQng rai vA khdng gey ra sr.r ldm l6nl
Ta chinh xric h6a mQt sd ti hiQu vd dinh nghia quan
trong
Dd thi cfra A = c(A) =,.3,o,[u,Ou] -, *
"
^4,nh
cta A = R(A) =
,.Y,o,
O, . U

NhAn crja A = N(A) = {u e D(A); Au = 0} c E.

Dlnh .nghia. Ta n5i torin tr? A d6ng ndu G(A) d6ng
trong E " F.
Chri thich 13. Dd chfmg minh torin trl A l} tl6ne
n6i chung ta ldm nhrr sau. Ldy m6t diy (u,,) trong D(A) sao
cho u,, -+ u trong E vi Au,, + f trong F. Tidp theo ld kidm
chr1ng
 (a) u e D(A)
(b) f = Au.
Chri thich f4. N6'u A d6ng thi N(A) tl6ng.
Chri thich 15. Trong thrrc td, phdn ldn c6c torin tir
khOng bi chin ta g6p lA d6ng vA c6 midn xric dinh D(A) trt
m{t trong E.
Dinh nghia to6n tr? li€n hop A., Gia sir A: D(A) c E
-+ F ld torin tti khdng bi chin c6 midn xric tlinh trt mft. Ta
dinh nghia torin tii kh6ng bi chin A-: D(A)- c F' -+ E' nhrr
sau. DAt

D(A-) = iv e F';3c ) 0 sao cho l1r,au; I < cll ul] , vu e D(A)l

Rb rdng D(A.) la khdng gian vector con cria F'. BAy gid
ta s6 tlinh nghr-a A-v vdi v e D(A.). Cho v e D(A-), x6t 6nh xa
g: D(A) -+ R xdc tlinh bdi
g(u) = (v,Au) , u e D(A).

Ta c6
ig(u) I < cll u ll, vu.e D(A).

Do tlinh lj L1 (Hahn - Banach, dang gidi tich) ta thdy

ring g c6 thd thdc tridn thdnh dnh xa tuydn tinh f: E -+ R
sao cho

lrruli <cllull, vu e E.
Vay f e E'. Bd i ring thdc tridn crla g ln duy nhdt do f
li6n tuc tr6n E vi D(A) trt m{t.
Ta tlnt A. v = f.

55
 RO ring A' tuydn tinh. Torin tr? A-: D(A-) c F' -+ E' drloc
goi li li6n ho. p cria A. Ta c6 h6 thrlc cd ban sau tlAy girra A
vd A*.

(v, Au)r,,r = (a.u, r)"," vu e D(A), vv e D(A-)

Chri thich 16. Khdng nhdt thidt phAi nhd vio dinh l;i
Hahn - Banach dd thdc tridn g. Chi cdn ding srr thric tridn
"do tinh li6n tuc" cta g (vi g xdc tllnh trOn D(A) trt mAt, g
li6n tuc ddu vA R ddy tltl) ching han xem Choquet t1l, dinh lj
20-14 chrrong V.
* Chri thich 17. C6 thd xdy ra D(A'r kh6ng trt mdt
trong P', mdc dtr A d6ng, xem vi du trong [BT]. Tuy vAy c6 thd
chfng minh ring ndu A d6ng, tlii D(A.) trir m6t trong F' do'i
vdi topo o(F', F) dinh nghia 6 chrrong III; xem tBTl. Dec bi6t
ndu F ph:in xa, thi D(A.) trir mAt trong F' ddi vd.i topo th6ng
thrrdng li6n kdt vdi chudn; xem III.5.
MQnh dd II.16. cia sri| A: D(A) c E -+ F la torin tr?
kh6ng bi chin c6 miCn x6c dinh trt m{t, Khi d6 A- li
d6ng, t,l G(A-) li d6ng trong F' x E'.
Chring minh. Cla sir v, e D(A') sao cho v, -+ v trong l.'
vlL A'vn --+ f trong E'. Cdn phzii chrlng t6 riing (a) v e D(A-) vA
(b) A-v = f.

BAy gid ta c6

(v", Au) = (e'u", ,) Vu e D(A).

Qua gidi han dttoc

llti
 (v, Au) = (f, u) vu e D(A).
Do tl6 v e D(A-) (do dinh nghia cta D(A-)) vd A-v f.
=
Cric dd thi cria A vd A* li6n quan vdi nhau bing quan h6
ttuc giao rA't tlon gidn. Thut vdy, x6t iinh xa J: F,xEn + E,xF,
xdc dinh bdi
J (lv' fl) = t-f, vl
Giti sii A li tozin trl khong bi chdn, A: D(A) c E _+ F vdi
Ofel=f.Khi.16tac6
JtG(A")l = c(A)-

Thtrc vQy, gi6 sir [v, fl e F' x E'; thd thi

tv.fl e G(A.) <+ (f,u) = (v,Au), vu e D(A)
c+ - (f, u) + (v. Au) = 0, Vu e D(A)

e [-f, v] c G(Atr.
Dd ti6n loi ta x6t kh6ng gian X = E x F thi X. E, x F,
=
vd x6t c:ic kh6ng gian con G = G(A) vd L = E x {0} trong X. Ta
cti thei vidt N(A), N(Al, R(A) vd R(A-) theo G va r,.
Ta kiem chdng d6 ding rlng
(26) N(A) x {01 =GnL
(27) ExR(A)=G+L
(28) {0} x N(A-) = GI n Lt
QS) B(A-) , F'= Gr + Lr
HQ qu6 II.17, GiA st? A: D(A) c E -+ F lA torin tt?
kh6ng bi chdn. d<ing. vdi DtA) = E. Khi 6'y ta cri
 (i) N(A) = R(Ax)r
(ii) 1114*1 = R(A)r
(iii) N(A)i = R(A!
(iv) 1.9i4*ya = rya)
CHUNG MINH.
Chr?ng minh (i). Do (29) ta c6
R(A*)I x {0} = (Gr + Lr)1 = GnL(vi(16))
= N(A) x {01 (vi (26)). I

Chrlng minh (ii). Do (27) ta c'

{0} x R(A)i = (G + L)a = G1 n Lr (vi (17))
= {0} x N(A,) (vj (28)).
Chrfng minh (iii) vi (iv). Dirng (i) (trrong [,ng (ii)), qua
ph6p ldy tnJc giao vd 6p dung m6nh rld II.12.
Chri thich 18. Vi6c chr?ng minh trqt'c tidp cAu (i) vA (ii)
khdng cdn tdi G vd L coi nhu bAi tAp; xem [BT].
* Chri thich 19. Ngay cd khi A ld torin tfi tuy6n tinh
li6n tuc td E vdo F, cri thd N(A)r * RiA'1-, *"* vi du trong
IBTJ. Tuy nhi6n (ch[ thich 10) ta c6 thd chrlng t6 r]ng N(A)r
ludn ludn trr)ng vdi bao tl6ng cira R(A+) d6'i vdi topo o(E,, E);
dec biQt ndu E phrin xa ta lu0n lu6n c6 N(A)1 R(A.).
=
il.7.oAc rRUNG cOa cAc roAN r0 c6 ANH D6NG.cAc
roAN r0 roAN Arux. cAc roAN r0 Bl oHAN.
* Dinh lf II.18. ciA st A: D(A) c E -+ F
Id torin tr?
kh6ng bi ch{n, d6ng, vdi D(Al = E. Cric tinh chd't sau
tUdng drldngl

58
 (i) R(A) d6ng
(ii) R(Ax) tl6ng
(iii) R(A) = N(A*)r
(iv) R(A*) = N(A)t
Chrlng minh. Ta dirng c:ic kj hiOu n6u 6 Chuong II.6
VAy thi:
ti) <* G + L tl<ing trong X (xem (27))
. (ii) e Gr + L1 r16ng trong X' (xem (29))
(iii) L = (G- n La)a (xem (27) vd (28))
<+ G +
(iv) <+ (G L)r = Gt + Lr (xem (26) vd (29))
^
Do dinh l)t (II.15) ta c6 kdt luan.
Chri thich 20. Gi6 srl A: D(A) c E _+ F lA toiin tir kh6ng
bi chin, d6ng. Khi d6 R(A) d6ng ndu vd chi ndu tdn tai hing
so C sao cho

dist (u, N(A)) < Cll Au ll vu e D(A);

xem [BT].
Kdt qud sau dAy li ddc trtrng htu ich cfia cric torin tLl
toAn 6nh.
* Dinh l;i [.19. Gid srl A: D(A) c
E + F IA torin tr?
kh6ng bi ch{n, d6ng, vdi IXA) = E. C6c tinh ehdt sau
tUdng drldng3
(a) A li
todn 6nh t.l R(A) = F,
(b) t6n t4i hing sd C > 0 sao cho

59
 < cllA *v vv e D(A*)
ll" ll ll,
(c) N(A*) = l0l vi R(A*) d6ng.
Chd thich 21, Tr6n thuc td tld chr.lng t6 todn tt;r A lA
todn rinh, ta dirng ph6p suy (b) + (a) nhd sau. X6t phddng
trinh A.v = f vdi f e E'vd chfng minh rlng.li < Cil f ll vai C
"ll
dQc l{p ddi vdi f. K! thuQt niy dr.toc goi li phrrong phrip il6nh
gi6 ti6n nghiQmr ta kh6ng ph6i quan tAm phuong trinh
A*v = f c6 nghi6m hay kh6ng; ta cf xem phrrong trinh niy c6
nghiQm r6i, vi di tirn drinh giri chudn cira n6.
CHIJNG MINH.
(a) e (c). Day la hQ qud trrrc ti6p ctia h6 qud II.17 vA
dinh lli II.18.
(b) -; (c) ld hidn nhiOn (lf lu4n bing cric ddy Cauchy).
. (c)
= (b) TiI (28) vi (29) ta c6 Gl a Lr = {01 vd Gr + La
dong. I

Tt dinh lf II.8 tdn tai hing s0' C sao cho moi z e Gr + Lr

:

;
dtioc phAn tich m6t cdch duy nhdt (vi G1 n Ll = {0}) thdnh

z=a+b v6i a e G1, b e Lr,

llallscllzll va llbll=cll,ll
i

Gizl sir v e D(A*), thi z = [A*v, 01 atudc vidt thanh I

z=a+bvtii
6 = [A"v, -v] e Gr vd b = t0, vl e Lr.
Khi d6 ta c6

I bI =li " ll< cilzil = o-"ll I

"ll

60
 Chti thich 22. Ph6p suy (a) > (b) blng mdt chrlng minh
khdc coi nhu bai t{p. Ta s6 chfng t6 ring - vdi giri thidt (a) -
t4p hgp {v e D(A-); o-'ll 1} bi ch{n trong F' nhd dinh lli
ll =
Banach - Steinhaus.
"MQt cdch tldi xrlng" ta c6
+ Dfnh lf
II.20, GiA st A: D(A) c E -+ F li torin tt?
kh6ng bi ch{n, d6ng, vdi D(A) = E. Cric tinh chdt sau
trrdng drfdng:
(a) A+ ld toirn :inh ,., *14*1 = E'
(tr) t6n tqi hing sd C sao cho

llu ll < cllAu ll vu e D(A)

(c) N(A) = lol vi R(A) d6ng.

Chrlng minh. Tdt cd gi6'ng y nhu chrlng minh tlinh l;f
IL19. EOc gid c6 thd vidt ra chi tiet, coi nhu bdi tAp.
Chri thich 23. Ndu giA thidt rhng dim E '< "o hay
dim F < o: thi ta c6 cdc tudng aludng
A toAn rinhe A'i (lon rinh
A+ todn dnh e A don rinh.
Thdc vay,.R(A) vd B(A") khi d6, c6, chi6u htru han vii vi
thd dring.
Trong tntdng hgp tdng qudt ta chi c6 ciic suy ra
A todn 6nh > A* tlon ainh
A+ toAn rinh + A don rinh.

61
 Vi du sau chtlng t6 phdn tLio sai:
E= F=12; vdi moi x e 12, x = (x,,).pr ta 1i6n kdt

e* = [1 ><""ln,r thi A = A+, A* (tddng rirng A) tlon 6nh

\n ]
nhtmg A (trtong rlng A*) kh6ng toin 6nh; A (tdong rlng A*) c5
6nh tri mAt, kh6ng d6ng.
Cudi cing ta nOu dic tn ng cta cdc todn trl bi chin:
Dfnh lf II.2r. cia srl A: D(A) c E ,+ F IA torin tr?
kh6ng bf ch{n, d6ng, vdi D(.4) = E. Cd,c tinh chdt sau
tddng drldng:
(i) D(A) = E
(ii) A bf ch{n
(iii) ,14x1 = F'
(iv) A* bi chdn
Vdi nhflng ili6u kiQn niry ta c6
*ll
llAll.rrn,o = llA ro,,r,r
Chrlng minh
(i) (ii) Ding dinh ly dd thi d5ng.
=+
(ii) + (iii) Dilng tlinh nghia crla D(A*).
(iii) =+ (iv) Dirng mQnh dd II.16 vi dinh ii dd thi d6ng.
* (iv) (i) phrlc tap nhdt: Trudc hdt dd j ring D(A-)
=
d6ng. Thrrc vdy, gii sil v,, e D(A*) vdi vn -+ v trong F'. Ta c6

lle.
r', - v", {l < c llv, - v,,ll;
62
 I

do v{y (A*vn) hQi tu vd gidi h.an f. \ A* d6ng, v e D(A*) vA

A+v = f. Trong khdng gian X = E x F x6t c6c kh6ng gian con
G=G(A)vAL={01 xFthi
G+L=D(A)xFvdGl+L1 = E'x D(A*)
Vi v{y Gr + Lr d6ng trong X'. Dinh lj II.IS cho ph6p
kdt luAn ring G + L tl6ng; n6n D(A) d6ng. Vi D1e; = j1 1u .r,
ra DtAr = E.
Bay gid ta chfng minh rdng ll a ll"r rn,n = ll A *ll.r rr,,r,i.
Ta c6

(v,Au) = (a-',r) vu e E, vv e F'.

Do d6 I (v, Au) | < llA

llll, llll,ll
vi ' " sup 'l(v,eu)l.ll^.llil,
ilAull= ll
ll 'il't
(do h6 qu6 I.4). Tird6
ll
A ll< ll
A *lj . Deo lai ta c6
def
A (o.",) I
= I
(,, A,) ll
a illI
,ifl, I
il:ii,l,
I = " il

n u4v llA.ll< llA ll

BiNH LUAN VC cHUdNG II

1) Ta c6 thd chi ra 16 r6rng m6t sd kh6ng gian con d6ng

kh6ng c6 phAn bn topo. ChEng han, co kh6ng c6 phdn bi topo
trong l- (xem De Vito [1]); nhdc lai rlng l' kj hicu kh6ng
gian ciic d6y x = (x") bi chin trong R traig bi chudn

63
ll
x ll = sun I x,,l vd co ld khong gian con tl6ng cric dav sao cho
n
lim xI, = 0. C6 thd tim thdy ciic vi du khr{c trong Rudin [1]
(khdng gian con crla L1), hay trong Kijthe [1] vd Beauzamy
tl] (khang gian con cua lP, P + 2).
2) Phdn 16n c6c kdt quri cta chuong II tltroc md rQng
trong cilc kh6ng'gian Fr6chet (c6c khdng gian l6i tlia
phuong, khA metric, du). MQt.sd tdng qudt h6a Id c6 thd tluoc;
ching han xem Schaefer [1] Horvath [1], Edwards [1], Treves
t1l, t3l, Kiithe tll. C6c mo rQng ndv tludc th[c ddv b6i U
thuydt phan trd (xem L.schwartz [1i) trong d6 nhidu khOng
gian quan trong khdng li khOng gian Banach. Ddi vdi cric
rlng dung vio ly thuy6t phtrong trinh dao hdm ri6ng c6 thd
tham kh:io Htjrmander [1], Treves t1], t21, t3l.
3) Trong Kato [1] c6 mdt sd md r6ng ctia ctic kdt quti d
$rr.5.

64
 GHUdNG 3
TOPO YEU. KHONG GIAN PHAN XA.
KHONG GIAN KHA LY.
KHONG GrAN oEu. l&
rrr.r. NnAc l4r vE roeo nltlN runAr erEru uQr ne Ann xA
rnAHn uEru ruc
Ta bdt ddu bbng viQc nhdc lai topo tlai crrong. GiA sti X
lA m6t tdp hop vd (Yi)i.r ld mdt ho c6c khdng gian topo. Vdi
m6i i e I cho m6t iinh xa rp1: X -+ Yi.
Bii todn 1

Trang bi cho X mOt topo bi6n moi rinh xa (<pi)i.r trd

thAnh cric rinh xa li6n tuc. Ndu c6 thd aludc, xAy dung topo r
min nhdt, t.1. vdi tdi thidu cric tap hqp md [n6i cdch khric
topo phdi lA "kinh td'nhdtl bidn tAit cA (rpi)i.r thdnh li6n tuc.

Dd y ring neu X drroc trang bi topo rdi rac lt.l. moi trip
hop con cfia X li mdl, thi m6i 91 s6 li6n tuc; di nhi6n topo nay
kh6ng "kinh td" - thuc ra n6 li k6m kinh td nhdt! Gi6 stt
oi c Yi li mQt m6, thi q1 1(or;) nhdt thidt li m6t md d6'i vdi
topo r. Khi or1 chay khdp ho cdc md ctla Y; vd i chay khdp I,
c:ic rpil (ari) tao thdnh m6t ho cric tap hgp con crla X md nhdt
thidt ld cric md ciia topo t; ta kj hi6u ho niy bdi (Ur.)i.,r. Topo

bc
r la topo min nhdt sao cho cdc ((Ur.)r..,t) ld cric md. Ta alua vd
bAi torin sau dAy:
Biri todn 2
Xdy dung ho I cdc t{p hgp con cfta X, kinh td nhdt c6
thd dudc, dn ttinh tldi vdi ph6p fl vn U sao cho U;. e 5
hau hqn tny Y

vdi moi ), e A. Cdch xAy dgng sau tlAy tri ldi cho bdi todn 2:
Trudc hdt ta x6t c*c giao hflu han, t.l. rr , f c A, I-

"!.
hdu han. Ta cfrng tfi-toc mQt ho @ c6c tQp hgp con cria X, dn
tlinh tld'i vdi 0 . Tidp theo ta x6t ho I c6 duoc bhng cdch
hilu han
hdp tr)y j cric phAn ttir crla o. Rd ring ]i ho I dn tlinh do'i vdi
ph6p hop tiy y; ngudc lai, tinh chdt ho I dn dinh ddi vdi
ph6p fl kh6ng hidn nhi6n. Dd li muc dich ciia
hiru han

Bd dd ur.1. He I dn tlinh ildi vdi ph6p n

hiu han

Chrirng minh cfia bd tld III.1 ddnh cho tlQc gii, N6 chi li
srr ti6u khidn nhe nhdng trong lj thuydt tap hdp.
Chri thich 1. Ta kh6ng thi dao lQn thr? trt c6c ph6p
torin trong viQc xAy dUnC f. C0ng rdt t{ nhi6n khi bdt dau
bing cdch x6t cric lJ c6c tfp hqp (Uil vi sau d6 ldy c6c
tnv i
n
hdu han i
{
Ho nhQn tluoc tluong nhi6n cfing dn tlinh tldi vdi ph6p t{
l^l , nhung kh6ng dn dinh ddi vdi ph6p U . Vay phii ldy
han
hiu tty i
th6m cric hQi tty f mQt ldn nrla.

66
 T6m lqi:
Cric md cia topo t c6 duroc bhng crich tnJdc hdt x6t cric
giao hfiu han cdc t4p hgp c6 dang qi1(oi), o1 m& trong Y1, vi
sau d6 ldy hop tiy j.
Cho trr.rdc mQt tlidm x e X thi ta dudc cd s0 c:ic lAn cAn
cfra x trong topo r khi x6t cric tAp hop c6 dang ,liltVi)
n;f""
vdi Vi le lAn cAn crla q(x) trong Yi.
Tit ddy tr8 tli ta trang bi topo r cho X; ta n6u mdt sd
tinh chat so tlEng cria topo ndy.
. M€nh di III.I
Gii srX(x") li diy trong K Khi d6 xn -+ x khi vi
chi khi qi(x,,) -+ ei(x) vdi mgi i e I.
Chrlng minh. Ndu x,, -r x thi rp(x,,) -+ <p(x) vdi moi
i e I vi m6i tp1 liOn tuc.
D6o lai, gi6 sir U ld lAn cdn cia x. Theo tr6n ta lu6n luOn
c6 thd gid thidt rlng U c6 d+ng U= n qil(Vi), .l . f nru
ieJ
han. Vdi m6i i e J tdn tai sd nguydn N1 sao cho rpi(x,,) e V1 vdi
n > N1. Gid sitN= Max Ni. Thd thi ta c6 x,, e U vdi n > N.
ieJ
. MCnh di III.2
- Gii srl Z ld kh6ng gian topo v6r y l5r rinh xq trl Z
vEro X. Khi d6 ry li6n tgc n6u viL chi ndu 91oy li6n tgc tr}
Z viro Y; vdi m6i i e I.
Chrlng minh. Ndu y liOn tuc, thi q;oy cflng li6n tue
vdi m6i i e I. DAo lai, gid sir U ln md trong X; ta ch(ng t6

b/
rlng v-i(U) le mQt md trong. Z. Ta c6 U c6 dang
u= U n ei1(oi) vdi oi md trong Yi'
tiry f hfru han

Do v{y:

U n v-1t,pi1(ri)l
v-1(u)=tiiyi'htuhan

=tnyU | ;(,p,oyt-l(or;t
i hr.Ju han

tl6 ld md tropg Z vi m6i 6nh xa qio\y li6n tuc.

ilr.z. DINH NGHIA vA cAc riNH cHAr sd sittc coa ropo
v6u o1e, e'1
Gid sf E ln kh6ng gian Banach vd f e E'. Ki hiQu
s1 : E -+ R 1A rinh xa xiic tlinh bdi tp(x) = (f,t) . Khi f chav
I
khdp. E' ta ddoc mOt ho (<pr)r . B' cric dnh xa tir E vio R.
I
Dlnh nghia. Topo ydu o(E, E') tr6n E ld topo min I
nhdt tren E bidn tdt cd c6c rinh x4 (9r)r.u' trd thinh li6n tuc .
(theo nghia c0a $ III.1 vdiX=E,Yr=RviI=E').
. MQnh.16 [I.3
- Topo ydu o(8, E') lir topo t6ch.
Chrfng minh. Gi6 st xr, x2 e p vdi x1 * x2. Ta tim crich
xAy dr;ng Or vd Oz ld c6c mti tldi v6i topo ydu o(E, E') sao cho:
n 02 = A.
x1 e 01, x2 e O2vd Or
Theo tlinh If Hahn - Banach (dang hinh hoc thrl hai)
tdn tai si6u ph8ng t16ng t6ch lxr) vd {xz} theo nghia chAt. Khi
il6 c6 f e E' vA a e R sao cho:

68
 . (f,"r) < cr < (f,xr).
Ta ddt

. O1 ={xeE; (f,x) <o}= qi1 (l -"o, cr [)

02 = {x e E; (f, x) > cr} = ei1 (1 o, +"o [).

01 vd 02 lA c6c md ddi vdi o(E, E') th6a m6n x1 e O; x2 e 02

vitOtaOz=A
MCnh dC III.4

- Gii sril xo e E, ta drldc mQt cd sd c:ic lAn c{n cta

xo ddi vdi topo o(E, E') khi x6t tdt c6 cdc t{p p c6 h_d.

d?ng
V-{xeE; l(fi,"-r.") l.e viel}
A d6 I hfiu han, fi.e E' vi e > 0.

Chring minh

- RO rdng li V n qril(lai -s,ai +e[)

= ieI vdi a1 = (f,, xo)

ld m& d6'i vdi topo o(E, E') vi chfa xo. Drio lai, gizi sf U lA m6t
l6n cAn ciia xo do'i vdi o(E, E'). Ta khing tlinh (xem $III.1) tdn
tai mQt l6n cAn W cfia xo, W c U c6 dang W = tl,<A[1(ori),
I hrfu han, vd oi ld l6n cAn (trong R) cria (f,, xo ) = a;.
Vriyc5e>0saocholai-e,ai+eIcro1 vdi m5i i e I. Do d6
xoeVcWcU.
Kf hiQu. Cho dAy (x,,) ctia E, ta k1i hi6u srl h6i tu cfra x,,
vd x tlO'i vdi topo yiiu o(E, E') bdi x" - x. Dd tr{inh sd lAm 15n,

69
 nx,, '--' x ydu ddi vdi o(E, E')"'
ta thudng chinh x6c h6a nhrr sau
Trong tnrdng hop nhdn manh ta n6i 16 "x,, + x manh" dd chl
rEng ll x, - xll -+ 0 .

MQnh dd IrL5. Gie sfi (x") 16r day trong E. Ta cti

(i) [x,, - x ddi vdi o(E, E')] € t{f,x") -+ (f,x) vf e E'I
(ii) Ndu x.. - x m4nh, thi x,,'--' x y6u adi vdi o(E, E').
(iii) Ndu xn.- x ydu ddi v6i o(E, E') thi ll x"ll bi ch{n vir
ll
x ll < tim inrll x" ll
.

(iv) Ndu xn -+ x ydu tldi vdi o(E, E') v6L f,, -+ f manh
trong E' C.l. ll f" - f llr, - 0), thi (f,,, x; ) + (f , x) .
Chritrg minh
(i) suy ra ttl mQnh dd III.1 vd tt tlinh nghia topo ydu
o(E, E'). I
(ii) suy ra ti (i) vi l(r,*")- (r,x) I < llrllllx" -xll.
Chrlrng minh (iii): Ta 6p dung hQ qud II.3 - ld kdt quri
cfia dinh l1i Banach Steinhaus. Khi t16 chi cdn
- thfi lai ring
vdi m6i e E' t4p hop {(f,x")L bi chan.'Bdy gid, vdi m6i f
f e

E', day (f, x,) hQi tu vd (f, x) (d4c biQt n6 bi chnn). Gii sir f e

E'; ta c6:
l(r,",)l < llrllll""1

vi qua gidi han

l(r,41 < llr fllim inr ll x"ll.

70
 Do d6 (hQ qu6 I.4)
x = l' r'' ' I < lim inr ll
x' ll
il?]i:,
Chitrg minh (iv). Ta c6

l(r., *"; - (r,41 = l(r. -r, x,) I + l(r,". -*)l

=llr" -rllll,,ll* l(r,x" -x)l
Do (i) vA (iii) ta c6 kdt ludn.
. MQnh.16 ilI.6
Khi E hriu hgn chiCu, topo ydu o(E, E') vA topo
th6ng thrldng trring nhau. Dr{c biQt diy (x") hQi tq ydu
ndu vi chi n6'u n6 hQi tg m4nh.
Chrlng minh
Topo ydu lu6n lu6n c6 it md hon topo manh. DAo lai, ta
kidm chrirng rlng mQt m6 manh ]d m6t m& ydu. Gii s& xo e E
vA U ld 16n cQn c0a x" tt6'i vdi topo manh. Phii x6! drrng l6n
cdn V crja xo dd'i vdi topo ydu o(E, E') sao cho V c U. N6i cdch
khric, phdi.tim m6t sd hrlu h?n (fi)i.r cfra E' vd e > 0 sao cho
V={x€e; l(fr,*-r") l.e,vi e I} cU.
Gii sir rlng B(xo, r) c U. Ta chon co s6 e1, e2,..., e,., ciia E
vAi ll erll = 1vi. Vdi moi x e E ta c6 phdn tich x = i",",,
i=1
cric rinh x? x H
xi xric dinh n dang.tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n E,
kj hiQu ln f1. Khi d6 ta c6

7t
 sll/^ \ I

Jl
x -.xoll < )l(ti, x - xo) l< nc
i=1

vdi x e V. Chon = r/n ta aludc V c U.

e

Chri thich 2. Cdc m& (tudng fng, c6c tl6ng) cria topo ydu
o(E, E') cnng li md (triong fng, d6ne) d6'i vdi topo rnanh. Khi
E v6 h4n chiCu, topo ydu o(E, E') min hdn thgc sti topo
manh, t.l. tdn tai c6c m0 (trrong tng, cic tl6ng) ttdi v6i topo I
manh mA khdng li md (tudng (rng, tl6ng) tl6'i vdi cr{c topo ydu.
Sau dAy ld hai vi du:
Trip hgp S = {x € e; ll ll= 1} kh6ng bao gid
Vi dq r.
"
tl6ng tldi vdi topo ydu o(E, E'). Chinh xiic hon ta chrlng t6
ring
go(E,E) _ t}
(1) {,. n;;1*;1<
I

lSo(E'E') kf hiQu bao tl6ng cfia S tldi vdi topo o(E, E')1. {
I

Gi6 st? xo e E vdi ll *" ll . 1; ta kidm chring rhng

xo €
S.(E,E'). VAy gi6 sir V ld lAn cQn cria xo tl6'i vdi o(E, E');
ta s6 chrlng t6 rilng V n S + Z. Ta ludn lu6n c6 thd gii stl
rhng V c6 dang
'y'={xe E; l(f,,"-}") l.s vi=1,2,...,n}
vdi e>0 vi fi, f2,..., fn e E'.
Cd dinh yo e E, yo + 0 sao cho
(fi, y" ) = o vi = 1, 2,..., n
[yo nhr-t vdy tdn tai; ndu kh6ng 6nh xa g: E -+ R" xric tlinh bdi
9(z) = ( (f;, z))r <i <,, ld ddn dnh vd 9 li dEng cdu ttr E 16n <p(E)
- v4y dim E < nl.
 Him sd S(t) =ll x" + ty"ll lion tuc tron [0, +.ot vdi g(0)< 1

vd lim g(t) = +co.

V{y c5 to > 0 sao cho ll x" + t"y"ll = 1. '

Dotl6xo+toyo€VnS(1).
Ta da kidm chring ring: St 1*. e; ll ,ll <1) c SoiE'E'r
TU d6 suy ra (1) vi {x e E; ]l x ll < r 1 a0ng tldi vdi topo
o(E, E') - tlidu nny c6 t .linh li III.7.
vi dq 2. T+p hsp U = {x € r;ll " ll . r} Hrong bao gid
md ddi vdi topo ydu o(E, E'). Chinh xdc hon ta s6 chfng minh
phdn trong cfra U d6'i vdi o(E, E') ld trdng. Thuc v{y, gid sfi
ngrtoc lai tdn tai xo e U vd mQt lAn cdn V ctia xo doi vdi
o(E, E') sao cho V c U. Theo tr6n thi V chrla mdt dudng th6ng
qua xo vO lj
vdi V c U.
Chri thich 3. Khi E vO han chidu topo ydu o(E, E')
kh6ng kh6 metric, t.l. kh6ng tdn tai metric (vd do v{y,
kh6ng c6 chudn) xdc dinh tr6n E sinh ra topo y6u tr6n E; xem
lBTl. Tuy nhi6n ndu E'khrl ly ta c6 thd xdy drrng mdt metric
x:ic dinh trdn B = {x e f;ll x ll < r} ma n6 cAm sinh tr6n B
cr)ng topo nhr-r ld topo ydu o(E, E); xem dinh lj III.25'.
Chri thich 4. Khi E v6 han chidu n6i chung tdn tai
nhrrng ddy hQi tu ydu nhung khOng hdi tu manh. Vi du ndu E'

(r) Di6n girii hinh hoc

cta cdu tnic niy nhrl sau. Trong ttudng hdp
v6 han chi6u moi l:in cdn V cua xo ddi vdi topo o(E, E') chfa
mot drjdng thing qua x" - vd thAm chi cd mot kh6ng gian a{fine
"khdng ld" qua xo.
khri ly (xem $ III.6) hodc ndu E phin xg (xem g IILS) ta
lu6n lu6n c6 thd x6y dgng day (x,.,) trong E sao cho ll t
""ll =
vi xn - 0 ddi v6i topo o(E, E'); xem [BTl. Tuy v6y c6 nhfing
kh6ng gian Banach vd h4n chidu, d tl6 moi day hQi tu ydu s6
hQi tu manh. Vi tlu E = 11 c6 tinh cbdt utr6i kho6y" ndy; xem I

lBTl. Song cdc kh6ng gian niy rdt hidm hoi vir "bQnh ho?n"
(pathologiques). May m{n thai didu niy kh6ng mAu thu6n vdi .:

sd kien trong trudng hop v6 han chi6u, topo y6'u vi topo manh
lu6n lu6n khdc nhau (cht thich 2). [Nhdc lai ring, hai kh6ng
gian metric chr?a ctng c6c ddy hQi tU se c6 ctng topo. Dddng
nhi6n hai kh6ng gian topo chrla cing cric dey hQi tu kh6ng
nhdt thi6t c6 cing topol.
ilt.3. ropo yEu, cAc rAp Hop L6t, cAc roAN r0 ruyEN
TiNH
Mqi t4p hop tl6ng tldi v<ii topo ydu o( E, E' ) ln d6ng tldi I
i
vdi topo manh. Ta da th6iy (chf thich 2) ring phdn tl6o sai
trong trudng hop vO han chidu. Tuy nhi6n ta sE chrlng minh
rhng vdi cdc t{p hop ldi hai khrii niQm niy trtrng nhziu.
Dinh lf III.7. Gia sfi C c x ldi. Khi d6 C tl6ng ydu
ddi vdi o(E, E') ndu vA chi ndu n6 d6ng m4nh.
Chring minh. Gi6 st C d6ng m4nh, ta chrlng t6 ring n6
tl6ng ydu. Ta kidm chrrne CC ]n m& tldi v6i topo o(8, E'). Giri
sfi xo e C.. Do tlinh tj Hahn - Banach tdn tai si6u phing tl5ng
tdch {x"} vd C theo nghla chit. V4y c6 f e E'vi o e R sao cho
(f,*") .
". (f,y) vy e c.
D4t
V = {x e E; (f.x) < a1:

74
thd thi xo e V, V a C = a (t.l V c GC ua v m6 ddi vdi
o(E, E').
Chd thich 5. Chttng minh tr6n n6i l6n ring mQt ldi
d6ng trirng vdi giao c&a cdc nta khdng gian dring chrjra n6.
Met khric, dinh lf III.7 suy ra ring ndu diy (xn) hOi tu ydu vd
x thi tdn tai diy cric td hop tdi cira x,, h6i tu manh vd x dinh
l;y' Mazur; xem [BT].

HQ quri III.8. Gia sfi 9 : E -+ l-co, +col le ham l6i,

n.l.t.d (ddi vdi topo mpnh). Khi d6 9 n.l,t.d ddi v6i topo
ydu o(E, E').
D{c biQt ndu xo ---' x d6'i vdi o(E, E') thi
q(x) s lim inf q(xn).
Chrlng minh. Chi cdn kidm chrirrg rlng vdi moi I eR
tap hsp
A={xeE; e(x)<),}
tl6ng ildi vdi o(E, E'). Bay gio A lA tdi (do I t6ir ua e aOng
manh (do 9 n.l.t.d d6'i vdi topo manh). Theo dinh lf III.Z tQp
hop A cfing d6ng ddi vdi o(E, E').

Chri thich 6. Ddc bi6t ta tim lai tluoc rlng ndu xn -. x

tl6'i vdi o(E, E') thi ll x li < lim inf ll x, il . ttrrrc vAy, hdm sd
otx) = ll x ll ldi ve li6n tuc d6'i vdi topo manh, vdy theo tr6n
e n.l.t.d tldi vdi topo manh - do d6 9 n.l.t.d tldi vdi topo ydu
o(E, E').
lf III.9. Gia sr? E vEr F li cric kh6ng gian
Dfnh
Banach. Giri st T li' toein trl tuydn tinh li6n tqc tr} E

75
 viro F. Khi d6 T li6n tgc trl E ydu o(E, E') vdo F y6'u o(F,
F'). Phdn dio cring dring.
Chfng minh. Do mOnh dd III.2 chi cdn kidm
chrlngring vdi moi f e F' rinh xa x i--) (f, fx) tian tuc t E
ydu o(E, E') vio R. Brny gid iinh xa x F, (f,Tx) li dang tuydn
tinh li6n tuc tr6n E. Do v{y n6 ctng 1i6n tuc d6i vdi topo y6u
' orE. f').
Ngr-roclai gi6 thidt rdng T tuydn tinh li6n tuc td E ydu
vio F ydl. Khi d6 G(T) tl6ng trong E x F d6'i vdi topo o(E x F,
B' ,. F') va dddng nhi6n G(T) d6ng trong E x F tld'i vdi topo
manh. Nhd dinh lj dd thi tl6ng (dinh lj II.T) ta kdt ludn rhng
T li6n tuc tti E (m4nh) vdo F (manh). Tuong td c6 thd chrlng
minh rlng ndu T tuydn tinh vd li6n tuc tir E (marrh) vdo F
ydu, thi T li6n tuc ti E (manh) vAo F (manh).

Chri thich 7. cia thidt "T tuydn tinh" rrong dinh lli
III.9 tl6ng vai trb cdt y6-u trong chfng minh. Anh xa phi
tuydn li6n tuc til E manh vdo F manh n6i chung \h6ng li6n
tuc td o(8, E') vio o(F, F'); xem [BT].
lll.4. TOPO vEU . o1e', e; t
Gid sii E ld kh6ng gian Banach, E' le dd'i ng6u cira no
(trang bi chudn ddi ngAu) f = (f, x) va E', ta song rrd'i
ll li
lrg I |
ll,ll<r
ng6u . cria nr5,t.i. ddi ngiu cua E, trang bi bcii chudn
lltll= s,rllq'r;;
feE'
ll r il<1

Ta c6 ph6p nhring chinh t6,c J:. E -+ E" xiic dinh nhu

sau: gie sir x e E c6'dinh, rinh xa f + (f,x) t E' vdo R tao

Iu
 thdnh dang tuy6n tinh li6n tuc tr6n E', t.l. mQt phdn trl cia
E" kf hiQu la Jx(1). V4y ta c6:
(.1x, f)r",n,= (f,x)r',n vx e E, Vf e E'.
R6 rdng J tuydn tfnh vd J ld tl6ng cU t.l. ll
Jx llu = ll * ll"
vdi moi x e E; thrrc v6y

ll.rxll= sup l(Jx,f)l= sup l(f,*)l=ll-ll

' flrl.t ll rfl:t

ring J kh6ng toin dnh(2), vi

(do hQ quii I.4). C6 thd x6y ra
du xem tBTl. Nhd J ta lu6n luon c6 thd ddng nhdt E vdi
mQt kh6ng gian con cta E'.
Tr6n khdng gian E' tli xric ilinh hai topo:
a) topo manh (li6n k6't vdi chudn cria E').
b) topo ydu o(E', E") (da gidi thi6u d $III.3).
BAy gid ta s6 tlinh nghia topo thrl ba tr6n E': topo ydu+
md ta kf hi6u ld o(E', E)(3). Vdi m6i x e E x6t 5nh xa g,.:
E' -+ R xdc dinh b6i f e *,.11 = (f,x). Khi x bhay khdp E ta
, tlUoc ho cdc 6nh x? (ex)x.E tir E'vio R.

"' Dit rg ldm l6n vdi rinh xa d6i ng6u, F : E --> E', tlrroc gidi thiQu
trong chrl thich I.2, vi thudng n6 kh0ng tuydn tinh (trd trudng
hop Hilbert).
(2)
Khi J toin einh ta n6i ring E phin x4: xem $ III.5.
o) Thu4t ngrT ydu * tlrroc dich tt tidng Anh weak *; ddu * nhdc rhng
ta dang lim viQc trOn ddi ng6u kf hi0u btiri E* trong ceic tii liQu
My.

77
 Dinh nghia. - Topo ydu * kf hiQu bdi o(E',E) li topo
min nhd't tr6n E ldm cho moi dnh xa (e*)*-a trd thAnh dnh
xa lion tuc.
\ri E c E", rO rdng ld topo o(E', E) thd hdn topo
o(E',E"). N6i c6ch khric topo o(E', E) c6 it tAp hop mri
(trrong r?ng, t{p hgp d6ng) hon topo o (E', E") lmd tldn lrrot n6
lai c6 it tAp hgp md (tttong ring, t4p hop tl6ng) hon ld topo
manhl.
Chd thich 8. DQc giA rdt c6 thd ldy lam ngac nhi6n
-
v6 srr "htrng hrii" ldm nghbo topo. Lj do nhrr sau: ndu mQt topo
chrla it md hon thi ngudc lai n6 lai c6 nhiCu t,ip hdp
compact hon. Chlng han, ta sE thA'y qu:i cdu tlon vi trong E'
c6 tinh chdt d6ng ch( f: n6 ld compact tldi v6i topo y6t *
o(E', E). Bdy gid cric t{p hop compact d6ng vai trd cin bzin
khi ta mu6'n chrlng minh cdc tlinh lf vd sr/ t6n t4i. Trl d6 c6
tdm quan trong crla topo ney.
MQnh d6 III.10. Topo y6u * o(E',E) ti topo t6ch.
Chrlng minh: Giri sit f1 vd f2 trong E' vdi f1 + f2.
Vriy t6n tai x e E sao cho (fr,x) + (fr,x) (& rldy khdng
dirng tlinh lj Hahn - Banach, mi dr)ng dinh nghia
ctla fi + fz). Gi6 thidt rhng: (fr,x) < (fr,x) ;ta c6 a sao cho
(fr, r) . cr < (rr, x)
D4t 01 = {f e E ; (f, x) < c} = e,,-1 (l -.o, cr t)

O2 = {f e E'; (f,x) > c} = q*'1 (1 a, + ": [;

Or vi Oz lA ceic md - tldi vdi o(E', E) - th6a m6n fi e Or,

fzeOzvitOtr,Oz=A.

78
 MQnh.ti [I.lf, Ta s6 ddgc cd sd l6n c{n cta didm
f" E E' ddi vdi topo o(E', E) khi x6t tdt cA c6c t{p ho. p
c6 dang
V = {f e n';l(t -f",x;) l< e vi e r}
d d6 I hflu h4n, xi e E vir e > 0,
Chrlng minh. Ldp lai chfng minh cfia m6nh dd III.4.
Kf hiQu. Cho trrrdc day (f") trong E' ta kf hiQu bdi
fn 5 f sr1 h6i tu crla f" vd f ddi vd.i i,oro ydu .o(E',E). Dd trrinh
ldm l5n ta thudng chinh xric h6a "f,, 5 f tl6'i vdi o(E', E)",
"f" - f ddi vdi o(E', E")" vd "fn -+ f manh".
o Monh d6 III.12. Gii st (f") li day'trong E,. Ta c6:
(i) [f" 5 f ddi vdi o(E"E)] e t(f",x) + (f,x) vx eEI.
(iil N6t f,. l. f mqnh, thi f,, --- f ddi v6i o(E', E).
N6-u f,, ...' f ddi vdi o(E', E') thi f" a f .tdi vdi o(E', E).
(iii)Ndu f,. 5 f ddi vdi o(E', E) thi lF"ll bi ch{n vi
llfll < lim inr llr,ll.
(irr) Ndu fn -1' f ddi vdi o(E', E) vi x,, + x mqnh trong E,
tht (f", *" ) -+ (f, x) .
Chr?ng minh. Ldp lai chrtuig minh crla m6nh tld IILS.
Chri thich 9
- Ndu fn -t f ddi vdi o(E', E) (c[ng nhrr ndu f,, +
f d6'i vdi
o(E', E") vd x,, ---' x ddi vdi o(E, E') ta kh6ng thd k6't Iuan

79
ring (f,,x,) -+ (f,x) (hdy tim crich xdy dring vi du trong
khdng gian Hilbert t.

Chri thich 10. Khi E hrfu han chidu, ba topo (manh,

o(E', E") vd o(E', E)) trr)ng nhau; th{c vdy J khi d6 ln
toin rinh tii E 16n E" vi dim E = dim E' = dim E" vi do tl6
o(E',.E) = o(E', E").
. Monh dd III.13
Gi6 srl I : E' -+ R lir dnh xa tuydn tinh li6n tqc ddi
vdi topo o(E', E). Khi tt6 t6n t4i x e E sao cho
e1g = (f,x) vf e E'

Chrlng minh dua vdo bti dd dai sd ra't hrlu ich sau dAy:
Bd .fd [I.2. GiA st X ld kh6ng gian vector vi q, qr,
92r.y qtr lir cric d4ng tuy6; tinh tr6n X sao cho
(2) [qi(v) = 0, Si = 1,2,,., n] = 1r1y) = 01.
n
Khi aI6 tdn tqi )q,)'2, -.,1.,, e R sao cho 9 = .Ifrqr.
n=1

Chrlng minh bd d6 III.2. X6t 5nh xa F : X -+ R'*1 xdc

tlinh b6i
F(u) = [rp(u), tpr(u), <pz(u),..., rpn(u)].
Til gi6 thidt (2) suy ra rlng a = [1, 0, 0, ..., 01 kh6ng
thudc vAo R(F). Vay ta c6 thd trich chit {a} vn R(F) btii si6u
phEng trong B"*1, t.1. tdn tai )", Xt, tz, ...,1,n e R vd cr e R sao
cho
n
)" < a < )"9(u) + ll1rp1(u), VueX.
i=1

80
 n
Bdi v6y ta c6: ).e(u) + l)"19;(u)= 0 VueX
i=1

vd 1. < 0 (til tl6 )" * 0).

Chr?ng minh rnQnh dd III.13. Vi q li6n tuc d6'i vdi

o(E', E) tdn tai lAn can V cfia 0 dd'i vdi o(E', E) sao cho

lrr(frl < t vf e V.
Ta c6 thd gi6 sft rlng V c6 dar..g:

V= {f € E';l(f,*')l ..vi = 1,2...., n} vdi x1 e EvA

e > 0. Ddc bi6t ndu (f,x1) = 0 vi = 1,2,...,n thi p(fl = 0. Ap
dung bd dd III.2 ta thA'y ring:
.nln\
q(f) = I),i(f, *,)= (f, Ir, *, ). vf e E.
i.1 \ i=r I
* HQ qui III.14. ciA s& H li si6u phing cria E'
-d6ng cl6'i vdi topo
o(E', E). I{hi d6 H c6 dang
H = {f e E'; (f,x) = o}

v6i mQt x e E, x +0 vi.mQt o e R.

Chrlng minh. T4p hgp H c6 dang
H = {f e E'; rp(t'= c1

d d6 q ld rinh xa tuydn tinh til E'vdo R, 9 + 0. Gia sir fo a H

vd V ld lAn cdn c0a f" dd'i vdi topo c(E',E) sao cho V - CH. T,
c6 thd gi6 srl rhng:

V = {f e n'; I (f - fo, x;) l< e vi = 1, 2,..., n\.

81
 Do V ldi, ta aluoc
ho4c li
(3) <p(f) <c Vf e V
hoic li
(3') q(f) > o VfeV.
Tir (3) suy ra rlng
9(g)<cr-g(fo) VgeW=V-fo,
vdvi-W=Wtac6
(4) l,p(g)l < la-,p(fJl VgeW.
Ta dda tdi cing kdt ludn drrdi gie thiSt (3'). Til (4) suy ra
g li6n tuc tai 0 tl6'i vdi topo o(E', E) (vi W li 16n c6n cria O).
Khi tt6 ta c6 thd 6p dung mQnh tld III.13: tdn tai x e E sao
cho

e(0 = (f, x) vf e E'.

Chri thich 11. Khi J khdng todn rinh tr] E 16n E"
(t.1. E + E") thi topo o(E', E) thd hdn hin topo o(E', E").
C6 nhtrng l6i d6ng tldi v6i o(E', E") md kh6ng tl6ng tldi vdi
o(E', E). Vi du ndu ( e E" vA E e J(E), thiH = {f e E';
(9, f) = of li si6u phing tl6ng tldi vdi o(E', E"), nhtrng khong
d6ng tldi vdi o(E', E) (xim ha quA III.14). T6m lai, c6 hai
kidu ldi d<ing trong E'.
a) cric ldi tl6ng m4nh lhay ld tl6ng ttdi vdi o(E', E") - hai
di6u niy tddng alddng theo dinh l)t III.7),
b) cdc ldi tl6ng do'i vdi o(E'. E).

82
 Dinh lf III.15 (Banach - Alaoglu-- Bourbaki).
- T{p h-d. p BE, = {f e n'; ll f }l< t1 compact ddi vdi topo
ydu * o(E', E).
Chri thich 12. Ta sE thdy sau day (dinh lj VI.5) rhng
qu6 edu don vi d6ng trong kh6ng gian dinh chudn v6
h4n chiCu kh6ng bao gid li compact ddi vdi topo
m4nh. Do tl6 ta thdy 16 tdm quan trong cen bdn cria topo
o(E', E) vi cria tlinh' lj IIL 15.
Chfng minh. Ta x6t khdng gian tich y = RE; kj hiQu
phdn tir c0a Y li o.l = (ro,). . B vdi ro* e R. Khdng gian Y dr-(oc
trang bi. topo tich (vi du hdy xem Dixmier tll ho4c
L. Schwartz [2)), t]uc ld topo th6 nhdt tron Y lam cho tit ca
ciic rinh xA rrl --, ro" li6n tuc (khi x chay trong E). D'jdi day ta
1u6n lu6n trang bi E' topo o(E', E). X6t dnh xa <D: E'+ y xdc
dlnh b6i @(o = ( (f, x) ),.8. R6 rdng o li6n tuc tir E' veo y (dd ti
ring vdi m6i x e E cd ttinh, dnh xa f r+ (o(f)L = x) lian
.(f,
tuc r6i dlng m6nh d6 III.2). Ta chfng t6 ring @ li ddng ph6i
tU E' l6n O(E'). RO rang O ddn 6nh; ta kidm chfng O-1 li6n
tuc. Chi cdn (do m6nh dd III.2) chri'ng minh ring v6i moi x e
E co tlinh, iinh xa o * (o-, f rl, *) li6n tuc tr6n <D(E,); didu
ndy hidn nhi6n vr (o-'trr. *) = ,-.
Mdt khric rO rdng lA o(Br,) = K & d6

K=.{o €Y; l.-l< ll

* ll, r"r, = {n!i {iyr rrr1.* = }"ro*,

V),eR,Vx,yeE]

83

L
 Khi d6 chi cdn chfng t6 rdng K compact trong Y dd
nhim kdt lu4n Bs compact trong E'.
Bey gid K = Kr n Kz vdi

K1 = {ro..Y; lr* l< li x l, vx e E}

K2 = {<o e Y; ro*rr= o)x * (DyvA o1* = ii,l, Vi e R. Vx,y e E}
T4p hgp K, = ,.nu
[- li x ll, + ll x i]] compact (nhu ii tich cua

cdc doan compact - nhd lai ring tich cr.la cdc kh6ng gian
compact ld compact, chdng han xem Dixmier [1], L. Schwartz
t2l). Cuoi cDng K2 tl6ng; thrrc vAy, vdi m6i r' e R, x, y e E cd
dinlr, cric tAP hg,
A1,, = {co e Y; co**, - {Dx - to, = $}

87..,.= {to e Y; <02.*-Iox=0}.

d6ng (vi cdc dnh xa ro t_+ tox +y - ox - oy vd ro t-+ ro2.* - l.ro"

(
li6n tuc) ve K2 = NA x,y n n Bi, *
i x,-veE xeE
{. l€R

m.s. KH6NG GrAN PHAN XA

I

Dinh nghia. Giti st E ld kh6ng gian Banach vd J ld i

ph6p nh(ng chinh tdc tr] E vio E" (xem $ III.4). Ta n6i rlng
E phAn x4 ndu J(E) = E".
Khi E phrin x4 ta ddng nha't E vA E" (nhd ding
cA'u Jt.
Chri thich 13. Vi9c dirng J trong tlinh nghia trOn c6
tinh c6't ydu. Ta c6 thd xAy dung (xem James [1]) vi du trong

B4
tl6 kh6ng gian E khdng phrin xa vd c6 m6t tl8ng cr_r i6n til E
l6n 8".
Kdt qui sau dAy dda ra mOt dec trung quan trong ctia
cdc khdng gian phrin xa.
Dinh lf III.16. (Kakutani) Giri sfi E ln kh6ng gian
Banach. Khi al6 E phin x3 ndu vi chi ndu
BB= {x en; llrll <11

compact ddi vdi topo o(E,.E').

Chrfng minh. Trtrdc hdt gid st E phrin xa. Khi dy
J(BE) = BE". MAt khdc (dinh li IIL 15), 86" compact d6i vdi
topo o(E", E'). V4y chi cdn kidm chrlng J-1 li6n tuc tr! E" trang
bi o(E", E') vAo E trang bi o(E, E'). Chi cbn phzii chfng t6
(xem m6nh dd III.2) ring vdi moi f e E'cd tlinh, zinh xa
E F+ (f,J '€) tia,., ruc tr6n E' trang bi orE'. Er Bdy gid,
F,r-'4 = (E,r) va:inh xa I F+(E,f) cang li6n tuc tr6n E"
trang bi o( E", E' ).
Dd thidt l4p phdn drio ta cdn hai bd d6:
Bd dd III.S (Helly). Gi6 sr? E ld kh6ng gian Banach,
fy f2, -u flr e E' vDr ttb e2t ..,t on e R cd dinh.

Cdc tinh chdt sau trtdng dudng:

(i) Ve > 0 3 x" e E sao cho ll x"ll < f va

l
(fr, *" ) - o,l . r, Vi = 1, !,..., rr,
r-l- lli " ll
liit l)o;arl<llIB,r,ll, vgr, gz,...,0n e R.
It=r I ll r-r ll

85
 Chrlng minh
n
(i) + (ii). Cd dinh 0r, 02,..., p" vi tlat S = Ilptl Tu (i)
i=1
suv ra
n

)
i=1
0, (r,, *" ) - f g'',
i=1
<eS

vi thd

ttx.l + es
iu,",l= ll iu,',ll
lliu,r,ll.,r, Ve>0.
=
tl= il

VAy c6 (ii).

(ii) + (i). DAt cr = (41,o2,...,crn) e R" vd x6t einh xa

i , t - R' xdc dinh bdi if "l = t 1r,, x), (fr, x), ..., (f^, x) ).

Tinh chdt (i) bidu thi cr e 9(BB). Ta lj luan bing ph6n chfng

vd giri thidt. rlng n e q(Bs ). Khi d6 c6 thd tdch chdt { cr } vA

q{Bp) trongRn, t.l. tdn t?i d = (9r, gz,..., gn) e Rn vd 1 e R
sao cho
)-+-))
a(x).8<Y<cr.8, Vx eBe.
TU d6
i
n
.Ig,f,,*, <y.Io,B,, Vxe Bc
i=1 i=1

86
 n
t.1. Iotrt < Y.Io,B,
i=1 i=1

mdu thuSn vdi (ii ).

Bd d6, III.4 (Goldstine). Gii srX E li kh6ng gian

Banach. Khi d6 J(Bs) trt mAt trong Br" ddi vdi topo
d(E"', E').

Chrilng minh. Gi6 stl ! e Bp" vd V li lAn c6n cria ( ddi

vdi topo o(E", E'). Ta s6 chfng minh ring J(Bn) n Y + Z. Ta
c6_ thd gi;i s& rbng V c6 dang:

V= {1 e p '; | (,r - €, f, ) I . e , vi = t,2, ..., n).

VAy chi cdn tim x.€ BE sao cho
l(r,,x) -(E.fr)l . c. Vi = 1,2..... n.
Dit ai e.<E, fi> vd dd;f rlng VB1, 92, ..., 0" e B ta c5

li=r II= l\l(, :o,' )l= lli,',ll

IIu,"
{vi llqll < 1). Theo bd dd III.3 tdn tai x" € BE sao cho
iir,,*"; -o, I .., vi = 1,2,...,n ,t.1. J(x") e J(Bo) n V.
Chri thich L4, Dd ! ring J(Br) d6ng trong Bp. do'i vd.i
topo mgnh (bdi BE dt vd J ld ding cu). VAy n6i chung thi
J(Be) kh6ng tr mdt trong 86,d6'i vdi topo manh - ngoai trr)
khi E ph6n xa, hic ndy J(BE) = 8E..
Chri thich 15. Trong [BT] c6 chrlng minh tnJc ti6'p cria
bd dd IIL4 dua tr6n mQt rip drlng crja tlinh ly Hahn - Banach
trong E".

87
 Chti thich 16. Tdt nhi6n, cric kh6ng gian hf,u han chidu
la phan xa.
pruiN cu6r cria cnUNc MrNH DINH Lf ru.16
Bay gid gi6 str rhng Bp compact dO'i vdi topo o(E, E').
Trr-rdchdt dd i la J: E --' E" lidn tuc tloi vrii cric topo
manh vd do d6 (tlinh li III.9) J cfing ii6n tuc ddi vdi c6c topo
yeu o(E, E') + o(E", E'). Vdy duong nhi6n J li6n tuc tl6'i vdi
cec topo o(E, E') -+ o(8", E'). Bdi thd J(BE) compact tldi vdi
topo o(E", E'). Do J(Bs) trir mAt trong 86" d6'i vdi topo o(E",E')
(bd dd III.4), ta kdt luan rlng
J(Bn) = Br: vi do d6 J(E) = E".

Bay gid ta ndu vdi tinh chdt so d&ng ctia cric khdng gian
phzin xa.

Menh t16 III.17. Gia sfi E laL kh6ng gian Banach

vi M c E lA kh6ng gian vector con d6ng. Khi al6 M
drldc trang bi bdi chudn.cim sinh til E li kh6ng gian
phin xa,
Chrtng minh. Tn-tdc hdt dd y rang tr6n M xiic tlinh hai
topo ydu:
a) Topo o(M, M')'
b) Vet cua topo o(E, E') tr6n M.
Ta thri lai d6 dnng (khi "choi" vdi cric thu hep vd mo
rdng ciia ciic dang tuydn tinh) ring hai topo ndy trtng nhau.
CAn chirng t6 (theo dinh lli III.16) ring By compact d6'i
vdi topo o(M, M'). BAy gid Bs comPact d6'i vdi topo o(E, E') vd
M d6ng ddi vdi topo o(E, E') (dinh 15; III.7). BAi vAy Bu

88
compact ddi v6i topo o(E, E') vi vi thd c0ng compact d6'i vdi
topo o(M, M').
H€qui III.18: Gii sr? E li kh6ng gian Banach.
Khi d6 E phin xa ndu vi chi ndu E' phAn xa.
Chrlng minh. E phin xa = E' phin xq. Ta c6
(dinh U III.15) BE compact tldi vd'i o(E', E). Mat khric
o(E', E) = o(E', E") vi E phzin xa. Do d6 Bs compact ddi vdi
o(E', E") va vi vAy E' phdn x? (dinh li III.16).
. E' phin xq =+ E phin xa. Ta c6 (theo trdn) E" ph6n
xa. Vi J(E) ld kh6ng gian con d5ng ctia E" n6n J(E) phdn xa.
Do v4y E phan xa I .
HQ qui IILI9. Gie srl E lir kh6ng gian Banach
phin xa. Gii srl .K c E li t4p hdp con ldi, d6ng va bi
ch{n. Khi d6 K compact ddi vdi topo o(E, E').
Chfng minh. K il6ng d6'i vdi topo o(8, E') (dinh lj
III.7). Mat khric tdn tai hhng sd m sao cho K c mBp, vd
mBE compact ddi vdi o(E, E') (dinh ])t III.16).

HQ qui III.20. Gia srl E li kh6ng gian Banach

phin x4, A c E lir l6i d6ng, kh6ng trdng vi 9: A + l-co,
+ol li hAm ldi, n l.t.d., 9 * +- sao cho
(5) lim 9(x) = r-"o (kh6ng gia thidt ndu A bi chin),
xeA
x +6

(r) Hidn nhion ndu E vd F Id cric kh6ng gian Banach vd T ld dling crr
toirn dnh tir E vio F thi (E phrin xq) o (F phzin xa). d aay kf,Org
cri mAu thuAn vdi chri thich 13!

89
 Khi al6 I d?t ddEc cqlc tidu tr6n A, t.l t6n tai xo e A
sao cho ro(x") = Min rp.'
A

Chrltrg minh
Gi6 srl a e A sao cho )* = e(a) < +.o. X6t tQp hop
A=1xeA; q(x) < lo)
A tdl dOng bf chnn (do t5rt, vd vi v6y compact do'i vdi
topo o(E, E'). MAt khric q ld n.l.t.d tld'i vdi topo o(E, E') (hQ
quri III.8). Do d6 rp dat crrc tidu tr6n A: tdn tai xo e A sao cho
q(xo) < q(x) Vx e A.
Ndu x e A\A thi e(xo) < q(a) < 9(x) vd do vQy
rp(xo) < rp(x), Vx e A.
Chti thich 1?. HQ quA III.20 ldm rd vai trd cdt ydu
cira cdc kh6ng gian phin xa vd c6c ham l6i trong tfnh torin
bidn phAn, didu khidn tdi w...
Dinh lf III.21. ciA srl E vd F li cdc kh6ng gian
Banach phin xq. Giri srir A: D(A) c E -r F ii torin trl
tuyeh tinh kh6ng bi ch{n, drlng vdi IXA) = E.
Khi d6 D(A*) trt mQt trong F'.
Di6u n6ry cho ph6p drla viro A*+. D(A**) c E" -+ F'
vi x6t A** nhrf IDr to:in tri' kh6ng bi chtrn trl E vi F.
Khi .16 A** = A.
Chrlng minh
1) D(A*) trt m{t trong F', Gi6 st 9 ld dang tuydn tinh
liOn tuc tr6n F', bhng khdng trOn D(A*). Ta ph6i chrlng t6

90
 (hQ qu6 I.8) ring s = 0. Vi F ph6n xa, ta c6 thd gii thidt rhng
geFvd
(6) (*,q) =0 vwe D(A+).
Ndu rp + 0 thi [0, q] e G(A) trong E x F. Khi tld ta
teich chdt [0, q] vd G(A) b8i si6u phing d6ng trong E x F, t.1.
tdn tai tl vl e E'x F' sao cho: (f,u) + (v,Au) . o. (u,q) ,
Vu e D(A).
DAc bi6t suy ra ring:
(f, u) + (v, Au) = o, vu e D(A)
vd (v. a) - 0.

VAy v e D(A*) vd ta aludc mAu thuAn khi chon w = v

trong (6).
Do tl5 tp = 0 vi D(A*) trt mat trong F'.
2)A++=A
Ta dirng cdc hQ thrlc
J tc(A*)l = c(A)r
J tc(A++)l = G(A*)r
(xem $ II.6)(1); tU d6 dAn tdi

c(A**)=G(A)ar=G(A)
do A d6ng.

(11
d aay .l kj hi6u rinh xa [v, fl + [-l v]; khong lAm vdi ph6p
nhfng chinh t6c cria E vi E"

91
III.6. KHONG GIAN KHA LY
Dinh nghia. Ta n6i mOt khOng gian metric 1i khri ly
ndu tdn tai tQp con D c E ddm dudc var trU mat'
MQnh tl6 lll.22. GiA sfi E lA kh6ng gian metric khi
ly vi F li t{p hgp con cira E. Khi .16 F khi lv'
Chtlng minh
Gizi stl (u") ld day dem dudc tr mat trong E' Gi6 sil
(r,,) ]i diy cdc sd thrrc dtrong vdi r* '-+ 0 Chon (tiy :i)
a,,,.n e B(un, r-) n F khi tQp hop ndy kh6c trdng' R6 rdng ddy
(am,n) tao thnni-r tap hgp tldm dddc trtr m4t trong F.
Dinh lf III'23. Gie sr? E lir kh6ng gian Banach sao
cho E'khi ly. Khi tl6 E khri lY.
Chri thich 18
Drio lai khdng tLing. Ton tai cdc khdng gian Banach E
kh6 1y sao cho E'khdng khi ly; vi du E = L1 (xem chuong IV)'
Chtlng minh
Kj hiQu (f.,)n>r ld dAy ddm alddc trir mat trong E'.

vr ll f, ll = Sup (f. . x)
x. L
il x st

nen c6 xn c E vdi ll xnl' - I vi (f,,,x,) >

|;'
r"1l .

ld khdng gian vector tr6n Q sinh bdi (x")">r

K1i hiQu Lo
t.l. L" lA tQp hgp cric td hop tuydn tinh htlu han vdi h6 sd
trong Q cfia cric phdn tt? ctia day (x,,),rr. Chri y rdng L" ddm

92
 dUqc; thdc vay, vdi mdi n, An = kh6ng gian vector tr6n e
sinh bdi [xr, x2,..., xn] sO tddng tlng song rinh vdi tAp hop con
cfra Q" vA Lo = n)1
U An.

Gi6 srir L lA khdng gian vector tr6n R sinh bdi (x,, ).,>1. Rd
rdng Lo lA tdp hop con trir mat trong L. Ta ki6m chfng ring
L tri mAt trong E (tU tl6 s6 d6n tdi Lo tri m6t trong E vi vi
vdy E khri ly). Gid sr? f e E' sao cho (f,x) = 0 vdi moi x e L;
ta chitg t6 (h6 qu6 I.8) ring f = 0. Cho s > 0 tdn tai n sao cho
ll
r-r"ll . s;ta c5

ill f"ll (f",-")=(r,, - t,x")+(f,x")<e (vi (f, x,) = 0).

Z' =

vay llLil <llf -f"li +llf,ll <3e. Do v6y f = 0.

' HQ quA III.24. Gie sr? E Id kh6ng gian Banach.
Khi al6 (E phzin xa vi kh6 ly) <+ (E' phin xq vi
kh:i Iy).
Chrlng minh, Ta dA c6 (h0 quzi III.18 vi dinh lg III.2B)
ld (E' phzin xa vd khei ly) + (E ph6n xa vd khai. ly). Dzio lai,
ndu E phrin xa vd khri ly, thi E': = J(E) c0ng ph6n xa vd khd
ly; vAy E' phdn xa vd kh6 ly.
Cdc tinh chdt khi Iy 1i6n quan chit ch6 vdi tinh metric
h6a tluoc ctia cric topo y6'u.
Dinh lf III.25. GiA sr? E li kh6ng gian Banach kh6
ly. Khi d6 BE, khe metric ddi vdi topo o(E,,E)(r).

(r) Nghia
li, tdn tai metric xiic dinh tr6n BD,sao cho topo kdt trirng
vdi o(E', E) tr6n Rs

93
 D6o lai ndu Bs' khri metric aldi vdi o(E', E) thi E
khi ly.
Chri thich 19. Toirn bQ kh6ng gian E' kh6ng bao gid
kh6 metric tldi vdi o(E', E) - trtr khi htu han chidu. Xem [BT].
Chr?ng minh. Gii stl (x,,)n>r la t4p hop con tldm tluoc
trir mat trong 86 (ldy D trn mdt tldm dudc trong E vd x6t
D n Bo). Vdi f, g e 86 dinh nghia
"- L,^
d{f,g) = I;l(f - c, *")l

Rb rhng d li metric. ," *r"* t6 rhng topo li6n kdt vdi d

trtng vdi o(E', E) trdn Br'.
a) Giri st fo e Bs, vi V ld lAn cAn cta fo d6'i vdi o(E',E).
Ta chrlng t6 r&ng tdn tai r > 0 sao cho
U= {f € Br,; d(f,fo)<r} cV
C6 thi! gi6 thidt rhng V c6 dang
V={f e Bu,;l(f -f",yi)l <e vi = r,2,..,,k)
uOi ll vill 3 1 vdi moi i = l, 2,..., k, md khdng ma't tinh tdng
qu6t.
Vi diy (x,,),,>r tr m$t trong Bg, vdi m6i i ta c6 thd tim
iludc ni nguyen sao cho ll ,'-., ll <e 14. Cd dinh r > 0 sao

cho 2"ir < I vdi moi i = 1,2,..., k; ta chdrng t6 rhng U c V.

2

Thrrc v{y, n6'u d(fl fo) < r, ta c6

Vi = 1, 2, ..., k
#l(r-r",x^)l.r
94
 va do vay

(r - r",v,) | = (r - r", r, - x,i ) + (r - r", *,, )1.

I | ;. ;
vi = 1,2,..., k. Til d6 f e V.
b) Gi6 sri fu e 86'. Cd dinh r > 0, ta chrirng t6 ring tdn
tai V li l6n c6n crja f" ddi vdi o(E', E) trong BE,sao cho
V c U= lf c BE:drf, fo) < rl.
Ta ldy V c<i dang
V= {f e s";i(f -f",xi)l<e, vi= 1,2,...,k}
Bay giA ta x6c ilinh k vd e sao cho V c U. Ndu f e V,
ta c6:

drr.ror-
- ilf t,(r-ro.x-\t-
L-rn u' rrl i? onI ttr
\' -r'o."n,* )l
n t- n-k-l.

<e+2 I
n=k+1
1

2"
I
6k I

Khi tl6 ta chgn

' c< I vir k tl0 l<ln sao cho
-'- -J_ .-2t
2 2k-t
D6o lai, gi6 sit 86 khA metric ddi vdi o(E,, E), ta
chrlng t6 rlng E khri ly. Gid sir Un = {f e Be.; d(f, 0) < 1 I .,a
n
Vn ld ldn cAn cira 0 ddi vdi o(E', E) sao cho V,, c U,, Ta c6 thd
g:ie thi6:t rlng Vn c6 dang

Vn = {f e BE; I (f, x) l< e,,, vx e o,}

95
d al6 o,' c E 1A tdp hgp hiiu han. Dd 1i ring D = Uro" ddm

ddoc. Mat t<hric fi Vn = {0} vi vi v{y {(f,x) = 0. vx e D) =

n=1
(f = 0).
Suy ra kh6ng gian vector sinh bdi D tri m{t trong E; ttl
d6 E kha ty. "MOt c6ch ddi xfng" ta c6
* Dinh li III.25'. Gii sfi E li kh6ng gian Banach
sao cho E' kha ly. Khi d6 BE kha metric ddi vdi topo
o(E, E').
DAo lai c[ng dring.
Ed chrlng minh ph6p suy (E' khri ly) = (Bc kh6 metric
tldi vdi topo o(E, E')) ta c6 thd lap lai.tilng chf trong chfng
minh tlinh ly 111.25 vA tldi vai trb cta E vd E'. PhAn dzio phrlc
tap hdn; ching han xem Dunford - Schwartz t1l hay [BT]'
qui III.26. Gia sfi E li kh6ng gian Banach khi
HQ
ly vir (f") ln dey bi ch{n trong E'. Khi d6 tdn t4i dey
con ( f,,r. ) hOi trr tlSi vdi topo o(E', E).

Chr?ng minh. Dd cd dinh gi6 sir rhng ll f"ll r 1 vdi moi

,
n. Tfp hop 86 compact vd khd metric d6'i v6i topo o(E" E)
(dinh lj III.15 vi IIL25). Til d6 c6 kdt luan
Dfnh lf Gia st? E lir kh6ng gian Banach
I,I,I,.27.
-lt
I
phin x4 vi (x,,) lDL dey bi chin trong E. Khi d6 t6n tai :

d5y con (x"o ) hQi tu ddi vdi topo o(E, E').

t
Chdng minh. Giri st M" ld khdng gian vectd sinh b<ii
(xn) vd M = M" la kh6ng gian khi ly (xem chrlng minh dinh

96
ly III.23). Hon nrfa M ld ph6n xa (theo manh d6 III.17). TU d6
Br,r ln t4p hgp khd metric vA compact dO'i vdi topo o(M, M').
Thdt v6y, M' kh6 ly (hQ qui 117.24) vit do Bp1" (= Bu) khA
metric ddi v6i o(M", M') (= o(M, M')) do dinh lj III.25.
Khi d6 ta c6 thd trich ra mdt day con (xnk) hQi tu ddi vdi topo
o(M, M'). Ta kdt lu{n (xnr) cirng hOi tU ddi vdi topo o(E, E')
(bdi vi thu hep l6n M ctia ciic dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc trOn E).

Chri thich 20: PhAn d6o cfia tlinh lj III.27 crlng tldng.
Chinh xzic hon ta c6

r Dinh lf III.28 (Eberlein - Smulian). Gi6 srl E lA

kh6ng gian Banach sao cho moi diy bi ch{n (x") chfa
diy con (x,,u ) hOi tu ddi vdi topo o(E, E'). Khi d6 E
ph6n xa.
Chfng minh khri phrlc tap: xem chEng han Holmes [1],
Yosida [1], Dunford - Schwartz [1], Diestel t2) hay IBTI. Dd
nhdn manh loi ich ctia dinh lj III.28 ta'nhdc lai:

i) khdng gian topo (tdng qudt) trong d6 moi ddy chr?a

day con hoi tu kh6ng nhdt thidt compact.

ii) trong kh6ng gian topo compact c6 thd tdn tai ciic
day kh6ng chfa bdt cf diy con ndo hOi tu.

iii) trong khdng gian metric.

(compact) e (moi diy chrla ddy con h6i tu).

C6 nhfrng vi du v6 khOng gian Banach E vi c6c d6y bi

chnn (f") trong E' mi khdng chrla dAy con h6i tu ddi vdi topo
o(E', E); xem [BT].

97
- C6 E kh6ng phdn xa vd khOng khA ly; trong trudng hop
ndy 86.trang bi topo o(E', E) li compact khdng khzi metric.
III.7. KH6NG GIAN L6I DEU
Dinh nghia. Ta n6i kh0ng gian Banach E ldi ddu ndu
ve>0, 13>0saocho
(x,y e E, ll,ll.t,liyll<t ua llx-yll>e )

'-lll
...Ill**rll.r_o]
z ll"-"
Dd y ring tlinh nghia niy goi nhd mdt tinh chdt hinh
hgc c0a qud cAu don vi (n6 ld "rdt trbn tria") vi kh6ng b6o
toin khi qua ph6p Idy chudn tudng alltdng.
1

vi dq 1. ra ldy E = R2. Chudn ll- il, = (l*112 * | *212)'

ldi ddu trong khi chudn ll * ll, = | x1] + | x2l khong ldi ddu. Ta
c6 thd "xem" hinh 6nh cira cdc qud cdu tlon vi.

Quri cdu don vi Quri cdu don vi

ctia E do'i vci ll ll, c0a E ddi val ]l ll,

Vi dq 2. Ta s6 thdy sau tlAy (chuong IV vd V) ring cric

khOng gian Hilbert li ldi ddu, cung nhd ciic kh6ng gian Lp(Q)

98
 vdi 1 < p < oc. Ngddc lai, L1(O), L-(()) va C(K) (K compact)
khong ldi tldu.
Dinh lf III.29 (Milman - Pettis). Mgi kh6ng gian
Banach ldi ddu ld phrln x4.
Chri thich 21. That lA k) la m6t tinh chdt c6 bdn chdt
hinh hoc (ldi ddu) lai suy ra mQt tinh chd! c6 b6n chdt topo
(tinh phAn xa). Tinh ldi tl6u thrrdng li c6ng cu ti6n loi dd
chrlng minh khdng gian ld phdn xa [nhung phtrong phrip niy
khdng phrii ludn ludn dirng tltroc: cd nhirng kh6ng gian ph6n
xa khdng c6 ba't cf chudn tddng duong ldi ddu ndol.
Chrlng minh. GiA srl t e E" vdi ll e ll = t Ta chtlng t6
ring ( e J(BE). \ J(Be) d6ng manh trong E,,, n6n chi cAn
chrlng minh ring
Ve > 0 Jx e BE sao ctro fl6 - Jrxr ll < e.
V{y gi6 sir e > 0 cd dinh vd E > 0 tudng dng vdi dinh
nghla cira tinh ldi ddu. Ta chon f e E, vdi f
ll ll = 1 sao cho

(6) (e,r; ,r-f 2

(di6u niy c6 thd tluoc vi ll 6 ll = 1).

DAt V={aeE"; l'('r-E, I)t< 6

rl
thi V le ldn cAn cria ( d6'i vdi topo o(E", E,). Theo bd dd III.4
ta dudc V n J(Bn) + A. Cd dinh x e BE sao cho J(x) e V.
Ta chrlng t6 rlng ( e J(x) + eBs" - vd di6u d6 kdt th6c
chrlng minh.

99
 Ta lf lu4n phrin chrlng vd gi6 sfi rhng ( e C(J(x) + sBn)
= W. D6 f ring W cring ld lAn cAn ctia I doi vdi topo o(I1", E')
(vi Bs" d6ng cldi vdi topo o(E", E')). Ap dung Lin nta bd dd
III.4 ta drJdc (V n W) n J(Br) * O t.l. tdn tai x e Bg sao cho
I
J( x ) e V n W. Khi .16 ta c6 (vi J(x), J( 1) e V)

I
(r, r)- (q,r) I
.
;
E

|(',r)-rr,oI 2

V{y cQng lai

2(E,r)< f,x+x +6 S x+x +6

il ,11 , ^r
"'--
'- theo
vd "'ll z I
(6). > 1- 6. Do.td {tinh ld; daur | * - * ]l ...
=
ltil
il ll
ll I

t^l
Cudi cirns "ltlt *-* lrc vi J(x) e W -
lL mau thudn.

Ta kdt thtic bing mQt tinh chdt hr-tu ich c0a cric kh6ng
gian 16i tldu.
M€nh dd III.30. GiA sr? E ld kh6ng gian Banach I6i
d6u. Gi6 srl (x") ld ddy trong E sao cho Xn - X ddi vdi
topo ydu o(E, D') vir
lim sup ll*"ll . ll" ll

Khi d6 x,, -)' x m4nh.

100
 Chtlng minh. Ta cd thd giA thidt x + 0 (ndu khdng thi
kdt lufn tn hidn nhi6n). Giri sfr
r,, = Max {ll ," ll,ll )( ll }

thi )"n ,+ ]l x l] . oat

y" = ).lrxn va y - ]l x ll-r x

Khi d6 - y ddi vdi o(E, E').
y,.,

ra suy ra llr li < ri- i,rllJ":I ll (xem mgnh dd III.5

ll 2l
(iii)).

Met kh{ic l] v ll = r, l] y.]l . r vd do vQy ll

," *, | -- ,.
12l
Trlr tinh 16i ddu c6 lv" - r 1l -+ 0. Tit tl6 x, --+ x manh.

BiNH LUAN VE CHUONG III

1) Cric topo o(E, E'), o(E', E") vi o(E', E) ld c:ic topo ldi
dia phrrong trich. Do vAy chring th6a cric tinh chdt tdng qurit
cta cric khOng gian 16i dia phuong trich. Trong d6 cric dinh lf
Hahn - Banach (cdc dang hinh hoc) dinh l1y' Krein - Milman,
v.v... c6 thd rip dung; xem Bourbaki t1l vA tBTl.
2) C6c k6t quzi khric liOn quan tdi topo ydu, vi du:'
x Dinh lf 31 (Banach - Dieudonn6 - Krein -
Smulian): Gi6 srl E li kh6ng gian Banach vi C c E' lir
l6i. Ta gi6 thidt ring
Vn, C n (nBe) d6ng ddi vdi topo o(E', E).
Khi dy C d6ng ddi vdi topo o(E', E).

101
 DQc giri quan tam c6 thd tim thdy chirng minh trong
Bourbaki [1], Larsen [1], Holmes [1], Dunford * Schwartz [1],
Schaefer t1l vd bai tQp trong [BT]. C6c tdi li6u tld d6n cDng
chtla nhidu tinh chdt kh:ic 1i6n quan tdi dinh l:i Eberlein -
Smulian.
3) Lj thuy6't cdc kh6ng gian vector tldi ngiu, tdng
qr-rdt h6a tldi ng6u (E, E') , duqc phdt tridn rdc rd vdo nhrlng
!
n5m 1940 - 1950. Ta n6i ring hai kh6ng gian vector X vir Y
lA d6'i ng6u n6u tdn tai dang song tuydn unh ( , ), trOn X x Y
trich tlidm (t.1. vx * 0, 3y sao cho (x,y) * 0 vd Vy * 0, 3x sao
cho (x,y) + 0 vA Vy * 0, 3x sao cho (x,y) + 0). Ta c6 thd xzic
tlinh trdn X (tddng fng trdn Y) mQt loat cric topo idi dia
phuong. Trong nhltng topo thOng dung nhA't ta ghi nh6n ngoii
topo ydu o(X,Y) cdn iopo Mackey r(X, Y), topo manh 9(X, Y)...
Cric topo ndy d6ng vai trd rdt thri vi khi ta ldm viQc vdi cdc
khdng gian kh6ng dinh chudn, vi du nhrl ciic kh6ng gian c6
trong lli thuydt phan b6-. Vd Ii thuydt cric khdng gian vector
tldi ngiu cd thd xem Bourbaki [1], Schaefer t1l, Kijthe t1l,
Treves [1], Kelley - Namioka [1], Edwards [1].
4) Cdc tinh chdt khii ly, str ph6n xa vi ldi ildu c0ng li6n
quan chdt ch6 ddn tinh khi vi c0a hdm x + ll x ll (xem
Diestel [1], Beauzamy t1l va tBTl. Su tdn tai mot chudn tudng
drtong c6 nhltng tinh chdt hinh hoc tdt dep li mdt tld tei dddc
nghiOn crfu nhidu: vi du, idm crich ndo t15c tnhg cric kh6ng
gian Banach c6 mQt chudn tuong dudng l6i d6u'1'. Hinh hoc
c6c kh6ng gian Banach tl6 c6 brrdc phrit tridn ngoan muc

(r) ld phin xa, xem Diestel L1l vir

Cdc khOng gian nay goi siOu
Beauzamy [1]. i

102 I
I
i
!
trong hai chuc n5.m nay nhd nhrlng c6ng trinh nhrl cta James,
Dvoretsky, Grothendieck, Lindenstrauss, Pelozynski, Enflo,
Johnson, Rosenthal, L. Schwartz vi nh6m cria dng (Pisier,
Maurey, Beauzamy...), v.v... V6 vdn dd nly c6 thd tham khrio
Beauzamy [1], Diesel [1], Lindenstrauss - Tzafriri [2] \,e
L. Schwartz [4].

103
 CHUdNG 4
I
cAc xnOruc ctaru tP !1
:

Du6i tlAy o ln tQp md cta RN trang bi d0 tlo Lebesgue

dx. Chring tOi coi rdng il6c gi6 tl6 quen thuQc v6i cric khrii
niQm hdLm khi tich, hhm do drldc vA tAp h-d. p khdng i

tLing kd; chEng han xem Marle [1], Malliavin [1], Neveu [1]' i
Rudin t2l, Guichardet [1], Dieudonn6 [2], Kolmogorov-Fomin i
t1l, Chae t1l, Hewitt-Stromberg [1], Wheeden - Zygmund :
t11... Ta ki hiQu L1(f)) ]e khong gian cric hdrn khi tich tron
a
Idy gi6 tri trong R. Ta tl4t

llr |1r-' = Jlrt*rta*

o,
Khi khdng c6 sti nhAm l6n ta s6 vi6t L1 thay vi L1(o) va
I thay vi
o
Jf(x)dx.
Nhrr thddng lC ta tldng nhdt hai ham

thuOc L1 trtrng nhau 1r.1.1 = hdu khdp noi (= ngoqi tril trdn
mOt tap hop tlO do khong).

rv.i. Mgr s6 rEr ouA ricH pxAt{ cAt{ stEr

Dinh lf Iv.1 (Dfnh lf hoi hI ddn dieu Beppo Levi)'
Gii sr1 (f") le dey tnng c6c hhm Lr sao cho Sup Jf" < oo

104
 Khi .ld f"(x) hOi tu h.k.n tr6n Q v6 mQt gidi han
hr1u han, kf hiQu li' f(x); hdn nfia f e Lr vi
]lf" -f ll"r +0.
Dinh lf IV.2. (Dinh lf
hOi tu bi chln Lebesgue).
Gii st (f") lir diy c:ic hdm Ll. Ta gie thidt ring:
a) f"(x) -r f(x) h.k.n. tr6n Q,
b) tdn tai hirm g e Ll sao cho vdi.m6i ,, lf,(*) I <
E(x) h.k.n. tr6n o(r)
Khi .16 f e Lro va f" - f ll", -
Jl
o.

Bd .16 ry.l. (Bd d6 Fatou). Gi6 srl (f") lir ddy c:ic
him Ll sao cho:
(1) V6i m6i n, f,.(x) > 0 h.k.n tr6n O.

(2) Sup Jf" <..

V6i m6i x e 0 ta tl{t f(x) = lim inf f,(x),
Khi d.5 f e Ll(o) vir
Jr < li* i',r Jr" .

Kf hiQu. Ta kj hi6u bdi C.(f)) kh6ng gian c6c hirm

li6n tuc tr6n O c6 gid compact, tfc la Cc(Q) = 1f e C(A);
.(x) = 0, Vx e Q \ K d d6 K c Q Id m6t compact).

rr) Ta n6i rhng g Ii chan tron khri tich cria czic ham sd (fn)

105
 Dfnh lf IV.8 (Dinh lf trt mflt). Kh6ng gian C"(o)
trt m{t trong Ll(c!); tr?c li:
vf ELl(o)vive>0, !fi e C.(o); sao ctro ll f - frfl"r <e .

Gi6 sfi A1 cRNl va C)z c RNz li c6c m6 vd F: C)1 x e2

-r R - ld hdm tlo duoc.
Dinh lf iV.n (tone[i). cia thidt r]ing.
Jl
rtx,vllav < o vdi hdu hdt x e or
O2

v6r . I* a2It F(x, y) ldy < "o

. !
n1
Khi.16 F e Lr1o1 x o2;.
I

Dinh lf IV.5 (Fubini). cia thi6't ring F e Lr(Or x ez).

Khi d6, vdi hdu h6t x e C)1,
F(x,y) e {(or)va
IF(*,y)ay e il*{or).'
A2

TUdng t{, vdi hAu hdty e e2,

F(x, y) e r,1- (o, ) va IF(x, y) dx e L1y (o2 ) a

O1

Hdn nrla ta c6

Jdx Ir(x,y)d, = Jr, JF(x,y1ax = IJF(x, y) dxay.

01 A2 A2 ol ft1 x O2
:
'.

j
106
I

t
I
J
 \.--7
rv.2. EINH NGHIA VA CAC TINH CHAT SO OANG CUA
KitoNG GIAN LP
Dinh nghia. Gii srl p e R vdi 1 < p < co; ta tldt:

l,d(o) = {f: e + R; f tlo tluoc vd lrl' = r,'iolt.

1/ p

ra ky hiQu: lli llr = jl f x ) P4"

o
Sau ndy ta s6 kidm chrlng ll ll* ta mgt crrudn.

Dinh nghia. fa aqt L-foi = {f: O -+ R; f tlo tltroc vA t6n

tai hhng sd C sao ctro lf(x)l<C t.t..,tr6nQ).
Ta kf hiQu

lif llr" = lnf {C;lftx) l< C h.t..,t"e.'cr }.

Sau niy ta s6 kidm chr:trg ll llr. h mQt chudn.

Chri thich 1, Ndu f e L- ta c6:

I frxr | < ll f |r, h.k.n tr6n e.

Thrlc v{y, tdn tai diy Cn sao cho C" -+ f llp- vn vdi m5i ll

lftrl I s Cn h.k.n tr6n Q. VSy lf(") i < C" vdi moi x e c)\E,,
",
c6 dQ do khOng. DAt t = thi E c6 d0 do kh6ng
YU.
l("1 I < Cn vdi moi n vir vdi moi. x e Q\8. Tti tl6
"a
In*ll < llf ll". vdi moi x e Q\E
Kf hiQu. Gi6 sfi 1 < p < oo, ta ky higu brii p' sd mfi li6n
hqpcriapt.l.:1*1=r.
pp
to7
 lf IV.6 (Bdt ding thtic Htilder). Gi6 sr? f e Lp
Dinh
viLgeln'vdil<p<o.
Khi .16_ f.g e Lr v6r

(s) Ilrg I = llr ll,r lle ll,r,

I

Chring minh. Kdt ludn hidn nhi6n ndu p = 1 vi ndu

p = co. VAy gi6 sti 1 < p < co. Nhd lai bdt ding thr.?c Young

@) ub<1uo*1bP
pp
Va > 0, Vb > 0(1t;

Chrlng minh cta (4) hidn nhi6n: hAm log l6m trdn 10, ra[,
ta c6

log
1uo*1bp >-1 log aP +-1 log bP = log ab
pp' p p

vav lftxllle(*)l < 1 j rtxl le

+-1 I s(x) ]P h.k.n. x e o .
p p

Ttr d6 tl6n tdi fg e L1 vA

(5) jtrsr=1ilrflip -pf tsil]

Trong (5) thay f bdi If (I > 0) thi drtdc:
. rP 1

(6)
Jtrst.furtl, -#t|*p*

rr)Ta crlng s€ dtrng drrdi dang ab < eap + C"bp vdi C"
= 6 r-t

108
 hon l. = ll r ll# ll g il$o t"r,:t- lam cuc tidu sd hang b6n
phei (6)). Khi tl6 ta tluoc (3).

Ch thich 2. Thdng thrrdng cdn mQt h0 qua rdt hflu ich

cira bdt tl&ng thrlc Holder: gi6 s& f1, f2,..', fr.lA ciic hdm sao cho
illl
r LP,re) (1
f,'PPIP2 <i<k)voi l=-+-t
1 _.
-+-st.
pk

Khi d6 tich f = \fz ... fL thuQc Lp(O) va

llr 1,r . llr, lli,,,..lirt llu. .

Dac biet neu f e Lp(fi). Lq(o) vdi moi 1 3 p < q <.o thi
f € L1o) vdi moi p ( r s q vi ta c6 bdt tling thr?c nQi suy

llrlir.. <llf ll;llf ||lo" aao + =;.? (0 < a< 1);

xem [BT].
Dinh lf rV.7. Lp li kh6ng gian vector va ll li, ta
chudnvdimoil(pSco.
Chrlng minh. TnJdng hdp P = 1 vA p = "o hi6n nhi6n
(dtrng chrl thich 1).

Gid srr 1 < p < co vd f, g e LP. Ta c6

l(x) + e(*) lp < ( l(x) I + lg(x) l)p < 2p ( lflx) lp + ls(x)lp)
Do vQy f + g e LP. Mat kh6c ta c6

ll
r * s 1l, = r * s l'-'l r * e I . Il r * e l'-'l r I
* J|
r * s lo-'l s l.
J1

Bdy gid ll
f * g llo-' e Lp' vi do b61t tllng thrlc Holder ta
tluoc:

109
 ll
r . e ll} . lF * gllil'1 r 1,p * lE * elllp'il g llro
t.r llr*sllf .llrll* nllslll]r .

Dinh If fV.8 (Fischer - Riesz). Lp ler kh6ng gian

Banachvdimgil<pS*.
Chfng minh,
1) Trr.rdo hdt giri s& p =
"o. Gid srl diy Cauchy (f") li
trong L'. Cho trr-rdc s6' nguy6n k > 1 t6n tai Np sao cho:
1
llf* - f" ll L" -k vdim,n>N1.
VQy tdn tai Er. dO do kh6ng sao cho

(7) lr-t*l-f"trll<]k, Vx e o\ E1, vm, n > Np.

Cudi cirng d4t E = UEk (E tl6 tlo kh6ng), ra thdy rlng

k
vdi moi x e Q\E d5y f"(x) ld d6y Cauchy (trong R). Gid stl
f"(x) -+ flx) vdi x e O\E.
Qua gidi han trong (7) khi m + co ta duoc
f(x) - fn (x) .1
-k Vx e O\E, Vn ) N1.

Vriy f e L- va ll f -f,lll, = f , v.,, r.,lu.

Do dri llf - f,ll". -+0.

2) Bay gid gi6 srl 1 < p < co. Gid sr? (f,) li day Cauchy
trong Lp . Chi cdn chritrg t6 ring c6 d6y con h6i tu trong Lp ld
xong.

110
 al dy diy con ( f.,* ) sao cho

ll'.u., -t"rll,, =i vk>1

lta ldm nhu sau: tdn t4i nl sao cho ll f* - f"llrr < I vOi
2
m, n > nr; ldy tidp theo n2 > nr sao cho
ll
f* - f,llrp < { vai
2'
m,n>n2v.v...1.
.Ta s6 chfng t6ring fnu hQi ru -.rong Lp. Dd don gi6n kj
hiQu ta viSt fL thay vi f,ru, thi ta c6

(s,' 11
f1.' - f1[* s {2k vk > 1.

n
DAt g"(x)= ! lf1*r{x)-f,.{x)l
k=1

thi c6 llg"llu < 1.

Tr} tlinh lj hQi tu don di6u suy ra rlng g,(x) hQi tu h.k.n
tr6n Q vd mdt gidi han kf hi6u ld g(x) vOi g e Lp. M4t khric,
tacdvdim)nt2.
I f-(r) - f"(x) I < I f-(") - f-,r(x) I + ... + I f"*r(x) _ f"(x) I

V4y (f,(x)) li dny Cauchy vi h6i tu vd gidi han kj hiQu

ld (x) h.k.n trOn CJ. Ta c6 h.k.n tr6n e
(9) lfl"l - rJ*ll <s(x)vdi n >2.

111
 VAy { e Lp. Cudi ctrng f" -f ll,p -0; thdc vdv ta cri
!l

lf,(r) - (*) l, --, 0 h.k..r. va lf"(x) - (x) lp < gp(x), vd phai le

chin trOn kha tich. Do dinh li hOi tU bi ch6n ta c6 kdt lu{n'
Dinh lf lv.g. Gia sfi (f,) lA diy trong Lp vi f e Lp
sao cho ll f" - f llr, -+ 0 Khi d6 tdn tai ddv con ( f,,o ) sao
i

cho
(a) f,,o (x) -+ f(x) h.k.n tr6n C),

(b) I f"k (x) I < h(x), vk vh h.k.n tr6n c), vdi h e.Lp'

Chrlng minh. Vdi p = o-' kdt qu6 ld hidn nhi6n. VAy gi6
str 1< p < "c. Vi (f") ld day Cauchy ta c6 thd la'y lai chrlng
minh dinh li IV.8. vd trich ra m6t ddy con ( f.l ) thda min
(8). Theo doi nhu trong chrlng minh c0a dinh lf IV.8 ta thay
ring f,,o (x) hQi tu h.k.n vd mQt gidi han klf hiQu la f'(x)'l''
Hdn nila do (9), ta c6:

lf*{x) - f"u {x) I < g{x) vk, h.k.n tran Q, vdi g e Lp'

Kdt quA lA fi e Lp vA f,.,* -+ Iu ttottg Lp (theo dlnh li

Lebesgue).
f ='f ir.t.., vd ta suy ra (a). Dd c6 (b) chi cAn
Do v4y
chonh=i+g.

1') CAn phdi phAn bi€t f vi d: ta c6 fn -r f trong Lp vA f,ru (x) -+

It(r,) h.k.., trat o.

tt2
rv.3. TINH pHAN xA. rirun xxA r-y. s6t nciu c0a lp
Ta nghiOn crlu riOng 16 ba trurdng hop
(A) 1.<p<*
(B) p=1
(C) p=.o
A. Nghi6n crtu LP vdi I <p< -
EAy lA trrrdng hop "thuAn lci" r'ndt: Lp le phen xa, khri
ly vA ddi ngiu cria Lp dr-roc ddng nhdt v6i Lp.
Dinh lf IV.l0. Lp phin xa vdi I < p <.o.
Chrlng minh dtroc chia thenh ba bddc.

Briric I (bdt tling thrlc Clarkson thtl nhal). Giui sr.i

2Sp<co; tac6:

10 il+ll; .ll?il;'i(l'ril.rrsili,)'vr' g e Lp

Chrlng minh. DI nhi6n ld chi cdn chfng t6

l"#l .iTl =i(t't' -lbi')'

larblP ,a-blP I
va' b e R

Ta cci: oP * go < ta2 + p2P2 va, p > 0

(h5y drra v6 trudng hSp 0 1 va dd;i ring hdm (x2 +
: tlot2 -
xP - 1 teng trdn [0,
"c[).

'
Dat u = l':!l
l2l "u
o=I L-!
2
I tni a,ro"

113
 la+biP la-blP ('a-bl2 lr-bl')0"
I , l.l , l=ll , i.l , lf
2
p/2
a b2 1uo 1bo
+ <
99
n
2 2

tbait ding thrlc cudi cr)ng niy ld do tinh ldi cfia hdm x
+ l;1P/2 khi p > 21.
B,n6c 2: Lp ldi ddu vi do v6y phAn xa vdi 2 < p < .o.

Thuc vAy, gi6 srl e > 0 cd tlinh. Gi6 sfi

llrll,I <1,llgll,r =r va llr-gllr, >e.

T ( 10) suy ra
p p
ll f *g .1_ va v] v+y
f+g <1-5
1lz rP , 2 o
/e \P
vdi: 6=1- 1 t-t
)
I >0
\2) I

Do cl6 Lp ldi ddu vd phin xa theo dinh l9 lll.29.

Brldc 3: LP phAn xa khi 1 <.p <2.
Chrlng minh. GiA srl 1 < p <2.X6t torin tr-r T: Lp-+ (Lp)'
xdc tlinh nhu sau:

Gi6 sir u e Lp cd tlinh; dnh x? f € Lp' - trrf la dang

tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n Lp', kj hi6u ld Tu, thi

(ru,r)= Juf vf e LP.

t14
 Ta c6 (theo bdt ding thri'c Holder)

|
(r,,r) I . ll , ll,r li r ll,r
vi b&i vAy
( 11) lir,ll,,r, .ll" ll,p .

Mdt kh6c, ddt

fJx) = I u(x) lP-2u(x) (fJx)=Onduu(x)=0)
ra c6 fo e Le, flf" ll,, = il,lli,' ve (ru, f") = liu ll;
I

vay
(ru, r" )
(12) rull ,p, >
ll
f"
= ll,ll,r
ll il

So srinh (11) vd (12) ta dddc llTull(tP, = llr ll,r . Suy ra T

id tt6ng cu til Lp 16n m6t khdng gian con tl6ng (vi Lp dAy dti)
cia (Lp )'. Bdy gid 1r' ph:in xa (brrdc 2) vd do d6 (hQ qud III.18)
1trn';'phAn xa. Suy ra (mQnh dd III.17) rlng T(Lp) phrin xa vd
do tl<l LP ctng phan xa.

Chri thich 3. Ta chrlng t6 rhng khdng gian Lp cring ldi

dduvdil<p<2.
Ta dirng bdt <16ng thfc Clarkson thr? hai ding. cho
1 < p < 2:

f *sto
-il r-sll' 11 ' lurP-,t

S
ll
it , li,.ll , |i, =[;llrl].;hsll[]
Bdt ddng thiic nAy kh6 kidm chfng hon bdt tl6ng thrlc
Clarkson thrl nhdt; chEng han xem [BT] ho6c Hewitt -

115
Stromberg t1l. SU ti6p cin khdc m6t chft xem Diestel [1],
IVlorawetz L1l va tBTl.
Dlnh l$ IV.ll (Dinh lf tridu di6n Riesz). Gii st1
1 < p < co vd g e (Lp)'. Khi iki tdn tqi duy nhdt u e Lp'
sao cho: (o,r) = J'r vf e LP.
H<rn nrla ta c6:

1"li* = ll,p li .p,,.

Chri thich 4. Dinh i)' IV.ii rdt quan trong. Nd niri rlng
moi dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc';r6n LI'vrii 1 < p < .r c6 thd bi6u
djOn nhd n-rOt him Lp. Anh xA Q D u Id to6n td tuydn tinh
ding cu vi todn iinh, n6 ctro ph6p ddng nhdt ddi ng6u cfia Lp
vdi Lp. Sau diy ta lu6n lu6n ddng t OU, ,1n1' = Le"
Chrlng minh. Ta dinh nghia todn tr] T: Lp + (Lp)'bdi
(ru, r) = {ur v:f e l,P

vd tluoc

liruli (il = ll ull rp vu e LP

(gidng trong chfng minh dinh lf I\r.10, brrdc 3). Ta phtii

chfng t6 riing T todn 6nh. Ddt E = T(Lp). Vi E Id khang gian
con tl6ng, chi cdn phai ch(ing t6 E trtr mat trong (Lp)'. Gie st
h e (Lp)" [= Lp vi Lp phin xA] sao cho (fu, h) = 0 vdi moi
u e LP; ta kidm chfng h = 0.
Ta c6

fluf =
J\
(Tu.f) =0 vucLP.

116
 :-:-::I

Chon u
= lh io-'f, tUi c6 ngay h = 0.
Dfnh lf tV.12 (Tinh trn m6t). Kh6ng gian C.(O) trt
m{t trong LP(O) vdi I ( p<*.
Ta bdt ddu bhng mQt dinh nghia vd mot bo dd.
Dinh nlhia: Gi6 sit 1 < p < cc; ta n6i rhng him I C, -+
R thudc LproJel) ,du flr e Lp(Q) vdi moi compact K c fl.
Bd dd IV.2. Gi6 sria f e Lrr".(Cr) sao cho
I
(13) ,ku=0 Vu e C"(C))
Khi d6 f = 0 h.k.n tr6n Q.

Chrlng minh bd di fV.2. Ta tidn hdnh hai btrdc:

1) cia thidt rhng ta c6 f € Ll(O) vd le | < ."'.
Cho s > 0 tdn tai fi e CJA) sao cho lif -fr]rr<c. Do
( 13) ta c6

(14) Vu e C"(Q)
lJt,l='il,il,-
GiA sir Kt = {x e Q; fi(x) > } e

K2={xeO;fr(x)<-e}.
Vi Kr vi K2 ld cdc compact rdi nhau n6n. do tlinh l;i
Tietze - Urysohn (xem Dieudonn6 tll. L. Schwartz 12) hay
Yosida [1]) ta c6 thd xAy drrng hdm uo e C"(C)) sao cho

(r)Cho
A c.o do ddqc, ta ky hiQu bdi ]Al dO do crla A; lAl c6 thd la
v6 ctrng.

Lt7
 uo (x) = I +1nduxeK1
1 - indux e K2

va lu.(x)i < l vdi moi x e Q.

Det K = Kr u Kz thi ddoc

Jrruo = fluo * I"uo

o o\K K
Vd do (14)

ll f1 I ir,,,l .,
IK fluo <e+ O\K * J lr,l
.

K o\K
Vi v4y

n El= Jtr.'
+
J lr,l.' +2 I lrll <e+2elol
o K O\K O\K
vl lf, l<"t.e.r cl\K
nen llr llr, < lif - rlilrr + llrrlL, < 2e + 2elol
Bait tl6ng th(c ndy dring vdi moi e > 0 suy ra f = 0 h.k.n
tr6n Q.

2) BAy gid ta x6t tnrdng hop tdng qurit. Ta vidt

Q = u Qrl vrli On md, fi,, compact, f)n c o [vi du l6iy
o,, = {x e Q; dist(x, Co; , .1 va lx I < n}1. Ap dqng budc tr6n
n
vdi vd f lon ta thdy
C2,, f = 0 h.k.n. tr6n en kdt luAn f=0
h.k,n tr6n Q.
Chrlng minh dinh ly IV.fz. Ta da thdy CJa) trir
m4t trong 1,1(O). Vriy gi6 sfi 1 < p < co. Dd chdrrg t6 CJO) tri

118
 mat trong Lp(O) chi cdn kidm ch(ng ndu h e Lp th6a mdn
J* = O vdi moi u e CJe) thi h = 0. Bd5, gidh e Lto"to) v)
Jl
ttrl<ll hil
.piKl'/o.', ua ta c6 thd rip dung bo'dd rV.2
dd kdt luQn rhng h = 0 h.k.n.

Dinh lf IV.13. Lp(O) khi Iy vdi 1 3 p < co.

Chrlng minh. Ta kj hi6u (Ri)i.r li hS (aa* dr.rrrc) cdc
i\_
hinh hQp R c6 dang R = JI,Ja1,br[ vdi ar., bl e e vi R c O.

Ta kj'hiQu E ld khdng giai vector tr6n e sinh boi cdc

him 1n (t.1. cric td hdp tuyen tinh htu han vdi cric h6 s6. hrfu
tji ctia c:ic him 1o ); thd thi E ddm duoc. Ta chirng t6 rhng E
tr mdt trong Lp(C:). Giei srt f € Lp(O) va c > 0 co dinh. Giri sd
fi e c.(o) sao cho ll r - f,ll rr < e (dinh t! rv .t2). GiA sri a, tn
m<i bf ch{n sao cho Supp f1 c O'c O. \n fl e C"(f2,)
ta d6 dAng xAy drrng hdm f2 e E sao cho Supp fz c e, vd
lrzrxr - frrxli . #
I n' | ',/ p
h.k.n tr6n o, (ta biit rldu blng c:ich
t"l
phu Supp f1 brii mQt ho hfu han cric h)nh h6p R1 sao cho tlii
dao ddng crla fr tr6n m6i hinh hdp kh6ng vuot quii --j.- f.'
lct',' o
Kdt quA la ll f, - frJr <" vA vi vdy -t2ll* <ze.
fif
Chri thich 5. Dd chrtng rninh dinh li IV.1g ta di dtng
stt ki6n ndu K lA khdng gian metric compact thi C(K) khe ly
(ching han xem Dieudonn6 l:l) (7 .4.q).

119
 B. Nghi6n cllu Lr
Dinh lf IV.14. Gia st? I e (L1)'. Khi d6 t6n tai duy
nhdtueL'saocho
(,p ,r) = I"f vf e Ll.
Hdn nria ta cri
'l
I ' r,- = I ,r i1",;'
1

Chti thich 6. Dinh n6i ring moi dang tuydn

1], IV.14
tinh tiOn tuc tr6n L1 d,roc bidu di6n nhd m6t him L'. Anh xa
tp r-+ u ld ding cu toin dnh, cho ph6p tldng nhdt (L1)' ve L'.
Sau dAy ta lu6n lu6n ddng nhdt
(1,1),= L'.
Chr?ng minh. Ta biit tldu bing crich chfng to str tdn tai
cria u. Ta cd tlinh him w e L2(O) sao cho vrii moi compact
K c Q, w 2 s6 > 0 h.k.n trOn K [Ro rAng hAm nhu vAy tdn tai:
ching han ldy w(x) = 4,, vdi x e f), n < lri . n +'1, v2r chon
cdc hing nn > 0 sao cho w e L2(r:). Anh xa f e L2 e (o,wf)
dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc tren L2. Do dinh
I?r li iV.11 (rip dung
vdi p = 2) tdn tai hdm v e L2 sao cho
(15) (<4, wr) = fvt Yf e 1'2-

Dat
' u(x) = fll
w(x,
; tlidu ndy c6 nghia vi w(x) > 0 vdi
moi x € Q vi u tlo dugc. Ta chirng t6 rhng u e L' vir
il|l ull,| .. < l,pll ,., i.
L

120
 Theo (15) ta c6

(16)
i i,r < ilq ll it
*r ll,, YfeL2
I [r)
cla st c > lle li . Ta chfng t6 ring tAp hop
i L1

. A={xeO; lu(x;l >Ci

c6 dQ do khdng (tir d6 u e L- ve il u . l] e il ,+, ). Ta tyi luQn l]

blng phAn chfng. Neu A kh6ng cd "- ttQ do khdng thi tdn tai
A c A tlo dr,roc sao cho 0 < iAi . -. Trong (16) ta dit vdo
hArn

+1ndu xeA. vd u(x)>0

f (x) = -1ndu xeA vi u(x)<0
I
0 ndu xeo\i.
vAy
Jt
u a ,,, i f*' vd do dd cJ." . ll c llf ,'i J*
miu thuin vi J
[w' > Ct

T6rn lai: ta di xAy dr/ng u e L' (o vdi ] ,- . ll e ll1"ri,

" i]

sao cho
(.17) (,r, wf) = Vf e L2,
Juwr
Do vQy
(18) (a g)= J,g Vg e C"(Q).

121
 Thuc vdyndu g e C.(O) thi t= (vi w > e > 0 tr6n
fl.*
Supp g) vd ta cri thd dat f vdo (17). Do CJC2) trt mat trong Ll
n6n trr (18) suy ra:

(q,g) = j,e vg e Ll.

Cudi cirng ta c6

il,cl < ll,ll""llsll", vg e 11.

(q,g)=
va d v{v ll,p lirr,r < ll u ll ,". ru d6 ll u ll ,- = ll,p ll . .. .

l,l )

Tinh duy nhd't cira u ld hO qud truc tidp cta bd dd IV.2.

Chri thich 7. Khdng gian L1 kh6ng phdn xa. Thuc viy
giA sfi (dd c6' dinh f) 0 e O. X6t day f, = o,.1ulo, , vdi n tlfi
\ I
n,/

ldnsaocho a[0. 1) .c)vdcrn = relo,llr 'tht,1rrf,,,1 ,r = 1.

\ n/ \ ni "rr L

Ndu Lr phdn xa s6 tdn tai ddy con (fnn ) vd ham f e Ll

sao cho f,o - fddi vrii topo ydu o(Ll, t "). Vay
(19) Jr,u,,, -, Jr,p ve e L-.
Khi ve e CJO\{0)). Ta thdy Jf"o.p = 0 vdi k .|u l<in.
Tti (19) c6

Ir*=o v<pecJo\{o})
Ap dung bd dd IV.2. trong md C2\{0} cho him f (thu hep
tr6n O\{0}). Ta drroc f = 0 h.k.n tr6n O\{0}. Vriy f = 0 h.k.n

122
tr6n Q. Ttrong tu ndu ta ldy <p
= 1 trong (19) thi J, = ,, -uu
thuin.
C, Nghi6n cl?u L'
Ta da thaiy (dinh l5; IV.14) ring L' = (L1)'. Ti d6 c6
khdng gian L- c6 mQt s6'tinh cha't "d6 chiu". Trong sd d6 ta
c6:

o (i) Qu6 cAu don vi d6ng Br- compact ddi vdi topo y6t
+o(L'', Lr) (dinh lj IIL Is).
. (ii) Ndu (f") ld day bi chin trong L- ta c6 thd trich ra I

d6y con hdi tu trong L'' tldi vrJi topo yOt +o(L-, Ll)
rdinh ly III.25 vir IV.i3).
Tuy vdy L'kh6ng phrin x4 (ndu kh6ng theo hQ quzi
III.18 Ll phein xa, md ta dd bidt L1 kh0ng phzin xa).
Dd'i ng6u crla Ll (vi (L1)'= L-) ve n6 ldn hdn
L- chd'a
hin L1r t6n tai dang rp tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n Lr kh6ng c6
d?,.,g

(q,r)= jur Yf el-' vdiu e Ll.

Ta xdy dr-rng m6t vi du "cu thd". Gii str 0 e e vd go:

C"(Q) -r R x:ic dinh b&i e.(0 = f(0) vdi f e C"(e). The thi q" lA
dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n CJO) vdi chudn ll
11".. Theo
dinh ly Hahn - Banach, 9o dr-tgc thric tridn thAnh m6t dang
tuy6n tinh li6n tuc tr6n L" kf hiQu b&i q. Ta c6
(20) (e, f) = rfol vf e C"(e).

123
 Ta chrlng t6 rlng kh6ng tdn tai hirm u e LL sao cho
(,r, r) = Jrr Yf e L'".

Thttc vAy ndu hdm u nhu vQy tdn tai ta sc c6

i ' vf t C"lQ\ 101 r.
Jrr
Do bd dd iV.2 (5p dung tr6n o\ {0 } ) ta s0 dLrdc u = 0
h.k.n tr6n O\'iOf , vd vi thd u = 0 h.k.n tr6n Q. Suy ra
' (P,r) =o vfeL-'
- mdu thuAn vdi (20).
* Chri thich 8. Neu iloi ngau cua L' khong trung vdi L1
ta ctj thd tu hdi (L')' gidng crii gi.
Ta hdy x6t L-(o; C) nhLl mot C'3 dai s6 Banach giao
hodn (ching h?n xem Rudin [1]). Theo dinh l;i Gelfand,
L"'(o; C) dling cdu tl&ng cu v6i C(K; C) (d d5 K ld khdng gian
topo compact, chinh x:ic hon ld phd crja dai sO L'). Do tl6
L"'(O; C)'dddc dong nhdt vdi kh6ng gian cric dd do (Radon)
tr6n K (ldy giri tri trong C) tvA L'(a; C)'dLioc ddng nhdt vdi
kh6ng gian cric d0 do (Radon) tr6n K lA'y gid tri trong Rl. Chi
tidi hon xem Rudin [1] hay Yosida [1J trang 118.
Chri thich 9. Kh6ng gian L' kh6ng khri lv. D6 ki0m
chfng ta dtrng
Bd dd lv.rs. Gii sr? E ld kh6ng gian Banach. Gii
tliidt rAng tdn tai ho (Or)r. r sao cho
(i) Vriri mgi i e I, 01 lir md khric trdng trong E.
(ii) OinQ=Orl'dlui+i.
(iii) I kh6ng ddm dridc'
Khi dy E kh6ng khi lY.

724
 Chr?ng minh bd d6 fv.13. Ta li luQn blng phin chfng
vd giri thidt rhng E kh6 ly. GiA stl (u.')n.N ld ddy tril mft
trong E. Vdi m6i i e I, 01 (un)n.N + A vd tu chon dttoc n(i)
^
sao cho u11;1 e O;. Anh xa i + n(i) don rinh; thtlc vAy ndu
n(i) = n(j) thi u,.,11; = u1151 e01 n O; vd vi vAy i =j. Do d6 I d6m
tltloc - mAu thu6n vdi (iii).
' Bdy gid ta chrlng t6 L' khOng khd ly. Vdi moi a e f) cd
dinh ru < dist (a, CO); det uu = 1B{^,.u) ve

g"=1f eL';li f ,,1'r,.jt.

D6 ddng kidm chitng ho (O.)^.o th6a (i), (ii) ve (iii).
Bdng sau tldy t6m taL c\c tinh chdt c,r brin cua cric kh0ng
gian LP c6 trong $ IV.3.

Phiin xa Khd ly Kh6ng gian doi ngAu

LP LP
C6 C6
1<p<-
L1 KHONG c(i
KHONG KHONG Thttc su chrla L1

tv.4. PHEP CHAP vA CH1NH OUY H6A

Trong toin bQ doan ndy, trr) mQnh dd IV.17 vn h0 qu:i
IV.23, ta lu6n lu6n ldy A = RN.
Dinh ly rv.15. Gia sfi f e Ll(BN), g e Lp(RN) vdi
13pScc.

t25
 Khi d6 vdi hdu hdt x e RN ham y r-+ f(x-y) g(y)
khi tich tran RN. Ta d4t
(f-gXx)= J flx-y)sg)dv.
RN

Khi d6
f.g e Lp{RN) va ll f"g ll < ll
f ll Ll ll s I rp

Chri'ng minh. Ndu p = cc thi kdt luAn li hidn nhi6n

Tnrdc hdt gid stl p = 1 vd F(x, y) = f(x - y)g(y).
Vdi hdu hdt y e RN ta c6

Jl
rt",vridx = | stv)l ii tr* -rlldx =il f ii,r I e(vrl . -
vi fay J|
nr*, yr la, = ll r ll", ll s ll"r . -
Ap dung dinh lj Tonelli (dinh li IV.4) ta thdy
F . L1(RN * RN;. Do tlinh lj Fubini (dfnh lj IV.b) ta tlrroc

Jl
rt*,vrlav. " h.k.n. x. RN.

vd

nr*, r; lav < ll r ll",ll e ll*

Ja* Jl

Ddy chinh ]a kdt lu4n c0a dinh l], IV.15.

B6y gid giA st 1 < p < ro. Theo tr6n, vdi hAu hdt x e RN
cd dfnh, hdm y + lrt* - vl I lgtyl lo t na tich tron RN, t.i.

lr(x - y) l"ole(r) I€ 4(RN). \ l f(x - v) I'r'' . t r'

tii bdt dang thrlc Holder ta c6 j
-.

tl
t26
 I
r(x - y) l l
grvl l = I r(x - y) 1"'l e(rl l
.
l r{x - v) l" o' . l,',
va

Il r(' - I i
y) g(yl I av <t
Jl
rt" - v) ||
g(v) ledv)1/ell r ll1le

t.1

, g)(x)lp <(rf o
,(f l*lgloX*r.'l f 'lli

Dtrng kdt qu6 ctia trudng hqp p = 1 ta thdy

r.g e Lp va ll r.g ll! < ll

r ll",i1 s ll| ll r llii'
t.l

llr*g ll.r < llf il", ile 1l*

Kf hiQu - Cho him f ta dat f (x) = f(-x).

MQnh tl6 Iv.l6. cia srl f e Ll(RN), g e {.p(RN) ve
h e LP'(RN).
Khi dri ta cri

If
*gh = j gf*h
Chr?ng minh. Hdm F(x, y) f(x i)g(y)h(x) thu0c
Ll(Rn , RN)
vl t jl nrl<l ir r{x
Ji - y) ll s(v) ldv) dx < ',
do dinh ]i I\r.15 vd ba't tling thrlc Holder

727
 vav
yl dy
J{r.sl t*lt t*la* = Jax Jrtx,

= idy IF(x,y)dx = js{rxi. h)(y)dy.

Gi6 trong ph6p ch{P

Khrii ni6m gi6 cria hhm li6n tgc dA rO: d6 Id phdn btr
cira t{p hop md ldn nhdt tr6n tt6 f bhng khOng (hay cfrng v{y,
bao tl6ng crla tAp hgp i*; (*) + 0)). Khi ta ldm viOc vdi cdc
hdm alo alirdc thi phrii th4n trong hdn - vi cac hdm ndy chi
duoc xzic dinh hdu kh6p noi - vi dinh nghla tr6n kh6ng thich
hop nrla [ta so aludc thuydt phuc neu x6t 1qi. Dinh nghia thich
hop li nhr-t sau:

MQnh dd IV.17 viL dinh nghia gi:i. Gii st o c RN lit

rnd vi f lir hirm xric dinh tr6n O ldy giri tr! trong B.
X6t ha tdt cA cic rnit (oi)i.r' <,ri c C) sao cho vdi m5i i e I,
f = 0 h.k.n tr6n o1. D{t co = .[-J
ro;.

Khi d6 f = 0 h.h.n. tr6n or.

Bdi <tinh nghia, Supp f = O\to.

Chri thich 10.
a) Ndu fi vd fz li cric hdm sao cho f1 = f2 h.k.n tr6n Q thi
Supp f1 = Supp f2. Vi vfly ta c6 thi n6i vi gi:i cria hirm
f e Lp (mi khdng cdn chi rO ta chon hdm nio trong l6p tudng
duong).
b) Ndu f li6n tuc tr6n C2 ta kidm chri'ng d6 ddng rdng
dinh nghia ndy tring vdi dinh nghia thOng thddng cfra gi6.'

128
 Chrlng minh. Kh6ng hidn nhi0n f = 0 h.k.p tr6n r'r vi
ho I kh6ng tldm drroc. Tuy nhi6n ta vin co the- lam hhu trong
tnJdng hdp tldm tltrgc vi I;i do sau tlAy.

Gi6 sf (IG) ld ddy cdc compact sao cho ro = UK, tching

n

han liy Kn = {x e t-r; dist(x. RN\.ot > ] va lx I < n}1.

n
Tidp theo, vdi m6i n, Kn duoc phir bdi htu han ciic ro1, giai
sir Kn c [J oi vdi In c I htu han. Ddt J = UI" (J ddm dugc)
iel,, n

ta c6 ar = [-J ori. Vi f = 0 h.k-n trdn oi ta kdt ludn f = 0 h.k.n

ieJ
tr6n o.
MQnh dd Iv.18. cia srl f € Lr(RN) vi g e Lp(RN).
Khi d6 Supp (f +g) c Supp f + Supp g
Chrlng minh.
Gizi sfi x e RN cd dinh sao cho hdm y r+ flx - y) g(y)
khe tich (xem dinh l1i IV.15 ). Ta c6
I
rf,g)tx)=frx-ylgryrdy= | f(x.-y)g(y)dy.
1x -Suppf)^Suppg

Ndu x e Supp f + Supp g thi (x - Supp O n Supp g = Z

ve (f,g)(x)= 0.

VQy (f.g) (x) = 0 h.k.n. tr6n C (Supp f + Supp g)

ddc bi6t lA: (f-g) (x) = 0 h.k.n. tr6n Int C (Supp f + Supp g).
Do tl6 Supp (f.g) c Supp f + Supp g .

r29
 Chri thich 11. Di nhi6n ndu f vir g c6 giri compact thi
f-g c6 gi6 compac. N6i chung, ndu chi mQt trong hai gi6 ld
compact thi f.g kh6ng c6 giti compact.
Menh tl6 IV.19. Gia sr? f e C"(RN) va g e Lr,"" (RN).
Khi d6 f-g e C(RN).
Chring minh. Trrld'c hdt dd i ring vdi moi x e RN hdm
y u flx - y) g(y) khd tich tr0n R,N vd vi thd (f'g)(x) c6 nghia
vdimoi*.RN.
Gi6 str xn -+ x, tlat F n(y) = f(xn - y) g(y)
F(y) = flx - y) s(y)
thi F.,(v) -+ F(y) h.k.n, tr6n RN. Mat khric, gizi srl K Id
compact c6'dinh sao cho (xn - Supp fl c K vdi moi n' VQy
(x,,-y)=0vdiy e xva lF,(y)l = ll f llr. 1x(v)g(v), vd phrii ld
tr6i tr6'n khd tich.
Til dinh l;i Lebesgue ta suy ra
(f-s)(x") = Jr,tyEv -, Jr,trlav = (f"g)(xi .

Kf hiQu. Ck{o) t 1i hi6u kh6ng gian ciic hdm khd vi li6n

tuc k lAn tr6n O.
c.(f)) = . ck(o)

c5 (o) = ck(o) cc(o)

^
c;(f)) = c'(o). c"(o)
(MOt sd t:ic giri dting kf hiQu'1{o) hav Cf (o) thav vi
cr(o)).

130
 MQnh dd Iv.20. cia srl f e c| {RN) vd ge L1"" (RN)
(k nguy6n). Khi d6:
f*g e ck{RN) vi
- (D"f)*g(').
D"(f-g)
Dic biQt n6u f e C; (RN) ve g . trj,.{RN) thi
f.g e c-{RN).
Chdfng minh. Do phep truy chfng ta dua ngay vd
trddnghopk=1.
Gi6 srr x e RN cd dinh; ta chfng t6 rlng f-g khri vi tai x
vi
v(f*e)(x) = (vf"gXx)
/ -^ ^- \
lnhdc lai vf = I +L , 9,..., j- Ir.
, ( c:(f r\2 rXN ,
Gid srl h e RN vdi I fr I . r (h so aludc cho tidn v0 0).
Ta co l(x + h - y) - (r, r) - hv(x - y)l
1

J [hvfi,,
* sh - y) - hvf(x - y)]ds <ihls(hi) vy e RN
o

vdi a( ]h | ) - o u,i ltr I -+ o (vi vf li6n tuc ddu tron RN).

Gi6 sir K ld cornpact cd'dinh dfi ldn sao cho:
x+ B(0, 1)-SuppfcK.

(')
d day Dk kj
hiou mQt dao hirm ri6ng
' o'"2 a"N f voi
D,.f -e"l ... L.,i=c1 +q2+...+oNrk
,\l' a*;' a*ft'

131
 i

Ta c5
f(x + h-y)- f(x-y)-hv(x-y) = 0 Vv e K, Vh e B(0, 1)
Vi v4y
l(x +h - y) - f(x - y) -hv(x-y)l < ihle t ltrlltxtvl
vy e RN, vh e B(0, 1).

Suy ra

ir(x.s) (x + h) - (r*g) (x) - h(vf*g) t"ll<lhle t lnl; j gtvllav.

K

Kdt quA ]i f'g khn vi tai x vd V(f.SXx) = (vf''g) (x).

D6y chinh quy
Dinh nghia. Ta goi ddy chinh quy ln (tidng Anh goi
li trdn h6a - mollifiers) moi d5y (pn),'<r ciic hdm sao cho
p, e c[(RN), supp pn. e(0,]),.1r" = 1, pn I0trdn RN.

T\I nay vd sau ta lu6n lu6n dtng kf hiQu (p") tld

chi diy chinh quy.
Chri f rEng tdn tai nhi6u d5y chinh quy. Thuc vQy, chi
cdn cd ttinh hdm p e C;(RN) vdi Supp p c B(0, 1), p>0tr6n
nN va Jo
> 0; ch&ng h+n lA'y hdm

p(x) = e,"1" -l ndu lxl < 1.

0 ndu lxl > r.

732
 Ta x6r day pn{x) = CnN p(nx) vdi = (jrft.
"
MQnh <16 rv.2t. ciA sr? f e C(RN); khi .16 pn*f -+ f
d6u tr6n mgi compact cta RN.
Chr.?ng minh. Giei sit K c RN la compact cd clinh. Vd.i
moi e > 0 tdn tai 6 > 0 (phu thuQc Kvi. e) sao cho
l(*-yl-(x)i <s vxeK, vy e B(0,6)
Ta c6
(pn*f)(x) - f(x) = J[rr" - vl - f(x)]-,n(y)dy

= Ju[ - vt - r( x
']Pn
(Y )dY
o. ' ,lrrx
\ nl
do tl6 vdi- n, 1 ue x e K. l(pn,flrxr- f(x)r =, Ip" = r.

Dinh lf IV.22. GiA st f e Lp(RN) vdi 1 < p < co. Khi

d<i p""f -+ f trong LP(RN).

Chdng minh. Gid slJ e > 0 vd f1 € C"(RN) cd dinh sao

cho ll f - fr]lrp .. (xem tlinh lg IV.t2). Theo mQnh dd IV.21 ta
c6 p,,.f1 -+ fi ddu trOn moi compact. Met khric, ta c6 (xem
mQnh d6 IV.18) Supp (pn-fr) c + Supp f1 c K, K
"[r,*J
compact cd tlinh.
vQy llpr*f1 - flllrp -+ 0.
n -+ca

Cu6'i ctng ta vidt

133
 p.,-f - f = tpn* (f- fl)l + [p,,- fi - fi] + [fi - fl;
Tir d6 d6n tdi

llp".r-rllrr .2llr -rrllrr + ll r"'rr - rrllu

(do tlinh li IV.15).
V{y ta c6

lim
)n
sup ll
p,,*f - f llr, < z" ve > 0
n

t.l lim ll p",.f - f llil,

n)"
=o

HQ qui IV.23. Gia s& Q c RN lir md.

Khi .16 C! (O) trn mft trong Lp(O) vdi 1s p < co.

Chr?ng minh.(r) Gia st f € Lp(o), e > 0 vd fi e C"(c)) sao

cho ]l f - frllp,n, . o.

X6t hdm ft xric dinh b<i'i

(
f1(x)nduxeQ
frt*)
0 ndu xeR N/e
=

thi fr e Lp(RN) (dinh t9 rv.2D ll 0,.i, - i,ll ,r,o,, -;0

Mat khric

Supp (p"* fi) c B (t, supp f1 c Q vd'i n tli ldn

*).

(') Kt thuat chinh quy h6a bing tich ch6p drloc Leray vd Friedrichs
gidi thjeu.

134
 Gi6 sr? u,., = (p,,* fr) lo. ffri d6 vdi n dti ldn, u', e C"(O)
vd hon niia ll u" - frllfro +0. V4y vdi n tlu ldn, I un -f ]1,r,,, . k'

IV.5, TIEU CHUiN COMPACT MANH TRONG LP

Vi6c nhdn biSt khi nAo thi mQt ho hdm thudc Lp(o)
compact tuong ddi trong Lp(Q) d6'i vdi topo manh c6 tinh chait
quan trong. Trudc hdt ta nhdc lai rbng dinh lf Ascoli dE tr6
ldi cAu h6i d6 trong C(K), vdi K 1A kh6ng gian metric
compact.
Dinh lf IV.24 (Ascoli). Gii srS K lir kh6ng gian
metric compact vit ./(ld tap hqp con bi ch{n cta C(K).
cia thidt ring -y d6ng li6n tgc ddu, t.l.
(21) Ve > 0 16 > 0 sao cho d(xr, xz) < 6-
=+ l(xr) - f(xz)l < e Yf e'./1
I(hi d,6 )r( compact tudng ddi trong C(K).
Chri'ng minh dinh I1i Ascoli c6 thd xem ching han trong
-t11.
Dixmier t11, Choquet [1], Dieudonne Ii], Yqsida Dinh lf
sau tldy (vi hQ quri cfia n6) lA "phian beln Lp" ciia dinh ly
Ascoli.
Kf hiQu
fl = f(x + h) (dich chuydn cria f b&i h).
1) Ta dat (tr,
2) Gi6 sit Q c RN mri, ta n6i rbng md ro chfa manh
trong O va vi6t to cc Q neu tu c O va (,) compact.
Dinh lf IV.25 (M. Riesz - Fr6chet - Kolmogorov).
Gii stt o c RN le md vA or c c o. Gi6 sfi 9Id t4p hqp con
d6ng cria l,P(o) vdi 1 ( p < oo.
 GiA thiC't rAng
(22\ Ve > 0 16 > 0, 6 < dist(o, C Q) sao cho

ll
.nr -fll rp(,,r., vh e RN vdi lrrl .o"a Yf e 5(')

Khi d6 9l compact tridng d6'i trong Lp(or).

",
Chrifng minh. Ta lu6n lu0n c6 thd giA srl ring a bi
chdn.Vdife9tl5t
f(x)nduxeQ
f(x) =
0 ndu xe RN\ct
Kj hiQu
5= { {;f eS}
thi s bi chdn trong Lp(RN) va trong L1(RN). Ta ti6n hdnh ba
brr6c:

a) Ta c5

[0"*f-filrr,,,.. vfesvdVn>16
Thrrc v$y ta c6

l{pn-ix*)-f(x)l< J
ftx-y)-ftx) Pn (Y) dY
fi
R

lp
p
Jl
irx - yl - itxr P'.,
(Y) dY
R*

(r) Ch(
i x e ro vi lfrl . a. dist(o, C (o)) thi x + h e Cl vi
ring ndu
f(x + h) c6 nghia. Gia thi6t (22) ld di6u kiQn d6ng 1i6n tuc "tich
phAn" so vdi (21).

136
nen (p" *f)(x)-f(x) p < Jlit* - Yl - r(x)lP o" (v)dr
u[0, !]

v4y

il (p,.r)r*l-i(*)lea* < J! o.(v)dyjlitx-vl-i{')led*. "

s'0, i
i nl

vdi n>1 @oQ2))

6

b) H9 d( = 10"* f ) | . vdi m6i n th6a gi6 thidt cria dinh

lj Ascoli.
Thtfc vAy trudc hdt ta c6

llo,.ill"-,*., = llp,,llr-llrllr, <c, vi. s

Mit khric ta c6 Vx1, xz . RN, v i . 3'

Ito".i){',) - tp".i)(x2l | .l ", -*r lil o,ll r',]l f ["r<ei,lx,-xrl.

l^ r. r ^ t- ri
Itheo .linh nghia, ll pnlllip = Srp -ffi I
zt,z2 lzt - zzl
YQy .)4' compact tuong ddi trong C (r.r) vd do tl6 trong
LP(,o).

c) Phdn kdt th[c chritng minh. Cho e > 0 ta . cd dinh

n> - t_"
de co
6

llro"
.ii - i11,r,,,,, .. Yfe S

137
 :

Vt d( compact tuong ddi trong Lp(or) ta c5 thd phi )/

brii mOt sd hrfu han cric quri cdu b6n kinh c (trong Lp(o)). Cdc
quri cAu tudng fng bdn kinh 2e s0 phti li ,,,. Do v4y S L
compact tuong tl6'i trong LP(ro).
1
HQ qu6 IV.26. Gia sfi O c RN lir md vA S lir t{p h(p
con bi chin cfia LP(O) vdi I < p < "o.
Ta gii thidt ring
I
(23) Ve > 0 vro ccO,36 > 0,6 < dist(o:, C C)) sao cho I

rhf - fll ,pt,r. vh e RN v6i lrr | < a ,a vr. s

ll
"
(24) Ve > 0 lo: cc C2 sao cho l]
f l] rp(o\o)<
e Vfe I
Khi d6 S compact tdong ddi trong Lp(O).
Chrlng minh. Cho e> 0 ta cd dinh co cc c) sao cho

ll f ll u,.r,,. c Vfe 5

Theo tlinh l! IV.25 ta c5 5l ,, compact tr-rong tldi trong

Lp(o). Khi tl6 ta c6 thd phfr sl,, bdi mot sd hiru han cric qud
cdu bdn kinh c trong LPf tot. Gi6 str
k
f l,, c U B(g1. c) vrii g; e LPro)
i=1

(C6c qui cdu ndy th-roc hidu ld trong Lp(o)). Ta dat

gi(x) x e <o
Ei(x) =
0 xeQ\r,r

138
 Kidm chfng tl6 tldng rXng s c b u f g,, r"l (C6c qu6'cAu
i=1

ney cirng tluoc hidu la trong Lp(o)).

chri thich 12' Phdn dio cria h6 qua IV'26 d(ng (chEng
han xem [BT]).
Chri thich 13. Gia sr-r I 1A tAp hop con bi chan ctia
LPIRN) vdi 1 < p <* thda mdn
ve >016>0saocho ll t6f - fllrnor., <e vhvdi lhl <6
vA Vfe 5.
N6i chung ta kh6ng thd kdt lu{n rhng I compact tudng
tldi trong Lp(RN); ta chi c5 thd n6i rhng 9l ,, compact tuong ddi
trong Lp(o) vdi moi ro md bi chdn cfra RN. Xem vi du,trong
tBT].
Ta k6t thric vdi mQt r14g dr,rng tlon giAn nira (nhrtng hiru
ich!) cira tlinh Ii IV.25.
HQ qui IV.27. Gii srl G e LI(RN) li him cd dlnh ve
g=G*%
6 ao w le kj hiQu tap hgp bi ch{n cria Lp(RN) vdi
13p<o.
Khi d6 91. compact trt'dns ddi trong Lp(o:) vdi mgi
md bi ch4n or cta RN.
Chdng minh. R6 rdng I bi chen trong Lp(RN).
Mdtkhric ndu f = G* uvdiu e'Q)tac6
ll
rhf - rllL,(R,)= ll Gnc - G)* r llro,o,,< cll t6G - G 11",,ot.,

139
 - Ta c6 kdt luAn ndu dua vdo
Bd dC Iv.4. Gii sirG e LqrRNr vriil<q<o:.Khid6
tim ll t6G - Gll"n,*,, =0
h l0

Chr?ng minh. Gi6 srl e > 0 cho trrtdc vi

Gr L C"(RN) sao cho llG - Gr]l r_q
< €

Ta c6

il
rhc - Gll
Lq<ll
rhc-"r,Grl[o +ll t6G1 - G,ll"o + ll G, -cllr,
< ze + ll 16G1 - G1ll"o

M{t kh:ic hidn nhi6n la .lim^ ll r6G1 - Glll r9= 0 v4y

h +0

.lim sup ll
r6G - G]l
., < 2e
h+0

BiNH LUAN vE CHUONG rv

1) O muc $ IV.1 ta aa ,rfrac lai vdi nguy6n l;i co bzin cua
lf thuydt tich phAn. Trong sd ceic kdt qua htru ich chua li6t k6
cdn c6
* Dfnh lf
IV.28 (Egorov). cie thidt lO | . *. Gii sr?
(f") li day cdc hbrm do ddqc trl O vho R sao cho
f,'(x) -+ f(x) h.k.n tr6n Q (vdi lft"l I . oo h.k.n.)
Khi a16 Ve > 0.lA c O do drloc sao cho

lofa I < e vi f,' -+ f d6u tr6n A.

140
 Xem chrlng minh ching han trong Malliavin [1], Marle
[1], Yosida [1], Chae [1]. Friedman [3], Dieudonn6 [2], Hewitt
- Siromberg [1], Wheeden - Zygmund [1J. .
2) Kh6ng gian c6c dQ do tr6n O. Cric t{p hqp
compact ydu trong Ll.
Ta da t'hdy ring c6c qp hgp bi chan trong Lp(C2) le
khi 1 < p < oc. Ngrtoc
compac titong ddi ddi vdi topo o(Lp, Lp')
lai Ll(o) khong ph6n xa vh ta c6 thd chitng t6 rhng Ll{el)
khdng phii lA kh6ng gian d6'i ng6u. V{y cdc tSp hop bi chan
trong Ll(Ct) kh6ng c6 tinh chdt compact tuong tldi dd'i vdi topo
ydu. Dd "khdc phr;c sd bdt tiQn ndy" ta c6 thd mil rQng
Ll(O) trong mQt kh6ng gian ldn hdn : kh6ng gian M(a)
cric dQ do Radon tr6n Q.
Mudn v4y ta x6t kh6ng gian E = C"(Q) trang bi chudn
ll
u ll = sup I u(x) l. Ta.ki hiQu ddi ng6u E' cria n6 bdi M(o). Ta
xe()
sOtldng nhdt Ll(o) vdi mot khdn! gian con cria M(o). Dd drroc
nhu vay ta alLra ra dnh xa T : L1(f2) -+ M(Q) xric tlirih nhtr sau :
Cho tn.rdc f € Ll(o), dnh xa u e CJO) r-+ Jfu ta -Ot
dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n C"(O), ki hiCu Ia Tt the thi
(rr, u)r,, = jr,
Kidm chrlng d6 ddng ring T ld rinh xa tuydn tinh ttt
L1(e) vao M(o) vn ll Tfll*,n, = jru = ll r llr,,n, rxem [BT]);
"!"lln,
,i[.r
n6i c6ch kh6c T ]d tl6ng ctr til L1(o) vio M(a). Nhd T ta c6
thd tldng nhdt L1(O) vdi khong gian con cria M(Q). Cric tap

741
hgp bi chan trong Lr(Q) ld compact tuong tldi trong M(a) tloi
vdi topo ydu'* o(M, C.). Trrong t{ ta thdy rhng ndu (f") la day
bi chdn trong Llio) thi tdn tai ddy con (fnn ) h6i tu vd tl6 tlo p
ddi vdi topo orM. C.r. t.l.

Jr,n, -+ (u,r) v, e CJO).

' Cudi ctrng ta'hiy chri trong cAu h6i phrlc tap sau dAy:
Cric tdp hop ndo cua L1(Cl) le compact tr-rong doi d6i vdi topo
o(L1, L')?
Cdu trd ldi c6 dr-roc nhd
+ Dinh lj - Pettis), Gii st O c RN le
IVr29 (Dunford
md bi ch{n (tld tlon gi6n h6a). Gii sfi I c Ll{o) Ier tep
hdp con bi chdn.
Khi d6 S compact trrong ddi tl6'i v6i topo o(Ll, L-)
ndu vir chi ndu ta c6 Ve > 016 > 0 sao cho

il rl." vfeSvivAcovailal <a.'

A

C6 thd xem chfng minh ching han trong Dunford -

Schwartz [lJ hay Edwards [1J.
3) C6c him ldy tri vector
Gi6 st O ld mcl ctia RN vh E ln khOng gian Banach. Ta
tlinh nghla Lp(O; E) nhu li khOng gian c:ic hdm xric dinh tr6n
O la'y giri tri trong E, tlo dtroc theo nghia cdn n5i 16 h<tn,
.ro f(xl lledx a co (khi p = .o gidng binh thrrdng). PhAn
"no oJll
Idn c:ic tinh che't liQt k6 d $ IV.2 vh IV.S v6n cbn ddng vdi cdc

t42
 gie thi6't thich hop v6 E (E khzi ly hay E phzin xa). Vi du n6'u
E phrin xa vd 1 < p <:o thi Lp(Q; E) cOng phen xa vA doi ngziu
cLia n6 tr ng vdi Lp(O; E') (ching han xem Eclwards I1l). Cric
khdng gian ndy tl6ng vai trd quan trong trong lli thuy6i
phuong trinh tidn h6a (O khi dy ld m6t khoAng trong R).
it) Lj' thuydt nQi suy
Ta n6u mOt ket quri ndi tidng, dAy an tddng, Ie khdi
didm cta lli thuydt ney.
* Dfnh lf 1V.29. (M, Riesz - 'Ihorin Mar.cinkiewicz)
Gi6 s* o c RN lir md bf chdn (tld don gi6n h6a). Gi;i sii
T: Lr(o) -+ L1(Q) lir to:in trl tuydn tinh li6n tuc. Ta gii
thidt rang T: L-(o) + L'(o). Khi d6 T: Lp(o) -+ Lp(o) vdi
moil<p<oo.
C6 thd xem chfng minh ching han trong Dunford -
Schwartz L1l, Stein - Weiss [1], Bergh - I-ofsfrom L1l, Reed -
Simon [1] (volume 2). L,! thuy{t nQi suy drtoc phrit tridn brii
Lions, Peetre, Calderon, Stein vd cac t6c gii khdc nrfa. N6 tao
ndn cdng cu rdt hitu ich trong girii tich, tlac bi6t trong I]y'
thuydt phuong trinh dao hdm ri6ng, chdng han xem Lir-rns -
Magenes [ 1].
5) Bdt dEng thrfc Young
s Dinh li IV.30 (Young). Gii sfi f e Lp(BN) va
g e Lp{RN) vdi 1 < p < @, 1 (q S covd 1= 1*1-r ro
rpq
Khi.16 f . g e L'{RN) vi llf.sllil. < lif llrrlleil""
Xem chllng minh chdng han trong [BTJ.

t43

t
 6) Khdi niQm tich chap - dr.roc tdng qurit h6a trong
phAn bd (xem L. Schwartz [1] - tl6ng vai trd cln brin trong l;i
thuydt phdong trinh tlao hAm ri6ng tuydn tinh. Eidu niry c6 vi
n6i ri6ng ta c6 thd bidu thi nghiQm cria phuong trinh
P(D)u = f (d d6 P(D) lA torin tit vi phdn c6 hQ sd hting) dtldi
dang u = E . f A d6 E ld nghiQm sd cdi cia P(D) (Dinh l:i
Malgrange - Ehrenpreis); xem chd girli 2b chrrong I.

t44
 CHUdNG 5
KHONG GIAN H!LBERT

v.1. olNH NGHiA. cAc riNH cHAr cd eAr'q. pnEp cHtEu

LEN rAp HOP Ldro6NG
Dinh nghia: Giai sri H ld ki:ung gian vector. Tich v6
hrrdng (u, v) lA dang song tuy6n tinh tir H x H vdo R, doi
xrlng, xric tlinh drrong [t.1. (u, u) 2 0 Vu e H vi (u, u) > 0 ndr-r
u + 01. Nhdc lai ring tich vd hddng thoa mdn bdt tling thrlc
Cauchy - Schwarz:
vrl s {u, u)l 2{v, v)l'2 vu, v e H.
Itu,
tChn 1i ring dd kidm chtlng bdt ddng thfc Cauchy -
Schwarz ta kh6ng cdn dtrng gi.i thidt (u, u) > 0 ne'u u 0].
=
Ta cirng nhiic lai ring ]u I = (u, ur1/2 ld mQt chuin','.
Thuc v{y:

lr+ 'r]2= lrl2* lvl2+ 2(u,vt< lul2* lul'*zlul vl

Cu6'i cirng lA "tling thd:c hinh binh hbLnh":

(r) I a r b 12 | a - b 12
- rt-r -1{lal'+lul'} Va,beH.
2l l21 2''
-i

'r)Ta se ki hiou | (thay vi ll li ) chudn 1i6n kdt vdi tich v6 hudng

145
 Dinh nghia. Kh6ng gian Hilbert ld kh6ng gian vector
H trang bi mQt tich vO hudng (u, v) vd khdng gian niy ddy
dri tl6:i vdi chudn (u, u)1i2.

Sau dAy H lu6n lu6n k;f hiQu kh6ng gian Hilbert.

Vi du cd bin: L2(O) trang bi tich vd hLrdng
(u, v) = Julxrvtxrdx
o
1d khOng gian Hilbert; khdng gian Sobolev Hi mA ta sE bidt
6 cdc chuong VIII vd IX ld khdng gian Hilbert "theo m6
hinh" L2.
MQnh d6 V.1. H ldi ddu vi do d6 phin xa.
Chri'ng minh. Gii sir a > 0, u, v e H sao cho ]ul < I.
lul <r"a lu - | , s. Do dEng thfc hinh binh hdnh ta c6
"
2
u+v <t_tuevi,ay
2 l,i'l.r_u
2
1/z
a
vdi6=1- 1 > 0.
4

Dfnh lf V.2 (Ph6p clhidu l6n tip hgp ldi .t6ng). cia
sr? K c H lri l6i d6ng khdc trdng. Khi d6 vdi mgi f e H
tdn tai duy nhdt u e K sao cho
(z) lr-ol = Mirllf
v€I(
-vl
Hdn nrla u ddqc CI{c trrrng b8i tinh ehdt:

(3) {[ueK VveK

L(f-u,v-u)<0

146
 Ta kf hiQu u = Pxf = hinh chidu cta f l6n K.
Chrfng minh
a) Sr/ tdn tai. T4 tlua ra hai chrlng minh
1) Ham grvr = lf - rl tOi. li6n tuc va lim g,t:, -,,..
v )t

Vay (he qud III.20) I &at duoc cuc tidu tr6n K do H phdn xa.

2) Chrtng minh thrl hai khdng dtng lj thuyet khdng gian

phdn xa.

GiA sr-r (v") 1A ddy cr.rc tiOu h6a cho (2), t.l. vn e K vA

d, =lf -vn'-.d-ll,l t-"

Ta ch(tng t6 rhng (v,.') ld day Cauchy. Ap dung dting thfc
hinh binh hdnh vdi a = f- v,,, b = f- v- thi dudc
2 2

2
+
2
=](ai.a3,)

B6y gid e K vd do ao ljrlq 2d, vi vAy

5a lr
t2-
'";ll'
2 ] .=(ai
2
+alJ a2 vam,n,/'
tim lvn u,, -o

N6nvn-+ueKvitadrrocd= lf - ul.
b) Sql tdong drtong cria (2) vd (3)
Gi6 sit u e K th6a (2) vi w e K. Ta c6
v= (1 - t)u + tw e Kvdi t e 10, 11.

L47
 Do tl6
lr- rl < lr- ttr - t)u + twll = lrr-u)-t(w- u)l
. Suy ra

It- rl'< lf - ul'? - 2t(f -u,w-u)+t2 l* - u1'.

t.l 2(f -u,w -u)<tlw-,l' Chot+0r-adudc(3).
Ddo lai. gid su u tl)6a (3). Khi dd ta c6

lr-fl2- lu-fl'=2(t- u,v-u)-1,-r, l2<o vve K;

tU d6 c6 (2)

c) SrI duy nhdt

Gi6 sil ur vA uz th6a (3). Ta c6
(4) (f-ut,v-ur)30 VveK
(5) (f -uz,v-uz)<0 VveK.

Thav v = u2 trong (.1) vtr v = ul trong (5) r'ri cong lai ta

dugc

ur - uz i2 < o't'.
MQnh d6 V.3. V6i ctng cdc gia thidt cta dinh lf
Y.2tac6: lpxr, - pxfal < lfr-frl vfr, fz e H.
Chrlng minh. Dat ur = Pxfi ve u2 = PKf2 thi c6

(6) (fi-ur,v-ul)<0 Vve K

fi) $2-u2, v-u2)<0 VveK.

(1'Su duy nhdt cta u dt.rdi dang (2) crlng c6 thd suy ra tlut ti6'p til
tinh l6i ngat cta chudn trong khdng gian Hilbert.

148
 D[t v = u2 vio (6) vd v = ur vdo (7) r6i cQng lai ta tluoc

lr, - u, l' < (fi - fz, ur - uz)

Do d6 lur - ,, I < ]r, -rrl.

qui V,4. Gia sfi 1}I c H li kh6ng gian vector con
HQ
tl6ng. Gii srl f e H. Khi d6 u = Pyf drldc d{c trdng bdi

(8)
ueM VveM.
(f-u,v)=0
Hdn nrla Py lir todn tt tuydn tinh.
Chrlng minh. Theo (3) ta c6

(f-u,v-u)<0 VveM
v4y
(f - u, tv - u) <.0 Vv e M, Vt e R
suy ra
(f-u,v)=0 .VveM
DAo lai ndu u th6a (8) ta c6
(f-u,v-u)=0 VveM.
06I NGAU cOA KHONG GIAN HILBEHT
V.2.
Dinh lf V.5. (Dinh lj bidu di6n Riesz - Fr6chet)
Cho 9 e H', tdn t4i duy nhdt f e H sao cho
(e'') = 11'
"'
vv e H'
Hdn nrra ta co lf I = l] q ll ,,.
Chrlng minh. Ta so tiinh bdy hai chrlng minh:

t49
 1) Chrlng minh thrl nhat tuong tu chfr,g minh dinh
li IV.11. X6t 6nh xa T: H -+ FI nhr-t sau: cho f e H, dnh xa
v r+ (f, v) li dang tu;'en tinh li6n tuc tr6n H; vi thd nri xdc
clinh mQt phAn trr cua H' kli hi0u ln Tf t.1

(Tf, v) = 11 y; vv s Il.
Do bit ding thfc Cauchy - Schivarz rO rlng li
ll Tf I H = lt l. Vay
T Ii toiin tt tuydn tinh clng cd ttr H 1611
T(FI), T(H) lA khdng gian con ding cfia H'- Ed kdt th,ic chi cin
chfng t6 T(H) trL miit trcng H'. Gid'st h e H" = I{ (do H
phin xq) sao cho (Tf, h) = 0 Vf e H; ta kidm chrlng h = 0.
Ta c6 (f,h)=0, Vf e Hdotl6h=0.
2) Chirng minh thf hai khdng dirng lli thuy6t kh6ng gian
phdn xa. Gi6 sr] N'I = o-1(0); M ld kh6ng gian con d6ng cua H.
NFu XI = Il. t.t. 9 = 0. ta cri ngay f = 0.
Gie thi6i rirng M + H. Ta chfrng to rang t6n tai phdn tt
geHsaolho: gefl. igl= I va (g. w)= 0 vw€iI.
Thrrc vQy. gid st? go e H vdi go E M va gr = Pugo; tiep
theo ta idy
8o -Bt
"- le" - g,l'
N{oi veHc6 phAn tich dudi dangv = )"g + w vdi i eR
vir w e M; chi cAn dat
I - -.\
. t,, = )----
\v'"1 va rv = v- ).9.
(o'cl

150
 Khi tl6 c6 0 = (g, w) = (g, v - 7'g) t.1. (S, v) = )' =
''-9f
(,r e)

Ta kdt luQn rhng (9"l) = (f' v) vv e H & d6 f x:ic dinh

bdr I= (q. gl g.

Chri thich 1. H vh H': ddng nhdt hay kh6ng ddng

nhdt?
Dinh lli V.5 chfng t<! rhng moi dang tuyen tilrh liolr
tuc trAn g cO ttrd duuc bieu di6n nhd tich vd hrldlg Allr ra
rp e f lir ddng cdu tlting ctr cho ph6p ddng nhdt H vi F1'' Ta
rdt hay dirng tldng nhA't niry nhr.tng kh6ng pheii lu6n lu6n
nhrl v{y. Ta mi0u tti tirrh hudng didn hinh o d6 kh6ug t hc
ding ddng nhpt nly. Gizi st H lir khdng gian Hilbert trang bi
tich vO hrrfng (,) vd chudn 1i6n k6i i' Cia t''r V la khdr'g
gian vector con, tri met trong H. Ta gia thidt rling V trang bi
ta U:ang gian Banach phain xa Ta ciing gi:i thi'it
"frua" 1 l!
rhng ph6p nhring chinh taic til V vio H li6n tuc, t l'

lv i : cllv i1 vv e v'
Ta ddng nhdt H' vir H. Khi d6 ta c6 thti lh(ng H viro
trong V' nhd sau: cho f e H, dnh xa v e V r-+ (f, \') li dang
tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n H vi vi th6 tron V; k'i hiQu Tf e V'
sao cho

(Tf,v) v v=(f,v) Vf e H,VveV'

Kidm chtlng dO dhng rhng T: H -+ V'.c6 czic tinh chdt sau
(i) llrf ll.. <clf I vfeH,

151
 (ii) T don rinh,
(iii) T(H) trt mQt trong V'(1)
Nhd T ta nhrlng H vdo trong V' vi c6 so dd
(9) VcH=H'cV'
<i d6 cric ph6p nhring chinh t6c li6n tuc va trir mat.
j ring vdi ddng nhat ndy (,0,r)v,v tring
Dd vdi (q' v)
khioeH,veV.
Ta n6i ring H li kh6ng gian "trg" ("pivot").
BAy gid gid st rhng V, thay vi ld khOng gian Banach
tdng qudt, ld kh6ng gian Hilbert vtii tich vd hLrdng ((,)) lien
kdt vdi chudn li i] Khi dy ta s6 ddng nhdt V' vi V theo rich v6
hudng ((,)). Tuy nhi6n khi dy (9) trd thanh vd l;i. Didu ndy
chrlng to rlng ta khdng thd d6ng thdi ldm hai ph6p ddng
nhdt: cdn pheii chon lda. Theo thudng 16 vd dAy ld srl chon ltia
tty thich, ngudi ta thich ddng nhdt H'= H hdn, vd th-roc (9) vd
khdng ddng nhdt V' vdi V. Vd vdn dd niy chring,tdi khuy€n
tl6c giri suy nghi vd vi du sau

H = 12 = lu = (un); lrfl . - ) trang bi tich v6 hrldng

(u, v) = Iu,v",
V = [u = (r"l; Ir',( < ]., ] trang bi tich vd hudng ((u, v))
= fn2u,,un

(r)N6i
chung kh6ng ln toin dr.rh tit H l6n V'

L52
 Chri thich 2. Khi dtng tl6ng cdu Riesz - Fr6chet (vd
chrlng minh th(r hai crla dinh li V.5) ta kidm chrlng trqlc tidp
rhng H ph:in xa vi khdng cdn qua li thuydt cdc khdng gian
16i deu.

Chri thich 3. N6'u ta tldng nhdt H' = H thi phdn tr{c

giao Mr cria khdng gian con M c H sE duoc xem nhti khdng
gian con cua H vi
Ma=lueH; (u,v)=0 Vve M|.
. Trong khOng gian Hilbert moi khdng gihn con tl6ng
c6 phdn bir topo (Xem chtrong II.4). ThUc vQy rd ring
(do hQ qu6 V.4) neu M ld khdng gian con d6ng thi ta c6
MnM-={0} veM+Mr=H. .

v.3. CAC OINH Lf STAMPACCHIA VA LAX - MILGRAM

Dinh nghia. Ta n6i rdng dang song tuyen tinh a(u, v):
HxH+Bli
(i) li6n tuc ndu tdn tai hhng so C sao cho
la(u, v)I <ClrliuI vu, v e'H'
(ii) crl8ng tllc ndu tdn tai hhng sd cr > 0 sao cho

a(v,v)>"lui'.
vveH.
Dinh lj' V.6 (Stampacchia) Gii sfi a(u,v) lir d4ng
song tuydn tinh li6n tgc vir cddng br?c. Gii sfi K la ldi,
d6ng vir kh6ng trdng.
Cho 9 e H' t6n tai duY nhdt u e K sao cho
(10) a(u'v-u)> (<l,v - u) vv eK'

153
 Hdn nrla, ndu a ddi xtlng, thi u drrqc d{c trtrng bdi
tinh chdt
ueK
(r1)
1'(.,, - (,p,,) ",", ") -
u) = (e,
V:* {i ")}
Dd ch(ng minh dinh llf V.6 ta s6 dtrng kdt quri cd tlidn
sau dAy

Dinh lf V.7 (Dinh If didm cd dinh Banach -

phridng phrip xdp xi li6n tidp Picard)
Gii sfi X ld kh6ng gian metric ddy tlt vd S: X --+ X
lir 6nh xa sao cho d(Svt, Svz) S kd(vi, v2) Vvl, vz e X vdi
k < 1.
Khi d6 S c6 didm cd dinh duy nhdt, u = Su
(ching han xem Choquet [1] hay L. Scl-rwartz [2]).
Ch(ng minh dinh tf V.6. Do dinh lf bidu di5n Riesz -
Fr6chet (dinh lj V.5) t6n tai duy nhdt f e H sao chs
(e, v) = tf, vr vv e H'
Met khdc, vdi moi u e H cd dinh, iinh xa v l-+ a(u, v) ld
dang tuydn tinh liOn tuc tr6n H, r,i do dinh lli bidu di6n Riesz
* Fr6chet tdn tai phdn td cua H, k:i hiQu ld Au, sao cho
a(u, v) = (Au, v), Vv e H. R6 rdng A ld torin ttt tuyen tinh tit H
vAo H vir
(].2) laui<clui vueH
(13) (Au, u) > ciul2 vu e H.
Bii todn (10) dtia vd viec tim u e K sao cho:

751
(14) (Au, v - u) > (f, v - u) VveK.
Gii st p > 0 li hing sd s6 tluoc cd dinh sau'dAy Bdt
tling thrlc (14) tuong drrong vdi
(15) rpf - pAu + u - u. v- u t '10 vve K

t.l. - pAu + u).

u = Px(pf

Vdi moi v e K, tlit Sv = Pslpf -

pAv + v t. Ta chrtng t6
ring neu p > 0 duoc chon thich hgp thi S ln ph6p co ngit, t l'
tdntaik<1saocho
lS,o, - Surl <klvr-rzl vv1, v2 e K.

Thuc vQy, do m6nh dd V.3 ta c6

I Svi - Svz I < i(r, - vz) - P(Avr - Avz) l

Do d6
i 2p(A"r-Au 2, v1-v2) + p2iArr-Auzl2
lsvr-Svz]'< iur-r, I -
< lu, - u, l' tt - zp, * p'c').
Cd tlinh p > 0 sao cho k2 = 1- 2pct + p2e2 . 1 {la'v
O . p. 4 r ta thay rhng S c6 didm cd tlinh duy nhdt'Lr.
C'
Bdy gid gi6 thidt ring dang a(u,v) d6'i xfng. Khi tl6
a(u, v) x:ic dinh tich vO hddng tr6n H vA chudn li6n kdt
a(u,u)1/2 tudng dtldng vdi chudn I l. vav H cnng ld kh6ng

(') N6-uta mudn tinh didm cd dinh bhng phttong phdp lap ta chon
p = arc2 (lirm ctrc tidu k) ald tang nhanh su hdi tu ciia cric budc
lap.

155
 gian Hilbert vdi tich vO hddng nAy. Ap dung tlinh lf bi6u di6n
Riesz - Fr6chet ta dudc g e H sao cho
(<p, v) = a(g, v) Vv e H.

V4y (10) cho

(16) a(g-u,v-u) <0 VveK
t.l. u = Pxg ld hinh chidu theo nghia tich vO hddng sinh
brli a.
Do dinh li V.2 (16) tuong duong vdi vi6c tim u d K dat
Mina(g-v,g-v)1/2.
veK

Trlc ld phrii lAm crlc tidu tr6n K, a(g - v, g - v) hay ld

a(v. v) - 2atg. vt, traf fa

I
a{v. vr - (p. v) .

Chri thich 4. Kidm chfng dd ddng rhng neu a(u, v) lA

-dang song tuydn tinh sao cho

a(v, v)20 VveH

thi ham v r-; at v,v r la ldi.
qui V.8 (Lax - Milgram). Gi6 st a (u,v) ld dang
H0
song tuydn tinh, li6n tuc vd cridng brlc. Khi d6 vdi moi
- e E H' tdn tai duy nhdt u e H sao cho
(17) 21s, v) = (9,v) Vv e H
IIdn nrla, ndu a ddi xrlng, thi t dugc .dqc tn{ng bdi
tinh chdt
(18) u- e Hvi f a(u.u)-{o.u)=uin{1atv.rrl-(.o,rr)}
\'' / veH
2 [2 ')

156
 Chrifng minh. Ap dung dinh 1i V.6 vir 1;i lu{n gidng nhu
ii hQ qud V.4.
Chti thich 5. Dfnh I;i Lax - Milgram lA cdng cu tlon
girin vi hiQu nghiQm dd Ciai phuong trinh dao him ri6ng
tuy6n tinh elliptic (chrrong VIII vn IX). Rdt thil vi ndu tld i tdi
li6n hQ gifla phuong trinh (17) vd bAi toiin cuc tidu h6a (18)'
Mdi quan hQ ndy hay c6 di0n giiii trong cd hoc clng nhu trong
vAt I;i (nguy6n Iy tdc dung cdc tidu, ctrc tidu h6a ndng luong
v.v...). Trong thu4t ngii ph6p tinh bien phAn, phtrong trinh
(17) ld phriong trinh Euler cua bei to{in cuc tidu h6a (18).
Ta cDng tld j rlng, v6 vdn dd niy, phuong trinh (17) xudt hien
1
khi ta virlt *F'(u) 0" ri d6 F(v)
= u,u' vr - (q. v) .
= 2'
Chri thich 6. Ta c6 thd chrlng minh tnJc tidp vi so ding
ring phtlong trinh (17) c6 nghiQm duy nhdt. Thrlc vAy, viQc
girii (17) dua v6 viQc chrtng to ring
Vf e H, lu e H duY nhA't sao cho Au = f,
n6i c6ch khdc, A ld song zinh. BAy gid thi
(a) R(A) d6ng vi
"
l, | < lau I vv e H,
(b; R(A) trt mQt vi (Au, v) = o vu e H
dAntdiv=0.
v.4. TdNG HILBERT _ Cd Sd HILBERT
Dinh nghia. Gii st (En),,:r 1d ddy cric khOng gian con
d6ng cria H. Ta n6i ring H ld tdng Hilbert crla (E") vd ki
hiQuH = OE,, ndu:
n

(i) Cric E" tni. c giao d6i mOt t.l'

r57
 (u,v)=0 Vu e E., VveEn, m*n
(ii) Kh0ng gian vector sinh bdi cdc (E") trtr mAt trong
H,1,.

Dinh lj V.9. Gia thidt rang H lA tdng Hilbert cria

(En)*r. Gi6 srl u e H vir u,, = Pr. u .

Khi d6 ta c6
(a) u -- lu"
n=l
t.l. u Iim I'.
k

n=l

(b) |
u
2
T u
2
(ding thrlc Bessel - Parseval)

Drio lai, cho d6y (u") cta H sao cho u,, e E,, Vn vh

Tu < co thi chu6i I u" hQi tu vDr

n

u= I u"
n=1
th6a men un - Pn", ,
k.
Chrlng minh. Gid sii Sr =I pr,, ; St ld torin trl tuydn

tinh 1i6n tuc ttr H vAr-r H. Vdi u e H ta c6

k
2
(19) lsuul'= 2 unl
n=1

") Chi cAn khong gian vector sinh theo nghra dai sd t.l. cric t6' hop
tuydn tinh hfiu han cric phdn tt cria (8.).

158
 Mdt khric (h6 quA V.4) ta c6

(u, u.,) = lunl2

v?r lAy t6ng thi
(u, Sru) = lSr.ul2.
TU d6
(20) lsu, I<lrl vueH.
Kj hiQu bdi F kh6'ng gian vector sinh bdi (E"). Gi6 sir
e > 0 vi u e F sao cho lu - ul < r. Vdi k dt ldn ta c6
Sr u = [ . Mdt khric (do (20)) ta c6

lsru-Srul< lu- ri.

B6ivAyn0n lS;u-ul< 2lr- r] < 2e vdiktlu ]dn, t.l.
lim Sru = u.

Khi d6 tir (19) suy ra (b).

Chri thich 7. N6i chung itrt=.o vi thd'chu6i lu"

n=1
kh6ng hQi tu binh thudng (tuyOt ddi).
Dfnh nghia. Ta ggi cd sd Hilbert (hay don gidn lA co
sd ndu khdng thd nhdm l5n(1)) mot diy (e,,) cdc phdn tr? cfra H
sao cho

(r) Nhal la kh6ng

nhdm vdi cd sd dai sd, trlc ld m6t ho (er) cua H
sao cho mgi phdn trl thuQc H c6 thd bidu di6n mOt crich duy nhdt
dddi dang td hop tuydn tinh hrlu han otia ciic (ei).

159
 (i) le. l=1 vn, (e-, e,,) = 0 vm, n, m*n
(ii) Kh6ng gian vector sinh bdi cric (e") trir mqt trong H.
Trl dinh lf V.9 suy ra ndu (en) Id co so Hilbert thi moi
ueHtluocvidt:

u = ){u,en)e" vdi lul2 = tlr,,",rl2.

D6o lai cho ddy (Crn) e 12 thi chu5i I
n=1
d,ea, hor tu ve

mQt phAn til ky hi6u ld u; ta c6:

(u, e,, ) = cr,, vd

2
t
n=1
CI
2

Dinh lf V.10. Mgi kh6ng gian Hilbert kh6 Iy t16u

c6 cd sd Hilbert.
Chrlng minh. Gi6 str (vn) ld tAp hop con ddm drrdc trir
mat trong H. Gia stl Fr. ld khdng gian vector sinh bdi
[vr, v2,..., vr]. Cdc (Fr) tao thAnh day ting ciic khdng gian con
U Fr trtr mAt trong H. Ta chon co sti
' chi6u sao cho k=1
htu han
truc chudn trong F1, mi n6 hoin todn chrla trong cd sd truc
chudn crla F2,... Khi d6 ta drroc co s& cria Hilbert cfia H.
Chri thich 8. Ndu H kh6ng khi ly, ta vAn c6 thd kidm
chrlng (nhd bd dd Zorn) srr tdn tai mot cd sd Hilbert (ei)i.r
kh6ng ddm dtl-d. c. Dinh li V.9 cdn tl0ng ndu ta thay cric
chu6i hQi tu bing cric ho khd tdng (xem Choquet [1] hay
L. Schwartz [2]).

160
 ' Chri thich 9. Dinh li V.10 chfng t6 rlng moi kh6ng
gian Hilbert khA ly sE tldng cA'u tldng cu vdi 12. Di nhi6n
kdt quzi ndy (c6 hinh thrlc dep mdt!) khdng girim di tdm
quan trong cria viQc nghiOn crlu L2{ei) {hay khdng gian Sobolev
H1).

Chti thich 10. d chrrong \rI ta sE th6iy blng c6ch ndo

c6 thd xAy dtrng co s6 Hilbert gdm cric vector riOng cta ciic
toiin trl compact tu li6n hop. Trong L2(Q) ta rdt hay dirng c6c
cd sd d{c biQt g6m c6c hdm ridng cira torin tir vi phAn
(xem g VIII.6 vn S IX.8). Ch5ng han trong L2(0, n) co sd gdm

tr F;
1 cos nx ),., .6
(
1/- sln nx )n, i, hay (.,f
,
I]T l;T
cdc hdm xudt hien ti
viQc khai tridn chu5i Fourier trong girii
tich didu hda, ch8ng h4n xem. Katznelson [1]. Vd cric co s6
1i6n kdt vdi cric him Bessel, Legendre, Hermite, Lag'uerre,
Tchebichev, Jacobi... ddc gi6 c6 thd tham khrio Courant -
Hilbert [1], volume 1.

eirun lu4ru vE cHUdNG v .

* 1) D{c trrtng cria cric kh6ng gian Hilbert
Rdt thf vi ndu bidt khi ndo chudn ]l ll da cfro tr6n kh6ng
gian vector E lA chudn Hilbert, t.l. t6n tai tich vd hudng (,)
tr6n E sao cho
(r, ,t,,, = hu l, vu e E.
C6 nhidu ti0u chudn dudc bidt tdi.

161
 a) Dinh lf V.11 (Fr6chet - Von Neumann -
Jordan). Gie thidt ring chudn ll ll ttrOa mdn dlng thrlc
hinh binh hirnh (1), khi d6 ll ll n crrudn Hilbert'
Chrlng minh xem trong Yosida [1] hay [BTJ'
b) Dinh li V.12 (Kakutani tll). Gie srl E lir kh6ng
gian tlinh chudn vdi dim E > 3. GiA thidt ring moi
t hOrrg gian con F chi6u hai c6 ph6p chi6'u chudn 1 (t'l'
t6n tai P: E + F to6n tl? tuydn tinh li6n tgc vdi Pu = u
vdimsiu e Fvi ll Pll <1).
' Khi .16 chudn ll ll li chudn Hilbert(r)'

c) Dinh lf V.13 (de Figueiredo - Karlovitz t1l)' Gia

srl E lir kh6ng gian dinh chudn vdi dim E > 3' Dit
u n6u ll'll . t
Tu=
ffi 'e" ll'll > 1
cia thidt rengllru - Tvll < llu - v ll vu, v e E.

X}ri d6 chudn ll ll li chudn Hilbert.(2)

Ta cfrng nhd lai mQt kdt qud tld duoc ndu (xem chrl thich
II.8)

(') Vd vdn d6 niy ta chf j ring kh6ng gian con F c6 chidu 1 lu6n
lu6n cd ph6p chidu chudn 1 nhd tlinh Hahn - Banach'
(2)
Ngrrdi t,.t,trrg minh ring trong mqi khdng gian dinh chudn c6
ll
r,-r"ll
< zll u-vll
vu, v e E
vA, n6i chung, h&ng sd 2 khdng thd dddc cai thicn'

762
 Dinh lf V.14 (Lindenstrauss - Tzafriri tll). I{h6ng
gian Banach lir Hilbert (t,1. t6n tai chudn Hilbert trfdng
drldng vdi chudn ban ddu) ndu mgi kh6ng gian con
d6ng c6 phdn bt topo'r'.
trinh bidn ph6n
2) Bdt phrrdng
Dinh lf Stampacchia la khdi tlidm cta ly thuyO't bdt
phr/dng trinh bidn phin (xem Kinderlehrer - Stampacchia
t1l); lj thuydt nAy c6 rdt nhi6u ritrg dung trong co hoc, v4t Ii
(xem Duvaut - Lions t1l), didu khidn tdi ur (xem Lions [2]),
tlidu khidn (xem Bensoussan - Lions [1])...
' *3) Phrldng trinh phi tuydn li6n kdt vdi to:in trl
ddn diCu.
Cric dinh lj Stampacchia vi Lax - Milgram 6p dung
tluoc cho mQt sd ldp citc to6n tf phi tuydn. Ching han ta
trich ddn
Dinh lf V.15 (Minty-Browder). Cho E li kh6ng
gian Banach phin xq. Gi6 srl A: E -+ E'.li rinh xa
(kh6ng tuydn tinh) li6n tgc sao cho
(Av, -Av2,v, -.r2)> 0 Vvr, v2 € E, v1 + v2

,r-
;"';_
E':9 = -.
v ll ll

(r) Di6u ndy cOng chinh 1i n6i mgi kh6ng gian con tl6ng c6 ph6p
chidu li6n tuc P. d day dd f ring ta kh6ng gi6 thidt llr ll < r, trai
vdi gi6 thidt cria tlinh lj V.12.

163
 Khi tl6 vdi mqi f e E' t6n t4i duv nhdt t € E la
]
nghiQm cta PhrlOng trinh Au = f.
*4\ Ci,c cd sd trong kh6ng gian Banach
Khrii ni6m co sti dr-roc md rQng trong c6e khdng gian
Banach. Ta n6i ring (e.,),.>r ld mOt cd sd Schauder cira
khdng gian Banach E ndu vdi moi u e E, tdn t4i duy nhdt mQt

d6y (cr,,),.,>r c6c sd thrlc, sao cho g=f, cne.' . Cdc co sd t16r'g
n=1

mQt vai trd quan trong trong hinh hoc cia cAc khdng gian
Banach (ch8ng h4n xem Lind.enstrauss-Tzafrfti l2D. "tdr cA
c6c khong gian thdng thudng (tdch tludc) cfia gidi tich'c6 co sd
Schauder (vi du xem I. Singer tll)' Didu ndy dAn Banach tdi
cdu h6i sau tlAy: c6 phtii li moi khOng gian Banach trich tlrroc
d6u c6 co sd Schauder? Cdu trti ldi ld khdng (Enflo 1972). Ta
c6 thd xAy dung cdc kh6ng gian con d6ng crla lp vdi 1 < p < -,
p + 2, khOng c6 co stl (xem Lindentrauss - Tzafriri [2])'
Szankowski tla chrlng tti gdn tlAy rlng J(H) khdng c6 co sd (H
li kh6ng gian Hilbert tdch dudc vd han chidu). Trong chrrong
VI ta s6 gip lai cdu h6i trlong ttr cho cric toiin tit compact md
chring c0ng c6 cAu tr6 ldi nghich.

164
 CHUdNC 6
ToAN r0 corupecr.
pnAru ricn pn62, roAru rU
CoMPACT ru UEn nop.

vr. cAc srrun ucHia. cAc rlruu cHAr cd eAN

Cho E vd F ld hai kh6ng gian Banach.
Dinh nghia. Ta n6i ring torin ttl T e J(E, F) ld
compact ndu T(Bn) compact tuong tldi trong. topo manh.
Ta ky hi6u b6i-K (8, F) t4p hgp c6c torin- trl compact vA ddt
_K@) =_K(E,F).
Dinh lf \rI.1. T{p hop-,( (E, F) li kh6ng gian vector
con d6ng ctra fiV, F) ddi vdi chudrr ]l l]_:r", n.
Chdng minh. R6 rdng tdng ctia hai torin trt compact ld
m6t torin tii compact. Gi6 sii rIng (T") €-,((E, F), T e -f (E, F)
va llT" - T'li.rrr,rl -+ 0. Ta chrlng to ring T e-,((E, F): \'i F ddy
dri, chi cdn ki6m chri'ng ring, vti'i moi e > 0, T (BE) cd thd tlrroc
phi bdi mOt sd huu han ciic qud cdu B(fi, e) trong F. Ta cd
dinh n sao cho llr" - T'llr rr. ., . *2' . E T,,(Be) compact tuong
€
ddi, T"(BE)c U f -- vdi I hiru han.
iel 2

165
 VAy T(Br) c UB(fi,s)
ieI
I
Dfnh nghia. Ta n6i rEng torin ttr T e JtE, F) li hrlu
h?n chi6u (hay c6 hqng hrllu h?n) ndu dim R(T) < co;'
R6 rdng mQt to6n ttl liOn tuc huu han chidu Id compact'

HQ qui VI.2. Cho (T") li ddv cdc torin trl

hrlu han chiCu trl E vDro F vir cho T e J(E, F) sao cho
llt"- Tll-rtr, o -+ o. Khi tl6 T e-(@' F)'
Chri thich. 1. "Bei to6n xdp xi" ndi ti6ng (Banach,
Grothendieck) Ii0n quan tdi phdn d6o crja hQ qu:i VI'2 Cho
trudc mQt toiin trl compact, tdn tai hay khdng mQt ddy (T") ctic
to6n trl hfltr han chi6u sao cho llT" - Tllvru, pl -+ 0 ?

N6i chJng cAu tri ldi li khdng (Enflo, 1972) - cho chinh
c6c kh6ng gian con'a16ng nio tl6 cfra lp (1 < p < co, p + 2); xem
ching han Lindenstrauss - Tzafriri [2]. Tuy nhi6n cdu trd ldi
li c6 trong nhi6u trr.rdng hop; vi du ndu F Ii kh6ng gian
Hilbert. Thrrc v{y gi6 st?K = frB"; Cho tru<ic e > 0 ta pht K
bdi U B(fi, e), I hfu han. GiA sit G ld khdng gian vector sinh
ieI
bdi cdc fi.vd gi6 st T" = Pc o T (T. hfru han chidu). Ta kidm
chrirng ring lE -f]ly,r, py < 2e. Ndu x e BB, tdn tai io e I sao
cho

r"-r,Jolll .
( 1) ll
ll '
vay llrsok -Pof,"llce, tfc ld
16o t* - r," ll.
(2)
ll '
166
 Kdt hgp (1) va (2) ta thdY ring

ll
e6o'lx - Txll <2e V x e Br,

hay la llT" -I1l y,r, ui . 2".

lTa chirng minh d6 ddng ndu F c6 mQt co sd Schauder

thi cAu trA ldi cfing li cd1.
Xin nhdc lai mot kI thuQt manh ding trong gi6i tich phi
tuydn - n6 cho ph6p xA'p xi mQt 6nh xa li6n trlc (tuy6n tinh
hay phi tuydn) boi c\c 6nh xa phi iuy6'n hflu han chidu.
Gi6 srt X ln khOng fian topo, F li khdng gian Banach vi
T : X + F li rinh xa li6n tuc sao cho T(X) compact tuong tldi
trong F.
Khi tt6 vdi moie > 0 tdn tai iinh xa T" : X -+ F li6n tr1c,
hflu han chi6u sao cho
(3) ll
t"<*l - T(x) ll < e vx e x.
Thdc vay K= qD compact nOn c6 thd phii K bdi mOt

f
so htu han cdc qui cdu, K c U B
t ,I htru han. Ta ddt:

lo'(,)r,
r"c)=;qJ4 d d6 qr (x) = M* {'-llr.-n ll,o}
iel

d6 dAng chfng minh rlng T, th6a (3).

. MIt khdc, phtlong phdp ndy cho ph6p thidt l4p tlinh I9
tlidm bdt tl6ng Schauder xudt phrit td tlinh lf didm bdt ttong
Brouwer; xem [BT]. KI thu4t nAy cring da drldc sft dung thdnh

167
F

c0ng - va vdi mrltc cao nhdt - bdi Lomonosov khi chrlng minh
srr tdn tai cia ciic khdng gian con bdt bidn vd'i cdc todn ttt
tuy6'n tinh nAo d6; chlng han xem Akhiezer - Glazman [1].

MQnh il6 vl.s. Gia sfi E, F vd G li ba kh6ng

gian Banach. Ndu T e J(E, F) vir S e -,( (F, G) [tddng
itngT e-K(B, F) vd S e J(F' G)1, thi So T e-K (8, G).
Chritrg minh li hidn nhi6n.
Dinh lf VI.4 (Schauder). Ndu 'f e -K(8, F), thi
T*e-,(F', E'). Vi d6o lai.
Chrlng minh. Ta chrlng minh rhng T+(Br') compact
tuong tld'i trong E'. GiA sfi (v") ld mOt day trong Br"; ta chfng
t6 c6 thd trich ra mQt dAy con sao'cho t-(v"o)trOi tu. Gi6 srl
K= (B; (x6t nhu kh6ng gian metric compact) vd-// c C(K)

-xdc tlinh b&i

J/= {9.: x e K t+ (v", x);n '= 1,2,...\

Cdc eiA thidt cfia dinh l1i Ascoli (tlinh l)t IV.24) iludc
th6a vd do vay ta c6 thd trich mot ddy con, k]y' hi6u b6i 9,,0
hQi tu trong C(K) vd mQt ham I e C(K). Dac biQt

.,I
u€bF l(".-
, ru) - o (ru)l --+ o, k '- .o

V4y sun | (u,u , ru) - (v"r, ru) |

--+ o' k. I -+ q: .
ueBPl '

titc ld _T -+ 0, k, l+or. Do tl6 T,rk hOi tu

ll';"- E

trong E'.

168
 D6o lai, gi6 sir T. e -.((F', E'). Theo tr6n T''- e -((E", F")
vi ttic biQt T"-(Br) compact tudng tldi trong E". B6y gid
T(BE) = T--(Br) vA F tl6ng trong F". Vl v4y T(Br) compact
tuong doi trong F.
Chri thich 2. Cho E vA F ld hai kh6ng gian Banach vi
cho T e-l((E, F). Vdi moi d6y (un) trong E hOi tg ydu vd u, khi
d6 (Tu") hdi tu manh v6 Tu; xerir tBTl. PhAn tldo vAn dring
ndt E phAn xa; xem [BTl.
vt.2. DINH Lv RTESZ - FREDHOLM
Ta biit tldu mdt sd kdt qui chudn bi.
Bd d6 vl.r. (Bd dd Riesz). Gii sr? E Ii kh6ng gian
dlnh chudn vi M c E li kh6ng gian con d6ng sao cho
M * Fl. Khi d6:
Vs>o f u e E saocho llull = t va dist (u,M) > 1 - e.

.Cht?ng minh. Gii sft v e E, vdi v e M. Vi M t16ng, n6n

d = dist (v, M) > 0. Ta chon mo e M sao cho

d',<ll v_moll''<1rc.
d

Khi d6
fro,
u=,,v
llu--"ll
th6a bd dd.
Thuc v{y ndu m e M ta c6
t:Ine--mll >1-e
rr- mllrr= llu --"ll
llu

169
 vi m" + llv-m"llm e M.

Chri thich 3. N6u dim 1t 1 o (hay tdng qudt hon ndu M

Id ph6n xa) ta c6 thd chgn e = 0 trong bd tld VI.1; trong
tn-rdng hgp tdng qu6t thi kh6ng thloc (xem [BT]).

Dinh lf VI.5 (Riesz). Gi6 srt E li kh6ng gian dfnh

chudn sao cho BE compact.
I{hi d6 E hfru hqn chi6u.
Chrlng minh. - Ta lj lu{n bhng ph6n ch(ng. Ndu E
v6 han chidu, t6n tai day tEn) cdc kh6ng gian hrfu han chi6u
sao cho E,,-r S E.,. Theo bd tld VI.1 ta c6 thd x6y dgng day
(un) vdi un e E^,
llu,ll=1 vi dist (un. Er-,) >;.
1

Dnc biQt ll
,, -r* ll
>
) v6i m < n. Khi d6 ddy (u") kh6ng

chrita diy con hQi tu - m6u thu6n vdi gi6 thidt "BB compact".

) Dinh lf VI.6 (Alternative de Fredholm)

/ cho T e-(E). Khi .16

a) N(I - T) hfiu hqn chi6u

b) R(I - T) tl6ng, chinh xdc hon

r, ,.1 R(I - T) = N(I - T')-

cl\(I- T) = {o} eR(r-T) =E
d) dim N0 - T) = dim N(I - T+).

Chri thich 4. Dinh lj tr6n tlAy li6n quan tdi viQc gi6i
phrrongtrinhu-Tu=f

170
 ho{c vdi mqi f e E phutong trinh u - Tu = f c6 nghiQm
duy nhdt
ho{c phuong trinh thuAn nhdt u - Tu = 0 c6 n nghiOm
dOc lap tuydn tinh, vir trong trudng hop nAy phrrong trinh
kh6ng thuAn nhdt u - Tu - f c6 nghiQm ndu vd chi ndu f th6a
n tli6u ki€n trr./c giao (tfc Id f e N(I - T-)').
Chri thich 5. Tinh chdt c) li quen thuQc trong hflu han
chidu. }\Idu dim E < co, mQt to6n tfr tuy6n tinh ttt E v]o chinh
n6 1A tlon rinh ndu vd chi ndu n6 Ii todn 6nh. Ngtioc lai trong
v6 hqn chiiu' mQt todn trl bi ch{n c6 thd lir don 6nh
mi kh6ng tolrn 6nh, vi dio l4i: ch8ng han ph6p dich b6n
phii (ttrong fng, b6n tr6i) trong 12 (xem chi thich 5 d dudi)'
Kdt 1u4n c) thd hien mQt tinh chdt tldng chf 1i cfra c6c. to6n tit
cdd4ngl-TvdiTe-((E). \"=fu ltr.(4r\(
)''-
Chring minh t(

a) GiA s& B' = N(I - T)' Khi tl6 BB, c T(Br) vi do v4v
BB, compact. Theo tlinh l)t VI's, El htru h4n chidu'

b) Gi6 s& fn = un - Tu,, -+ f. Cdn chrlng t6 ring f e R(I-

T). Det dn = dist (un, N(I - T)). Vi N(I - T) htru han chidu, tdn
t4i v,, e N{I - T) sao cho dn = llu. -v"ll . Ta c6 I
^_
-) )'-c'^^'-t hi' ul'o t{t^:\
(4) - vn) -
fn = (un -
T(unvn).
Ta chtlng t6 rlng llr, - ".ll bi chin. Ta If lu{n bing
phfrn ch(rng vd gi6 sfi tdn tai mQt dey con sao cho
rr -un,' , nhd (4) ta c6 w*-Try* -ro'
-r"rll +co. uaf, *n = 'n
llr"r _un1
llin
Trich ra ddy con niia (ctng ki hiQu 1A (w"o )cho tlon gi6n) ta

771
 c ,fs*f
\
c6 thd gi6 sfi riing T wnk -> z.V4y wlr -+z vdz e N(I- T)
Mnt khric
dist(u,,N(I - r))
dist(w", N(I - T) =1 i
ll,"-,'ll
(vi v" e N(I - T)). Qua gid'i han ta dddc dist (2, N(I - T)) = 1 -
mAu thudn. Suy ra llu,, -vr,ll bi chan vd vi T compact ta c6 thd
trich ra mdt day con sao cho T(u"u - v,n )-+ f.

Tr) (4) suy ra rlng f+l;

ddt E = f + | ta aludc
u,,k -Vnk -+
g - Tg = f, t.l. f e R(I - T). Ta dd chrlng minh ring torin tt? I
- T c6 6nh d6ng. Ta c6 thd 6p dung dinh l1i IL18; ta drroc
R(I - T) = N(I.- T-)1 vA R(I - T-) = N(I - T)i
c) Tnt6c hdt ta chrlng minh phAn
=
Lj luAn bhng phin chrlng vd gii sir ring
Er=R(I-T)+E
E, ld khdng gian Banach vd T(Er) c Er. Khi tl6 Tlpl e
-( (Er) vn Ez = (I - TXEI) lA khOng gian con tl6ng cia E1.
Hon nfra, E2 * E1 (vi (I - T) don :inh). Dat En = (I - T)' (E)
ta thu duroc mot day gi6m thrrc su cdc kh6ng gian con il6ng.
Theo bd dd Riesz tdn tai diy (un) sao cho un e f", l]u.ll = f va
1
dist (un, E^ -1) > .
;
Ta c5

Tu,., - Tu- = - (un - Tu,r) + (u- - Tu.) + (ur, - un,)

t72
 Ddi rangndu n > In, En+1e E,cE^+1 c Em vA vi v{y

-(ur, - Tu,r) + (u* - Tum) + u,., e E-11.

Do tl6 liTu"-Tr-lt12 mAu thudn vi T compact.

' vayR(I-T)=E.
D6o lai, gi6 sri R(I - T) = E. Khi d6 (hC qui II. 17),
N(I T-) = R(I -: T)'L = {O}.. m T- e-( (E') ta c6 thd rip dung
-
tudng td cho T* vi tdt t,ran R(I - T.) = E'. Bay gid {hQ qud
II.1?), N(I T) = R(I - r-)' = {0} .

d) Gii srl d = dim N(I - T), d+ = dim N(I - T.). Ta tnr6c

hdt s6 chrlng t6 ring d. < d. Lf lu{n bhng ph6n chfng vd giA
'sir rlng d < d.. \n N(I T) hrfu han chidu ndn n6 c6 phdn bi
-
topo trong E (xem $II.4, vi du 1); v{y tdn tai ph6p chidu li6n
tuc P tii E lOn N(I - T).
Mit
kh6c R(I - T) = N(I - T-)1 c6 sd tld'i chidu hflu han
d. vi do d6 R(I - T) c6 phAn bir topo (trong E), ltf hiQu ld F,
c6 sd chidu d' (xem $II.4, vi du 2). V) d < d", t6n tai 6nh xa
tuydn tinh A: N(I - T) -+ F ddn rinh nhrrng kh6ng toin
6nh. Dit S = T + (A o P); khi d6 S €-,((E) vi A o P hitu han
chidu.

Ta chrlng t6 ring N(I - S) = {0} ; thrrc v{y ndu

0= u- (u- Tu)- (A o Pu).

Su =

thi u -'Ilu = 0 vi A o Pu = 0

1.1. u e N(I- T) vi Au = 0 ; v4Y u = 0.

 Ap dung c) vdi torin tfi S ta thdy rhng R(I - S) = E.
Didu ndy mdu thuAn vi tdn tai f e F, f e R(A): phr-tong trinh
u - Su = f kh6ng c6 ldi gi6i.
do tl6 ta dd chritg minh rlng d' < d.- Dirng kdt qui ndy
cho T- ta thdy rhng

- T'.) < dim N(I - T.) < dim(I - T).

dim N(I
Bay gid N(I - T-.) : N(I - T) cho ph6p kdt luQn d= d-.
VI,3. PHd C(,e TOAH TU COMPACT
Cric dinh nghia. Cho T e / (E).

Tgp girii la
p(T) = {f e R; (T - }"I) ld song rinh ti E i6n E}.
Phd o(T) ln phdn bn criat0p gi6i, o(T) = R \ p(T).

Ta n6i riing ), le gi6 tri ri6ng vn ky hiQu I e VP(T) -

ndu N(T - 1,I) + 0;
N(T - )"I) ld kh6ng gian ri6ng rirng vdi )".
Cdn chf 1y' 1A ndu I e p(T) thi (T - l.I)-1 e -1 (E) (xem
mQnh tl6 II.6).
Chri thich 5. R6 rdng VP(T) c o(T). N6i chung bao hdm
thritc lA ngdt(t): c6 thd tdn tai 7" sao cho
N(T - rI) = {0}vd R(T - }"I) + E
(l thuOc phd nhung kh6ng lA gi6 ri0ng). Ch6ng han tri
ta idy E = 12, T, = (0, ur, u2,...) 6 d6 u = (ur, u2,...) (1.1. T ]a
ph6p dieh phdi). Khi t16 0 e o(T) vd 0 e VP(T).

(r) vi l(c dy vp(T) = o(T)

Kh6ng tl0ng khi dim E < "o,

L74
 MQnh tli VI.7. Phd o(T) li t$p compact vir o(T) c
r_rlr tl, ilr lll.
Chrlng minh. Gi6 sfi )' e R vdi ll'l , ll rll ;ta chritrs t6
rlng T - ),I ld song 6nh - do vav o(T) c t-ll r ll' ll t lll ctto
f e E phuong trinh Tu - Iu = f c6 nghidm duy nhdt vi ta vidt'
u = 1 (t, - {) vd ta c6 thd ep dung dinh lli didm bdt dOng
)"
Banach.
Bey gid ta chrlng t6 rlng p(T) ld m&. Cho ).o e p(T)' Cho
L e R (gdn v6i i'o) vd f e E ta tim crich gidi
(5) Tu - tr"u =f
BAy gid (5) tlrrgc vidt lai Tu - )"ou = f + (i - Io) u t'I'
(6) (T- l.I)-1 tf+ (1.- LJul.
u=
Lai rip dung dinh If bdt tlQng Banach ta thdy rlng (6) c6
nghiQm duy nhdt ndu
,- - ,ll, -.-rlr I.
lr-r"lllr-]"oI]' ll<

Dinh lf !'I.8. GiA sfi T e-(E) vdi dim E = co'

Khi tl6 ta e6
a) o e o(T)
b) o(T) {0} = \IP(D \ {0}
\
c) mQt trong cdc tnrdng hd. P sau:
- ho{c o (T) = {0},
- ho{c o(T) \ {0} hrlu hqn,
- ho{c o(T) \ {0} li mOt d6Y tidn v6 O'
175
_ Chrlng minh.
a) Gi6 sir ring 0 e o(T). Khi d6 T song rinh vi I = ToT-l
la compact.
Vdy Bs compact vd dim E < co (xem dinh lj VI.5)
b) Cho ), e o(T), ]" * 0. Ta chfng to ). e \lP(T). L1l ludn
bing phin chrtng vd gi6 sir N(T - l.I) = {0}. Theo tlinh lf
VI.6c ta thdy R(T - l"I) = E vd vi vAy I e p(T) - mdu thuSn
Dd tidp tuc chrlng minh ta cdn

Bd VI.6. Gi6 srl

alC (7,,,),,>r li diy sd thtlc kh:ic nhau
d6i mQt sao cho
I
)""+L
viL )," e o(T) \ {0} Vn t
Khi d6 i, = 0. 1
{
t
N6i c6ch kh6c, moi didm cta o(T) \ {0} d6u c6 l{p.
t
Chring minh. Ta thdy )," e VP(T); giA sit e,, /0 sao cho
(T - I")e" = 0. Gie sil E" la khdng gian vector sinh bdi I
[er, ez, ..., e,,]. Ta chf'ng minh rhng En I En+r v<ii moi n. Chi .I
cAn kidm chrlng, vdi moi n, cdc vector Jr...., e. doc Lip tuydn i
tinh. Ta quy n4p theo n. Chdp nhdn kdt quri cho n vi gid sfi
n
e,,*1=lu1e1 . Khi d6:
i=1

n n
Tenrl= la111e1 =lcrlI,r*1 e1
i=1 i=1

1.76
 Do thd cti ()'i - )",.' +r) = 0 vdi moi i = 1, 2,..., n vd vi vAy
ai = 0 vdi moi i = 1, 2,..., n-mdu thuAn. Do d6 En g En11 vdi
moi n.
MEt khdc, rb rAng (T - I') E,, c En-1. Dnng bd t1d Riesz
ta c6 dudc ddy (uo)" > 1 sao cho un e E,,, llr" ll = 1 vA dist
(u", En -r p i
1
v<ii n>2. Gid srl 2sm<nsaocho
2

E6-1 c E1,,c En-1 c E1

Ta c6

llru^- tr," _ (rir, - L"u. )

ll
(Tu,,,- ).,,,u-)
+ - um
ll\ ^- ll-l ). n
I
Lln
)'.

> dist(u,', E"-r) t ;.

Ndu ),r, + )- + O La tltloc mAu thu6n vi (Tu") chrla ddy con
hoi tu.
Chr?ng minh tlfnh lf VI. 8c. Vdi moi sd nguy6n n ) 1,
t4p hgp
1
L eR: li,l
"(t)n n

lA r6ng hodc hrlu h4n (ndu n6 chrla vd s6'didm ph6n biQt, ta

sE c6 mOt tlidm tu - vi o(T) compact - mAu thu6n vdi bd dd
VI.2)). Khi o(T) \ {0} chfa v6 sd tlidm phAn bi6t ta c6 thd sdp
xdp thAnh mQt day tidn vd 0.
Chri thich 7. Cho tnJdc mOt ddy (cr.,) tidn vd 0 ta c6 thd
xAy dr3ng todn-tt compact T sao cho o(T) = (cr") u {0} . Chi
cdn x6t trong E = 12 to6n tt T: u = (u") I r+ Tu = (a,'u,'). Dd g
rXng T compact vi c6 ddy (T,') cric todn trl hffu han chidu sao
cho llT, - rll -+ O . Vi d9 ndy cho thdy 0 c6 thd thuQc, c6 thd
khdng thuQc vdo VP(T); hon nira, ndu 0 e \rP(T) thi c6 thd
khdng gian ri6ng tudng ring,. t.l. N(T), v6 han chidu.
vr.4. PHAN ricn pn6 c(JA cAc roAN rU coMpAcr rU
LIEN HOP
Sau dAy ta gi6 s(r E = H li khdng gian Hilbert vd
T e J(H). D6ng nh6't H' vd H, ta c6 thd coi T. e -f (H).

Dinh nghia. Ta n6i ring torin tr} T e J'(H) lA tr/ li6n

hop ndu T. = T trlc ld
(Tu, v) = (u, 1Y; Vu, v e H'
MQnh i16 VI.g. Gia sfi T e J(H) le torin tt trr li6n
h{p. Dr{t
m = Inf (Tt, u) vA 1Y1 = gqp (Tu, u)
u€H ueH
il"lt=r lFi|=i

Khi c [m, M], m e g(T) vi M e o(T).

.16 o(T)

Chrfng minh. Gi6 sir l. > M; Ta chfng t6 ring )" e p(T).

Ta c6
(Tu,u)<Mlul' vueH,
do d6
2
(lu - Tu, u) > (t - trl) | u I = o lul, Vue Hvdicr>0.
Dtng illnh lf Lax - Milgram ta thdy ring 1.I - T song
6nh.

178
 Ta chrlng t6 M e o(T). Dang a(u, v) = (Mu - Tu, v) song
tuydn tinh, ddi xfng vd
a(v, v)20 VveH.
Dirng bdt tlEng thrlc Caubhy - Schwarz cho dang a(u, v)
thi aldoc

l(uu - Tr, v)l < C (Mu - Tu, u)1/2 (Mv - Tv, v)1/2 vu, v e H.
Dic biQt suy ra
0) lttl, - tu l< C(Mu - Tu, u)'/2 vu e H.
Gi6 st (u,,) li ddy sao cho I u, | = 1 vd (Tun, u,,) -+ M.
Do (7) ta thdy ring lMun - Tunl -+ 0, v{y M e o(T) (bdi
ndu M e p(T), thi un = (MI - T)-1 (Mu,, - Tu.,) + 0). Cric tinh
chdt cria m c6 tlrrgc blng c6ch thay T b&i -T'
HQ qui VI.r0. Gia srX T e J(H) lA torin tt? tr1 li6n
h-d. p sao cho o(T) = {0}. Khi d6 T = 0.
Chdrrg minh. Theo mQnh tle VI.9 ta c6

(Tu, u) = 0 Vu e H.
V) v{y 2(Tu, v) = (T(u + v), u + v) - (Tu, u) - (Tv, v) = 0
Vu,veH.DodtiT=0.
Sau dAy ld mQt k6't quA cAn bdn; nJ n6i rhng mQt torin til
compact td liOn hdp Ii ch6o h6a drlqc trong mQt co sd chon
thich hdp.
Dinh lf VI.11. Gie sfi H khi ly. Gii sr? T lir to6n tr?
compact trl li6n ho. p.
Khi aI6 H c6 mQt cd sd Hilbert g6m cdc vector
ri6ng cta T.

179
 Chfng minh. Gid sr? (1.")">r li
d6y cric giri tri ri6ng
,phan biQt cira T, trr)i ra sd'0: ta ky hi6u )'" = O.
Det Eo = N(T) vd E" = N(T - 7',,I); nhdc lai rbng
0 < dim EoScr- va 0 < dim En < r.
Trrrdc hdt ti chri'ng minh H Id tdng Hilbert cria cric
(En)r, z o:

(i) C6c (E,,),,20 trdc giao d6i mQt. Thrlc v4y, ndu u e E,,,
vdveE,,vriim+nthi
Tu = i-u, Tv = i''nv
vA (Tu, v) = )"^(u, v) = (u, Tv) = i"(u, v).
Vay (u, v) = 0
(ii) Gie sri F le kh6ng gian vector sinh boi (En),,>0.
Ta kidm chilng F tr mQt trong H.
RO rdng T(F) c F. Suy ra T(Fr) c
F1; thuc vAy ndu
u e Fr vdv e F thi (Tu, v) = (u, Tv) = 0. To6n tuTo = T I Fr
compact tu li6n hdp. Mat khric o(Ts) = {0}; thuc vAy ndu
l. e o(T")\{0}, thi t e VP(T.)
vd t6n tai u e Fr, u + 0 sao cho Tou = Iu. Do tl6 7" li mQt trong
cdc giit tri ri6ng i",.' crja T vd u e Fr n E,, ndn u = 0, vd lj.
HO qud VI.10 suy ra To = 0; do tl6
FrcN(T)cFvdFr={oi.
\ thd F tru mAt trong H.
Cu6'i cr)ng trong m6i E,' ta chon mQt cd sd Hilbert. HQi
cria cdc cd sd niy ld mOt cd sd Hilbert cria H gdm ciic vector
ri6ng cfra T.

180
 Chri thich 8. Gi6 srt T li torin tii compact td lien hdp.
Theo tr6n ta c6 thd vidt moi u e H drr6i dang

) u" vdi u,, e E,

n=0

vi til t16 Tu = I1,.,u,.,. Ta tlinh nghia

k
T1u =f 1,,u,,

RO ring T1 ld to6n tt hrfu han chidu vi

- llTr SuP ]1""1-+ 0 khi k +
- Tll < n>k+1 .a

Ta dd tim lai lAn nfra sd kign T lA gidi han c0a m6t diy
(Tr.) cric todn trl hfu han chidu. Nhdc lai ring trong khdng
gian Hilbert mgi tozin trl compact - kh6ng nhdt thidt tlr
li6n hdp - ld gidi han cria mdt ddy todn trl hiru. han chi6u
(xem cht thich 1).

BiNH LUAN CHUdNG VI

* trl Fredholm
1) Torin
Dinh lj VI.6 la budc ddu ti6n vd Ii thuydt ciic toiin
trl Fredholm. Cho E vi F lA hai kh6ng gian Banach. Ta n6i
rlng to:in ttr A e J' (8, F) le to6n ttl Fredholm(l) - kj hiQu
A e Fred (E, F) - ndu

(rr Ta cring n6i A le to6r tu chi dinh (op6rateur d indice).

181
 (i) N(A) hrrr-r han chidu.
(ii) R(A) d6ng vd c6 sd ttdi chidu hffu han(2).
Chi sd cira A drroc tlinh nghia li
Ind (A) = dim N(A)
- codim R(A)
Ching hqn, A = I - T vdi T e -/( (E) Ii torin trl
Fredholm c6 chi sd 0 (xem tlinh l), VI.6).
C6c tinh chdt ctrn btin cfia ciic todn tit Fredholm nhrr
sau:

a) T{p hop Fred (E, F) ln md trong J' (E, F) vi 6nh xa

A rr Ind A li6n tuc - do vQy ln hhng - tr6n m6i thinh phdn
li6n th6ng cria Fred (E, F).
b) Moi todn ttl A e Fred (E, F) la kh6 tl6o sai khric cric
todn tir hrfu han chidu, t.l. tdn tai.
B e-f(F, E) sao cho (A o B - Ir)vd(B o A- Ir) hffu han
chidu.
D6o lai, ndu A e --f (E, F) vd t6n tai B e J'(F, E) sao cho
AoB - Ip e-l((F) vd B o A - Ip e --((E),
thi A e Fred tE, F).

c) Ndu A e Fred (E, F) vd ndu T e-,((8, p), thl

A + T e Fred (E, F) vd Ind (A + T) = Ind A.
d) Ndu A e Fred (E, F) vd B e Fred (F, G), thi

(2)
Ta ch(mg minh riing ndu A e / (E, F) sao cho N(A) hdu han
chi6u vi R(A) c6 ddi chi6u hfru han (t.1. R(A) c6 phAn bir dai s6
hrlu han chi6u) thi R(A) la d6ng; xem [BT].

182
 B o A e Fred(E, G) vi Ind (B o A) = Ind (A) + Ind (B)
V6 c6c vdn tld nAy xem Kato [1], Schechter [1], Lang [1]
hay LBTI.
2\ CAc todn trl Hilbert - Schmidt
Cho H ld khdng gian Hitbert khi lv. Ta n6i rbng T ld
torin tfi Hilbert - Schmidt ndu tdn tai m6t co sd (en) crja H
sao cho ll T lli. = I I Te,l2< . . Ta kidm tlugc ring dinh nghia
ndy kh6ng phu thuQc vio c6ch chon cd s0 vi x:ic tlinh mQt
chudn; hon nira T compact. CAc todn tfi Hilbert - Schmidt tao
thdnh kh6ng gian con quan trgng cua-.( (H) - tl6c biOt Ii do

Dfnh lj vI.12. Gia srX H = L2(o) vir K(x,y) e L2(Q x o)

Khi d6 todn tri
u 1--; (Ku) <xt = Ix(x,v)u(vFv
o

li to6n trl Hilbert - Schmidt.

D6o lqi, mgi to6n tfi Hilbert - Schmidt ir6n L2(o)
driQc biiu di6n mQt c6ch duy nhdt nhrr tr6n nhd mQt
hirm K(x, y) e Lz{O x o)
Vd vdn tld nny, xem Balakrishnan [1], Dunford -
Schwartz [1], Volume 2, L. Schwartz [3] hoac [BT].
3) sdboi
Cho Te,(E) vd Ieo(T)\{0}. Ta chitng t6 dav N((T- U)k),
k = l, 2,... tdng thrrc srr ddn mQt kh6ng gian hftu han chidu p
vA sau tl6 dn tlinh (xem ch6ng han Dieudonn6 [1], Kreyszig [1]
hay tBTl. Ta n6i ring p ld cdp cfia tr'. Ta goi sd chidu cta

183
N(T - ),I) Id bQi hinh hoc cia gid tri
ri6ng )" vd sd'chidu cfra
N(T- il)p 1a bQi dqi sd; ta kidm chrlng dr.roc chring tring
nhau khi E ld khdng gian Hilbert vd T tu li6n hop (xem [BT]).
4) Giei tich phd
Cho H ln khdng gian Hilbert. Cho T ln to6n tfi 1i0n hdp
(ho4c tdng qudt hdn, torin trJ chinh tdc t.l. T'.T = TT*) khdng
compact, vd c6 thd kh6ng bi ch4n. Phan giei phd le mQt
k! thuAt tdng qudt h6a phAn tich phd 6 $VI.4. N6 cho ph6p
tlinh nghia ph6p todn phidm hAm, t.l. gdn ! nghia cho f(T) vdi
f ld hdm li6n tuc. Giii tich ptrd la mOt tld tAi rdt. r6ng, c6
nhidu'fng dung vd nhi6u hudng. Xem phdn trinh bdy nh4p
mdn trong Rudin [1], Kreyszig [1], Friedman [3], Yosida [1],
Huet [1]. Dd dAy dti hon c6 thd xertr Reed - Simon [1], Kato
[1], Dunford - Schwartz [1], Volume 2, Akhiezer - Glazman
[1J, Taylor - Lay vd Schechter [2].

5) NCuyenlf Min - Max

C6c c6ng thrlc min - max Courant - Fischer cung cAlp
mdt dic trung htru ich ctla cdc gid tri rieng cria torin trl
compact trr li6n hop: chlng han xem Courant - Hilbert [1],
Raviart - Thomas [1], honc [BT]. Cudn srich cria Weinberger
[2] chfa nhidu phrit tridn vd dd tai nay.
6) Dinh l1y' Krein - Rutman
K6i qud sau ddy cri nhidu dng dung thri vi khi nghi6n
cttu phd ctia to:in tt elliptic cdp hai (xem chrrong IX).
Dinh lf VI.13 (Krein - Rutman). Cho E li kh6ng
gian Banach vi C ld n6n l6i tlinh O (trlc ln ),x + py e C,
V}, > 0, p) 0,xeC,yeC).Gi6stCd6ng, Int C* Avd,

184
C n (-C) = {0}. Cho T e-((E) sao cho T(C \ {0}) c Int C'
Khi d6 t6n tai u e Int C vd )" > 0 sao cho Tu = l'u; hon
nrla I li gi6 tri ri6ng duy nhdt rlng vdi mQt vector
ri6ng cria T trong C (nghia lh Tv = prv v6i v e C, v + 0,
suyrap=)').
Cudi ctng )' = Max {lt l; p e o (T)} vd sd tr0i (trintr
hgc vir d4i sd) cria I bing mQt.
Xem Schaefer t1l va tBTl.

185
 CHUdNG 7
DINH Lf HILLE - YOSIDA

vlr.l. olNH NGHIA vA cAc riNH cHAr sd sir.rc c0a

roAru rU odru otEu cuc sAt
Tit t16y vd sau H chi mQt khdng gian Hilbert.
Dinh nghia. Cho A: D(A) c H -+ H ld mQt torin tft
tuydn tinh kh6ng bi ch{n. Ta n6i rlng
A la aldn di€u'r'ndu
(Av, v) > Vv e D(A).
A Id ddn diQu cr/c dai ndu ta th6m vdo R(I + A) = H
r.l,
Vfe H, lu e D(A) sao cho u + Au = f.
MQnh tli VII.I. Cho A Id mot todn tr? ddn dicu crrc
dsi. Khi d6
a) D(A) trt m4t trong H.
b) A li dring'
c) Vdi mgi ,r > 0, (I + ).A) lir song enh tfi D(A) l6n H,
(I + t A)-1 lA to:in tfl bi ch{n v6r lll + trA)-1ll,1nr < 1.

(r)MOt trQi hay A 1{ t6n xa

sd cdc tdc giri goi A lA

186
 Chring minh
f e H sao cho (f, v) = 0 vdi moi v e D(A)' Ta
a) Cho
kidm chrlng rlng f = 0. That vdy, t6n tqi vo e D(A) sao cho
vo + Ave = f. Ta c6:
0 = (f, v") = I vol2 + (Avo, vo) > I vol2.

Dod6vo=0vdvithdf=0.
b) Trrrdc hdt ta chrl f rhng vdi moi f e H-tdn tai
u e D(A) duy nhdt sao cho u-+ Au = f. That vdy ndu u li mQt
nghiQm khdc thi ta c6 (u - u) + A(u - u) = 0' Ldy tich v6
hddng vdi (u - u ) vi 6p dung tinh tlon tliQu cfia A ta thAly
rXng u - u = O. m{t khdc ta c6 lul2 + (Au, u) = (f, u) vd do d6
lu I < lil . Todn ttJ f rr u ghi ]i (I + A)-1 do 416 la mot todn til
tuydn tinh bi chdn til H trong H va ll(I + .4)-1111'1rr1 < 1'
Ta ch(mg minh rlng A ld tl6ng. Cho (u") ld mQt d6y sao
cho u,' e D(A) v6i mgi n; u,, + u vd Au,, + f. Ta phdi kidm
ihrlng ring u e D(A) vi Au = f' Ta c6 u,, + Au,, -+ u + f vd
do d6
u,., (I + A)-l(u,, + Au,,) -+ (I + A)-1(u + 0
=
Do d6 u = (I + A)-1(u + {) t.l' u e D(A) vd u + Au = u + f'
c) Giai sfi rEng vdi mQt )"o > 0 nio tl6 ta c6 R(I + )'oA) =
H. Ta so chrlng minh ring vdi -qi'2 i" r! ta c6 R(I + )-A) =

H. Ta bdt tldu chrl f thing nhtr 6 b) ring vdi moi f e H tdn tai
u e D(A) duy nhdt sao cho u + )"oAu = f; to6n til f e u tluoc ghi
]n (I + LoA)-1 vi ta c6 ll tt + ;r"el-11[ rsv < 1. Ta tim crich gi6i
phtrong trinh
(1) u + )"Au = f vdi ]' > 0

1&7
 Ta vidt (1) drrdi dang
)."
u+ ?,"oAu =}Lt-( 1- T)) u
hay
^..,]
(2) u=1t+t"a) 1
l"r*
),
1
),) l

lrl
Khi d6 ta tha'y ring nd, ir-5i < rt.lir!, kt,i
i ).i 2
ao

(2) thira nhQn mQt ldi gi6i nhd vdo dinh lf didm bdt d6ng crla
Banach.
K6't luan. Ndu A ln don di6u cuc dai khi tl6 I +A li
toarn zinh. Theo nhrr rren, I + iA la toirn dnlr voi l, ' 1 ao aO
2

c[ng viiv vrii ). > i, ... Bhng quy n?p ta thdy ring
1

4
i + ]"A ld
todn rinh vdi moi )" > 0.

Chti thich 1. Ndu A lA don tliQu crlc dai, khi d6

i,A cfing tlon di6u cr-rc tlai vdi moi ). > 0. Ngucc lai n6u A vA B
l) hai torin tti don di6u cuc dai khi d6 A + B xric dinh tr6n
D(A) n D(B) kh6ng nhdt thidt don diOu cr-rc tlai; xem [BT].
Dinh nghia, Cho A li m6t to{in tir don tli6u cuc dai. Vdi
m6i )" > o, ta ddt

.r,. = (i + ra)
1
vi A^ =
| (r -.rU
Jr ln gi6i thfc cria A vi Ar. ld chinh qui h6a Yosida
cta A.

188
 ring l[rlktirt < 1.
Ta nhd

MOnh ald vII.2. Cho A li to6n tt} don diQu crlc dai.
Ta c6
ar) Arv A(Jrv)
= Vv e Hv.ir V)''> O

az) Arv = Jr(Av) Vv e D(A) vh V l. > 0

tr) lArvl < I Avl Vv e D(A) vir V )" > 0
c) limJrv=v
-+0 "
;.
VveH

d) IrlSArv = Av Vv e D(A)

e) (Arv, v) 20 VveH,Vl.>0
O ll,v <1lvl VveH,Vl.>0.
1,', ',

Chrfng minh
ar) Tddng dtrong vdi v = (J;.v) + l.A(Ji"v) suy ra tt dinh
nghla cua J)..
a) Ta c6
,q,, . ![t t t iA)v - ulI -lrt-].A){v-J, v)
)-r'- i.
vi do tl6

;;a,=|{u .i,v1

bt Suy ra tir a2)

c) TnJdc hdt ta gi6 srl ring v e D(A). Khi tl6

189
 lv - Jivl = I lAlvl < ), lAvl theo b)
Do d6 1im Jiv =v

Ta qua trudng hop tdng qurit. Cho v e H vA cho s > 0-

Vl D(A) = H (mqnh dd VII.I) tdn tai v1 e D(A) sao cho
lv - vrl < e. Tac6

l.lrr - ul < lJ,,t-J;.vrl+iJ2.v1 -vl l* lr,-u1

<2lr-vrl+lJivr -vtl <2e+ lJrr, -vri
Do tl6
limsup lJLv -,r|<2e, ve>0.
),+0

vd vi thd

|.131.r,.,-"l=o
d) Ap dung az) vd c)
e) Ta c6
(Ar.v, v) = (Al,v, v - Jrv) + (Ar.v, Ji.v)
= l" 1e,." l2 + (A(Jrv), Jr.v)
Do al6

(3) (Aiv, v) > llAr.ui2 >o

fl Suy ra ttr (3) vn til bdt ding thrlc Cauchy - Schwarz.
Chri thich 2. Ta cdn nhd 1ai tU m6nh dd VII.2 riing
(Ar.)i,o ld m6t ho cric torin tfi bi ch{n "xdp xi" A khi }" -+ 0.
Di nhi6n llAr.ll.i,61 "nd ra" khi I -+ 0.

190
 VII.2. GIAI BAIToAN TIEN H6A

99 + eu = o tr6n [0, ml
u(o) = uo

S{ tdn tqi duy nhdt

Ta bdt tldu biing viQc nhdc lai kdt qu6 cd didn.
Dinh lf VII.3 (Cauchy, Lipschitz, Picard). Cho E li
mQt kh6ng gian Banach vir cho F: E -+ E ld mQt dnh xq
sao cho

llFu-Fvll <L llu-i,ll vu, v e E (L >0).

Khi d6 Vuo e E, lu e Cr (t0, o[; E) duy nhdt sao cho

tr6n [o,o[
(4) #=""
u(0) = uo (dr1 kiQn tldu)

Chr?ng minh
S{ t6n t4i. Gi6i (4) tudng tltrong vdi viQc tim u e C
([0, co J; E) sao cho
t
(5) u(t) = u" + als
IF(u(s))
0

Cho trudc k>0- me s6 dudc xric dinh sau - Ta gidi

thi6u

x= e c(to, * t; E); Sup e-kt ll u<tl ll . *}

{u

191
 Ta nghidm 1ai d6 ddng cdc tinh chit sau dAy:

i) X ln mgt khdng gian Banach ddi vrli chudn

-'ll('til
ll'l* =1:t "
ii) \rdimoiueXhim
t
(ou)(t)= u" + s ) ds
J"( u
0

thudc vd X
L -rr.veX.
111r rr 4rrr - o, ]l* < ,
u x

l- . l' - L. tl' tr" . ..,.e.. rrrQt di0m bar .l-::; iA mdt lili

S{ duy nhit. Cho u vir - 'i har tor ciiii cu.r L 1). DAt

.p(t)= ll,(t)-;(r)1 ,

ta c6, nhd vdo (5)

,r(Q < r,
Je(.)a"
vt>0
0

Dod69=Q.
Dinh lj Cauchy - Lipschitz - Picard gifp ich nhidu
trong vi6c khio srit phrlong trinh vi phAn thrldng,
nhung thtrc td n6 khdng htru ich dd gizii phuong trinh dao
him ri6ng. Tr:ii lai kdt quti sau dAy Ii m6t c6ng cu rdt
hiQu ldc dd girii phrrong trinh dao hhm ri6ng tidn h6a
(xem chrrong X).

t92
 Dinh lf VII.4 (Hille - Yosida). Cho A ld m6t torin
ttl don diQu crlc dai trong mQt khdng gian Hilbert H.
Khi d6 vdi moi uu c D(A) tdn tai mQt hirm
u e Cr ([0, + cc[ ; H) n C(|0, + co[; D(A))(t)
duy nh6t sao cho
d'+A., tr6n
(6) =o [0, co I
dt
u(0) = u" (drl kiQn tldu)
Hdn nria ta cri

.1t;l < ; ,"1 vt>0

I "a #tll= lau(t)ls lau"l
Chri thich 3. Ich loi chinh cua dinh lj VII. ndm trong
su kien la dd gizii bei todn tidn h6a (6), ta trd vd kidm chfng
ring A lA don di6u crtc dai, t.l ta nghidn citu plrutong tr)nh
dtlngu+]Au=f.
Chr?ng minh. Ta chia thdnh 6 brrdc.
Brldc l: Su duy nhdt. Goi u va , t, t ai ldi gidi cfra (6).
Ta co
(d r -']-\/l' - -i-ro,r-[).u-[rso
Iat
tu
'
'
Ma,1'

'1' Khdng gian D(A) drtoc trang bi chudn ad tfri lv I + I a" I nuy
chuan Hilbert tddng dudng ( lv 2+ Avi2)r!.

193
 1d
l,(r)- r(ti' =[gtrrrt-;rrl),u(t) - ;(t)].'r)

Do tlti hhm t H I u(t) - ; (t)l la hdm gidm tr€'n l0' +"o ['
\t lu(0) - ,tOll = O ta suY ra rhng
lu(t)l -;(t)l =0 vt>0'
Dd chfrng minh s{ t6n tai cria u, ta thay A bdi chinh
quy h6a Yosida A1 crla n6, ta thidt l{p cric tLinh gi6 dQc l4p
vdi l, vd qua gi6i han khi l. -+ 0.
Goi ur la ldi gi6i cria bdi todn

tr6n [0, + "o[

(7) $+A1u1=o
u1 (o) = uo e o(A)

Chf i ring u1 tdn tai . nhd vdo dinh li Cauchy -

Lipschitz - Picard rip dung vdi F = - A1'

Bndc 2. Ta c6 d:inh gi6

(8) l*a tti = lA1u1(t) < lAu"l vt > 0, vt > 0.

ldt'1
. Bdt ding thf ndy ld mQt h6 quA trtrc tidp ciia
Bd di VII.I. Cho w e Cr([o, oo[; H) lar mQt hAm th6a
(9) S*ar*=o tr6n[0,+ool

(r) Cdn nhd ring ndu q e CI([O,'o[; H) khi d6

l<Ol2eC(tO,"ot;R) va
d (p 2 drp

dt
=2 ,) dt'

194
 dw (t)
X}ri .t6 cdc hem t l, lw(t)l ve t t+ =lArw(t)l
dt
li giim trdn [0, + co[.
Chdrrg minh. r, .d (#, *) +(A1w, w) = o.
Mi (m6nh dd VIL2e) (Arw, w) > 0 vA do tl6

1d, *l,2 ^
, d,l =u
Mnt khric, vi A'1 li mdt todn tr? tuydn tinh bi chin, ta
suy ra trl (9) ring w ld C- vd

al,9y).o,[!s)
dt\ dti ^\dr./ =n

Khi d6 ta 6p dung tlidu trudc dO vao {Y.

dr
I

BrJ6c 3. Ta s6 chftrg minh ring, v6i moi t.> O, ur(t) h'Oi'

tu khi I -+ 0, v6 mQt gidi han ghi ld u(t); hon nfra su h6i tu
niy li tldu theo t tr6n m6i khoing bi ch4n t0, Tl.
Th4t v4y cho I, p > 0. Ta c6

du._ _____L + A.
__L
du,,
u1_ A, u, =0
dt dt
vd do tl6

(10)
ffir^ - uul'* (a^r^ - Aruu, u1 - uu )= o.

ma,

195
 (A2-u1 - A,,ur, rr. - ru)
= (A, u7 - A,,u,,, !t,. J;.ui.+ J;,u7. .Iuu1r * J*,r,,- r,, )
(11j =
(,t, u,. - A,,u,,. ,..n.,. u;. IrA,.u..
+ (A(J1.u7.- JruuJ, J;.u;- - Jyu1, )

> (A1u1- A,,uu , )"A;" u1- PAuuu )

Khi tl6 ta suy tir (8), (10) vA (11) rhng

I dr 12 ^,- 2

,atl'^ -
< z(^ +
urL] ft,lAuu

va bdi tich phan

,u,rtr- up(t)12 < 4t), + 1rlL .Au,l2

t.l.
(12)
]u,.
(t)- ,,,(t) < z/(r" il[ leu"l
Do d6, vdi m6i t > 0, (ui.(t)) li Cauchy, vi do d6 hQi tu
klii ). -+ 0 vd mQt gidi han ghi lA u(t). Qua gidi han trong (12)
khi 1t -r 0. ta c6
lui(t)- u(t )1 < 2J"t lAu"l
'aO
Oo h6i tu ld tldu theo
s,,t t tr6n m6i khozing bi ch{n
10. Tlvd u e Ctl0, lll ; Ht.

Erndc 4. Ta giri st th6m ring uo e f)(A2) t.l. uo e D(A) vA

Auo e D(A), f.r-,i aa hOi tu khi 7' -+ 0, v6i moi t > 0 vd

$(t)
ddu theo t tr6n m6i khodng bi ch4n [0, T].
d'' du'+A.v,=0.
Thrit lat dSt v; =;; "ro "ho dt

196
 Tidn hinh nhrr ri butlc 3 ta dddc
(13)
;*l u . u,l' s (1 a,u,l*1e,,u,,])(r,la,',,,1*pi a,,,,,,] )

l\Ii theo [)a {ld VII.1, ta c6

(14) i.\,v,i< lA;v;.(0)l = lA,A,, ru I

vi cung vdy
(15) le,,u,.] < lA,u,.(o)l= ArA, u"l
Cuoi currg vr .\uo c DtAr ra c<i
A;.A7.uo = J;.AJiAuo = J7-J;.AAu,, =.IiA-2t,,,
vi do d6
(16) lA,.A,.r"l < ]a'r,], A,,Ar,r. I < l,rru,, I

Td hop (13), (14), (15) vA (16) ta c6

1d l 2 2
< z(i" + p) A u 2
2&l lr

Ta kdt luan nhu <i br-rdc 3 rang v7.(t)= !!.1r1

no, ,, tt t
dt
). -> 0 vdi moi t 20 vi ddu theo t tren m6i khoiing bi chtin.
Bridc 5. Tdn tai mdt ldi girii cua (6) n6u ta gia st? thdm
ritng uo e D(A'?).

Thuc vdy, theo didu trudc dAy ta biet riing vdi moi
T< ,c:

u;_(t) -+ u(t), khii + 0,ddu trOn l0,Tl,

-tlY.. i,,1.,,,,i ru . khii- -* 0. ridu trOn [0, Tl.

t dt

197
 Ta suy ringu e Cr([0, co[; H) vd Y(tt -Stt), on,

]. -+ 0, tldu trOn [0, T]. Ta vi6't (7) dddi dang

o7) Stt)*a{,r^,r(t))=o.
Chrl f ring J1u1(t) + u(t) boi vi
l --r0

lJrur.(t)- u(t)l < lJrur(t) - Jru(t) | + lJr.u(t)- u(t)l

< lur,(t) - u(t)l + lJru(t)- u(t)l + 0

Khi rip dr;ng su kiQn ttd thi cria A ld t16ng, ta suy ra t

(17) ring u(t) e D(A), Vt > 0 Ve
du,
(t)* e'(t)= o '
fr
Cudi c ng vi ue C1([0, oo[; H), him t r-+ Au (t) ld li6n
tuc til [0, "c[ vdo H vi do d6 u e C([0, "o[; D(A)).

Do d6, ta thu tluoc mQt ldi gi6i cfra (6) th6a man
lutul < lu"l, vt > 0 va l*(ril=lor.l, orro.
ldr' 'l
Dd kdt tu4n ta cAn bd tld
Bd di VII.2. Cho u" e D(A). I(hi d6
ve>o,: "" . D(A2) sao cho luo- o. 1."
ver lAuo - Au. I < e
N6i cdch khric D(Az) li trti m6t trong D(A) (ddi vdi
ctrudn ild thi).

198
 Chfng minh bd di VII.2. Cho [ = J?.uo, sao cho
[. nfal vn [ + ].A[= u". Do dd A[e D(A), t.1.
I e D(A2).
Mnt kh6c, ta bidt rling (mQnh .10 '!rII.2)
A[ =A1uo=JrAuo
vA lirn lJ^uo-uol= O,
lS lJ,.Auo- Au"l= 0.
Khi tl6 ta chon )" > 0 thi nh6 ve ta duoc kdt quri mong
mudn.
Brrdc 6. Kdt lurin - Cho uo e D(A). Nhd bd tld trOn
tldy tdn tai mdt day (uo, )- O(e'z) sao cho uo,, -) uo vd
Auo,, -+Auo. Theo bddc 5 ta bidt rlng tdn tai mQt ldi gi6i u,,
c0a bii torin

4uo * 4u,, = 0 tr€n [0, "o[ ,

(18)
un (0) = uo,

Hon nffa ta c6

I ,,, (t)- u",(t)l .1r"" - u"* l_.;10

ldu-.,
l-I" (t)- du-,.1
-l- (t)l<leu^ -er". -),

l dt ' dr "l m,nJ0

I l

Do tl6
un(t) -+ u(t) ddu tr6n [0,
"ol

$to-Sto ddutr6nro,mr,

199
vdi u € C'{[0, ..1; H). Qua gidi han trong (18), nhd viro srt
ki6n A ld tl5ng, ta thA'y rhng u e C([0, r:[; D(A)) vd u nghi6m
d(mg (6 ).

Chti thich 4, Cho ui. ld idi girii cLia {7).

a) GiA srr ring e D(A). Ta bidt rhng (the(, budc 3), khi
uo
i. --+ 0, u;.(t) h6i tu, vdi moi t 2 0, vd mQt gidi han ghi ld u(t)'
Ta c6 th6' chfng minh ring (xem IBTI) u e C1(10, ",.-[ ; H) n
C([0, "ct; D(A)) vd u nghi6m ddng (6).
b) Giti sr-r ring u" e H' Ta c6 thd chrlng minh ring (xem
lllTl, khi i -+ 0, u;.(t) hQi tu, vdi t > 0 vd mQt gidi han ghi lir
u(t). Nhr-tng c6 thd xtiy ra ring u(t) € D(A), vt > 0 vd u(t)
khdng khri vi d didm nio cira 10,':o[ (xem m6t vi dq trong
tBTl. Do d6, hudng hd ld u(t) khdng thd 1d mOt tdi girii "cd
tli6n" cLia (6). Thric ra, trong trudng hdp ndy, biri to6n (6)
khdng c6 ldi gizii nAo theo nghia cd tlidn. Tur nhi6n ta x6t u(t)
nhu li mOt ldi giii "suy rQng" ctla (6). Tuv nhi6n ta s6 thdy
vd sau (xem VII.4) rhng ndu A li t{ li6n hdp khi d6 u(t) ld
ldi girii "cd didn" cua (6) vdi mqi u,, e H, cho dir u., r D(A).
Chri thich 5. (Nila nh6m co). Cho t > 0; ta x6t rinh xa
tuydn tinh Se(t): uo r-+ u(t) tir DIA) vdo D(A) trong tl6 u(t) ln ldi
gitii ctia (6) thu iludc nhd vio dinh lj VII.4. Cho lS1(t)u"l < lu,,l,
ta c6 thd k6o dAi Se(t) boi li6n tuc 1'2t trir mAt thAnh mOt todn
tt tuydn tinh 1i6n tuc til I{ r'io chinli n6. Ta v6n ghi k6o dii
niry bri,i S,r(t)'1'. Ta nghi6m lai d0 dirng rhng S,r(t) cri c:ic tinh
chdt sau dAy.

"'Trd lai tlinh nghia S1{t) nhu Ii, itth xu u,, e I{ r-r u(t) e 1.1 dudc
lirm rd d ch6 thich 4.

200
 a) Vdi m6i t > 0, Sa(t): H + H ld mQt todn til tuydn tinh
1i6n tuc vd llS.r(t)ll :'rnr <r

.b){'"'
lso(t' " tz)=Sa(tr
- )oS^ (tr)
vtr >0,vt2>0.
lsA (o)=I

ct lrryl So(t).r"- u"l= O vuo e IL

1,0

NIOt hs {S(t)}r:0 cdc todn trl cin -1(H) x6c dinh vdi m6i
giri tri cta tham sd t > 0 va nghiQm dring a), b), c) theo dinh
nghia, li mQt nt?a nh6m li6n tgc co.
Ddo lai ngrrdi ta chfng minh rhng tHille - Yosida), cho
tnJdc mOt nta nh6m li6n tr;c co S(t), t6n tai m6t torin til A don
alieu cuc dai duy nhdt sao cho S(t) = Se(t) vdi moi t > 0. Nhu
vriy ta thi6l lAp mQt trt'dng dfng song 6nh giria cdc todn ttl
tlon diQu crlc d4i vh cdc nta nh6m li6n tgc co.
Vd chrlng minh, chEng han xem [BT] vd c:ic tham kh6o
trong c6c ldi binh lu{n vd chuong VII.
Chti thich 6. Cho A li mQt todn tir don diQu cr.tc tlai vd
cho ). e R. ViQc gi6i phrrong trinh
du
_+Au+/.u=U tr6n [0, + ccl
dr
u(0) = uo

mdt cich rdt don girin vd

cltra vd viQc gitii (6) nhd caich cti didn
sau ddY Ta dat
vtt) = e).r u(t)
Khi d6 v nghiOm dtng

20t
 S * a" = 0 tr6n [0,
+.pf :

v(0) = uo

VII.3. TiNH CHiNH QUY

B6y gid ta s6 bd tric kO't qu6 cria tlinh li VII.4 khi chr?ng
minh ring ldi gi6i u crla (6) thi chinh quy hdn(r) nhd cdc gii
thidt phu vd dfi kien dau.
Mu6'n v{y, ta dinh nghia b}ng quy nap kh6ng gian

n(Ak) = {v e D(Ak-1); Av e D(Ak-l)}, k nguy6n > 2.

Ta nghiQm lqi d6 ddng rlng D(Ak) ld mQt kh6ng gian
Hilbert tl6'i vdi tich v0 hudng
k,
(u,v)p,ot , =l(ejr, aj') ;
j=0

chudn tudng rlng le

1/2
k
l'lr,oo, = I
j=0
A u
2

Dinh lf
YII.5. Ta giri srl rling u" e D(Ak) vdi k > 2.
Khi .16 loi gi6i u cta biri todn (6) thu dri{c d tlinh lf
VII.4 th6a mdn
j([0, D(Ai)) vdi j o, 1,..., k.
u . Ck- +.o [; =
Chrlng minh. Ta bdt tldu b6i gi6 sfr ring k = 2.

(') li VIi.4 chi kh6ng dinh ring u e

Ta nh6c lai ring crja dinh C1
([0, co[ ; H)

202
 Ta x6t khdng gian Hilbert Hl = D(A) trang bi tich vd
hr-t6ng (u, v)nr.4. Ta nghiQm lai d6 dAng ring torin t[t Ar:
D(Ar) c H1 -+ H1 x6c dinh bdi

. D(Ar) = D(A2)

A1u=A2uvdiueD(Ar)
ld don ttiQu curc tlai trong Hr. Ap dung tlinh lli VII.4 cho toiin
tir A1 trong kh6ng gian H1 ta thdy ring tdn tai mQt hAm
u e C1([0, + oo[ ;Hr)n C ([0, + o[; D (Ar))
sao cho

{ dr
[4*e,,u=o trdn[0,+"oI

lu(01 = uo

D4c biQt u th6a (6); nhd tinh duy nhdt do d6 ln ldi gi6i
cfia (6). Ta chi cbn nghiQm lai rhng u . C2([0, + co[ ; H). Vi

A e /(Hr, H) vd u e CltO, + .o[ ; Hr).

Suy ra rhng Au e C1([0, + m[ ; H)vd

(le) *t^,f = ^(#)

"dt*e Cr(J0,*1; H) t.l. u e
Ap dung (6) ta thdy ra.rg C'9

([0, + H) vtt
"o[ :

(20) tron ro, + cor.

*(*).^(*)=o

203
 Bay gid ta qua tnldng hop tting qurit k > 3. Ta l1y' luAn
bing qui nap theo k: ta thUa nhqn kdt quri cho ddn bAc k - 1
vi giri st rlng uo e D(Ak). Theo tli6u tnrdc ddy, ta biSt rlng
ldi gi6i u cria (6) thuQc v6 C2(t0, co[; H) n C'([0, -[ ; D(A)) vd
u th6a min (20).

'dtu-4'. ta rhu
Oat aluoc

v e C1([0, +":[ ; H) n C(tO, cot ; D(A))

!I * Au = 0 tr6n [0, :c[

dr
v(o)= - 4r"

N6i cdch khric, v ld ldi gi6i c0a (6) tuong ilng vdi dit ki6n
tldu vo = - Auo. Vl vo e D(Ak-l) ta bidt, nhd giri thidt qui rap
t27t v € Ck-I-i (10,.1 ; D(lJr) vdi j=0, 1,...,k - 1,

t.l .

u u Ck-jt[o, ",[ ; DrC 11 vdi j = 0, 1..... k - l,

Ta chl cdn nghiQm lqi rhng
Q2) u e C([0, +.[ ;D(Akt)
Ap dung (21) vdi j =k - 1, ta thu dudc

t23\ *..(0,*,t,o(ak-'))
dt t '
Ta suy tii (23) vh phrrong trinh (6) rhng
Au e C([0,.cet ; D(Ak-r))
t.l. \22).

204
vil.4. TRrrdNG HoP ru LIEN HoP
cho ,\: D(A) c I-l + 1l ll\ nrr.rt t" :11 i.r i ilven tir-rh kh6ng
bi chdn rOi iliel Il . rr- (iLr ta tlilrg nhit il = H ta c6 th6 x6t
A+ nhu mOt tozin tt kh6ng lri el.rin trong H.
Dinh nghia. Ta noi rhng
A ddi xrlng ndu
(Au, v) = (u, Av) Vu, v e D(A).
A tr1 li6n hOp ndu
A'= A
tli6u ndy hidu ngdm le D(A-) = D(A)'
Chti thich 7. Khi A e l(H), ta kh6ng cAn phdn biQt
gifia torin tt ildi xrlng vd torin tti trr li6n hop. Nguoc lai ndu A
kh6ng bi ch{n su phAn biQt gita "ddi xrfng" vd "tg li6n
- hdp" mang tinh chdt hoi td nhi. Rd rdng ring mQt torin tfi
li6n hop thi tldi xrlng. Ngudc lai kh6ng d[ng: A ld tldi xrlng
ndu vi chi ndu A c A. - didu tl6 hidu ngAm ia D(A) c D(A.) vn
A' = A tr6n D(A). Khi A do'i xrlpg, c6 thd x6y ra A c A' Cxem
lBTl).
Ket quzi sau ddy chrlng td ring khi A le ddn diQu crlc
.lai, th)
(A ddi xfng) <> (A ttr li6n hoP).
MQnh d6 \rII.6. Cho A lA mot todn trl ddn dieu crlc
d4i, ddi xrlng. Xhi d6 A lA trl li6n hQp.
Chrlng minh. Cho Jr = (I + A)-1. Trrrdc hdt ta chtlng t6
ring Jr ld td lien hdp. Chi cAn nghiem lai - vi Jr e J(Hl -
rhng

205
(24) (Jru, v) = (u,Jrv) Vu, v e H
D4t ur = Jru, v1 = J1v suy ra
u1 * Au1 =u
vl + Av1 =v
\ (ur, Avr) = (Aur, vr) ta suy ra rIng
' (ur, v) = (u, vr) t.l. (24).
Cho u e D(A') vn ddt f = u + A-u. Ta c6
(f, v) = (u, v + Av)
Vv e D(A).
t.l.
(f, J1w) = (u, w) Vw e H.
Do d6 u = Jrf vi do d6 u e D(A). Kdt lu4n D(A-) = D(A).
Chri thich 8. Ta cdn chfi j: ndu A ld mQt torin tir don
tliQu, ngay cA tldi xrlng, khi al6 A* kh6ng cdn thidt don tli6u;
xem [BT]. Ngrroc lai ta chrlng minh cdc s]l tddng.tludng sau
tl6y (xem [BT]):
A don tliQu ctrc tlai
<e A- aldn diQu ctrc clai
<r A d6ng, D(A) tril m{t, A vi A- tlon di6u.
Dinh lf VII.7. Cho A li
mQt to6n trir ddn dieu crlc
d4i, t{ li6n h-d.p. Khi d6 vdi mgi uo€ H(r) tdn tai mQt
hirm

(r) Ta nhdn manh su khdc nhau gifra tlinh if VII.4 vd tlinh lf VII.7:
I tldy u" e H (thay vi u. e D(A). Kdt ludn thi ydu hon vi
S{t) "O
thd tinh cd "nd ra" khi t -+ 0.

206
 uE C(t0, +co [ ;H) + co[ ;H) C(]0, + of ; D(A))
^.C1(]0, ^
duy nhdt sao cho
4o *4o =o tr6n lo,arl
u(0) = uo

Hdn nrla ta c6
du t,
lu(t)l< i u"l va d t (t) =lA*(t)l< -lt' u vt>0

(2$ h e Ck(10,.ot; D(Ar)) v k, /nguy6n.

Chrlng minh
duy nhdt. Goi u ve u Ia hai ldi giii. Ap dung tinh
Sq/
tlon tliQu cria A ta thdy riing hnm <p(t) = lu(t) - ,(t)f li gia*
tr6n [0, + -[. M4t khdc n6 1i6n tgc tr6n [0, +.o[ vd q(0) = 0. Do
tl6 rp = 0.
Srr tdn tai
Brldc 1. Trtrdc ti6n ta gi6 sir ring uo e D(A') vd goi u
li ldi gi6i crla (6) thu tluro.c 6 dinh li VII.4. Ta se thi6't lQp
tl6nh gi6

(26)
ldu..l
t_( l
1
u vt>0.
ldt I t
Chri y ring
Ji=JrvaAi=A^ v).>0
(iem chrirng minh cria menh dd VU.6).

207
 Ta l6'v lai xdp xi duoc rlirng trong chitng minh cta dinh
li \iII..1:

(27)
$+A7.u1. =o tron [0, + rL, ur(O) = un.
NhAn tich vd hrldng Q7) bdi ui. vd tich phAn tr6n [0, T]
ta thu duoc
1^1 r 2
(28) i lu; rTrl'- )dt = ;lu"
J(a,u,,u;
U

du,
Sau d6 ldy tich v0 hd6ng. cria (27) vdi t:(t) va tich
phAn tr6n [0, T] ta c6

il*n1',.,.i (o,,, n, *)",

(29) =o

ME
du) \
d
{A7-ur. ur) = [ar. {u' . ,, )*[
dt l\ nt"'dt.,J
dt \
= z[ar,r.41)
\, dt,
b<ii vi Ai = a,..
Do d6, khi tich phAn tttng phAn, ta tim th.i-y

j(o,,,n, Sr,r),0, = ]1$r,o,,,,,, ,Iu,

(30)
. ,T
- j{a,,,1r:1,, (r)Ir - iJ(e,,^. u, Ht
U

208
 Mdt kheic, vi hdm t * ld gidm (b6'.le vII.1)
l$,r,i
ta c6

(31) jl*,',1"u"1$t'r1'f
Td hdp (28), (29), (30 vir (31) ta c6
2
jlrrtrl'? , T(A1.u7 {Ti u; rTr)+ r'l$t, 1
2
uo

tldc bi6t, suy ra

(32) ilurrl , 1
uo VT>0.
ldt'l
Ta k6:t thfc chrlng minh ctia (26) khi qua gidi han trong
qy^
(32) khi ), -r 0 (chri r rang -, !9 nhd vao budc 5 cia

chrlng minh tlinh lj VII.4).

Pindc 2. BAy gid ta giri sri uo e H. Goi (u", )'ta m6t day
trong D(A2) sao cho uro -+ uo. Goi u" li ldi gi6i cfia phrlong
trinh
du'
* Ar- =o tr6n [0, + :cl
dt
u,, (o) = uo,,

Ta bidt rlng (d!nh ly VII.a)

lu. (t)- u.(t)l < uo,,
I
- ,o," Vm,n,Vt>0

209
vd (br-rdc 1) ring
lggorrt- o',"(r)l 1 u- -u Vm, n, Vt > 0.
I dt " dt "l t
Do tl6 un(t) hQi tu vd mot gidi han u(t) tldu
'tron va
[0, "o I
du- --.
--:s . du -
hor tu ve ', tren mor khoring [6, + co[ vdi 6 > 0. Do t16
dr dt
u e C(to, +,o [ ; H) C1(]0, + co[ ; H).
^
Ta kdt ludn d6 ddng rhng u(t) e D(A) vdi moi t > 0 vd
nghi6m thing nhrrong trinhff + Au = 0 tr6n 10, + "c[ (ding srr

ki6n A tl6ng).
!

Chfng rninh cta (25). Ta sE ch(ng minh blng qui nap

theok>2rlng
(33) u . Ck-j(10, + .ot ; D(li)) V; = o, 1,..., t.
Do tl6 ta thrlia nhdn (33) tdi b4c k - 1 ; do d6 d4c biQt
suy ra
(34) ue -1 ; D(Ak-1)).
C(10, +

Dd chdrng minh (33) tdi b4c k, . chi cAh (nhd ttinh lf

VII.5) nghiOm lai rlng
(35) ueC(10,+"o[;D(Ak)
Trong khOng gian Hilbert fr = O(eo-'), ta x6t torin tfr
i: otA) - fr - fr xric tlinhbdi
t t-\ / , \
lD(AJ= D(A-J
1-
lA=ak

2t0
 Ta nghiQm.lai d6 dnng rhng A ld don tliQu cuc tl4i vd
t16'i xfng (do tl6 tu li6n hop) trong fr .
Ap dung phdn tldu cria dinh li VII.7 trong H vio to6n
tir A ta thdy ring, vdi moi ," . fr , tdn tai mQt ldi giAi duv
nhdt cta bdi torin

(36) [t*,qr=o
i dt
trdn lo,+"o[
["(o)= u"
vdi
v e C([0, + *t ; fr) n C1(]0, +*[; frn C(]0, "ot;D(i))
Chon vo = u(e).
(e > 0) (vo e fr nhd vdo (34) ta thdy rhng u e C(le, + 'c[ ;

D(Ak)). Do tlo (35).

BiNH LUAN VE CHUdNG VII

f ) Dinh lf Hille - Yosida trong kh6ng gian Banach
Dinh lj Hille - Yosida md r6ng tdi cric kh6ng gian
Banach dudi dang sau d6y:
Cho E li mQt kh0ng gian Banach vi goi A: D(A) c E -+
E Id mOt torin tri tuydn tinh kh6ng bi chin. Ta n6i ring A li
m - trQi D(A) = E vi vdi moi )' > 0, I + ).A li mQt song
"6u
6nh tir D(A) 16n E voi ll(I + IA)-11 JrH) < 1.

Dinh lf YII.8 (Hille - Yosida). Cho A lA mQt to6n

trX m - trQi trong E. Khi d6 vdi moi uo e D(A) t6n t4i
mQt hdm

21.1
 u € C1([0, + co[; E) C([0, +.ot; D(A))
^
duy nhdt sao cho
d'*Arr=o tr6n [0, +
(37) dt "ol
u(o)= r"
Hdn nrla ta c6

ilu(t)lt < il u" lt vi v t > 0.

ll4"+n{=ilAu(t)l<llAu"li
Todn trl u. F, u(t) k6o diri bdi li6n tgc tdi E dd{c
ghi ln Sa(t) ; Sa(t) ln mQt nt?a nh6m li6n tuc co tr6n E.
Dio l4i, cho tnldc mQt nr?a nh6m li6n tuc co S(t),
tdn tai mQt todn tr? A m - trQi, duy nhdt, sao cho
S(t) = S,r(t) vdi mgi t > 0.
Vd chfng minh, xem ching han J. Goldstein t1l, Yosida
[1], Schechter [1], Reed - Simon [1], \rolume 2, Tanabe [1],
Pazy [7), Dunford - Schwartz [1], Volume 1, Friedman [2],
Davies [1], llalakrishnan t1l vd tBTl. Czic tham kh6o ndy chfa
cric khai tridn phong phii vd li thuy6i nta nh6m.
2) C6ng thri'c mfi
C6 nhidu phuong phrip ldp cho ph6p giaii bdi to6n (3?).
Ddc bi6t ta ki ra
Dinh If VII.9. Ta gi6 sr? ring A lA m - trQi. Khi d6
vdi mgi u" e D(A) ldi gi6i u ctia (37) ddqc cho bdi c6ng
thrlc mti
n
Ir-f[ r+1e
(38) ,1ty=
n-+-l\ n )'l uo

2t2
 Chdng han xem Yosida l1 i la l'az!' i1l-
Ta chri f rhng c6:rg r hrlc (38) trrong flng chinh xiic trong
ngdn ngti gizii tich sd vdi sd hdi tu ctia mdt so d6 dn rdi rqc
hria theo t cho phudng 'trinh (37) (xem Raviart - Thomas
tll). That v4y tld x6c dinh ldi gitii cria (37) ta cd dinh t > 0 vi
ta chia khodng [0, t] thdnh n khoting bilng nhau chidu dAi
t
At=-; ta gi6i lAn ldot cdc phtlong trinh
n
rIr 1 - ll.r
rr-
rAu; 1-0; j=0, l. 'n-l'
AtJ
khrii ddu tii uo. Nrii crich khdc
n

u,., = (I + AtA)
n
uo = t*1e
n
u

Khi n +z (t.1., At --> 0) ]rodn toAn "ttl nhi6n" rhng u.,

h.ri tu ve ur t t.

3) Dinl: VII.7 la ni6t bLtdc ddu ti6n vo Ii thuydt ntla

li
nh6m giii tich; vd chti dd ndy xem Yosida [1], Kato [1],
Reed - Simon [1], Freedman 121, Pazy []1, Tanabe [1).

4) Phtlong trinh vdi vd thr? hai. Phridng trinh phi

tuy6'n
X6t bii torin

tr6n [0, r]
(39) ff{0.o,{,)=tt,)
u(o) = u"

Ta c6 the qud sau dAl'

213
 Dinh lf WI.10. Ta gii srl ririg A li m-trQi. Khi .16
v6ri moi u" e D(A) vi mgi f e C1(t0, Tl ; E) t6n tai mQt
him
u e c1([0, T] ; E) n c(to, Tl ; D(A))
duy nhdt ldi gi6i cria (39). Hdn nfra u ddqc cho bdi c6ng
thtle
t
(40) .(t)= sn(t)u.+ jso(t - s!(s)ds
o

trong d6 Se(t) chi nr?a nh6m gidi thiQu 6 1.

Ta nhd riing ndu f e L1(0; T; E) c6ng thric (40) - lu6n

ludn c6 nghia - c6 thd tlddc x6t nhrr mQt ldi gidi suy rQng crla
(39). Vd cAc vdn dd ndy xem Kato [1], Pazy [1], Martin [1],
Tanabe [ 1].
Trong ciic ri'ng dung, ta gdp nhidu phudng trinh "ri tuyO-n
tinh" thuQc loai

++
dr
Au=F(u)

trong d6 F ld mOt torin tf phi tuydn ttt X vdo X, chEng hao

xem Martin [1], Br6zis [2] vi c6c idi binh lu{n vd chtrong X.
Trong cing tinh thdn ta chi ra rdng phdn ldn c6c k6't
qui c0a chrrong VII chdp nhAn mQt diOn tA phi tuydn, nghla li'
A: D(A) c E -+ E ld mQt todn tt phi tuydn; xem Br6zis [1],
Barbu [1], B6nilan - Crandall - Pazy [1].

214
 cHudNc I
KHONG GrAN soBoLEV vA c6ttc rnUc
arEN pHAt{ cOa cAc eAt roAN
BIEN M9T CHIEU

Vltl.1. D4t vi'n dd

Chring ta x6t bdi torin sau. Cho trudc f e C([a,b]), tim
mQt hAm u(x) th6a

(1) - u'+ u = f, trOn [a, b],

u(a)=u(b)=0.
MOt ldi giai cd diin - hay ldi girii m4nh cria bii todn
(1) la mQt hdm thuQc ldp C2 tr6n ta,bl th6a (1) theo nghia
th6ng thtldng. Di nhi6n, (1) c6 thd tlrroc gidi hidn bing mQt
ph6p tinh tlon gi6n, nhung chfng ta b6 qua khia canh d6 tld
minh hoa mQt phddng phdp khric tr6n vi du co bdn ndy.
Ta nhdn (1) bdi 9 € Cl(ta,bl) vi ding tich ph6n ting
phAn thi (1) tr6 thenh
bb b
(2)
I''*'
aa
I Jno ve € Cl(ta,bl),rp(a) = q(b) = 0.
* u9 =

275
 Ta chri ;i ring (2) c6 nghia khi u e C1(ta, bl) .(Drio lai <i
(1) cdn giti str u phrii c6 dao hdm cap hai); thAt ra ta chi cAn
c6 u, u' e L1(a, b) vdi u' hidu theo mdt nghia sE chi rd sau.

Mdt hdm u thu6c ldp C1 thoa (2) duoc goi (tam thdi) ln
mQt ldi girii ydu cua (1).

Quy trinh sau ddy m6 ti phuong phrip xdp xi bi6'n

phAn trong lf thuy6i phddng trinh dao him ri6ng:
Bddc $: Ta xric dinh ro khrii ni6m ldi gi:ii ydu, didu ndy
cdn ddn kh6ng gian Sobolev, khdng gian ndy se ld nhtlng
c6ng cg cd bin.
Br(6c B: Ta thiet lAp sd tdn tai vd duy nhdt cua ldi
gi6i ydu bhng phuong phrip bidn phAn, dua vAo dinh l;i Lax-
M ilgram.
Bdr1c C: Ta chfng minh ldi girii ydu thudc ldp C2
(ching han): d6 td m6t ket quri vd tinh chinh quy.
Bridc D: Trti lai ldi gitiididn. Ta chrlng. minh rlng
c6'
mot loi gidi yeu thuoc ldp C2 la mot loi gidi cd di6n.
Budc D rdt don gidn. Thrit vQy gizi sri u e C2([a, bl),
u(a) = u(b) = 0 vi u thda (2). Biing tich phAn trlng phdn ta
thu dttoc
b

[t-r" * u - ft,p = 9,
J
V,p e Crr[a,blt.qtar = ptbr = 0

uu nnl uqy

' b

[,-r'+u-fte=Q. VeeCf tla,b[ r.

)

2t6
 Ma Cl ( la, b[ ) tri mQt trong L2 (a, b) (he quzi IV.23) vd
do t10 - rr" .i u ,, f hritr khip ndi (l)htr vr:i.v lri khdp noi vi
ueC:).
vilt.2. KHoNG GtAN SOBOLEV Wl',p(l)
. Cho I =la, bt le m6t khozing bi chan hay khOng bi chdn
vA cho peR vd'i 1<P<.c.
Dinh nghia: Kh6ng gian Sobole v Wt r'(I) dugc qinh
nghia'r ) bdi
wt'p(I) =]u . UtD,:g. U(I) sao cho
Ir* = - jt* ,vq e Cltlf
Ta ddt H1(I) = wt'2(I)
Vdi m6i u e WIP(I) ta dat u'= g'2'.
Chri thich l. Trong dinh nghia cria !Vl'p ta goi I ld
hirm thrl. Ta c6 thd str dung khdng phAn biCt C:(I) hav
Ci(I) nhtr la tap cdc hdm thri, btii vi neu ,p e Clll), ttri
p" *qeCi(I) vdi n.dtldnvd pn *q+e trong Ciixem IV.4),
di nhion'ald tich chQp p,., * q xdc dinh, tntdc hdt ta phdi thdc
fii6n rp bing 0 <i b6n ngodi I.
Chri thich 2. Ro rdng riing ndu u e Cl(I). Ll'(I) va ndu
u'e Lp(I) (& dAy u' li dao hdm theo nghia th6ng thtldng
crja u), thi u e Wl'p(I). Hon nita dao hdm thdng thudng cfia u

rr) Ndu khong so nhdm l5n ta vidt wlp thay vi w1 p(I)'

(r) g(nhd vao bd
Ch[ y ring di6u ndy c6 nghia do tinh duy nha't ctia
d6 IV.2).

217
trtng vdi tlao him cfia u theo nghia W1'p. Dec biQt n6'u I bi
chin, thi C1(I) c tryt'r11) vdi moi 1< p <.o.
Vi dq: Cho I =l - 1,+1[ . Chrlng minh nhu bii t{p ring:
(i) Hdm utrt = 1(i + x) thuQc W1'p(I) vdi moi 1< p < oo
2"
vir u'= H trong d6

H(x) =
1 ndu 0 < x < 1,
0 -1<x<0.
ndu

Tdng qurit hon, mQt him 1i6n tuc tr6n I vi c6 tlao hAm
li6n tuc tiing khtc tran I thi thuoc W1'p(I) vdi moi 1< p < co.
(ii) Hdm H kh6ng thuOc Wl'p vdi mpi 1< p < co.

Chri thich 3. Dd tlinh nghia \ry1'n ta c6 thd sfi dung lj

thuydt phan bd (xem L.Schwartz tll). Moi hdm u e Lp(D tldu
c6 dao hdm theo nghia phnn bd mA tlao him phAn bd'niy ld
mQt phAn t& cira khdng giar. Q'(l). Ta n6i rhng u e Wl,p (I)
ndu dao him phAn bd cira n6 trirng vdi mdt hAm ttruQc Lp,
trong kh6ng gian (1'(I).

Khi I = R va p = 2 ta cfrng c5 thd dinh nghia khdng gian

Sobolev bdi bi6n ddi Fourier; chEng han c6 thd xem trong
Lions-Magenes [11 hay Malliavin [1]. Chfng ta kh6ng xem
x6t vdn dd ndy d dAy.

Kf hiQu. Khdng gian WLp ddgc trang bi bdi chudn :

ll, ll*, o =llull, +llu'll*

218
(hay dai khi, ndu 1<p<-, vdi chudn ttlong dr-tong

t llrll',I .llr]l} r
% ). *urr gian H1 tluoc trang bi tich vd

hddng
(u, v)rr = (u, v)r2 + (u', v')rz

chudn tudng fhg

llu l',r, = tlluf lz + 1t"\'?*t14

thi. tdong tlr-tong'vd.i chudn trong W1'2 .

MQnh d6 VIII.I. Kh6ng gian Wr'p lir mQt kh6ng

gian Banach vdi 1 s p < oo. Kh6ng gian Wl'p lh phin
x4(r) vdi I < p < o vd trich dtrQc vdi I 3 p < -.
Kh6ng gian Hl li kh6ng gian Hilbert tdch driqc,
Chrlng minh.
a) Cho {u,, } ld diy v4y {u,, } vA
Cauchy trong W1'p ; nhu
{ull ld cric day Cauchy trong Lp. Do t16 u,, -+ u irong Lp vA
ui -+ g trong LP. Ta c6
Iu"* -1,;* ve e C](D ,

vd qua gidi han

J
uQ = - I** va € cl(I) .

(r)
Tinh chait niy ld mOt ur thd rdt ldn cria kh6ng gian W1'p. Trong
cric bdi todn vd ph6p tinh bidn phAn ngrrdi ta t}ich ding W1'p
hon li Cr kh0ng phin xq (xem hC qud III.20).

2t9
 Do 66 u € Wr'p(I), u' = g var llu" - u]lrr,, + 0.
b) \\;,'n I)h:in xa vrii I < p < -r.. 'Ihirt r':iy, khdng gian
tich E = I,i'i11 > Lr'(I) lir phdn xa. 'l'odn tf T : W1'p -+ E xzic
tlinh bdi 1u = [u, u'J ld mQt ddng c{ tU Wr'p vdo E; nhu vAy
T(Wl'p ) ld mQt kh6ng gian con tl6ng cria E. Didu ndy d6n tldn
(mQnh tld III.17) rxng T(Wt'p ) li phdn xa vd suy ra Wl'p
cr)ng ph6n xa.

c) Wr'p t:ich drlgc vdi 1 s p < a. That v4y, kh6ng gian

tich E = trr11.) x Lp(I) li tdch duoc n6n T(Wl'p ) cung tdch aludc
(xem m6nh dd III.22) . Do tl6 Wl p tdch dudc.

Chri thich 4. Trong chrlng minh tr6n, ta ch6ip nhAn kdt

qud sau. Gizi su {un } l2r dAy trong W1'P sao cho un -+ u trong
Lp vd ui hQi tu v0 mot gidi han nao d6 trong Lp, khi d6
ueWl'p ve llu, - ull*,., +0 (khi 1<p<z thi ta thdy rlng
ndu ul bi ch{n trong Lp thi dti kdt luAn u e W1'p; xem
IEXl).
. Cdc hdm ctia W1't' tluoc coi ld cric nguy6n hirm "suy
rdng" crla cric hAm trong Lp. Chinh x6c hdn ta c6 dinh li sau.

Dinh lf VIII.2. Cho u e wr'p(I); khi tl6 t6n tqi mQt

hirm i e C(I) sao cho
u = i h. k.n. tr6n I
x
vir i(x) - i(y) = Ju'(t)dt, Vx, y e I.
v

220
 Chti thich 5. Dd hidu ro n6i dung cta dinh li VIII.2,
trrrdc h6t ta chfi y r]ng ndu mdt hAm u . Wl'p, thi moi ham l
sao cho u = i, h.k.n. tr6n I c[r.rg thu6c W1'!. Dinh l1i VIII.2
p
khing tlinh ri\ng uoi him u cda W1 ddu c6 (vA c6 duy nhdt)
mOt alai diQn lii'n tuc, t[rc ]i tdn tai mdt hdm li6n tuc lhudc
v6 ldp trrong duirng cria u doi vdi quan h6 u - v n6u u = v
h.k.n. Khi cdn thict i'ta se manh dan thav thd u b6'i dai di6n
li6n tuc cua n6: d0 khong Idm nAng nd v6 k;; hi0u, ta cung
dirng u dd chi dai diQn li6n tuc cua u. Cudi ctng ta lr,ru 1i ring
tinh cha't " u co rtt\t dai dian liin tuc" thi khdc v6i " u liAn tuc
h.k.n."
p
Chri thich 6. RO rdng lA ndu u e Wl va neu u' e Cti)
thi u e Ct(i) (Chinh xric hon li il . Cl(i); nhrrng do chri thich
tren chung ta khdng phan biQt u vd i ).

Tlong chtlng minh dinh li VIII.2 ta sE srl dung c:ic bo dd

Bd d6 YIII.I. Cho f e Lrlo. (I) sao cho

(3)
., [ r,p'=o vqeCI(I)'
Khi tl6 tdn tai mQt hing sd C sao cho f = C h.k.n.
Chrlng minh. Ta co dinh m6t him y e C"(I) sao cho
I'[v = 1. Vrti m6i h2rm w e C"(I) tdn tai I e C]{I) sao cho
ro'=w-([w
,r )
'u.

'7)i ' I
"'Ch,rng han, cho u(x) c(i nghia

22t
 ThQt v{y hAm h=*-(1,* )v li6n tuc, c6 gid compact
chfia trong Iva do l, h = 0, h c6 mQt nguy6n hdm (duy nhdt)
c6 gid compact. Ta suy ra tir (3) rang

I f L*-tJ,w )v l=o vwe C"(I).

rfclar I tf -tl,t*,1*=o VweC"tI).

vA suy ra (bd dd IV.2) rlng f - ( I, t, I = 0 h.k.n.

tri,cli f =C h.k.n.,vdi C=lfv

Bd d6 \[II.2. cho g e Lrrob (I); vdi y6 cd dinh trong

I ta d4t

v1x) = Jg(t)dt, xeI.

y0

Khi d6 v e C0) vir

I, vQ =-J,**. veecl0).
Chfng minh. Ta c6
xYoYo
l"*'= I, Js(t)dtJ
<o'(x) dx = - Ja* Jsttl,a'rrnt
yoax
b)a
+ Idx lc(t)e'(x)dt
Yo Yo

Ap dUng tlinh lli Fubini, ta suy ra rhng

222
 yoL bb
I,'*'= - aa +
Js{t)dtJe'{x )dx Jstt)dtJe'{x)
dx
I srtl,ottlat.
yot
Chrlng minh dlnh lf VIII.Z. Cd tlfnh y6 e I vi ta tldt
x
u 1x1 = Jultt dt . Theo b6 d6 \rIIl.2 ta c6
y0

uQ = -l,,,'* vq € C:(D.
i,
Dodo JI[ (u -
"tq' =
o vq e C]tI). Ttreo bd dd VIII.1
ta iludc u-u=C t.t..r.
Hdm il(x) = u(x) + C c6 tinh chdt y6u cAu.
Chri thich 7. Bd dd VIII.2 ch(ng t6 ring nguy6n hdm v
cta mQt .hdm g trong Lp thuQc W1'p ndu v e Lp - didu niy
lu6n ludn ddng khi I lA bi chdn.
MQnh dd VIII.3. Cho u e Lp v6i 1< p < oo. Cdc tinh
chdt sau dey la ttJdng drldng
(i) u e Wl'P.
(ii) T6n tqi mQt hing sd C sao cho

f. 'l = c ll,pli"",,,, ve e cf fl).

I
IJI"*| rr'

(iii) T6n tai mQt hing sd C sao cho vdi moi t6p md
occl vimoi heR vdi
]hi < dist(o, R \i), ta c6

llr6u - ull,r,., < Cl hl.

223
 Hdn nrla, ta c6 thi chgn C = llu'l]rr,, trong (ii) vn (iii).
Chfng minh
(i) 3 (ii) Hidn nhi6n.

(ii) 3 (i) Dang tuydn tinh rp e Cl(I) + Jue' xic tlinh

tren mQt kh6ng gian con trtr mat cfia. LP', 1i6n tuc tldi vdi
chudn ciia Lp' . Nhd v{y dang niy duoc thric tridn thinh mQt
dang tuydn tinh li6n tgc F trdn Lp' (dp dung tlinh lf Hahn-
Banach, hay sd th6c tridn bdi li6n tuc). Theo dinh li bidu
di6n Riesz (dinh li IV.11 vd IV.14) tdn tai g e Lp sao cho
(r, q) = Ieq vrp e rr'.
Dic biQt, ta c6.

Iu*'= it* ve e Ci

vi nhrr vQy u e Wl'P.

(i)+(iii) Theo tlinh li UII.2, ta c6 vdi x e to'
x+h 1

u(x+h)-u(x) = Ju'(t)dt = hJu'(x +sh)ds.

x0
Do tl6
1

I
u(r + h) - u(x)l < lhl I I u(x + sh)lds.
0

Kdt lurin li hidn nhi6n ndu p = "o; gii s& 1< p < "o' Ap
dung bdt dEng thrlc Holder ta c6

224
 1

I
u(x + h) - uf x)lp < ltrle j I
u'(x + sh)le ds .
0

Suy ra
1

u'(x + sh Pds
f"lut* * h) - u(x)lptlx < lhlp ldx I
0

= lhlo Iasf lu'rx + sh)ledx

0

Metkhric, vdi 0<s<1 ta c6

'J,l u'r* * sh)ledx= rtrl'ar < u'tvl,av.

f_"nl Jl

TrI tl6y ta suy ra th-toc (iii).

(iii)-(ii). Coi ge CltD, ta chon occl sao cho
Supppcor.VdiheRth6a lt l.di.t(r,R\ I), ta c6

Itu(x - u(x)lp(x)dx = Ju(x)t,l(x - h) - <p(I)ldx.

+ h)

Ap dung bdt dEng thfc Holder vi (iii) ta thu ddoc

' Lr
lJtutx
+ trr - utxrJrotx)dxl < Clrrl li,oil,7 .

Qua gidi han khi h -+ 0 ta suy ra rlng

lj,,o'l =
q*1,r, ve e c].
Chri thich 8, Khi p = 1 cric mOnh tl6 suy dAn .ull aay
v6n cbn ddng:
(rr, <] (rrr)
(r.,
- .

225
 Trong phdn sau tlAy, ta gi6 sit rhng I bf ch{n. Cdc him
th6a (i), tfc ld cdc hdm thuQc W1'1 la nhitng him li6n tgc
tuyQt ttdi. Cric him niy clng tldgc al4c tnrng bdi tinh
chdt sau:
(AC) Ve > 0 16 > 0 sao cho moi ddy hdu han cric khozing
rdi nhau lap,byI cira I th6a Zlbo -uol <6, thi ta c6

Ilf(bk)-f(a1)l< e.
Trong khi t16 cric hdm th6a (ii) thav (iii)l vdi p = 1 lA ctic
hhm c6 bi6n phin bi ch{n; Cric hAm niy c5 thd a15c trthg
bdi nhi6u crich khdc nhau:

- tl6 ld hiQu cfra hai hdm tnng bi chqn (c6 thd kh0ng li6n
tr;c) tr6n I,

- tl6 le nhrlng hdm u th6a tinh ch6lt :

(VB) tdn tai mQt hdng s6' C sao cho

k1
)i=0 lu(t1.1) - u(t;)l < C v6i moi diy t6 < t1 < . <t1 cfra I.
- t16 1A nhfrng hdm u e L1(I) c6 dao hdm phAn bd ]a mdt
tlQ tlo bi chdn.
Ddi vdi dd tai nay ta c6 thd tham khdo E Hewitt-
Stromberg [1], Kolmogorov- Fomin [1] hay Chae [1]'

FQ qu,i VIII.4. MOt hirm u cta L-(I) thuOc vbro

wl'-(I) khi v6r ehi khi tdn tai rnQt hiing sd C sao cho
h'k'n x,Yer'
lu(x)-u(v)l<cl "-vl

226
 Chrlng minh
Ap dung m6nh d6 VIII.3. t(i)<) (iii)l vdi p = oo.
Mdt sd todn tr? co b6n^ cria Gi6i tich chi xdc tlinh tl6'i vdi
cric hdm xdc tlinh tr6n tr6n todn bQ truc sd thrrc (ching han
nhd tich ch4p, ph6p bidn ttdi Fourier,...). Rdt cdn thidt ndu ta
c6 thd thdc tridn mot hdm u e W1'p(I) thanh mQt him
i . wl'P(R) r't. t,
Kdt qud sau tlAy trd ldi cho sU quan t6m tr6n.
Dinh lf
YIII.5. (Todn trl thric triin) Cho I < p < - .
T6n tgi mQt torin tt thdc tridn P : WI'p(I) -+ Wr,p(R)
tuydn tinh li6n tgc sao cho
(i) Pul, =u Vu. *t'n(I).
(ii) llpullrp(R) < cll ollrr,,, vu.€ w1'P(r).
(iii) llpullwr,e(R, < cll ull*Lr,r, vu e w1'P(r).
('z)
(trong d6 C chi phq thuQc vio lll s co

Chrlng minh
Ta bdt ddu vdi trudng hop I = 10,+co I vd chrlng minh
ring th6c tridn bdi'ph6n xq x6c tlinh bdi

(Pu)(x) = u- (x) =
u(x) ndu x>0,
u(-x)' ndu x<0

(') Ndu ta thric tridn u bdi 0 b6n ngoii I, mot ham c6 aludc bing c6ch
niy n6i chung khong thuoc vao W1 p(R) (xem V.III.3).
q9.7
ld todn til cdn tim.

rrtr6c hdt ta co llu.ll,r,o, < 2llullu,,,.

Dat
u'(x) neu x>0,
v(x) =
- u'(-x) neu x<0.

Ta nghidm lai d0 ding ring v e Lp(R) ve

x
u-(x) - u(0) =
0
i v(t)dt VxeR.

Nhrr vAy u" . *t'0{R) (xem chti thich 7) vn

u.ll*,,0,o, < 2ll ull*r,n,,, .
ll

BAy gid ta kh6o s:it tnfdng hgp I la khodng bi chdn; ta

ludn lu6n c6 thd tlua vd trudng hgp I = 10, 1t. Ta cd dinh mEt
hdm n € C1(R), 0 3 1 3 1, sao cho
1
1 ndu x < --
4'
l(x) =
u neu x>-
4

1
({z)
1u.6 thd ldy C = 4 trong (ii) vd C = 4( 1+ ) trong iii).
(

l!

228
 11

1 x

Cho trttdc mdt him f xric dinh trOn J 0, 1 [ ta d{t

f(x)
f(x) ndu 0 < x.< 1,
=
0 ndu x)1.
Chring ta cdn bd tld sau.

Bd dd VIII.3. Cho u e Wl,p(I), khi d6

11 i e W1'P{0, o) vi (q i)' = rf i + r1 .i'.
Chrlng minh. Coi q e Cl( I 0, .o t ) ; ta cO

-11
Jn
fi,r' =
Jn
r*' = Jut (n,r)' - n'e J
000
11
= -Ju'r*- Jurl'e bdi vi qe e C:C0,1t)
00

=- It ,', + frn')tp.
0

Phdn cudi cria chfng minh dinh li VIII.5. Cho trrrdc

ue Wl'P(I), ta vidt u = 4u+(1 -11 )u.

229
 Trudc hdt hdm 1u tlrroc k6o dai len l0,oo[ boi nfi (nhd
[d ad vIfI.sl vd sau d6 k6o dii 10n R bdi phrin xa NIru v6v
'
ta thu dddc mdt hdm v, e W1'p{1t) lA k6o ddi cta r1u vA th6a

lln,llrr,o, < 2ll ullu,,,, llr,ll*',0,*,

< cll ull*r,n1,,.

(trong tl6 C phu thu6c uao lln'11". ). ,-

Ta lam tddng tlr nhu v4y. aloi vrii (1- rl lu I tuc tir trddc
hdt ta tluoc k6o ddi hdm (1 -I)u tren l-cc,l[ bdi 0 tr6n
I - co,Ol vA sau d6 .
k6o dii I6n R btli phin xa ( tlo'i vdi
tlidm 1). Nhrl vdy ta cfing thu aluoc mot hirm v2 € w1'e(R) ld
k6o ddi ciia (1 - n )u sao cho

llurll,rrnr < 2ll ullu,,,, llrrliw,,,ror < cll ull*r.,,,,,.

Khi do Pu = vr + v2 th6a y6u cdu cua dinh ly'

MOt sd tinh chdt cfra c6c him thuQc ldp C1 v6n cdn thing
t16'i vdi c6c him thuQc W1'p (xem cric hQ quri VII'9 vd
VII'10 )'
Ra't thu4n loi khi ta thidt l{p cric tinh chdt niy bdi "tinh trt
m$t" vdi sd trg girip cta kdt qui sau.
Dfnh lf VIII.6. (Tinh trri mat) Cho u t Wl'p(I)vdi
1S p < co. Khi al6 t6n t4i mQt ddy {u.,} trong Cf (R) sao
cho u,,1, -) u trong Wl'P(I).
Chring minh. Ta ludn ludn c6 thd giA srl rhng I = R; n6u
kh6ng thi ta bdt tldu bdi viOc thdc tridn u thdnh mQt hdm
thuoc w1'p(R) nhd vdo dinh lf VIII.5. Ta sir dung mot k! thu4t
quan trong vd tich chQp (tld tltra vd cric hdm C-) vi c6t ngin
(dd thanh cric hlm c6 giri compact).

230
 a) Tich ch6p
Ta cAn c6 bd tl6 sau.
Bd dd vrII.4. Cho p e Lr(R) vi cho v € wl'P(R) vdi
1Sp(co.Khid6
p"t y 6 1ry1'r 1i,1 vi (O r, y)' = p + v' .

Chrlng minh
TrUdc ti6n ta gi6 st rhng p co gid compact. Ta biSt riing
p r v € Lp. Coi 9 e C] tn); ao cric mQnh dA IV.16 vd IV.20
ta c6

Jto
* u),r' =JvtF-<o') =Jvtol e)' = - Iv(a* q; = -J{p * v')e.
- Tir d6
p*v € W1,P vi (p+v)' = p*v'.
Ndu p khdng c6 gi6 compact ta dtng mQt dey {p,, } cria
C"(R) sao cho pn -+ p trong L1. Theo cdc kdt qui tr0n ta c6
-'
; a w1'p vi (p,, * v)' = p,, * v'.
p,, *

Mat kh6c pr, 'r'v -)p * v trong Lp vi. p,., * v' -;p * v' trong
Lp (xem ttinh lf IV.22). Nhd chri thich 4 ta kdt luin tluoc ring
p*v € W1'P vd (p*y), = p*v,.
b) Cdt ngdn
Tacddinhm6thim (e Ci(R) sao cho 0<(<1vd
, I r ndu lxl <1,
((x) = l
I o n6u l*i>2.
23t
 Ta x6c tlinh d5y

@) (, (x) = ((:) vdi n = l, 2,.

n
Nhd tlinh lf hQi tu bi chdn, ta nghi0m lai d6 ddng rhng
ndu m6t him f eLp vdi 1<p<co thi (,,f -+f trong Lp.

c) Ket luan
Ta chon mQt diy chinh qui h6a {p"}. Ta chfng minh
riing day un = (Il(p,, * u) hoi tu vd u trong Wl'p . Trd6c h6t ta
c6 ll u, - ull* -+ 0. Thrit v4y, ta vidt iai tluoc

un - ll = (r, [(pr, * u) - u] + [(,ru - u] .

vi nhu v{y ll
u" - rllu = il
(p, * u) - ull* + ll
("u - ullr, -+ 0.
Tidp theo, nhd bd tld \rIII.4 ta c6
u', = (1,(p" * u) + (n(pn.,r u' ).
Ta suy ra ddoc

llri, -r'fl,, < ll<;to" *u)ll, +ll6"to. *u')-u'llu

.9ilril.r +ll (0" *u,)-r,llrr *ll (,,u,- u, ll* -0.
trong tl6 c = llS]lr .

Chri thich 9. MQt crich tdng qu6t ta kh0ng thd chon

ttrroc d tlinh li VIII.6 mdt d6y lu,,) trong CI(I) (vdn'dd ney
xem VIIL3). N6i khric di Cf (D khdng trir mat trong W1'p(I)
(trikhi I = R).

232
 Dinh lf VIII.7. Tdn tai mQt hling sd C (chi phu
thuQc viro lrl < -i sao cho

(E) < cll ull*,,n,r,vu € wl'p(I),v1 <p <.,

ll
"ll"-o,
N6i kh6c di wl,p(I) c L-(I) v6i ph6p nhring li6n
tuc vdi mgi 1< P < "o'
Hdn nila, ndu I bi ch{n ta c6
(6) ph6p nhring Wl'p(I)c C(Itta compact vdi 1< p s 'o,
(7) ph6p nhdng W1'1(I) c Lq(I)lir compact vdi 1< q < co.
Chrlng minh. Ta bdt ddu bhng viqc chr3ng minh (5) vd'i
I= R, triJdng hop tdng qu6t s6 tludc dda vd trudng hop niy
nhd dimh i;i th;ic tridn (dinh Ij VIII.5). Cho v e Cl{R); ndu
13p<cc ta tldt G(s) = lsle-ls. Hdm w=G(v) thuQc vdo
c:(R) va
y7, = e,(v)v, = nl"lp-1v,.
Nhd v{y vd'i x e R ta c6
x
G(v(x)) = Jrlv(t)lP-1v'(t)dt ,

vi dtng bdt dlng thrlc Holder ta duoc

lv(x)le < p ll,llL'll''ll,/ .

Tir d6y, ta suy ra il(di, nhd bdt tl6ng thfc Young (xem
IV.2) ring
(8) llvll". s Cllvllrrr,n v e Cltn) .

233
trong t16 C Id mQt hIng sd phd qudt(1).
BAy gid lf
bling tinh tri m6t. Cho u e W1'p; t6n tai
1u4n
mOt tlay {u"}c C:(R) sao cho u,, -+ u trong W-1'p(R) (dinh U
VIII.6). Ap dunc (8) ta thdy ring {u,,} li ddy Cauchy trong
L' . \h vAy u., -+ u trong L- vd ta c6 tlrroc (5).
Chfng minh (6). Giri sit I ld quA cdu tlon vi cia
W1,P (Ii v6i 1< p S co. Vdi u e S

ta c6
v
I u(x) - u(v)l = Iu'(t)d = ll,'llu l, - yl'A' <1" - tl%' Vx,y e L

Ta suy ra til ttinh lj Ascoli ring I trrong tldi compact

trong C( i ).
Chfng minh (7). Gii sir 9ld qui cdu don vi cfia W1'1(I).
Dd ch(ng minh ring g tudng tldi compact trong Lq(I) vdi
13 q < oo ta dp dung hO qui IV.26.
Kidm tra didu ki\n (IV.23). Coi roccl, ue g vd
Ih I . di.t(r, R\I). Theo m6nh tld vIII.S (iii) ta c6
_u < lhl ll u1",,,, < | hl
llr6u llr,,, .

Nhd vay

Jl
u(x + h) - utx) lod" | h I
= ll, Iff,',, Jl rt'* * t l - u(x) | dx < cl h l,

vd do tl6

(,)
chf i la p% t"% vp>1

234
 t/
/q
+ h) = u(x) dx .s%1h1y" ndu lhl < a.
Il u(x lq

Kidm tra didu kiAn (IV.24). V6i u e I ta c6

ll ,llro,,r.,, <ll ullr,,,,lrrol% <cir\ol% <c

mi6n Id lt \ or I dri nh6; ta chon o: sao cho didu niy th6a mdn.
Chri thich 10. Ph6p nhtng Wr'1(I) c C(i) h li6n tr,rc
nhrrng kh6ng bao gid compact, ngay cA khi I Id mQt
khoring bi chln; hdy thrl chring minh hay la xem [EX]. Tuy
nhien ndu {u" } bi chan trong W1f, (D (vdi I bi chdn hay
khOng bi ch4n) tdn tai mQt dAy con {uno}sao cho u,,o(x) hQi
tu vdi mgi x e I (tl6 ld tlfnh lf Helly; c6 thd xem tEXl). Khi
I kh6ng bi ch4n vi 1 < p < oo, ph6p oh'.ing Wl'p(I) c L-(I)
ld li6n tuc nhung kh6ng compact; hdy chr?ng minh hodc xem
tEXl. Tuy nhi6n, ndu {u"} bi chnn trong w1'p(I) vdi 1 < p < "o,
khi tl6 tdn tai mQt day con lu,p ) vd tdn tai u e Wl'p(I) sao cho
unk -) u trong L-(J) vdi mgi J bi chrfln, J c I (c6 thd xem
tExl).
Chri thich 11. Gie s& I la mQt khoang bi chqn vi
1 < q < -. Nhd vdo (5) ta chfng minh duoc d6 ddng rhng
chudn

lll, il =11,'ll,p * liu ll,,

la tddng tlrrong vdi chudn cria W1'p(I) (c5 thd xem tEXl).

235

I
 Chri thich 12. Gi6 sir I ld m6t khoing kh6ng bi ch4n.
Ndu u e W1'e!D, thi u e Lq(I) vdi moi q e [p,o] bdi vi

It,lo =ll,lo"'ll,lll.
Nhung tdng qurit u e Lq(I) vdi q e [1, p[ (c6 thd xem
tExl).
HQ qui VIII.8, Ta giri st ring I kh6ng bi ch{n vir
cho u e wl'p(I) vdi 1< p < o. Khi dri ta c6
(9) lim o u(x) = 0'
xel' xl--+

Chrlng minh
li \|III.6 tdn tai mQt ddy {u,,} - C}{R) sao
Theo tlinh
cho u,,l, + u trong Wl'p(I). Ta suy ra tir (5) ring
ll u" -ll".,u -+0; tit d6 ta c6 (9). Th4t v{y, vdi e>0 cho
u

trddc, ta chon n d0 l6n sao cho ll u, - u llr.,r, < e; ngodi ra vdi

lxl du l<in ta c6 unrx) = 0 vd nhtr vdy lurxrl < e.

HQ qui VIII.9 (Dao hirm cria mQt tich)

Gii sr? u,v e wl'P (I) vdi 1 s p s oo.

Khi d6 u v e Wr,B (I)(r) vir
(10) (u v)' = u'v + u v' .

(r) Ch[ rang kdt lu4n ndy trldng phin vdi cric tinh chra't cta Lp:
i
Tfudng hdp tdng queit ndu u vi v thuQc Lp, tich uv kh6ng thuQc
Lp. Ta cbn,Boi wl'p(I) le m6t dqi sd Banach.

236
 IIdn nrla ta c6 c6ng thrlc tich phAn trlng phdn

(11) ju'v = u(x)v(x) - u(v)v(v) - ju, Vx,y e I

vv
Chfng minh. Tnrdc hdt dd y rlng u e L' (tlinh tf
VIII.7) vi'nhu vay uvelP. Ta bdt ttAu vdi tn dng hdp
1 ( p < oo ; coi {u,, } vi {v,,'} li cdc diy trong C} (R) sao cho

u,.,l, --r u vi vn l, -+ v trong w1'p (I) . Khi tl6 u,, -+ u vd.

vn -) v trong L-(D (ttinh ty VIII.il; vi vdy u,.,v,, + uv trong
L-(I) vd trong If (I). Ta c6
(u',vo )' = uiv,. + urrvi -+ u'v + uv' trong Lp(I).

ring uv € WLp (D vA (uv)'= u'v + uv'

Eidu ndy chrlng t6
(dp dung ch( thich 4 v6i day {u,,v,,}). Cudi cing ta c6 (11)
khi ldy tich phdn (10).
B6y gid ta gi6 srt rhng uv € W1,'(I). Khi tl6 .

uv e L'(I) vd u'v + uv' € L- (I) .

Chi cbn nghiQm 14i rXng

I uv o' = - Jtu'v + uv')e vs e cltD .

Vd vi6c ndy, ta cd dinh mQt kho6ng md bi chln J c I

sao cho suppqc J. Khi d6 uveWl'p(J) vdi moi p<co vi
theo kdt quA tr6n ta bidt rhng

trru*'=-l(u'v+uv'tra
nghia lir

237
 Iuur'=-lrr'u+uv')e. \,.
i
HQ quri VIII.r0. (Dqo hhm cria hirm hgp)
Gi6 sr? GeC(R) saocho G(0)=0(r)v6rcho u e Wl,p (I).
Khi d6
c. u e Wl,P(I) vn (G " u)'= (G'" u)u'.'
Chrihg minh
Ggi M = li , llr-. m c(0) = 0, t6n tai mQt hiing sd C sao
cho lG(s)l sCl sl vdi se[-M,M]. Nhuvey G"ueLp(I) bdi vi

I G. ul < Cl ul . Tuong tr/

(G'. u)u' e Lp(I).
Ta cbn ph6i chritng minh ring
OD Jtc ul r' = - JtC' u) u',0 ve € Cl(D .
. .

Trtrd'c hdt ta gi6 sil ring 1< p <

"o. Khi d6 tdn.tai mQt
day {u.} cfia Ci(R) sao cho u',-+ utrong Wl'p(I) ve trong L'(I).
Nhu v4y Goul -+ Gou trong L-(I) va (G'" u" )ui -+ (G'. u)u'
trong LP(I). Do tl6 ta c6

JtC.un)e'= -J(G'.u")uiq va€Cl(D.

Til kdt qui nAy suy ra (12).
Vdi trudng hgp p = oo ta tiOn hinh nhrr trong h6 quA
VIII.9.
('i Su han chd ndy khOng cdn thidt khi I bi chan
thay khi I kh6ng bi
chdn vd P = co 1.

N6 1A cdt ydu ndu I khdng bi chan vA f < p . -.

238
 Cdc kh6ng gian Sobolev w''P(I)
Dlnh nghia. Cho trudc mQt sd nguy6n m > 2 vir mQt sd
thuc 1 < p < co, ta tlinh nghia bing qui nap khdng gian
Wm,e(I) = {u e W--1,p(I); u, e W^-1,p1Iy1 .

Ta tlqt
H-(I) = w-'2(I).
Ta nghiQm lai d6 dAng rhng u e Wm'e(I) khi vd chi khi
tdn t4i m hdm gr,gr,...,g- e LP(I) sao cho
vj = t,2,...,m
fulj,p = t-lj fs,e vrp e CJ (D,

trong tl6 Diq chi tlao hdm cdp j cda,p. Khi u e W' (I) ta
p

c0ng c6 thd xric lfp cric dao him 1i6n tidp cfia u nhrl sau
,' = g,, (u')'= gr,... cho tldn cdp m; ta kj hiQu chtng ldn lrrot
le Du, D2u,..., D^u .

Kh6ng gian W^'P duqc trang bi chudn

ll,ll*..0 = llu ll,o

tt Lr
* illo",
,?rl
tl."
LP
ll

vi kh0ng gian H- drloc trang bi tich v0 hrldng

m
(u, v)rn, = (u, v)L2 + | {D"u, Dovtrz .

Ta chtlng minh rhng chudn ll . ll*.,, tr'tottg clrrong vdi

churin lll,l1| = ll
, llu * il o-, 1,, ;

239
 Chinh xdc hon ta chirng minh tlrrgc ring ndu 1< j < m-
thi Vs > OlC (phg thuOc vdo e va <.o) sao cho
lll

lllloirllllt/-
<
'llo*uil
ll lll])
+cilull."
[ rrl]r vuew.,p
(c6 thd xem trong JEXlt.
t
c6 thd md rQng ra khdng gian W- p c6c tinh
gii I
DQc 'I
chdt da drroc ch(tng minh vdi W1,p; chEng han nhrr
W''P c C--1( i ) vdi ph6p nhring li6n tuc.
vil.3. KHONG GtAN wol,rg; t
' Dfnh nghia. Cho trudc 1 < p < co, ta kf hiQu Wor,po ]a
bao tl6ng cria C]1p trong WLp(D. Ta kj hi6u Hl(D = W;,20,,).

Kh6ng gian WoLp drrgc trang bi chudn cim sinh cria Wl.p;
khOng gian H| dtroc trang bi tich vO hddng cdm sinh cria H1.

Khdng gian Wo',, la mQt khdng gian Banach t6ch drroc;

hon nfra kh6ng gian nAy phdn xa ndu 1 < p < co. Kh6ng gian
HA le m6t khong gian Hilbert trich th-roc.

Chti thich 13. Khi I = R ta da bidt ring Cltn) trr:

mAt trong W1'p(R) (xem dinh li' UII.6) vd nhrt vAy thi
wJ,p(R) = w1,p(R).
Chri thich 14. St dung mdt d5y chinh quy h6a {p,,} ta
'
nghidm lai d6 dAng ring:

(r)
Ta thrrdng k), hieu wolp vd Hl thay vi wo1'e(I) va Hl(I).

240
 (i) Cf (D trir mAt trong Wor'P(I),

(ii) Ndu u e w1,p(I)nC"(I) thi u € w01,p(I).

Kdt qui sau dAy cung cdp mOt tlic trting chr"i ydu cria cric
hdm thuQc Wole tI) :

Dinh lf VIII.tr. Cho u e Wl,p(I), khi d6 u € W01'e (I)

khi vi chi khi u = 0 tr6n dI.
Chri thich 15. Dinh l), VIII.'.l giai thich vai trd quan
trong cria kh6ng gian WJ''. ff,at vdy, ciic phr-rong trinh vi
ph6n (hay cric phr.tong trinh dao him ri6ng) di ddi vdi di6u
kiQn bi6n, nghia ld vdi cdc gi{ tri cfia u dudc cho tr6n 6I.

Chfng minh. Ndu tdn tai mdt day {u"}

u e W;,e(D,
cfia CltI) sao cho u., -+ u trong w1'p(I). Nhr.r vAy u,, -+ u
ddu trdn I vn do d6 u = 0 trdn 6I.

Dio l4i, Cho u . *t't'{I) sao cho u = 0 tr6n dI. Ta cd

tlinh mQt hdm G e C1(R) sao cho
Io
G(t) = I
ndu l,l =t.
It ndu l,l rz
vir

lG(t)l<ltl voi moi teR.

Ta ddt u,, =
jI Cr(r,', thi c6 u,, e Wt'p(I) (hQ quA VIII.1O)
n
Mdt khric

247
 suppun c{xe I;lu(x)l
1
n
vd do tl6 suppun compact chrla trong I (st dung u = 0 trdn lI
vd u(x) -+ O khi lxl -+ r-co, x € I). Nhd vay u., e Wo1'p (xem chri
thich 14). Cudi ctrng ta nghiOm lai d6 ddng nhd dinh lj hQi tu
bi chan rlng u,, '-+ u trong W1'P.
Chri thich 16. Ta chi ra hai tinh chdt kh6c cria cdc him
thuoc w;'e (c6 thd xem tEXl): {
I

(i) Gi6 sir 1<p <* vd ueLp(I), khi d6 u € W;'e(I) khi

vA chi khi tdn tai m6t hlng s6' C sao cho

I
j,e' ]
< fl ,o
1,, ,,, ve € cl(R) .

(ii) Gid srt 1 3 p < cc vd u e Lp(I); ta ttinh nghia hnm u

bdi
u(x) ndu xeI,
u(x) =
0 ndu xeR\I
Khi d6 u € W;'p(D khi vi chi khi ; € Wl'p(R).

MQnh d6 VIn.l2.(Bdt ttang thrlc Poincarg)

Gi6 srir ring I bi ch{n. Khi d6 tdn tai mQt hing sd
C phu thuQc viro lll sao cho

(13) liu ll*,,r . cll"'llr, vu e w;'e(I) .

N6i khric di, tr6n wJ'po)'dai hrong ll
u'll* la rnqt
chudn trrdng drt'dng vdi chudn cria Wl'p(I).
Chtitng minh. Vdi u € W;'e(I) ta c6

242
 I utx)l = | u(x) - u(a)l =
I u'(t)dt < ll ,'11,, .

Nhu v{y ll , ll", < ll u'llr, ; ta suy ra thl<rc (l3) nhd bdt
ding thfc Holder.
Chri thich 17. Ndu I bi chdn, bidu thfc (u', v')"2 xdc

tlinh tr6n Hl mQt tich v6 hu6ng vd chudn tuong

'rng il u'llrz

thi tuong thlong vdi chudn cria H1.

Chri thich 18. Cho trrldc mQt sd nguy6n m > 2, vd mQt
sd thgc 1 < p < co ta tlinh nghia kh6ng gian Wfl'p(I) In bao
tl6ng cfra C|(I)'trong W''p(I) .-Ta chrlng minh th-toc ring

Wo(D={ ueW-,p(I) ; u=Du=...=D'-1u=0 .tr6n dI }.

Ta cdn ph6i phAn biQt th{t rd ring
W.2,P(D={ u€W2,P(I) ; u=Du =0 tr0n 6I I

va W2 prlrnWJ'p(It = lu . w2'p(lr ; u - 0 tren ,'I l:'xem IEXI.

* Kh6ng gian tldi ng6u cria Wo1'P

Kf hiQu . Ta kj hiQu w-1'p'(I) ld khong gian tldi ngau

1(I) ]a ddi ngAu c{ra Hl(D.
cfia w;'p(D (vdi 1< p < co) vd H

Theo chri thich 1 cria chuongV ta d6ng nhA't L2 vdi

ildi ngiu cria n6, nhring ta kh6ng dudc tl6ng nhdt H[,
vdi ddi ngAu cria n6. Ta c6 bao hdm thrlc sau
. HlcL2cH-1

243
vdi cric ph6p nhring li6n tuc vd chfta trong trir mAt.
Ndu I bi chin , ta c6
wJ'' - l'c w-1'P' vdimoi t <p<.t),
vdi cAc ph6p nhting li6n tuc (vi chrla trong trir mQt vdi
1< P < oo).
Ndu I kh0ng bi chan ta chi c6
wo''' -L'cw r'P' vdimoi 1lp<2,
vdi cric ph6p nhring liOn tuc (vi chtla trong tri mQt vdi
1 < p < 2) - Xem chri thich 12.

W 1'p' c6 thd bidu di6n nhd srr tro gi6p

Cdc phAn tir c0a
cira cdc hAm thudc Lp" v6 tinh chat n2ry ta c6 mdnh tl6 sau
M€nh tl6 VIII.13. Cho F € W-r,p'. Khi .16 t6n tai
f6,f1 e LP' sao cho

. (F,.r) = Jro' + Jfrv' vv e wol'e

vA

llF l1= maxr llro ll,,, , llr,llil, l

Khi I bi ch{n ta c6 thd ldy f6 = 0.

Chrlng minh. Ta trang bi cho kh6ng gian tich
E = LP x l/ mdt chudn

llhll= llh,ll,r *lih,lir vd'i h=tho,h1j.

Anh xa T: u e Wj'e e [u,u'] e E ld m6t tldng crr tit
Wot'o rao E. Ta tl4t G = T(w;'p ) , trang bi chudn cdm sinh cria-

244
E, vi S=T-1 :G+wJ'e. Anh xa heGr+(F,Sh) la m0t
dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n G. Nhd dinh l;i Hahn-Banach ta
c6 thd thdc tridn thinh mQt rinh xa tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr6n E
li
hf hiQu Id @ vdi lloll", = llell Theo dinh bi6u di6n Riesz ta
bi6t ring tdn tai fo,f, e LP saocho

(@, h) = Ifoho + Iflhr vh e E.

Ta nghiam lai d6 ding riing lloll, = max{ llfo']lr, ,llfrllrr. }.

Khi I bi ch{n ta trang bi cho Wr'p chudn ll u'll,

(xem mQnh dd \1II.12). Ta dp-dung lj luQn cria phdn tr6n vdi
E = LP vi T : u e Wl'e +> u' e LP.

Chri thich 19. Cric hdm f6 vd f1 khdng duy nhA't.

Chri thich 20. Th6ng thudng ta tldng nhdt F vdi phAn

bd f0 - fi (vi theo tlinh nghia, phdn bd f0 - fi 1A mQt dang
tuydn tinh u - Jfou + Jtru' t.a., Ci ).

Chri thich 21. Phdn tldu crla mQnh dd VIII.IS vin cOn
tling vdi ciic dang tuydn tinh li6n tuc tr^n W1'p, Vv e W1'p .
v1il.4. vAt vi Du vc BAr roAN B|EN
Hay gi6i b2ri torin

(14) -u"+u=f trdn I =10,1t,

u(0)=u(1)=0
trong tl6 f Id m6t hAm cho trrrdc (ch8ng han thuQc C(i) hay la
thuOc L2(I) ). Ei6u kiQn bi6n u(0) = u(1) = 0 dddc soi la di6u
kiQn Dirichlet (thudn nh6't).

245
 Dinh nghia. MOt ldi girii cd didn cia (14) ln mOt him
u. C2(I) th6a (14) (theo nghia thong thddng). Mot ldi gi6i
ydu efra (14) ln mOt hdm u e H6(D th6a
(1s) f u'r'*fJJ uu=[flu
JI JI
vv e H,r,tlr

"Bdt ddu cho chay" quy trinh ala n€u d VIII'1.

Brrdc A. Mqi ldi gi6i cd didn ddu ln ldi giii ydu.
Didu niy thi hidn nhi6n nhd vAo c6ng thrlc tich phAn tUng
phdn d hQ quA VIII.9.
' Brrdc B. Sd tdn tqi vBr duy nhdt cta ldi giii ydu
MQnh dd VIII.14. Vdi mgi f e L2, tdn tai duy nhdt
mQt harm u e Hl Ii ldi gi6i cta (15) . Hdn nrra u thu
dridc bdi

mrn {+ i,"'' + .,'r - Jfv

veH| [- t I

, DAy I6L nguy6n lj Dirichlet.

Chrfng minh. ,Ta 5p dung dinh If Lax-Milgram (hay
tlon gi6n ld ttinh lf bidu didn Riesz-Fr6chet) trong khOng
gian Hilbert H = H;(I) vdi dang song tuydn tinh

a(u, v) =
Ju'v'+ Juv =
(u, v)rr

vd vdi dang tuydn tinh ,o , u * Jf,

Chri thich 22. tnldc F € H-1, theo tlinh
Cino Ii Riesz-
Fr6chet ta bidt rlng tdn tai u e Hl sao cho

246
 (u, v)rr = (F, v)n-rr; vv e Hl '

Torin tii F r-+ u ld ding cdu Riesz-Fr6chet tU H-1 lOn

Hl. Ta cO thei xem u ld ldi gifri suy rQng cria phrrong trinh
-u"+u=F.
Brrdc C vir D. Chinh qui h6a vir trd vd ldi giii cd
ttidn
Trr.rdc hdt ta tld ;i ring ndu f e L2 vA ndu u e u[ la lai
gi6i ydu, khi tl6 u € H2. That vaY ta c6

Ju'v' = Jrt -
u)v vv e cl .

vi do t16 u'e H1 (bAi ), t(tc li ueH2. Hon nfra

vi f -u eL2
ndu f eC(D thi ldi gizii ydu thuQc vao C2(I). Th4t vav
(u')' e C(i) n6n u' e C1(i) (*em chri thich 6); suy ra u u C2(i) '
Dd chuydn mot ldi gidi ydu u e C2(i) thann ldi giai cd ili6n ta
thuc hiCn nhrr trong VIII.1

Chri thich 23. N.P-u feHk vdi k irguvOn k > 1 , ta

nghiQm lai d6 ddng (bing qui nap) ring tdi gidi u crla (15)
thuQc vdo Hk'2 (I) .

Phuong phdp trinh bny 6 phdn tr6n vO cing uydn

chuydn vd thich ri'ng tlrroc vdi rdt nhidu bii to:in. Ta chi ra
mQt vAi vi du thudng gdp. Trong m6i tai todn, diCu cht
ydu li chi 16 kh6ng gian hdm mdr ta s6 l6rm viQc
tr6n d6.

247
 Vi du I
(Didu kiQn bi6n Dirichlet kh6ng thudn
nhdt). Ta hay gi6i bdi to6n

(16) -u'+u=f trdn I =10,1 t,

u(0)=cr,u(1)=0
vdi ai p e R cho trddc va f Id hdm cho trrldc.

M€nh ilC VIII.l5. Cho tnldc f € L2(I) vA cr,, p e R,

tdn tai duy nhdt mQt hdrm u e H2U) th6a (16). Hdn
nr?a a thu dr/qc bdi

mln {+ I*'' +,,2r - J

fv
veHl L- r r
v(0) = tt, v(1) =0

Hdn nrla, n6'u f e C(i) thi u e C2(i).

Chrlng minh. Ta chi ra hai cdch c6 thd ti6p cAn

ddgc.

Phrldng ph:ip thd- nhdt. Ta c6' tlinh m6t hdm u6

ue(O) = cr vd us(1) = p(lr vd ta thrrc hi6n
chinh quy sao cho
ph6pddidn fi=u-uo;khitli i th6a

-i'+fi=f+ui-uo,
[(0)=fi(l)=0.
Ta dd dtta tl-toc vd bdi torin trrrdc vdi i

(')
Chang han c6 thd chgn u0 la hdm afline

248
 Phddng phrip thtl hai' Trong kh6ng gian H1 ta gidi
thiQu trip 16i tl6ng

f =! . H1(I) ;v(0) = o, v(l) = g).

N6u u ld mQt ldi gi6i cd tlidn cr.ia (16) ta c6

I u'(v - u)' +
| u(v - u) = J, f tv * u) vv e K .

Do d5 trong trudng hdp ri6ng ta c6

(17) lu'(v*u)'+J,u(v-u)>lf(v-u)
vveK.

Khi tl6 ta s& dung dinh li Stampacchia (dinh li V.6):

t6n tai, duy nhdt u e K th6a (17). Hon nrla u thu dudc bdi

1
(v'2 +
min
veK 2 IJ
v2 )
I fv
I )

Dd "trd tai" ldi girii cd tlidn ta chqn 'trong ( 17)

v=utw vdi w eH6(I) ve ta c6

I u'*'* J u* =J,r* vw € Hl(D.

Di6u ndy <i6n tldn u e H2(I).

Vi du 2 (Bdi torin Sturm-Liouville). Ta hiy girii bei

tozin

- (pu')'+ qu = f tron I =10,1t ,

( 18)
u(0) =u(1) = 0

249
trong d6 p e C1{i), q e C(i) va f € L2(I) cho tnrdc th6a
p(x)2 a > 0 vx e i.

Ndu u ld mQt ldi giei cd alidn crla (1.8) ta crj

I or'r'* | auu=l ru vv€Hl(D.

. Ta girii vd'i kh6ng gian hdm Hl (D va v6i dang song

tuydn tinh, li6n tuc, d6'i x(ng tr6n H|(I)

a(u, v) =
t;
pr'r'* J quu.
Ndu q > 0 dang song tuy6h tinh nAy ld crrdng brlc
nhd vdo bdt dEng'thrlc Poincar6 (m6nh dd VIII.12).
Do tl6 (tlinh ly Lax-Milgram) t6n tai u e H|, duy nhA't sao
cho

u1r, u; = | rv vv € Hl(D.

Hon nfra u thu drroc brli

ml I,*', + q,2 r-
v.ul {;
I- I
Jru
I

D6 tha'y ring. pu'e Hl; nhrl vrly u' = -pu

1
'eH1 vii
p
ddn tldn u e H2. Cudi cirng neu f e Crir thi u e C2(I) va u
la ldi girii cd didn cda (18).

250
 Bdy gid ta x6t mQt bdi torin tdng quzit hon

- (pu')'+ ru'+ qu = f trdn I =l 0,1t ,

( 19)
u(0) =u(1) = 0.

C6c gi6 thidt vd p vi q gid'ng nhrr phdn tr6n vi r e C(I) .

Ndu u li mQt ldi giAi cd tlidn ctia (19) ta c6

I nr'r'* | .u'u* l, ouu =j, ru vv € HA(D.

Ta lim viQc vdi kh0ng gian hdm Ulfn va vdi dang song
tuydn tinh, li6n tuc
a(u,v)= J, nu'r'* J .r',* J, oru.

Dang song tuydn tinh niy kh6ng ddi xfng. Trong mQt
'sd tnrdng hop n6 cddng bfc: ching han ndu q ) 1 vd
r e C1( I ) vrli lr'l < 2. Ta chti f ring
., 1
i, 2 I, ,,U' vv € H6(I)

Khi tl6 ta c6 thd sir dung tlinh ly Lax-Milgram nhulrg

kh6ng c6 vdn tld cr.tc tidu h6a tudng fng. Ta drJa ra m6t crii
meo tld tlrra n6 v6 mQt dang song tuydn tinh tldi xrlng. Ta gidi
thi6u R ld mQt nguydn hdm cira I ve dat ( = e-R. Phuong
.p
trinh (19) duoc viSt lai sau khi nhdn vdi (:
- ( Pu' - -(P'u' + ( ru' + (qu = (f
hon nfta (b6i vi ('P+(r=0):
-(:Pu')'+iqtr=(f'

25t
 Khi tl6 ta gidi thieu trOn H[ dang song tuydn tinh, Ii6n
tuc, d6'i xrfng
a(u, v) = Ji nu,u, * J6 uuu.

Ndu q > 0, a(u, v) ld crldng-btfc vd do tl6 tdn tai u e Hl

duy nhdt sao cho
a(u,v)= J(fv vveHl .

Hon nita u thu drroc b6i

mrn
la j,, r',, + 6 qv2 r - Jg
rv
v. Hf, l- r r

Ta nghiOm lai d6 dAng rhng u e H2 vA ndu f e QtO,tl),

thi u € C2([0,1]) le ldi gidi cd didn cfia (19).
Vi dq 3 (Didu ki6n bi6n Neumann thudn nhat). Ta hey
gi6i bAi todn

(20)
I -u'+u=f tr6n I=10,1t,
t u'(0)= u'(1) = 0.
Menh di VIII.r6. Vdi mgi f e L2 (t) t6n tai duy nhdt
u e H2(I) th6a (20)(r). Hdn nl1a u thu drftrc b6i

min fv
veHl {;l'"''*"')-J
Hdn nrTa, neu f e C(i) thi u e C2(I)
(r) ChU > u.c1(i) vd do dd di6u ki6n u'(0)=u'(1)=0
i rhng ueH2{1)
c6 nghia. N6 s6 kh6ng c6 nghia khi ta chi bi6t u e Hr(r).

252
 Chr?ng minh, N6u u ld m6t ldi girii cd tlidn cria (20)
ta c6

(2L)
l, u'u'* i, ," =1, * vv € Hl(I).

Ta cAn ph6i ldm viQc vdi kh6ng gian Hilbert H1(I) chrt
kh6ng phii trong H6(I) nhrr 6 bhi tnl6c (cdn nhdn manh
rlng u(0) vi u(1) Ii cdc gi6 tri chrra bidt). Ta rip dung tlinh I1i
Lax-Milgram (hay tlinh lf bidu dien Riesz-Fr6chet) vdi dang
song tuydn tinh a(u,v)= lr r'u'+ J uv vn vdi dang tuydn
tinh ,JI, u
.p - [- fv . Ta thu alugc mQt ldi gi6i duy nhdt u e

H1(I) cfia (21). Trtrdc hdt ta suy ra ahJoc trJ (21) ring u e H2(I)
vd sau tl6 ld

e2t JIIt-r" * u - f)v + u'(1)v(1) - u'(0)v(0) = 0 vv € Hl(I).

Trong (22) ta bdt tldu bhng viQc chon v e Hl{t) va ta thu

tldoc - u" + u = f h.k.n. Sau t16 tr6 lai (22) thi hO th(c niy
chi cbn
u'(1)v(1) - u'(0)v(0) = 0 Vv e H1(I).

. Bdi vi v(0) vd v(1) bdt kj', ta suy ra ring u'(0) = u'(1) = 0.

Vi dU 4 (Didu ki6n bi0n Neumann kh6ng thuan nha't).

Ta hay giAi bdi to6n :

(23) -un+u=f tr6n I=10,1t,

u'(0) = ct , u'(1) = 0
vdi o, p e R cho ttudc va f 1A hdm cho trudc

253
 Menh dd VIII.16'. Vdi moi f € L2(I) vir vdi mgi
o, B e R, t6n tai duy nhdt u e H2(I) th6a (23). Hdn nfia
u thu dri{c bdi

min +,') - Jr, + av(o) - p'(1)}

veHl {;1,"''
Chri'ng minh. Ndu u 1A mQt ldi gidi cd tlidn crla (23)
ta c6

(24)
| ''''* | uv =t fv - av(0) + Bv(1) vv € H1(I).
ly Lax-Milgram
Didu ndy tl.ta d6h viQc rip dung tlinh
trong kh6ng gian H1(I) vdi d?rrg song tuydn tinh
a{u,. v) = f. ,'u'* [. uv vi dang tuy6n tinh
JI JI

,u- | fv-ov(0)+Pv(l).
Dang tuydn tinh ndy li6n tuc (nhd dinh If VIII.7). Tidp
theo ta tidn hAnh gidng nhrr trong vi d\r 3 dd chrlng minh
rhng u't0) = c, u'(1) = 0.
Vi dq 5 (Didu kiOnbi6n h6n hopr. Gi,ii bai todn sau :
(25) -u'+u=f trpn I=10,1t,
u(0) = u'(1) = 0.

N6u u ]i mQt.ldi gi6i cd tlidn c0a (25) ta c6

(26)
f, u'u'* I, * =1, *. vv € I{1(I) vdi v(o) = o.

Ta cdn phrii ldm viQc trong khdng gian Hilbert

H={v€H1(I) iv(0)=01.

254
 C6ng viQc tidp theo ttd thuc hign viQc gi6i nhddng lai cho
tlOc giri.

Vi drr 6 (Didu ki6n bi6n "loai ba"). Ta hey gitii bAi todn :

-u'+u=f tr6n I =]0,1 [,

(27)
u'(0) - ku(0) = 0 , u(1) = 0

vdi ke R(1)cho tnrdc.

Ndu u ld mOt ldi giii cd didn cta (27) ta c6

t u'"'* f, ,u *ku(0)v(0) =l fv vv €H1(I) vdi v(0) = 0.

Didu niy
drra ddn viQc 6p dung dinh li Lax-Milgram
trong khOng gian Hiltrert
H = {" . HrtIl ;vto) = o}
vdi dang song tuydn tinh, li6n tuc, ddi xrlng
a(u,v) =
l r'r' * J uv + ku(0)v(0).

Vi du 7 (Didu ki6n bi6n tuAn hoAn). Ta hay gi6i bni

toiin:

(28) -u'+u=f trdn I =10,1 t,

u(0)= u(1), u'(0) = u'(1).

(')
MOt cdch t6'ng qudt ta c6 thd tlrra viro didu kiQn bi€n
c6u'(0) + Fou(0) = 0,crlu'(1) + 0ru(1) = 0.
(') Ndu k < o voi lk I dri nh6, d4ng a(u, v) v6n cdn crJdng brlc. Ndu
ngudc lai mQt ph6p todn 16 rang dd chi ra ring tiin tai mQt gi6
tri k < 0 vd cric hdm f ldm cho (27) khOng c6 ldi gi:ii. (xem [EX]).

255
 Ndu u 1A m6t ldi girii cd tlidn cia (28) ta c6
(?s) | u'u'nl r'=1,* vv€Hl(I)vdiv(0)=v(1).

Khi d6 s6 tL-ra d6n viQc rip dung dinh li Lax-Milgram

trong khdng gian Hilbert
s = {'. Hl(Il ;vto) = v(1)}

vdi dang song tuydn tinh a(u,v) = | ,'t'* | uv. N6u f € L2(I)

ta thu tluoc mdt ldi girii u e H2 (I) crla (28); hon n[a, ndu
f € C(b thi ldi gi6i nay la cd alidn.
Vi dq 8 (bii torin bi6n tr6n R). Ta hay giAi bii to:in :
(30)
-u'+u=f tr6n R,
u(x) -+ 0 khi lxl + -'
vd'i f € L2(R).

MOt ldi girii cd diin crla (30) le mot ham u e Cz(R)

th6a min (30) theo nghla thdng thudng: mOt ldi eiai ydu cria
(30) ]d mot him u e H1(R) th6a man

(31) J* u'u'*f* ru=lnfu vveHr(Rt.

Trudc hdt ta chdng minh rhng ndu u Id mQt ldi gi6i cd

tlidn crla (30) thi u ta ldi gi6i ydu cta (30). Th4t vay, Trudc hdt
ta nghiQm lai ring u . H1(R). Ta chon mdt dny {(n} nhl(
trong chrlng minh cfra dinh lf VIIL6 (c6ng thfc (4)). NhAn
(30) vdi (,,u vi tich phAn tilng phAn ta thu dr-roc

Jo
u'(("u' + (; u) +
IR
("u2 = loi,r'
256
 Tt dAy ta c6

(32)
LE Y
"+u-)=I !-l lr + -
1
J, e;,u'
2
(
i ltt" ' i
2
MA
<x<2n
u vdi c = ll('11,.,*,,
n2
vir 1- s'lxl
f ,2 - 0 khi n -+ 0 b<li vi u(x) --+ 0 khi
n2 '2n
lxl + .o. ' Ta suy ta ring u e Hr(R). (Chf f rhng
vd qua gidi han trong (32) khi
f,6^ru = i [-,.r'*] [e,r'
n -) co ). Cudi cirng ndu u ld mQt ldi girii cd didn cua (30) ta c6

f, ,'u'* [ * =[ t" vv e C]rRr

vA do tinh tni mat n6n Vv e Ht(R); nhtr vqy u ld ldi giii ydu
cia (30).
Dd thu tluoc su t6n tai vi duy nhdt cira ldi girii ydu ta chi
cdn 6p dung tlinh ly Lax-Milgram trong khOng gian Hilbert
Hl(R). Ta nghiQm lai d6 dnng rlng idi gi6i ydu u thuQc H2(R)
vd hon nlra, ndu f e C(R) thi u € C2(B).

Kdt luan : Cho trr-rdc C(R) tdn tai vi duy

f € L2(R) n
nhdt mQt ldi girii cd didn cila (30) (hon n(a, ldi gi6i niy thu6c
vao H2(R)).

Chd thich 24. Biri tozin

- u' f trdn R ,

u(x) -+ 0 khi lxl -+ .r

257
kh6ng thd sr} dung kI thu4t tr6n tld giei bdi vi dang song
tuydn tinh a(u, v) = f, u'v' kh6nS cddng bfc trong H1(R).

Chri thich ZS. Vai cLng phrrong phrip tr6n ta c6 thd giai
-u'+u=f tr@n 10,.o[,
u(0) =0 vd u(x)+0 khi x -+ +"c,

vdi f € L2(0,"c) cho tnldc.

vilr.s. NGUYEN LV CUC DAI

Cho I =l 0,1 [ ; ta c6 dinh l;i sau

Dinh U \rIII.17. Cho T€Lz(I) va u e H2(I) le ldi

giAi cta biri torin Dirichlet

(33) -u'+u=f tr6n I

u(0) = a , u(r) = 9.

Khi do ta c6
(3.r) minlo.,li,inff i< u(x) <maxlo,p,supf I Vx.e I(r).
It
Chrtng minh. (PhrronC phdp cdt ngdn Stampacchia)
Ta c5
(35)
| ,'"'+ I, * =i fv vv € Hl(I)

Ta cd dlnh mQt hdm G e Cl(R) sao cho

1r) supf vi inf f lAn ludt chi sup ess cua f (c6 thd =+:o) vd inf ess
cua f (c6 thd = -.o). Nhdc lai ring sup essf= inf{C : f(x) < Chkn} ve
inf ess f = sup ess( f) .

258
 (i) G teng nget tr6n 10,+ol
(ii) G(t) = 0 vdi te l _ "o, 01.
Gi6 sil K = max{a,0,supf}; ta gi6 sit r}ng K < co. Ta
chfng minh ring u < K h.k.n tr6n I. DEt v = G(u - K), ta bidt
rlng v e H1, vd ta cfrng c6 duoc v e H| b6; vi
u(0).-K=cr-Ks0 vd u(1)-K =B-K < 0.

Thay v vdo (35) ta duroc

l r'2q'r, - 61- J ucru - I{) = |(f - K)G(u - K}

nghia la

J u'2c'{r-K) +
l(u -K)G(u -K) = l(f -K)G(u -K).
Me (f - K) < 0 'vd G(u - K) > 0, til d6 ta suy ra ring

lrr-xEru-K)<_o
vd vi tG(t) > 0 Vt e R, bdt ding thrlc tr6n dAn tldn
(u - K)G(u - K) = 0 h.k.n, ta suy ra ddoc u<K h.k.n.
Ta chri'ng minh phAn cbn lai crla (34) bbng crich tldi u
thAnh -u.
Chri thich 26. N6u f e C(i), thi u e C2(i) vd ta c6 thd
thidt Lip (34) bing mQt phdong ph6p khdc. Gid srl xe e I
ln didm md tai d6 u dat. giei tri l<in nhAl cria nd trdn L Net
xo =0 hay xo =1 tac6 u<K. Ndukh6ngthi 0<x6 <1 vi
khi tl6 u'(xe) = 0, u'(xg)< 0; tt phuong trinh (33) ta aludc
u(xo) = f(x6) + u'(xo) < f(x6) < K.

259
 Phttong phrip ndy dO ddng md rdng tlddc Lhanh bii to6n
Sturm-Liouville tdng qurit.
Chfng ta tlrra ra vii hQ quti truc tidp cria tlinh lf VIII 17'
H0 qui VIII.18. Gi6 srl u le ldi giai cria (33)
(i) Nduu >0 tr6n 6I vir ndu f 2 0 tr6n I, thi u 2 0
tr6n I.
(ii) Ndu u = 0 tr6n 6I vir ndu f 'e L'(I)' thi
ll
oll,_,,, < llrll"-,,, .

(iii) Ndu f = 0 tr6n I, thi

"11".,,, = ll ll
oil"-,r,'
Ta c6 mOt kdt quA trrong ttr vdi tli6u kiQn Neumann:
HQ qui VIII.19. Cho f e L2(r) ve u e H2(I) le ldi
gi6i cta biri to6n
-u'+u=f tr6n I
u'(0)= u'(1) = O.

Khi d6
(36) inf f s u(x) < supf VxeI.
I I

Chrlng minh. Ta c6

(37) l, ,r', I, ,u =J ru -r'' Hrtlr'

Ta thay v=G(u-K) viro (37) vtli K=supf ' Ta tidn
hdnh nhtr trong chrlng minh cua dinh li VIII'17'
Chri thich 27. Ndu f e Crlr, thi u e C2(It v2r ta c6 thd
thidt lQp (36) gidng nhtl trong chri thich 26' Ch'i :i rhng ndu u

260
-clat giri tri ldn nh{t tr6n il, chlng han nh(I tai 0, khi
d6 u'(xo) < 0 (k6o dii u brii ph:in xa bOn tr:ii cria 0).
Chri thich 28. 'Ia gid sf I = Il. Cho f e L2(R) ua
u e Hz(R) ln ldi gizii cua bdi todn
-u"ru=f tr6n R.
Khi d6
inf f < u(x) <supf Vx e R.

(c6 thd xem [EXl).

vilr.6. HAM R|ENG vA sU PHAN ricn pHd
Cho I = 10, 1[; ta c6 dinh lj sau
Dinh If VIIL20. Cho p e Cr(i) vdi p 2 cr > 0 tr6n
I vd q c C(i). Khi dri t6n t4i mQt diy 11.,,1,,21 cric sd
thrlc vir mQt cd sd Hilbert le,, |.,,r cria L2(I) sao cho
e,, e C21I1 vi
qe,, = 1,,s. tr6n I,
(g8) { - tnel, )'+
I e"(0) = en(1) = 0,
Hdtr nila I,, -> +co khi n -r .o ,
Ta n6i ring ll."I ld cric gi6 tli ri6ng cda todn trr vi
phdn Au = -(pu')'+ qu vdi di6u ki6n bi6n Dirichlet vd {e" } ln
cric hirm ri6ng tddng fng.
Chrlng minh. Ta lu6n lu6n c6 thrj gi:i sir q > 0, ndu
khdng ta chon m6t hlng sd C sao cho q + C > t), didu nny din
ddn viQc thay thd ),,, bdi )"n + C trong phrrong trinh (38). Vdi
moi f e L2(I) tdn tai duy nha't u e H2{I) n Hltlt thoa

261
 - (pu')'+ qu = f trOn I,
(39)
u(0)=u(1)=0.
. Ta kj hiQu torin tt T : f r-+ u drrqc coi nhri mQt to6n
tr? tt L2(I) vao Lz(I)'1).

Ta nghidm lai ring T le tu 1i6n hop vi compact Nhd

'
(39), ta c6:
fu
f,nu''*i,or'=1,
vd do tl6 ,' ll'* . llfll* ll , ll", . ra suv ra ring ll u llr, < cllrll",
"ll
(trong tl6 C 1A hing s6'chi phu thu6c vio cr), tlidu ndy c6 thd
vi6i lai Ii
llrr llHl < cllrlll, .

v) ph6p nhdng tir H1(I) vao L2(I) 1a compacf (vi I bf

chin) ta suy ra tLroc ritng T ld torin tt compact L2(I) vao
L2(I). Ta chr?ng minh ring
'J,rrirg = J, rrrg, vf'g e L2tIr'
Th4t v4y., cl4t u = Tf vd v = Tg;.ta c6

(40) - (pu')'- qu = f
(41) - (Pv')'+ qv = g.
Bing c:ich nhAn (40) b&i v vd (41) bdi u vi ldv tich phAn
ta alugc

(r)Ta c0ng c6 thd xem T nhu mOt toen ttl til Hl vao H|. (xem IX 8)

262
 f, rr'u'* i,o* = I rv = j, su.
Cu6'i cing ta chri j ring
@2) j,trrlr = J, ,t = f, {ru'' * qr2) > 0 vf € L2(I).'

vi mit khric N(T) = 0 bdi vi ndu Tf = u = 0 thi f = 0.

Theo tlinh 1), L2(I) c6 mQt co sd Hilbert {e,, },'>r
VLll,
gdm nhtrng vectd rieng cfia T, tr.tong rifng vdi c6c gi6 tri ri6ng
{F,}n:r. Ta c6 lrn > 0 (that vay pn > 0 do (42) vd pn + 0 bdi
vi N(T) = I0) ) vd ta bidt ring ptn -+ 0.
Ta vidt lai Te,., = pne, tld thdy rlng
1
- (pe!, )' + qen = l,nelr vdi I n'
Fn

Cudi cirng ta chri f rBng q = COI lai ,; 1= 4e" e Q-I)

(cung vAy n6u p,q e C" tlt, thi e,, e C"lltt.

Vi dU. Ndu P = 1 vd q =0 ta dtrgc

e,, (x) = Jf sin(nr x) vd Lr=n2x2,n=1,2,.
Chri thich 29. Vdi cring mQt to6n trl vi phAn, cric
gi6 tri ri6ng vir cric hirm ri6ng phg thuQc viro cdc di6u
kiQn bi6n. Ta c5 thd lAm nhrl bli tf,p viQc tim cdc gi6 tri
ri6ng cfra toiin ttir Au = *u" v6i cric tlidu ki6n bi6n trong c6c vi
du3,5,6vi7.
Chri thich 30. Gie thidt I bi ch{n ddoc dda ra cdt la dd
thi6t l4p tinh compact cria toiin ti, T. Khi I kh6ng bi chnn thi
kdt lu6n ctia tlinh li VIII.20 trong trudng hop tdng queit lir

263
sai'r'; ta cung gdp hign tuong rd1 tliu Yi v(: phd li6n tr;c, xem
lleed-Simon [1]. Xem nhu lrr)i t?p. ta c6 th6 xzic dinh dr/oc cdc
gi:i tri ri6ng vi phd cria 1o6n tri 'I': I.r-; Lr rrong d,, .r e Ilr/rll)
ld ldi girii cda phtiong 1r'irtlr -ri'+u = 1 lrr',rr it('f I li todn tri
bi chdn td li6n hdp tii l,- R) viro Lztllr, nh*rg n6 khong
compact); xem [EX].

BiNH LUAN cHUONG VIII

r) Vei bdt diing thrtc
Ta dua ra vdi b6't diing thfc quan trong v6 chudn
Sobolev.

A) Bdt <lEng thtifc Poincar6-Wirtinger

Gi6 sir I la m6t khodng bi chan. Cho tnrdc u e Ll(I) ta
1
dat u u (li giri tri trung binh cria u tr6n I). Ta c6
!I
ll
, - ,l],, < ll
,'il", vu e w1'r (I) . (xem [EX]).

B) Bdt dEng thrlc Hardy

,
Giri sfi I=10,1t vA ue$t'11; vdi 1<p<co. Khi d6
q- e LP(I) vd hon nira
-'(
x(1 - x)

l] ,Y'-'x)1,,1
llxtl -
,l
< c,,l u'11,,,
u vu. c vv,;,e(r) (xem [EXt).

(r) Trong mQt vei trddng hop kdt lu4n cda dinh lj VIII.20 vin cbn
dring txem [EXl).

264
 C) Bdt alAng thric nQi suy Galiardo-Nirenberg
GiA str I Id mQt khoang bi chdn. Cho 1 < r < 'o vi
1< q < p 3 oc. Khi tl6 tdn tai mQt hing sd C sao cho
(43) llrll,r . cll ulllL;" ll ulli,r,.. vu € w1''(I)

trong tl6 0<a<1 tlrroc x6c dinh boi

",i-+.,)=i-;'
xem IEXI.
Trong tnldng hgp dac biQt ndu p <'c (hay p = z- vi r > 1)'
ta suy ra tU bdt dAng thrlc (43) rlng

(44t I vr > 0 3C, sao cho

1 il,,1,, < cll ul'*,.,'- c"ll upLo vu e wr''tl)
(Ta cnng c6 thd thidt l4p (aa) bing "phrrdng phtip
compact"; xem [EX] ).
Ta sE tim thdy cdc bdt ding thrlc th6ng dung khric trong
Nirenberg [1] (xem th6m trong Friedman [2] hay [3T]). Trong
sd d6 ta chri i tldn bA't ding thfc
1/
lu'llu < Cll u | 'z"., ilu rl';
t,/
vu € w2'{l)

trong do p lA trung binh tli6u hda cta q vd r, trlc ld

11 (- ,1 1.
p2 q +-). r
2) To:in ttl Hilbert- Schmidt
Gif, stl I = I0,1t . Ta chfng minh rdng to6n ttl f r+ u bidn
f € Lz(I) thdnh ldi girii ciia bii torin

265
 - (pu')' + qu = f tr6n I,
u(0)=u(1)=0
(vdi p > a 2 0 vi q > 0) ]a mot toen tit Hilbert- Schmidt tti
L2(I) vao L2(I); xem [EX].
3) Cric tinh chdt phd
Ta bidt mQt sd 16n tinh chdt phd cua torin tfi Sturm-
Liouville 4u = -(pu')'+ quvdi didu ki6n Dirichlet trOn l0,l[.
Trong so tl6 ta bidt rhng:
A) M6i giri tri ri6ng lA bQi 1: ta cfrng n6i ring m6i gid tri
ri6ng ld don,
B) Ndu ta xdp cric gi6 tri'ri6ng {1,1} theo thf td tdng
ddn, khi tl6 c6c hdm ri6ng en(x) tudng fng vdi )'n c6 chrla
tltng (n - l) 2610 tr6n l0,l [ . Dqc biOt h6rm ri6ng thrl nhdt
er(x) c6 ddu cd dinh tr6n 10,1[.

C) Ti so \It' tOi ,o khi n -+ "o vd mQt gidi han > 0.

Vd cdc kdt qui nAy ta c6 thd tham kh6o Weinberger [1],

Protter-Weinberger [1], Coddington-Levinson [1], Hartman
[1J vi Agmon [ lJ.

266
 CHUdNC 9
KHONG GIAN SOBOLEV VA CONG THUC
arEr.l pHAN cOe eAIroAru elEN euLlprlc
ru - cnrEu

tx.1. DINH rucnin vA cAc rirun cxAr co aAN cOe

cAc rn6ruc ctAN soBoLEV wr'P(o)
Cho o c RN la -dt tQp md vi 1 < p ( *.
Dinh nghia: Kh6ng gian Sobolev W1'p(Q) tluoc tlinh
nghia'r'bdi
vy''p(o={ueIt(c2) | e Lp(f) saocho
=rr,*r...**
j,'fl --[** va€q(D'vi =12" N I

Ta tldt H1(o) = w''2(o)

Vdi m6i u € Wl'P(Q) ta tlat
au .Au. du ,..., au.
vU={^
-dx; =8,' Va ^
axl dx2 r.xp
-,=graou.

't) NOu khong so nhdm lEn thdng thudng ta vidt Wl'p thay cho
wt',(e).
(2,
Kti hieu nay c6 nghia do tinh duy nhdt ctia gi (nhd vdo bd ald

lV.2).

267
 Kh6ng gian W1'p{Q) dugc trang bi boi chudn :

lluil*r, =it,il" .i ll#ll,,

hay d6i khi vdi chudn tudng aludng rr.rrr .i ll#ll"]'
I
(ndu 1< p < :o ). Kh6ng gian H1(cl) drloc trang bi tich vd
hudng
N
au av
(u,v)rr = (u,v)r2 +f Ax ax
i=1 L,

chudn tudng fng

ri,l,,=[ ilq].] ll#ll- ]'

thi tudng tluong vdi chudn W1'2.
MQnh Khong gian Wr'p li mQt kh6ng gian
di IX.r.
Banach vdi 1 < p < "o. Kh6ng gian Wl'p lir ph6n x4 vdi
1 < p < * vir t6ch dtfqc vriti I ( P < o.

Kh6ng gian Hr le khdng gian Hilbert tdch dd-d. c.

Chrlng minh
Gidng nhr.r chrlng minh cua mQnh dd VIII.I (str dung
torin trl Tu = Iu, Vul ).
p
Chri thich 1. Trong dinh nghia cua W1 ta c6 thd sti
dung khOng phAn biQt Cltei) fray Cl(o) nhrr ld t{p c6c hdm

268
thir (dd chring minh tlidu niy ta dtrng mQt dey chinh quy h5a
{p" } ).

Chri thich 2. R6 rdng ring ndu u e Cr(t)) - Lp(o) vir

neu ;1 e LprQr vrri nroi i = 1,2...., N (d day +

(xj
Iir tlao hirm
&i
ri6ng cria u theo nghla thong thudng), thi u € Wl'p (Q) . Hdn
niia ciic tlao hdm ri6ng theo nghia th6ng thudng trUng vdi alao
him riOng theo nghla W1'p. D?c biQt ndu Q bi chin, thi
C1( cl ) c *t'r1Q) vdi moi 1 S p 3 co. D6o lai, ta chrlng minh

ring ndu u e wr'p(Q)nC(o) vdi 1<p<.c 15 t 6', A u g19;

cYi

' i = l,2,..., N
vdi moi (g ld tlao him ri6ng cria u theo nghia
i
'lx
wl'r'), thi u e cr(cr) (xem tEXl).
Chri thich 3. Gi6 srt u e L]""{Q), lf thuyet phAn bd
cho ta tlinh nghla khdc .,i, $ r $rxr fa mot phAn tit ctia
d,
khong gian cric hhm phAn bd l1 '(A) - dac biQt U'(Q) ch(ta
L1"t(O) ). Sir dung ngdn nglr phAn bd ta c6 thd n6i rhng
Wl'p (Q) ld t4p hqp c6c hdm u e Lp (f)) sao cho cric dao hdm
riong $cxi , 1< i < N (theo nghia tlao hdm phan bd) thuoc vd
LP (()) .

'Khi vd p = 2 ta c[ng c6 thd alinh nghla kh6ng

O = RN
gian Sobolev bdi bidn tldi Fourier; chdng han c6 thd xem
trong Lions-Magenes [1], Goulaouic [1] hay Malliavin [1]'
Chting ta kh6ng xen.r x6t vdn d6 ndy <ir ddy

269
 Chf thich 4. Ta ghi nhAn cric vA'n dd sau.

a) Giri sir tun ) ld diy trong Wl'p sao cho u,, -+ u trong
Lp vi {Vun } hQi tu vd mOt gi6i han ndo tl6
trong (Lp )N, khi
d6 ueWl'p va ll u, -ull*r,, -+0 (khi 1<p<co ta chi cAn c6
un -)u trong Lp vi {Vu,,} bi ch{n trong (Lp)N thi dti kdt
luAn ring u e W1'P; xem [EXl).
b) Cho tnJdc mdt him f xdc tlinh tr6n f) ta kli hiCu f la
k6o dii cta f brii 0 b6n ngoAi Q, nghia ld
f(x) ndu xeC),
f (r) =
0 ndu xeRN\o.
Cho u e *t,n1cr) va cr e C}(cr), khi d6(1i

^Cuia
.- oWl P(RN) y5 -a-1ou1= cr- |
axi axi -u
lxi
ThAt v4y coi q e C|{RN); ta c6
T^^_',]
rlc)dcl
I -ao
ct u- = 0u-:a = lul :-- (0 e)
i - c,xi
_ ei
RN
axi o axi ,{ La*t I
au au
jl
dX;
o\ -0,r0+u-qcxi
6a
l=iI
/ axi &i )-
\ -(r+u-
nN
da

Kdt luan tr6n vAn tlfing ndu, thay vi giti st ct e C](O) ta

ldy cr e c1(BN) n L-(RN) vdi v o e L'(RN)N vd suppcr c RN\f.

(')Chu i e W1'p(O)(vi sao?)

i, thong thudng

270
 Sau dAy mQt kdt qui vd tinh trir mit; ta s6 thidt l4p <i
li
phAn sau (h0 quA IX.8) mQt k6t qui chinh xric hon
nhd vdo
cdc giri thi6t Phu tr6n f).

Dinh lf IX.2. (Friedrichs) Cho u e Wr'p (o) vdi

1( p <oo, Khi d6 t6n tqi mQt diy [un] trong Cf(RN)
sao cho
(1) - u trong LP(O)
o,,ln
(2) vu,'I. + Vul. trong 1n 1r':)N vdi moi <'r cc C)'
. (Nhdc lai kf hieu o cc Q c6 nghia ld co li t4p md sao
cho 6cQ vh t,l comPact).
Trong PhAn chrlng minh ta cAn tldn:
Ix.l. cho
Bd a16 pe r,r{RN) vir cho v€wl'p(RN)
vdi l<P<co.Khidri
p+v e wl'p(R*l ra rlto*v) = P-# ot=l'2,"',N'

Chfng minh bd dd IX.l. Gidng nhu chrlng minh ctia bd

dA VIII,4.
Chrlng minh dinh lf IX.2' Ta dat
u(x) ndu xeQ,
u (x) =
0 n6u xeRN \o,

vi tl6t v., = Pn *; (trong d6 p^ ld ddy chinh quy h6a) Ta tlA

'biet (xem IV.4) ring vn . C-{RN) vd v,', -+ u ttot'g Lp(RN)' Ta

chfng minh ring \fo,,],, +w'1,,, trong ll(ro) v6i moi or cc O ' Cho

27t
trddc ro cc Q, ta cd dinh mdt hAm cr e C:(O), 0 3 a -< 1 , sao
cho u = 1 tr6n mdt lAn cAn cria o (mOt him nhrr vQy tdn tai;
co th(,] xem IEXI). Ch(;i rhng vd'i n du ldn ta c6
. pn+(1 tl=l). t'u trln O.

Th4t v4y,
supp(pn *ou-pn * u t=supplp, *{ 1-;)ul
csupppn+ supp(1 - cr)u - nN \ co, vdi n dri ldn. Ttr t15 ta suy
ra (3).
Theo bd da IX.t ve chri thich 4b ta c6

^ (1,., *uu)-pn *(a-iu l ^u)

icr
,xi axi ,X,
vd ta suy dtfoc
a) au )ct
(P" 'r.tr u) -+ G-+-U trong LP(RN).
^
(f,i &i &i
d to- * ou) al
Dac biQt
.\i "' -, (x
^
trong LP (ro) ,
i

va, do (3) 3to" -;) - + trons LP(or).

.Xi .Xi
Cudi cirng ta "cit ngin" d6y lvn I nhu trong
chrlng minh
cira tlinh li VIII.6. Chinh x6c hdn ta alet u,., = qnv,,(t). Ta d6
ddng nghiOm l4i ring ddy {un} c6 czic tinh cl.rdt mong mudn,

(') Tt day vd sau ta sLl dung k1; hiou {("I

chi mot day "cdt
alej

ngdn", nghia li cd dinh mOt him E€C; (RN) vdi 0 < ( < 1 vd
It ndu lxlsl, \'a dat -nrxr= lr:t.n .1.2,...
i'xr=
' {
l0 ndu l"l>2 n

272
nghia 14, u,., € Cf (RN), un -> u trong Lp (Q) vd Vun -) Vu
trong LP(ro)N.

Chti thich 5, Ngudi ta ch(tng minh rhng (dinh li

Meyers-serrin) ndu ue W1'p(o), 1(p'o, thi tdn tai mdt
day {u,.,} sao cho un e C" (c2) ^ wl'p(Q) vd un -+ u trong
(c6 thd xem
Wl'e (o) chrlng minh kol qud niy khd tinh td
;
Adams hay Friedman t2l). Tdng qudt, ndu O li mQt tnp mo
bdt kJ vd ndu u € Wl'p (Q) ta khong thd xay dung mdt dny
('em
{un} trong C}rRN) sao cho u., -+ u trong wr'p(Q)
(vdn dring v6i e2 ld
tEXl); nhrr trong tlinh l1f Meyers-Serrin
mQt t4p mri bdt ki) nhu 6 hQ qu6 IX.8 (vdi gi6 thidt f! ddu)'
Edy li mQt ddc trdng tlon gi:in ctia c6c hdm thu6c Wl'p:

Menh d6 IX.3. Cho u e Lp(o) vdi l<p<"o' C6c

tinh chdt sau dAY lir tddng dUdng
(i) u € wr'P(o)
(ii) Tdn tai mQt frirrg C sao cho
"6:

I
i"#l< c[.rl],,' ve e ci(o),vi = 1,2,"',N
(iii) T6n tai mQt hing sd C sao cho vdi moi t$p md
ro cc C) vir nioi h e RN vdi

lhl < dist(r,r, RN \

o), ta cti
_ ull"r,,, s Ci hl
lltnu
Hdn nr1a, ta c6 thi chon C= ll
V" llrr,n, trong (ii)
vi (iii).

273
 Chri thich 6. Khi p = 1 cric mQnh tld duy dAn sau tldy
vAn cdn d ng:
(i) e (ii) e (iii) .

Cric hdm th6a (ii) thay (iii)l vdi p = | ld c6c hdm c6 bidn
ph6n bi ch{n (theo ngdn ngr phdn bd, d6 li cric hdm thudc
L1 md tdt cei cdc tlao hdm cdp mQt theo nghia phin bd ld cric
tlQ tlo bi chdn). Kh6ng gian niy gif mQt vai trd quan trong
hon kh6ng gian Wl'i; ta gep cdc him c6 bidn phdn bi chnn
(hay cirng loai) trong lj thuydt m{t cqlc tidu (c6 thd xem
Giusti [1] vi cdc cdng trir,h cfia De Giorgi, Miranda ...), trong
ciic vdn dd d6o (cric him bidn dang bi chdn, xem Temam-
Strang [2J vi ciic cdng trinh crja Suquet), trong c6c phrrong
trinh :i tuydn tinh cdp mQt md c6 c6c ldi girii bdt li6n
tgc, hay s6ng va il$p (c6 thd xem Volpert [1]).
Chri thich 7. Ta suy tr} dinh lt 1V.25 vd til mQnh tld
IX:3 rhng neu 5ld qud cdu tlon vi cria W1'p (O) vdi 1 3 p < co
( A ln md bdt ky), thi Slar in tuong tlO'i compact {rong l.P(o)

vdi moi to cc C) . [Ta s6 thdy phdn sau trong (tlinh li IX.16)

ring ndu Q bi ch{n vA ddu, khi d6 S la tudng tldi compact
trong Lp(Q); Ket quri nAy c6 thd sai ndu O khdng bi chdn
hodc li ndu Q khdng ddu.l. Di6u ndy din tlSn ring , ndu {un }

ld mQt day bi chan trong W1'p (a) vdi 1 < p < m vd O lA mri
bdt kj,, thi ta c6 thd ldy ra mQt diy con {u,,n } sao cho u,,o (x)
hdi tu hdu khdp tr6n O (xem [EX]).
Chrlng minh
(i) -> (ii) Hidn nhi6n.

274
 (ii) > (i) Ta tidn hinh nhtt trong chfng minh ctia mQnh
d6 VIII.3.
(i)=(iii)
Tn-rdc het ta giti sti rhng u e Cf (RN). Cho h e (RN) va
tlSt v(t) = u(x + th)
Khi d6 v'(t) = h.Vu(x + th) vd do d6
t1
u(x +h) - u(x) = v(1) - v(0) = fv'{t)dt = Jft.v"tx
+ th)dt.
00
Ta suy ra
1
e<
I r6u(x) - uf xf lrrlp I I vutx + th)ip tlt
0

va .nutxl - u(x)lPdx < lhle idx J I vu{x + th)le dt

[,1
0

11
--r Jfat
= nlp Ilvrt* * thr]pdx
--J,,r ' = thlp I lruryrlpdy
I Jfdt l,.rh,
00
cd dinh ltr J. di.t(r, RN\ei), t6n tai m6t tdp m<i' ?o'cco
sao cho co + th c r,r' vdi moi t e [0, 1] vd ta suy ra
p
(4) llrsu - ull
lPr i, )
<lhlellvule

Bdy gid, vdi u € W1'p(o) vd p + @, tdn tai m6t day lun )

trong C] (RN) sao cho un -+ u trong Lp (O) ve vu,., -r Vu

275
trong cc . Ta dp dung bai tl6ng thfc (4) vdi u,
Lp (r,r)N Vrrr Q
vi ta thu tlddc (iii)cho gidi han u. Khi P=2, ta rip dung
phdn tr6n (vdi p < o ) vir sau d6 cho p tidn ra v6 cr-tc.

(iii)=(ii)
Vq € Cl (O) ; ta x6t
t4p mti r,r sao cho supp
nrQt
ec(DCCo. Cho h e RN voi lhl< distt"-,, RN\ot. Nhd (iii)
ta c'5

. lr
ll, ,'n,-u,al . cih i ll,oiiu,..
I

Mat klr,ic vi

L, r,*- h)- utx,)o{xtdx= I, u(y)( q(}, -ht-rpryrrdy,

9'Y')dv'<c
I L,,r,"'''-l;
ta dddc 1,, 1,,.

Chon h = te;, t e R, vA qua gi6i han khi cho t,-+ 0 ta thu

.aludc (ii ).

Chri thich 8. M6nh dd IX.3 (i)=(iii) chi ra rlng ndu

u e Wl''(O) vA n6u O ln mOt t4p mrjr li6n th6ng, thi ta c6
(5) lu(x) - u{y)l . lv, i1,., distr,(x,y) vdi h.k. x,y e f)
trong d6 diste(x,y) chi khoeing cdch tirx den y trong O;didu
ndy d6n d6n u cir mOt dai di6n li6n tuc thtia (5)'vdi moi
x,y e C). Til d6 ta suy ra riing n,iiu u e Wl'p(O) ; 13 p ( co vd
Q ld mOt tAp mri bA't kj,, vd ndu Vu = 0 h.k.n. trdn Q thi u
ld hing tron m6i thinh phdn li6n th6ng cta ().

276
 Cu6i cing ta chri j ring neu u e W1'' (o) vdi O md ldi,
thi ta c6

lutx) - u(y)] <ll vul]", lx-vl vx,veQ.

MQnh (Oao him cta mot tich). Cho
di IX.a.
.r,v. W'n't!) nIi(CD vrli I ( p s co. Khi al6 ,rv o U/'n (c) r\Ii(C)
vA

9,.,r, = I "*, g .i = 1,2....,N.

dxi dx1 oxi

Chrlng minh. Ta lu6n lu6n c6 thd dua vd trudng hop

I S p < a: (xem chitng minh cua hi qud VIII.9)'

Theo dinh li' IX.2 tdn tai czic diy {unl, {vn} trong
CItRN ) sao cho

un -, , i vn -+ v trong Lp(Q) ve h.k.n. tr6n f),

Vu. --r vu , Vvn -+ Vv trong Lp (o)N vdi moi ro cc f) .

Lap lai chrlng minh cta dinh li IX.2 ta tha'y d0 ddng

riing

ll,. ll". s llu 11,.. va ll," ll", .ll,11,., .

Ngoiri ra ta cbn c6
j9 t , +L u, - r, '^1o ,,p cf rrlr
I) ,,,u" = - *2 vqr e
(*i rXr (/)(r

Qua gidi han, do tlinh 1, hQi t'l bi chdn' ta dtloc

Irui9=-t,+u*, il ,,e vqec]tt)r.

.[) ixi .t! ('Xi rxi

277
 MQnh d6 IX.5. (Dqo hhm cria ham hdp). Cho
c€C1(R) sao cho c(0) = 0 ve ]G'(s)lsM vseR. Cho
u€Wr,p(e).Khi.16
c o u € w1'p(o) ve 4,4.
dx;
u) = (G'" r):a.
dxi

Chrlng minh. Ta co J
sl vs e R vd nhu v{y
G(s)l < Ml

lG.ul sMl ul ; suv ra G.ue Lp(Q), vi clng nhu vAy

tG'. ur jA e LP(o).
c])(;

Ta chi cdn chr?ng minh ring

(6) $[ tG.ur j9 =-ir)rC,"u; !u,
&i
voeC]tor.
axi
Khi 1<p<cc, ta chon mQt ddy {un} cria.CjtRN) sao
cho u,., *> u trong Lp(O) vi h.k.n tr6n C), Vuo -r Vu trong
Lp(ot)N V ro cc Q (tlinh If IX.2). Ta c6

[,c.r", jS=
*, -[rG,"u",
{'
3o* vqec]ror.
,"Xi cxi

Nhrrng Goun -+ Gou trong Lp(O) va rC ",\

"u,r! -rfG "U$
4
lf hQi tU bi ch5n. Ta suy ra (6).
trong Lp(t:) do dinh
Khi p=.D, ta cd tlinh mdt t4p md Q' sao cho
suppq cQ'c c C). Khi tl6 u € W1'P(O')
Vp < co vd ta suy ra (6) nhrr 6 phdn.tr6n.

278
 MQnh d6 IXG (C6ng thrlc tldi bidn). Cho Q vi o'
li hai tSp md cta RN vh gii srf H : O' -+ O lir mQt song
6nh, x = H(y), sao cho
H€Cl(o), H-1 e C1(c!), JacHe L'(o'), JacH-l e L-(Q)'t'.
cho u e wl,p(o), khi d6 u. H € Wl'p(O') vd
u tu 6rtvt, u^\,", vi = t.?,...,N.
N:
,o " H)(v)
' = I Wi
Tdni
Chring minh. Vd'i I 3 p < co ta chon mdt d5y lu,,l
trong C[ (RN ) sao cho un -) u trong Lp (o) vi vu.' -+ Vu
trong Lp(ro)N VorccQ. Khi tl6 u,, oH + u"H trong Lp(Q')
va ral" "H )+ - (+. HrlH' trong Lp(t,r't var'ccc)'.
&i tYr .x, r)1

Cho trr-tdc hAm y e C]{o' ) ta cO

hI r,." "H,lLay=
."yi t f,?t'ur']H'
h'? ,'x, v aY.
ryr ''
Qua gidi han ta thu tlrroc kdt quti mong mudn.
Khip=
"o, ta
ldm gidng nhu trong phdn cu6'i cria chrlng
minh m6nh dd Ix.5.
C6c kh6ng gian W''P(Q)

(') JacHchi ma tr{n Jacobi iHi; d6y c0ng ld mOt hdm thuOc
ar;
f,(o')...'*.
279
 Dfnh nghia. Cho mdt so nguyOn m > 2 vd mdt sd thu. c
1( p ( cr, ta dinh nghia bhng qui nap

w' I'P(o);
wm,r'(Q) = {u e I
(xi
€ w--1,p(o) vi = 1,2,...,N}.

Ta cring c6 thd dinh nghia m6t c{ich tdcrng drlong'2'

rr
W'p{O) = iu e LprOi I va ,]a < m lg,, e Lp(O) sao cho

i,'D"' = t-rll "i [',s"'r' ve

' cj rclr]
Ta k:i hiQu D"u = B" .

Khdng gian W-'p(O) duoc trang bi brii churl'n

llullw'"e = I. 0<
ilo',
ll I
lrP
I "1.
le mdt khdng gian Banach.
Ta dat H*(Q) = W-'2(Cr); H'"(Q) duoc trang bi bdi tich
v0 hudng
( u, v )r,.
0<
I u]< m
(D"u,D"v)"2

li mQt kh6ng gian Hilbert

't' MOt da chi so a ld m6t b6 cr = (c1,u2,...,crp) vrii ct, > 0 nguy6n;

N i u2 +... +a !r
ta tlat dl=!", va p"* aat

i=l L Xr ', X2' ..., XN''

280
 Chri thich 9. Ta chrlng minh dr-roc ring n6u
Q "kha
cfra W''p (c2) ld ttlong
tldu" vdi f = aO bi chdn, khi d6 chudn
tltlong vdi chudn

Irul,u " I llo''ll,

Chinh x6c hon ta chung minh drtoc rdng
vdi rnoi da
o. t"l . m vd v6i moi e > 0 tdn tai m6thing sd
C
"d;;;;
"ht(phu thuQc vdo Q, e, cr, e) sao cho
*c1l urlr" vu6\/mp(r'l)'
|1r",il,,t.
11 rL.r I ilDnul;,,
!F =m,,

(xem Adams t1l haY tEXl).

rx.2. roAN rU rnAc rntEn
cdc tinh chdt
Dd thufln ti6n, th6ng thudng khi thidt 14p
..i, na- tt uoc Wl'p(Q) ta bdt ti' tnidng hqp ei = RN
",i. 'lAu
(c6 thd xem c6c kdt qu6 cfra IX'3)' Nh'J vAy cdn
phii th6c
;;;o; him u e wl''(o) .th2rnh mQt him e w1'p(RN)'
Tiry nhi6n n6u
Didu nAy kh6ng phdi hic ndo cfing ]am dddc'
k6o dii nhu
t4p mo Q la " tlCu" thi ta c6 thd thi6t lap mlt
;l;. i" r,uv dAu bing viOc xric dinh kh6i ni0m tAp md
ra,
d6u.

C6c k! hiQu. Cho trtidc x e RN, ta viSt

x = (x',xN) vdi x' e RN-1, v'= (x1;x2,"',xp-1)
ve ta ilat
1/
N1 /2
2
l*'l= T
i-t
x

281
 Ta kj hiQu

Rf={l<=(x,,x5); xN r0}
q-{*-tx',xN)i *',.1 , l**l.f}
Q.=QnRI
ao ={* =(x',xp); l*'].1 , *N =0}.-
Dinh nghia. Ta n6i ring mdt tap m6 C) thudc vdo ldp
Cr ndu vdi mgi x e I- = 6A tdn tai m6t lAn cAn U cira x trong
RN vd mQt song iinh H : Q -+ U sao cho

H.Ct(Q), H i eCt(U), H(e-)=UnO vd H(eo) = u^ r.

Dfnh lf IX7. Gie sr? Q thuQc ldp Cl vdi f bi ch{n
(hoic O= nf l. fm d6 tdn tai mQt to:in tfi th6c tridn
. P: wr,p(e) -+ wr'p(RN)

tuydn tinh, sao cho vdi moi u e Wl'p(O)

(i) Puln -u
(ii) |Purl,r,*N, < cll ll"r,n,
"
(iii) ll
Po llw,,oro"r < cll
'll*,,ornr
trong d6 C chi phu thuQc vio Q.
Ta bdt tlAu bing viQc chrlng minh mdt bd dd don gi6n,
nhung co brin, li6n quan ddn th:ic tridn brii phrin xa.
Bd ali Ix2. Cho tnrdc u e wr'p1q* ). ta dinh nghia
tr6n Q hirm rr* th,i. tridn bdi phin xa, nghia ld

282
 s(x'rxg) neu xN >0,
u*(x"xN) =
u(x', - xN) neu xN <0.
Khi d6 l]' . *r'n1q) vir
< 2ll o 11,r,e.,, ll"'ll*",,n, < zlluil*r,n,"., '
ll".llrr,n,
Chr?ng minh. Ta hay nghiQm lai rdng
(U au
(7) vdi 1<i<N-1
& &

(8) ax- Ir 0,U

^ rll I

^ =l^
r5{p \ds I
i

-- fil ] r,
rons dd
-'"---
r thric tri6n bdi phdn xa cda ] v] vdi f
[&,J .]i
xdc tlinh tr6n Q+, ta dit
f(x', x1.1 ) nOiu xy > 0,
flllx', x * ) =
- f(x', - xp ) ndu x |,1 , 0.

Ta sir dung dey {nr} cric hdm thudc C-(B) xdc dinh bdi

nk(t)= I(kt) teR, k =1,2....

trong tl6 1 td mQt him so cd dinh, 11 e C-(R) sao cho

1
0 n6u t < --
2'
n(t) =
1 n6'u t > 1.

Chttng minh (7). Cho I € Cl(Q). Ta c6 vdi 1< i < N - 1

283
 f9 (1\y
(9)
I u
& =[. axi

1 rong d6
\y( x', xN ) = e, x', xN ) + 9(x', - xlr).
N6i chung hdm y kh6ng thuQc vio ClfQ-l ua n6 kh6ng
thd stl dung duoc nhrt m6t hdm thu, nhr.tng nguoc lai

lk (xN )\,(x', x*- ) € C:(Q, )

vi nhu vAy

L. ,-,ru tu
vr= -1. cxi
^ rlLV.

Mat kh{ic l,rnr)=rtk+,vidod6

r5(i aXi

10) unk
iv au
I'lt
(
[. &i i'. .
ffii
V.

Qua gidi han trong (10) khi k -+ co (do dinh lj hOi tu bi

chln) ta thu tluoc
(11)
,tt/ iu
[. axi L cx
V

Tit (9) vd (11) ta c6

^
atlrlau /-
- (.9
I u
&i I _\y
&j = _ | l_
a l.\, q

Tt tl6 c6 (7).
Chtng ntinh (8). Cho rp e Cl(Q). Ta cO

284
 ax
(12)
I,,"fr=[. u-&N
trong tl6
1(x',x1q) = q(x',xry) - Q(x', - xN).
Ta chri 1i ring x(x',0) = 0, vi do v4y tdn tai m6t hiing sd
M sao cho l1(x',xx)l < tvtlxNJ trOn Q. \t nrt e cl(Q,) ta c6
tu
( 13) rlkl
J,. "$tnnxr=-[. ^-
cxN

Nh'Jng

(t4) i. (rlkX)
, rtr
;7
( X\
-- Ik .. + k1'(kx5')7-.
'XN
Chring ta ch{'ng minh ring
(15) I
.(l*
ukn'(kxru)x -+ 0 khi k >,.
Thdt vAy, ta c6

uvrc IlulxNdx<MC J
u dx
I f,. 'ur,u** ', I=
0 xy. -
1
o.*p.-l

vd'i C sup ll'(t) l; tit d6 c6 ( 15)

t e 10,1 I

Khi d6 ta suy tii (13), (14) vi i 15) r'irug

(.U

I ulL=-L-
p 4{ {-i)( ( xN
7,

Cudi cirng ta c6

285
 tl
au au
( 16)
[. Clt 1,,1
I axN
a

Kdt hgp ( 12) vd ( 16) ta suy ra dr-toc (8).

Kdt lu{ri cria bd dd IX.2 v6n cbn thlng ndu ta thay Q* bdi
n | (ptrd" chL?ng minh khdng thay ddi) didu nev thidt lap
diilh l), IX.7 vdi O = Rf .

Chri thich r0. Bd dd IX.2 cho ph6p ta thdnh l{p mQt

crich don giin cdc todn tt thdc tridn cho mQt sd tap m<) kh6ng
thuoc kip Cr. Vi du vrri

Q = {x € R2;0 < xr < 1,0 < xz < 11.

p(Cr),
Cho u e W1 bdng bdn phrin xa li6n tidp ta c6 duoc
m6t thric tridn ieWl'p(O) ctia u trong

fr={lr.R2; *1<xr <3, -1.x2 <3},

o
2

286
 Ti6'p theo ta cd tlinh mdt him y e Clt O I sao cho
v = 1 tr6n fr, ta kj hiQu Pu ld hdm vi k6o dAi ddn R2 bdi
0 bOn ngodi Q. Ta chrlng minh d6 ddng rhng to6n tit
p: w1,p(e) -+ w1'p(R2) th6a mdn (i), (ii) va (iii).
Trong phAn sau ta st dung bd dd
8d.16 I)(3 (PhAn ho?ch don v!). cho I li mot t4p
compact cria RN vi U1, U2,..., UN lir c:ic t4p md sao cho
k
rc [J u,.
i =1

Khi al6 tdn tqi c6c hDrm 06 , 01 , 02,..., 0r e C- (RN )

sao cho
k
(i) 0<ei s1 Vi= O,r,z,...,U va Ie; =1tr6nRN,
i =0

(ii) 0; compact vir supp 0i c Us Vi = 1,2u.,k ,

supp
suppo6 c RN \ f .
Khi o li mOt tAp md bi ch4n vi f = aO thi
e61,, eCi(o).
Chrtng minh. xem tEXl. Bd tld nny ld cd didn; ta tim
tludc nhrng kdt qud tddng td vi du nhrl trong Agmon [1],
Adams [1], Folland [1], L.Schwartz [1], Malliavin [1].
Chrlng minh dfnh lf IX.?. Ta "diiu chinh" lai biOn
f b8i b6n d6 dia phridng vir ta drra vAo mQt ph6n
ho4ch don vi(r). Chinh x6c hon vi f compact vd thuQc 16p
(') Tiong phdn sau, ta thudng stl dung k! thuqt niy d€i alua mot kdt
quri chfng minh trdn nf tfray trong Q* ) thdnh kdt lu{n tren
Q mri d6u.

287
 k
C1, tdn tai c:ic tdp mE (U;)151;1 cfra RN sao cho Ic (-J U,
i1
vd tdn tai cdc song rinh H1 : Q + U; sao cho
u, ec1{Qi, q t.CtQ), H1(Q,)=U1 no ve F!(Qa)=Ui^r'
Ta x6t ciic him 06, 01, 02,..., 0k da drJa ra o bd dd IX'3'
Cho tnjtlc u . 'uYt'n 1Q) ta viet
kk
u=I0,u=I ur trongd6 ui =0iu.
i-0 i=0

BAy gid ta th:ic trien m6i hdm ui l6n RN vdi sr-r phAn
biQt gina uu va cac (u, ), , u.

a) K6o diri uo. Ta xilc dinh thdc tridn cua uo l6n RN btii

u6 (x) neu xeQ,

u6 (x) =
0 neu xeRN \Q.

Nhdc lai riing 00 e 611p,N1n L'(RN) vd vos e L'(RN)

k
b<ii vi v00 = -i voi ld c6 giri compact vd supp0e c RN\f
i=1
Eidu ndy dan den (cht thich 4b) rhng
i-lx ioo
ue e W'PrR") va uo = ao + u
;i ,n, &
Nhu v4y

uo
ll',r,,,on,
< cll ull*' ,,.,,'
l]

288
 b) Thric triin cta 3 i < k. Ta x6t thu hep ctia rr
u1, 1
tr6n U1 n Q vi ta "chuydn" hdm niy l6n Q+ nhd vdo Hr; chinh
xiic ho'n ta ddt v;(y) = u(Hi(y)) vdi y e Qr . Ta da biet (mAnh
dd IX.6) rlng r'1 € w1'p(Q, ). Tiep theo ta xdc dinh thdc tri€in
v1- cia'v; tron Q l)di phtin xa lbi) dd IX.2), ta bidt ring
v,- e Wr'p{Q). Ta lai "chuy6n" v1. tr6n Ui nhd vAo H;-1 ;
gi:i sii
w1(x) = v.-19 -t,x)l vdi x e Ut.

Khi tl6 ta c6 w, e Wl'p(Ui), wi = u tr6n U1 n Q vi

]l
*r 11r",.,,r,, , < C ll u ll*,.0,r, .,,,.

Cuoi cirng, v<ii x = RN ta dat

llr{x}w lxt n6u xe U1'
u, (Xl = (
I o ndu xeRN \ui.
ta suy ra rbng u1 e W1'p(RN) (chrl thich 4b),.u, = uitron Q ve

ll
u1 ll*,.0,oN, < Cll ,llru,.o,u,.u,.

Kdt luan. Torin tti P, = ,o * l r,

i=1
.o tdt czi tinh chdt
mong mudn.

H0 qui IX.8 (Tinh trt m4t). Ta gi6 sfi ring O

thuQc Lirp Cr. Cho u e Wl'p(o) vdi l<pcco. Khi d6
t6n tai mQt ddy {u" } t.ot g Cf (RN ) sao cho u.,In + u
trong Wr'p(o). N6i khdc di, cdc thu hgp tr6n o cria

289
nhflng hem thuQc Cf @N) li mQt khdng gian con trt
mft trong Wr'P(o).
f bi ch{n. Khi tl5
Chrlng minh. Trudc hdt ta gi6 sil
tdn tai mot todn til k6o tldi P (dinh tf IX.7). Dav(I)
(,., (p,, * Pu) hQitu vd Pu trong w1'e(RN) vd do tl6 kdt luan
cria h6 qui. Khi f kh6ng bi ch{n, ta bdt dAu bhng vi6c
xem x6t ddy (,,u; cho tnldc e>0, cd dinh no sao cho
ll
q"o, - u ll *,.0. e. Khi t16 ta c6 thd thiSt l4p mdt th6c tridn
u . *t'n{RN) cira (nou [vi chi cdn alda vdo. phdn giao ctia I
vdi m6t qud cdu du tOnl. Cudi cing ta xAy drrng w e Cf (RN)
sao cho lw-vll *r.0,*r,< c.

tx.3. BAr oiruc rnuc soBoLEV

Trong chdong VIII ta da thdy rhng neu C) c6 chidu ln 1,
thi W1,p(O) c L'(O) vdi ph6p nhring lion tuc. Khi sd chidu
N > 2, kdt quri nAy chi tl6ng vdi p > N; cbn khi p < N ta c6
thd thidt lQp c6c vi du vdi cric hdm thuoc w1'p(o) mA khdng
thudc L- (o) (c5 thd xem ch( thich 17 va [EXI)' Tuv nhi6n
mQt kdt quA quan trong, chti ydu nhd viro Sobolev, kh6ng tlinh
rlng n6'u 1< p. N thi w1'p(Q) c Lp.(o) vdi ph6p nhring li6n
tuc vdi mQt p* €l p,+- [ nio t16 .

Chring ta bdt ddu blng viQc xem x6t trudng hop :

''' [p,.,] la ddy chinh qui h6a vd {("} la dey cdt ngdn nhu trong chtitrg
minh cria tlinh li IX.2.2

290
 ' A. Trudng p O = P,N h-o.

Dinh If IX.9. (Sobolev, Gagliardo, Nirentrerg). Cho

1s p < N, khi al6 #,p(RN) cLp'(RN) trong d6 p- cho bdi
111 , v6r tdn tai mQt hirig sd C = C(p, N)(2) sao
p* p N
cho
(L7)
llr ll*. = cllvu llrp vu E wl'p(RN).
Chri thich 11. Giri tri p. c6 thd tim alddc bdi m6t srr lAp
ludn vd tinh thuAn nhdt tlon girin (nh6 ring nhiing srr lj
luan bdi tinh thudn nh6it dai khi cho ta nhirng chi dan thrj vi
md it cdn didu ki6n). ThAt vAy, ndu tdn tai cric hing sd C vd
13q<coth6a
(1s) ll , il"" = Cil vu lir . vu . wr,p(RN)

khi tli cAn ph6i c6 q = p.. Ta chon trong (18) u;.(x) = u(7,x)
(). > 0 t thay cho u. Ta c6

ll u lilq < crrr*\-Ir

o, ll v, llrr v). > o,
tlidu niy dAn tldn q = p..
Trong chfng minh cria dinh lj IX.9 chring ta cdn sr-r dung
Bd dd Ix.4. cho N > z vd f1,f2,...,f* e LN-l1RN-1;.
Vdi xeRN vA l<i<N ta ddt

'2' Ta cri the chon C(p,N)

' - tf:lfP. nhung hhng sd nay khdng toi
N-p
ur:; hhng sd t6i nhe't da bidt (vn rdt phrirc tap), xem Th.Aubin [1],
Talenti [1] vd Lieb [1].

291
 i, = (x 11x2 r...r X; -1r Xi+1r"'rxN )
t RN-r

Khi d6 him sd
f(x) = fr(ir)fz(iz)...fN(iiv) x e RN

thuQc viro Ll (RN ) vd

,N
ll f ll,:,.,*, . II
i =1
ll
r' ll"*-',o*-', .

Chrlng,minh. Trt-tdng hop N = 2le tdm thrldng' Ta x6t

trudng hdp N = 3; ta c6

Jl
rr"rla*.r =lf"(xi,xz)l Jlr,r*r,'rll lfrtx,,xr)l dxt
nlt
\'', - tt'
,
ir'*,'*rr12 a*"
< lf"tx,.*r,, Ii,f,,*r.x5rl2dx3]
\i ") |frd "lI

(tlo bdt tl6ng thfic Cauchv-sciiwarz)' Ap dung bdt dEng thfc

Cauchy-schwarz mOt ldn nua ta tlddc

J1
rr*l a, 1
= llrrll",,n,,lll,11",,",,llrr ll",,u,,
.

Itil

Tnldng liop tdng qudt tlrroc chftng rninh bing qui nap;
chdp nh{n kdt qua tlfing vdi N ta chrlng minh vdi
(N + 1) Ta
cd dlnh xry*1, nhd bat diing thfc Holder ta c6
l- rl
^,
r, tr"r* lN' dx,dxr" dxl fN
ldx,dxr..dxN . I fN. r
"
I fr xr L\, R]- | |

rN'= N
' N-1 ).

292
 Ap dung gi:i thidt qui nap cho ciic hdm r,1N,;rrlN,...ff*l*
ta ddoc
N

J lr,l*...1r,r1* ax1...dxi1
( n ll r;llfn,",' ,
,
i=l
Ttr d6 ta c6
N

Jl
rr*l la*r...arN < llrr-,ll"x,nr.r, fli=l llrlllr:,r,ou-r,

Bdy gid ta x6t xp,,: m6i hi)rn xN.1 H ]l f;llrn,on dd,

N
',
thudc viro LN(R),1< i < N vi do d6 tich flj=1 lfillr,,,,on ,,

thudc vlo Lt (R) . (xem chri thich 2 tidp sau bdt diing thrlc
[Iolder ri chrrong IV) vd

J[l
irxridx,...dxldxx
I ,. h' llf,li,.*,*r-,,.
rl

Chtlng minh tlinh l;i IX.9. Ta brit ddu vdi trudng hop
p = 1vd vrii u e C](RN). Ta c6
iul
,r, l-(t,x2,...,xN)ldt
I
u(x1,x2, .,xp) | =
I
I:f; n,,,,...,,.,',,r,1

vi c0ng nhtr vdy vdi 1 < i < N

, .,t t^
| (7r (xr,x2....,x; dtf
lu{x)i< *'I l.,xi 1,t,x;.1.....xN) dt f x
|

Do d6

I u(x) lN < fii-1 ,,,1, ,..

293
 Ta suy ra til bd dA IX.4 ring
N-t
N N
jl ut,r I
., a*
= fli=l ll
r' ,1,i,', =g ll#il
Ll(RN )

ve nhLr vay ta aludc

N
N
(19) ll
,llr*r,r-,,,o*, < fli=t ll#ll Ll0t^" )

Cho t > 1; ta rip dung (19) vdi I u it-1u thay vi u. Ta duoc

I I

N
n
ar
(20) llulll'.1,*-',< t f]
i=r
u
&i Ll
tit,||i,r,,-, ft il+ll'
i=r c^illlf
I

Khi tl6 ta chgn t sao cho

tN p'(t - l). se cho ta
N-1 =
,=N-Io+(t21vilsp<N).
N

ta thu trrroc ll,ll,r. . , il ll#ll;

v4y
llr ll,r. < cllvu ll,, vuecltRN).
BAy gid gi6 s'.i u . w1'p(RN); ta bidt ring tdn tai mQt day
{u" } c C} {RN) sao u trong wl'p(RN). Ta c0ng c6
cho un -)
thd gi6 sil (ndu kh6ng thi sti dung day con) ring
u., + u h.k.n. Ta c6 ydi moi n.

294
 llr" llu. < cllvu" llr .

Ta suy tii bd t16 Fatou''' rhng

ue LP* vd rhng ll , llu. =
cll vu llr, .

HQ qui D(10. Cho 1 < p < N. Khi .16

wr,p(RN) c Lq(RN) vq e [p,psl
vdi ph6p nhring li6n tgc.
Chrfng minh. Cho trrrdc p < q <p i' ta vidt
1cr1 + 0la(1.
-=-
qp --s v61

Ta bidt rhng (xem chri thich IV.2)

ll,ll,, . ll,ll;, ll,llSr . ll,ll,o * ll,ll,o-.

(sir dung bdt ttlng thfc Young). Ta kdt lu{n nhd vdo tlinh lf
IX.9 rlng

ll
ull""
=Cll u ll,r', vu e W1,p(RN).

HQ qui DL1l. (Tfrfdng h-o. p gidi han p = N). Ta c6

Wl'N(RN) c Lq(RN) vq e IN,+ ol
vdi ph6p nhring li6n tgc.

(') Ta'c6 thd rhu dudc mot kdt lu4n khi ch(
f riing day {u,} la
Cauchy trong LP* .

295
 Chrlng minh. Gid sti rlng u. C]{nN);5p dung (20) vdi
P=Ntac6
ll
u ll|.,n ,N ,, <t ll
u ]llil, ,,*r, *-', l]
v, lr^- vt > i
vi nhd vio b6it ttdng thrlc Young ta thu dddc
(21) ll
u ll,.,N',:r-,, <C (ll ul]",,-',u,,*,, * ll
vu]lrN).

Trong r21) chon t = Nl ta co

]l
u ]l"xz',"- ,, <Cll ,ll w,.,

vd do bat tldng thrlc nOi suy (chri thich IV.2) ta dr-toc

(22) | ,liL,, <cl u ll *,,,,

ar 2

vriimoiN<u<'*
N1
Lqp lai lli luQn trOn vdi t = N + 1, t =N+ 2,... ta thu
dugc

r23t flulr, s C ll ul, ,,.r x vueC] vNsq<,

vdi hing sd C phu thuOc vdo q vd N'1). Do tinh trir mAt, bdt
tldng thfrc (23) dnng trAn W1'^-.
Dinh l1y" IX.12,(Morrey). Cho p > N, khi d6
(24) \4'r.p(RN r c 1," rRN)

vdi ph6p nhring li6n tgc.

IIon nrla, vdi moi ,r.1Yt'n1PN1 ta cri

i' \'?r n6 s(-' "nd ra" I<hi Q -+ t't

296
(25) lu(x) - u(y) |
< cl* - v l" ilvrr]1", h'k' x,veRN
vdi o = r - Ip vn C ln mOt hling sd (chi phu thuQc viro p

vi N).
Chri thich 12. Bt;t ding thfc (25) den ddn su tdn tai
cta m.6t hdm ff e C(RN) sao cho u = fi h'k'n' tr6n RN lTh4t
vQy, coi A c RN h tqp khdng dring kd sao cho
(25) d(rng vdi

-nt'*, , e RN\ A; vi RN \ A tru mqt trong IIN khric di moi

n6n tdn tai
(duy nhdt) ndt thric tridn 1i6n tuc tr6n R^'l' Noi
hirm u e W1'p, p > N, ddu c6 mQt dai diQn li6n tuc'
Trong phAn sau ta thay thd u boi dai diQn li6n tuc ctia
nri khi cdn thiei.
Chrlng minh. Ta bait <ldu bing vi6c thi6t tap Q5\ vti
u . C| {RN). Goi Q Ie rndt hinh hdp rno, chfa 0, c6 ci{c canh
song song vdi cric truc toa d0, c6 chi6u diri r'
Vd,i xeQ ta co
I
u(x)-u(0)= ifr,r*iat
0

vi' do d6
1N a\ N r'\t
<[t _(tx) dt<rl
(26) u(x) - u(0i
0 i=l
x
ixi il --
&i
(tx) dt.

Det -1r
u= | u(x)dx {u }d gia tri trung binh cria u
--
lal'd
tr6n Q). Ldy tich phdn (26) tr6n Q ta thu tlddc

297
 I ,ii Ia,o,lo,
N
r
u - u(0)
lal f,u, 1 la*, l

I I

l*=# jat L 3$ lg,",l!r

N
1 ar (tx
r N1 l"I z i=1
^
dXi
)

0 l&i I t''
nhLrng, theo bdt ding thrlc Holder, ta c6

p
v
/P.
.l p
[1fl,,,1.,=[tl#l ItQL

(bdivitQcQvdi0<t<1).
Tir tl6 ta suy ra ring

l, -,rorl.fr|lv,il,r,e, "*"i*0,=ffiff v,ilu,e, .

Bing ph6p tinh tidn, bdt ding thfc ndy v6n thing vdi
moi hinh hOp c6 canh r vd cdc canh song song vdi c:ic truc toa
d0; tti d6

e7, I u -utx)l.H;lvul,u,e, vx.ee.

Bhng ph6p cdng (vA ba't ding thrlc tam gi6c) ta c6

(28) lu(x)-u(y)l=ffiLor,lu,e, vx.yeQ.

Voi hai tlidm bdt ky x, y cia RN, tdn tai m6t hinh
hQp c6 canh r=21 x-y] chrla x vd y. Ta siry ra (25) vdi
, u Q{R*). Khi u e w''o (RN) ta ding mQt dny {u,.,} cia
C] {RN) sao cho u,., -+ u trong w'''(R^) vi u., -> u h.k.n.

298
 BAy gid ta chrlng minh (24). Cho u e C:(RN), x e RN vd
(27) ta c6
Q la mOt hinh h6p c6 canh r = 1 chr.la x. Theo
< cllu
iutx) I < lu l+ cllvu ll,r,e, = cllu llw',rqr llr',,,"r,
trong d6 C chi phu thuQc vdo p vd N. Nhtt v4y

ll u 11".,"*, < cll u ll*r,r,*N, vu e C|{RN).

Khi u e W1,p (RN) ta dirng mdt ddy {u,,} cfia C}tRN) sao
p(RN)
cho un --+ u trong wl vd h.k.n.

Chri thich 13. Ta suy ru tit Q4) ring ndu u . W1''(RN)

vdi N < p <,r, khi tl6
lim u(x) = 0.
lxl+-
ThAy vdy, t6n t4i mQt day {u"} cfia C}(RN) sao cho
u', -+ u trong W1'p(RN); theo (24) u cfing li gidi han ddu tr6n
RN cira un.
H€ qui D(13. Cho m > 1 16r mQt sd nguy6n vir
1<po.Tac6
,,d., I -Iro. khi.16 wqp(Hl)cLqGI) trong d6 1=l -1.

rre,, 1-I=0, khi d6 w''p(RN)cLq(RN) vqe[p, +oo[,

pN
,ra, 1-11 .0. ttid6 w-,p(RN)cL'(RN),
pN
vdi c6c ph6p nhring li6n tgc.

299
 Hdn nrla, neu m-*Np > 0 kh6ng ld sd nguy6n, ta d{t

k m--Np viro=m-N-t
p
(o<e<t).

Ta cri, vdi mgi u e W-'P(RN)

11""" llr"
< cllu ll*-,n vo vdi l*l . k'''
va

n",,{*) - D"u(y)
"-
s cll ll'r,,,,1 v
I | " lo

h.k. x,y e RN,vcr. vdi lol = k.

Tnidng hqp ri6ng W''p (RN ) - Ck (RN ) '''.

Chrlng minh. Tdt cA cic k6t quri sE c6 duoc nhd str ldp
lai crich chirng minh cria dinh 1j IX.9, cria hQ qu6 IX.11 vd cria
tlinh lf IX.12.
Chri thich 14. Trtrdng hgp p = 1 vd m = N ld khd dec
bi6t; ta c6 WN'1 c L'. Th4t v4y, coi u e Cl; ta c6

u(x,,x2,...,x1.) =
L f: f)-#k(tr,t2,...,rNdtldt2..drN

r) Tu d6 ta suy ra riine Yx,y e RN

1D.,.,{,.t-o,,,(y)l<qlul|w-.,|x-yl
y1 r,di ]al < k.
111

't' Sai kdm nhau mdt dai di€n lion tuc durrc chon

lt00
va do d6

(2s) 11u llr, < Cllull,uN,' vueCl.

N0.u u e WN'l ta c6 dtroc kdt qrrri ;rhd tinh trir mat'

l3iy gio chung ta x6t :

B. Tnldng hdp Q c RN. Gie stl ring O ld mQt tAp mo

thuOc ]dp Cr vdi f bi chin, hoec la O = R) '

HQ qui IX.14. Cho 1 < P < "o. Ta c6

I 11
ndu 1 < p < N, thi W''o (o) - lP'(o) trong d6 p- p N,

ndu p=N,thi wl'p(o) c Lq(o) vq e Ip' +co[,

ndu p > N, thi wl'P(o) c L'(Q),
vdi cdc ph6p nhring li€n tgc.
Hdn nr1a, ndu p > N ta c6 vdi mqi u e Wl'p(o)

]u(xt-u{v)l<Cl ull*r,,lx-vl" rr.x. x,ve f)

vdi cr =r - Ip ve C chi phu thuQc viro Q, p vi N.'

Trddng hdp ri6ng *t'n1o) c C( Q )'l'.

{r)Sai k6m nhau m6t dai diOn li6n tuc dudc chqn.

301
 Chrlng minh. Ta sti dung todn tt thec tridn
p: wr,p(e) -+ w1,e(RN) (xem dinh ly Ix.zr; ti6'p theo ta rip
dung tlinh ly IX.g, hC quri IX.11 vd dinh li IX.12'
t
HQ qui
D(15. Kdt lufn cria hQ qurl IX.13 v6n cdn
, dring ndu ta thay RN bdi o(')
Chrlng minh. Ta 14p lai gid'ng nhu chritrg minh ctia h6

Dinh lj
D(16 (Rellich.Kondrachov). Gii srl o bi
ch{n thuQc ldp Cr. Ta c6
ndu p < N, thi wr'p(o) c Lq(Q),vq e [1, px[ trong d6
111
pi' p N

ndu p=N, thi wl'P(o) c Lq(Q) vqe[1,+o[,

n6t p > N, thi wl'P(o) c Cto),

vdi cric ph6p nhring compact(3).

Chrlng minh. Tnldng hgp p > N suy ra tir hd qu6 IX.14
vd ctia tlinh lj Ascoli. Trudng hop p = N drroc tlda vd trddng
hopp<N.

(r)
Sai kdm nhau m0t dai di€n li€n tqc duoc chgn.
(2)Ta
cirng c6 thd rip dung tnJc tidp h€ qud IX.13 nhung didu ndy cAn
pheii c6 th6m gia thidt phu : cAn phdi gid thidt ring Q thuOc ldp
C'tld xdy dung mQt todn trl thric tridn P: Wap(f) +Wtp(RI).
o) Dac biet wl,!(o) c tr0191 vdi ph6p nhring compact vdi mgi p

302
 Gii sit ring p < N. Ta 5p dung hQ qu6 IV.26 vd'i 9ld qud
cdu tlon u, *t'n {Q)'.
"Uu
NghiQm lqi (IV.23). M 1< q<p * ta c6 thd vidt

1 ir 1-o v6i0<cr<1
q 1 p+
Coi t.ru e 5 va lh I < dist(o, RN
cc Q, \ o). Nhd bdt
tlAng thtlc nQi suy (chri thich IV.2r ta c6

ll
r6u - u ]1",,,,. ll r6u - u l]r1,,,,ll.nu - u ll|ri",,.
Theo mQnh tld IX.3 ta c6 ll t6u - u llrrr,r <|h I ll
vu ll,,r(o) .

Do tl6

ll r5u - u l[or,r <( lhl ll

vu ll"',,,, )"(2ll ,llu-,n, )t-" <cl h 1".

(rip dr;ng bdt ding th(tc Holder vd hO qud IX.14). Ta kdt lu{n
rhng ll r6u - u llrnt,r< a. .

NghiQm lai (frr.2a\. Giri sir u e 9; theo bit.tl8ng thrlc

Holder ta c6
1-,L 1aP*
ll
ull"o,nr., = ll
u llro.,nr,,,l o\rl 0. < lor<ol <s
vdi or ih-roc chon mQt c6ch thich hop(r).
Chri thieh 15. Dinh li IX.16 "gdn nht'tdi m theo
nghia sau:

(') Ching h4n nhr.r co=l xeQ;dist(x,F)>6 ) va 6>0 thi nh6 (zip

dung tlinh ly hOi tu bi chin hay h6i tu don diQu).

303
 (i) Ndu O kh6ng bi ch5n, n6i chung thi ph6p nhting
W1'P(o) c LP(o) kh6ng compact.'r'

(ii) Ph6p nhdng W1p(o) c Lp.(Q) khdng bao gid

cumpact ngay cti klii O bi chiin va d6u txem [EX]). I

Chli thich 16. Gid sd O lA md, bi chAn thu6c ldp Cl.

Khi d6 chuan

lll, ilL = lo,ll,r * ll,ll,, It.

la tddng dtrdng vdi chuan cta W1'p khi
' 1<q<p1'n6u l<p<N
1rq<, neuP=5
. 1sq<.,- ncup>N (xem [EX]).

Chri thich 17. (tnldng hop gidi han p = Nt. Gid srt C2 li
m6, bi chan thuQc l6p Cr vA u u W1'N(Q). Klii d6 thddng thi
u e L'(Q). Vi du nhrr ndu

e=lx€nN; lxl < r/z )

1
ham urx) = [,"*1 l" vdi 0<a<1 thudc vdo w1'N (o)
l*1, \ N
(xem [EXl), nhung n6 kh6ng bi chan ld do didm k] df tai
x = 0. Tut nhicn ta cO bdt tting thrlc Trudinger:

"' Ngo-r c, dO'i rOi mQt sd tap mri c6 d0 do htru han vdi bi6n d6u
rx(,n) A(lirms Ill. lrang 167i.
304
 N,LN-1)
e <'t Vu e Wl'N(Q).
L
(xem Adams t1l, vd Gilbarg-Trudingerl1])'

tx.4. KH6NG GIAN WJ'e(o)

Dfnh nghia. Cho 1 < p < -, Wi'e(a) Id bao d6ng ctia

c|{o) trong *t'o1Q). Ta kli hi6u Hl(o) = w01'2(o)'1''
p p
Khdng gian wj trang bi chudn cdm sinh tir wl le
mQt kh6ng gian Banach tzich drroc; vi khOng gian niy phAn
xa ndu 1 < p < 7r. Hl la mot khong gian Hilbert d6'i vdi tich
vd hudng cua Hl.

Chri thich 18. \'i C:(RN) trir mat trong wl'p{R"-),

ta c6 wol'r' ,os, = W1'P(RN).

thi thdng thudng q'p(o) + Wr'p(f2).

Nguoc 1ai ndu crc RN,
Tuy nhi0n, n6u RN \ o "dd mring" vi p -< N, ta c6
wJ,p(o) = !Vr,p(e). Chring han ndu Q = RN \ {0} vi N 2 2 ta
chrlng minh duoc ring Hl(o) = H1(o) (xem tExl).

Chd thich 19. Nhd mdt div chinh qui hda lp,,l ta
nghiam lai d6 dnng ring Ci(O) trir m{t trong wJ'p(o). N6i
khdc di ta c6 thd st.i dung khOng phAn biQt Cf (o) thav vi
Clrr:) trong tlinh nghia !4'otol

(r)
Khi khong so nhArn I5n ta vidt Wr.D, Hl thay vi \Vo1.t,(O) , Hl(O)

305
 Cdc hdm thuoc w01'p (Q) li
him thuoc wl'e(o) va
cdc
"tri6t ti6u trdn biOn f =dO". That td nhi khi dr-ra ra khdng
tlinh tr6n, bdi vi mdt hdm u e W1'p(Q) chi tldoc xric dinh hdu
hdt (md I lA khdng dring kd !) vd u kh6ng c6 mQt dai di6n
li6n tuc(2). Tuy nhi6n cdc ddc trung sau tldy gdi i rAng ta c6 1

nhidu "cdng viQc" vdi cCc hdm "triQt ti6u tr6n bi6n f". Chring
1

ta hay bdt dAu vdi

Bd dd Ix.s. Cho u e wl'p(o), l 3 p < -, vdi supp zr *
compact chfa trong Q, khi d6 u e Wj'rto).
minh. Ta cd tlinh mQt tAp md ro sao cho
Chr?ng
'supp u c ro cc C) vi ta chon cr e C]{<,1) sao cho cr = 1 tr6n i
suppu; nhd v{y cu = u. Mit khric (dinh li IX.2) tdn tai I
mOt dey {u,,} trong Cf (RN) sao cho u,., + u trong Lp(O) va r}
Vu,., -+ Vu trong LP(to)N. Ta suy ra c Lln -+ o u trong ;1

w1,p(o) vA cr ue w;'e(o). Didu nAy dAn d6'n u e wo1'e{Q).

Dfnh lf gii sr? o thu0c ldp Cl. Gili srl
D(1?. Ta
. u € wl'P(e) nC(o) vdi 1<p<"o(').
Khi al6 cdc tinh chdt sau ddy lir tr.tong dr/ong:
(i) u=0tr6nf

(2) ulr (khi o

Tuy nhi6n ndu u e wr.p(o) ta c6 thd tllnh nghia d6u)

vi chrirrg minlr ring ul,- e Lp(f). Ta c6 thd khrio sdt vdn d6 ndy
trong dinh lf v6t (xem ldi gidi thiQu 6 chuong ndy).
(r)Ndu p > N, khi al6 u e Wl,p(Q)=r u e C(Q) (xemhO quA IX.14).

306
 (ir) u e w;'P(o).

Chrlng minh.(i)=(ii). Ttudc hdt ta gizi sti suppu bi

chdn. Ta c6'tlinh m6t him G e C1(R) sao cho

lG(t)l < tl vt e R va G(t)=

0 neu It.r,
]
t ndu Itltz.
1

Khi dd u" = 1G1nu)thuoc Wl'p (mQnh t16 IX.S). Ta

n
nghiOm lai d6 dAng ring (nhd dinh lf hQi tu bi chdn) u,, -+ u

trong W1'p. Mdt kh6c suppun cl xeQ ; u(x)]>1 I vd do

tl6 suppu,' li compact chrla trong O. Theo bd dA IX.s,
u,, e Wj'p vd suy ra u e Wol'p .Trong tn-rdng hop supp u kh6ng
bi-chln ta x6t diy (nu "c6t ngdn" ctia u.
( nhu trong chrlng minh tlinh ly IX.2). Theo phdn
(,,
tron (,,u e Wo1'n ,, mit khdc (,,u -+ u trong Wl'p; tir tl5
u€ w;'e.
(ii) = (i). Dirng bdn tld dia phuong ta drJa vd bdi torin
sau tlAy. Cho u e wr'p(Q* t o Cl Ql ): ta chfng minh ring
u=0tr6nQo.
Gi6 sir {u" I ld mQt day trong C}(Q- ) sao cho u,., -+ u
trong WI ntQ, t. Ta c5 voi (x', x5 t e Q*

I
u,,(x',xy) t. f. ffi|
t,.',ol
"
vi do d6 vdi 0<e<1
307
 11.,, . ,
jo lu"r,,,",.rrld-*'a*n < .f,.r ., i, j#1,'',,,1*'"
Qua gidi han khi n -+ o (e > 0 cd tlinh) ta duoc

j. lr,*'.xprldx'dx* . I",., fi *l dx'dt.

I I,.,. , I

Cudi cirng cho e --l 0 ta dddc

j, _,lu(x',0)l'dx'=o

(boi vi u.C( e- ) va A e Lr(Q-)). Nhuvny u = 0 tron Qo.

axN

Chri thich 20. Trong chrlng minh (i) * (ii) ta khdng

st dung tinh tl6u cta Q. Khdc vdi chi6u nguoc lai (ii) -) (i)
tlbi h6i phai c6 giri thidt vd tinh dou tr6n f) (ta x6t bdi vi du
o = RN\ l0) vdi N > 2 vh p < N; xem [EXl).
DAy ln mQt tlac trung kh:ic ctia W,i'p.

MQnh d6 IX.18. Ta gii st a thuQc ldp Cl. Gia sfi

u € Lp(O) vdi 1 < p < co. C:ic tinh chdt sau diy le tddng
dddng
(i) u € wo'P(o)
(ii) Tdn tai mQi hing sd C sao cho
8tp
s cll q lll, ve e c| {RN ), vi = 1,2, '.., N .
J" axi
o

308
 u(x) neu xeO.
(iii) Him u(x) =
0 neu xeIlN\cl
Au au
thuQc W1'p(RN) vir trong tnldng hop nAy ax ex

Chrifng minh. (i) (ii). Coi {unl li mQt dnv c0a C}(ol
=
sao cho un -+ u trong w1'p. vdi q e Cl{RN) ta c6

I
i,'" fi I
=
i t,*-l' io'"l, ll*11,,

Qua gi6i han ta dtroc (ii).

(ii)-(iii) . Coirp e CltR" ); ta c6
(9
It" ;
irp
&i
j u
x I C ll,p llrr,,,, < Cl,,nli,7,o*,

Do dd u € wl'p (RN) (thco m6nh d6 Ix.3).

(iii)>(i). Ta ludn Iu6Ir c6 the giti str abi- chdn (ndu
kh6ng bi ta sri dung cdc crit ngiin (,.u ciia u). Nhd bzin do dia
pht/ong vir phAn hoach dtrn vi ta dda aldctc vO b,ri todn sau tldy.
Cho u e LP (Q , ) ; ta gi.4 st? ring han.r
u(x) Il(.lt xr.Q, x1 >0,
u (x) =
0 n( rr xe Q, x^- <0
piQ.
thuQc v2ro W "fQ; tn chr'tng mirilr rilng ,ru ,. \\il ) v(1 € C:(Q)

()iti st lp,, ) li mQt diil chinh qui ltria sao cho

suppr)',.-r x' RNrrl' *" 1 l,

309
vi du ta cri th€i chon

p"(x) = nNp(nx) vd suppp c { r.nN;]<xN<1I.

Khi il6 p,, * (o u ) --> o, trorrg W1'p(RN) (chri y rlng o u
thdc.tridn bdi 0 bdn ngoii Q thudc w1'p(RN)). Mat khric
supp(pn * ccu ) csupp p,,+ supplo u t c Q* v<ii n dri ldn.
Suy ra

P., *(ou )€c:(Q-) vd do tl6 w;e(Q',.).

Chri thich 21. Chfnj minh hd quri IX.14 cAn den mQt
todn trt thdc tridn vi tir a16 ta cdn gi6 su fJ tldu. Ndu ta thay
W1'p(o) bdi W;'p(o) ta ph6i srir dung qui tdc k6o ddi bdi 0
b6n ngodi O , tli6u ndy chdp nhAn thloc vdi moi tdp md bdt
k) (chri f ring, trong chri'ng minh cfra m6nh t16 IX.18, stt suy
ddn (i) (ii) khe,ng sir dung m6t gi6 thidt ndo vd tinh ildu
=
tr6n C) ). Trong tntdng n'op d5c bi6t ta suy ra ring h6 qud
IX.14 vin dfing vdi !4'r(o,, O la trip mE bal kj,; dfnh lf
IX.16 drlng vdi W;,p(o), O le trip md bi ch{n bdt k}. Ta
c0ng suy ra ttr dinh l;i IX.9 rlng ndu Q ]i tflp md bdt k) va
1<p<N thi
(30) ll, ii"- . c(p, N)llvu lh vue w01,p(o).

HQ qui IX.rg. (Bdt ding thrlc Poincar6), Ta gii stl

ring O li mQt t{p mE bi chin. Khi .16 t6n t4i mQt hing
sd C (phq thuQc viro Q vi p) sao cho

ll'11", < c(p, N)llvu ll,, vu € w;'p(o) (1<p<.o).

310
 D{c biQt, bidu thric ll v" ll.r li mot chudn tr6n
wot,o<o) tddng dddng vdi chua'n ll ull*,,r; tren Hl(o)
bidu thrlc f,vov" u tich v6 hri6ng sinh ra chudn
llvu ll"z trrons ddong vdi ctrudn ll u ll", .

Chti thich 22. tsdt tlEng thrlc Poincar6 v6n cbn c6 giri
tri ndu O c6 tlQ tlo hitu han, hoic ld f) bi ch4n theo mQt
htrdng {xem [EXlr.

Chri thich 23. Vdi m nguyOn >1 vA l<p<"c ta dinh

,rgfii. W;'oio) nhr.r ln bao d6ng criaC|(o) trong W-'p(Q).
MQt c6ch "khuech tlai" mQt hdm u thuOc W#'p (O) ndu
u e W*'p(Q) vindu D"u = 0 tr6n I- vdi moi tla chi sd a th6a
1. Ta cdn phtii phAn biQt 16 ring Wfl'p vd
"l = - -
I

(W' P n W,l Pr vdi m>2.

Khdng gian tldi ngiu cria Wol'P

Kf hiQu. Ta kj hi6u w-1'p'(Q) ld tl6'i ngAu cria

wi'otcll ,1 < p < ": ve H-r(o) ld tldi ngAu cria Hl(o).

Ta ddng nha't L2 (O) vdi tldi ngdu cria n6, nhr.rng ta

kh6ng tt6ng nhdt Iri(o) vdi ddi ngau cria n6. Ta c6 sd tld
1(o)
ulterlcL2(o)cH
vdi cric ph6p nh[ng li6n tuc vd thrla trong tri mQt.

Ndu Q bi ch[n ta c6

311
 2N
_<r)<r_
w,r''t'(<li c L2to) -- \--1'P'(rl) neu
N+2
vdi c:ic ph6p nhL'ing liin tuc vir chfa trong tri mQt.

Neu Q kh6ng bi chrirr ta crj

W;l','(o) c L2to) . w r,p (e) .r"u j\ <p <2.

N+2
Ta c<i th6l dic trtr g cric phdn td cria W-l'p' bdi
MQnh cld rX.2o. fiho F € w-r'p'(Q), khi d6 t6n tai
f6,f1,...,fp e LP'(O) sao cho
N
av
(F,v)=Jro"+LJr' vv e Wol'P
i=l ^
oxi

vi max
0_<i<N
i]f; llr,. = il F ll
.

Ndu O bf ch{n, ta cri thd chon fo = 0 ,

Chfng minh. Ta chfing minh giong nhrr g m6nh tl6
vIII.13.
Ix.5. CONG THOC BIEN PHAN COA MOT VAI BAI ToAN
BIEN ELLIPTIC
Briy gid chring ta girii mdt vdi phuong trinh dao hAm
ri6nf 1'} elliptic cd'p 2.
Vi du I (Biri todn Dirichlet thudn nhdt). Cho
Q c RN ln m6t t4p mcr bi chdn; ta tirn mOt hdm u: !) +R
th<ia

'r)trong tidng Anh ta vidt tdt la PDE

3t2
(31)
-Au+u=f trdn O,
u=0 trdn I- = 6()

trong d6 I

N
u I

= Laplace cua u,
^u=I &i I

vd flA mQt hdm cho trudc trOn Q Didu kiQn bi6n u = 0 tr0n L

[- tluoc goi ln Di6u kiQn bi6n Dirichlet (thudn nhatt' i

Dinh nghia. MOt ldi gizii c6'didn cLia (31) lh mdt him
)
u u C2( 6 th6a (31). MOt ldi gizii ydu cLia (31) li m6t hdm
u e Hlto) th6a

[,vrv, * j,
(32) uu = {ru vv € Hl)(o).
.
Chring ta b6t tlAu viQc gizii bii torin theo qui trinh nhd
da gidi thiQu trong chuong VIII.
Brldc A. Mqi ldi giii cd didn d6u In Idi giii vdu'
That vay u e Hl(c:)nc(o) .vd do d6 u € Hl(o) rrhd dinh lli
IX.19 (cung xem th6m chri thich 20). MAt khric ndu v e C]{ct)
ta c6

f vrvu*
ll - J ,u=
{)
ftv
'12

vh do tinh tri mAt ding thrlc ndv vAn cdn tl(rng vfi v e III(a) '

Bririrc B. Sr/ t6n t4i vi duy nhdt cta ldi gi6i vdu:
Dinh IX.21. (Dirichlet, Riemann, Hilbert) Vdi
lf
mgi f e L2(o), t6n t4i duy nhdt mot hirm u € Hl(o) li
ldi giii ydu cria (31). Hon nrla u thu dddc bdi
313
 {}i, ,"",'."',-J*
mln
v€Hl(o) }
DAy lir nguyAn l1i Dirichlet.
Chrlng minh. Ap dung dinh lli Lax-Milgram (hay tlon
gi6n dirng dinh lli bidu di6n Riesz-Fr6chet) trong khdng gian
Hilbert H = Hl(O) vdi dang song tuydn tinh
a(u, v1 = vv + uv)
f, {vu
vd dang tuydn tinh g:v r-->
J
Iv.

Brrdc C. Chinh qui h6a ldi giii ydu. Vdn tI6 niy rA't
tinh t6; chdng ta sd khdo siit trong IX.6.
Budc D. TrA v6 ldi giii cii rtidn. Ta chA'p nhAn ring
ldi giei ydu u e uf fer) cta (31) thu6c vdo C2{ei) va gie st
rhng Q thuQc ldp Cl. Khi d6 u = 0 tr6n f (theo dinh l:i
IX.17). M?t khric ta c6

It-ar*utv= f f
inf) \' vvcClrer
vd do tl6 - Au + u = f f) vi Clto) trtr mat trong
h.k.n. tron
L2(a)). Tii d6 -Au+u =f khdp noi trdn Q vi u.C2(o);
nhti vriy u ld ldi gidi cti didn.
BAy gid chfng ta m6 tri mdt vii vi du kh:ic. Ta chrl trong
ddn c6ng vi6c xdc dinh r5 kh6ng gian him mi tr6n dri ta
tim ldi gi6i ydu. D6 li di6u thr/c sqr cht ydu.

3t4
 Vi dq 2 (Biri to6n Dirichlet kh6ng thudn nhdt)' Cho
o c RN ld mQt tQp mtl bi chdn; ta tim mQt hdm u: Cl +R
th6a
-Au+u=f tr6n fl
(33)
u=8 tr6n I-
trong tl6 f cho tnldc tr6n Q vi g cho tnldc trdn f '

Ta gi6 srl rhng tdn tai mQt him I e Hl(o) n C( ct ) sao

(1)va
cho [ = g tr6n f ta gidi thi6u tAp hop

K=l v€H1(Q); v-!e Ulteil ).

Ta suy ra tir dinh li IX.17 ring K doc 14p vdi viQc chon
E (vd chi Phu thuQc vdo g);
K ln mQt t4p 1di tl6ng khAc r6ng crla Ht(Q) '
Dinh nghia. MOt lo'i giai cd diin cua (33) id mdt hdm
u . C2( o) th6a (33). MOt ldi girii ydu cta (33) ld mQt him
ueKth6a
(34) f,vuvu
* f, ,," =
f,ru vv c Hfireir'

R6 rdng ring moi ldi gi6i cd didn ddu ln ldi gi6i v6-u'

(r) Gia thio't ney dddc thoa man neu Q thuQc 16p Cr va ndu g e c1{r) '
(}
Ndu A khd tldu thi kh6ng cAn phtii giii sri $ e C( ) ' Ap dung
lf
thuy€l vd vdt (xem phdn binh lu{n trong chuong ndy)' chi cdn
bi6t rlng E€ H1(o), nghia ld g .tl%ct'

315
 MQnh di lX.22,VAi moi f e L2(Q), t6n tai duy nhdt
mQt u e K le ldi giii ydu cta (33). Hdn nrla u thu dridc
bdi

-i,, 11 fr lvrrt'
| , * rr') - ff,, I.
".x [2,j ,j )
Chr?ng minh. Trrrdc hdt cliti 1i rhng u e K td ldi gidi
ydu cta (33) ndu vd chi ndu

{35} l)[ vrtvu-vu,u l)I u(v-u)2 lr[ltu-rr vveK.

ThAt vdy, ndu rr li ldi gieii y6l cta (33) rd rdngilng

Ivu{Vv-Vur
.tr
.I{: u{v-uJ= lr[ftt-ut VveK.

Ddo lai, n6u ueK th<ja (35) ta chon v=uj-w trong

(35), vdi w e Hlter) vd ta thu dudc (34). Khi tl6 ta rip dung
tlinh l;i Stampacchia (dinh lli V.6) trong H = H1(O) . Kh;io s:it
vd tinh dou vA tr<i vd ldi gieii cd didn thrrc hi6n nhrr trong vi
du 1.

Vi drf 3 (Phrrong trinh elliptic cdp 2). Cho Cl c RN

ia mQt tQp md bi chin. Cho tnrdc cdc hdm a,,{x) e C(f),
1 < i, j < N thoa diiu kiQn elliptic:

N
(36) f a1(x)(;(, > o]-tl2 v*eo,V!e RNvdi cr>0.
i.j r

Ta ctng cho trddc mQt hzrm ao (x ) e C( Q r . Ta tim m6t

hirm u: O -+R th6a

316
 -Y *r, "aX ) + aou=f tron O,
N1 (fu

(37)
u=0 tr6u l-
ldi giAi cd didn ctia (37) ld mdt hdm
MOt u . C2( et )

thoa (37). MOt ldi girii vdu ctia (37) ld mOt him u e ttf,to)
thoa

(38) {).L A iu iv *
Lu,,',xi
-- ,X, [, uou'=Jrr" vveltlttlr'
,fr
ring rhng moi ldi gitii cd dien ddu li ldi sitii ydu' \Iat
R6
khdc n6u a.(x) > 0 trOn Q khi d6 vdi moi f e L2, tdn tai duy
nhdt mdt u e ttl,(r:) ld ldi gitii vdu. Th6t vAv, ta rip dung dinh
lf Lax-Milgram trong khdng gian H = Hl vdi dang song
tuydn tinh li6n tuc
N
iu&
a(u, v) =
t T
i,j=1
a
'()( &
+
L
ou'u

Ta chrl ;i riing tinh cddng bfc cua a(.,.) suy ra til gie thidt
elliptic vd tr) ba't tliing thrlc Poincar6. Hon nrfa ndu ma trAn
(ai;) ln ddi xrlng, thi dang a(.,) ld do'i xfng vd u thu dddc bdi

mln
veHl {+r
t-
t N

i,j=1
"
&&
a,, ^ ;- -r&6v 2
(Xi (Xl i fv

Bdy gid ta x6t bdi todn tdng qudt hdn: tin.r mOt ham
u fl -+ R thr.ra

(39)
I o(o .-iu ) ,.2 a cu auu=f tr6n
i,j drj
ii (
l^
xi r.'x
{),

u=0 tr6n I-

3t7
trong d6 a1(x) ld c6c hdm cho trddc,trong C(O). MQt ldi eiei
ydu cta (39) ld mQt hdm u e Hl(Q) sao cho

tao)f,Iar##; *[?,,ff'.I aoUV =

1,"

vv € H6(o).
Khi d6 ta gidi thi6u tron Hl(Cr) mdt dang song tuydn
tinh li6n tuc

(41) a(u, v) .s au & *L?''fr'*J,'ouu

= t )u,: 3l1 .-,
thi dang ndy kh6ng tlO'i xtlnfr']; trong mQt sd
Tdng qu6t
tnidng hd. p thi n6 cddng brlc: khi d6 ta chirng minh su tdn
tai vi duy nhdt ctra ldi girii ydu drra vAo dinh 11y' Lax-Milgram.
Trong moi tnldng h-d. p ta c6
Dinh lf IX.23. Ndu f = 0, khi d6 t6p cric ldi giii
u e U[(O) ctia (40) li mQt kh6ng gian vectd.hrtu h4n
chi6u, k;i hiQu ln d. Hdn nfia, tdn tai mQt kh6ng gian
vectd con F c L2(O) c6 sd chidu li d sao cho:

t(40)crildigiriil <+ tf, f"=0 VveFl(2).

Chri thich 24. Gia srl ring phuong trinh thuAn nhdlt
tudng dng vdi (40), nghia lA f = 0, thi/a nhAn u = 0 nhrr 1d ldi
giAi duy nhdt. Nh'J vQy v6i moi f e L2, tdn tai u e Hl(a)

(') d N chidu ta khong c6 meo nhtr ti 1 chidu dd drra a(.,) v6 dang ddi
xrlhg.
(t) N6i czich khdc
t(40) c6 ldi gi:ii I <) [f thoa d di6u ki€n tn.lc giao].

318
ld tdi gi6i duy nhdt cira (4013). Dac biQt ndu us ) 0 tran O, ti
chrlng minh blng phuong phrip "nguy6n tdc crrc d4i" rhng
(f.=0)>'(u=0). Tn d6 ta suy ra, chi vdi gi6 thidt a6 >0
tr6n Q, riing vdi moi, f e L2, tdn tai ue Hl la ldi gi6i duy
nhdt cria (40); xem Gilbarg-Trudinger [1] vd [EX].
Chrlng minh. Ta cd dinh 1" > 0 khe ldn sao cho dang
song tuydn tinh a(u,v) + }.f, uv la cudng b[rc trdn H6. Vdi
moi f e L2, tdn tqi duy nhdt mQt u e Hl sao cho

f, fo. vo c Hl
a(u,e) + 1,f, u9 =

Ta aldt u = Tf vdi "l:L2 --> L2 Ie torin trl tuydn tinh

compact (vi O bi chin, ph6p ntling Hl(o) c L2(o) ]a
compact; xem dinh li
IX.16 vd ch( thich 21).
Phudng trinh (40) tdong dudng vdi
(42) u=T(f +1.u).
Ta gidi thiQu v = f + I u nhu la mQt dn mdi vd UBI tro
thdnh
(43) v-]"Tv=f .

Khi d6 ta dp dung luin phi6n Fredholm.

Vi du 4 (Bii todn Neumann thudn nhA't). Cho
-O c RN li mOt t{p md bi chdn. thuQc ldp Cl. Ta tim mdt him
u : Cr -+R th6a

o) Ch( y tldn su li6n hQ mong manh lira s1r tdn t4i vi srl duy
nhdt ctia cric loi girii cria mQt phtrong trinh elliptic. Su liOn hC
ney dddc bidt tl6n li mQt hC qud cta ludn phien Fredholm (dinh
li vr.6).

319
 -Au+u=f trOn O,
(44) au
tron I-
an

trong t16 f cho tnJdcf); $

tr6n
.ln
U aao h2rm theo phdp vecto
,- ,. tu = Vu'i trong d6 n le ph6p vectd
ngoai cfia u' nghia ,,
;
tldn vi trOn f hddng ra ngodi. Didu kiQn bi6n
I = 0 trdn I- tltroc goi ln di6u kiQn Neumann (thudn
0n
nhdt).
Dinh nghia. ldi gitii cd didtt cta (44) ld m6t him
MOt
u . C2( ct ) thoa (44). MOt ldi giei v6t cia (44) ld mQt hAm
u e Hl(Q) th6a

(45) f,vrvu*f, uu=f,ru vv€Hr(c2).

Brrdc A. Mgi ldi gi6i cd didn diu li ldi girii vdu.

Tnrdc tien ta nh6c lai c6ng thrlc Green

(46) Irrr=l firao -f,vrw vrec2(Qt, wecl(cr),

trong t16 d0 tlo mit tr6n f . N6u u lir mot loi gieii cd
do li
didn cria (44) khi tl5 u e Hl(Q) va
tac6 f,vuvu-i, r"=1,t" vv,-Cr(Qt.

Ta suy ra nhd tinh trt mAt ( hQ quA IX.S ) ring

f vuvr*
tl-rtil) [ uu= lfu vveHrtQ).
Bddc B. S1i t6n tai vdr duy nhdt cta ldi girli vc'u

320
 MQnh dd lx.z4.vdi mgi f e L2(o), t6n tei duy nhdt
u e Hl(o) le ldi girii y6u cria (44) . Hdn nrta, u thu dr{c
bai
r)
. min ]1 fr tv*,t' *.r2 t - [r., l.
;.iit2d ' 'i )

Chr?ng minh. Ap dung dinh lj Lax - Milgram trong

H = H1(o).
Brrdc C. Chinh qui h6a ldi giii ydu; xem IX.6.
Bridc D. TrA vd Idi giii cd didn. Ndu u e C2( o r la ldi
gi6i y6u u e Ulto) cira (44) , nhd (46) ta c6
Ar - t-
G|t [,t-au,uru-J !1 ua" =tfu vvLCr(Q).

Trong (47) trudc hdt ta chon v e C]{h); ta tlugc

-au+u=f tr6n Q.
Sau d6 tr& lai (47) vdi t . Cl( O ) ; ta thu drloc

t
J- !uao
an
=0 vveCr(clr,
vd do vAy 4=0tr6nf
dn

Vi dq 5 (Midn khdng bi chnn). Trong trtldng hop Q li

mot tap mri khdng bi ch{n cria RN, ta tlSt th6m vdo tl6 mot
didu kiQn bi6n th6ng dung tr6n f = da d6 ln di6u kiQn bi6n
tai v6 cr/c, vi du , lim u(x) = 0 . Di6u ndy "d6n tl6n" mfe d0
l* -r

327
cria ldi giiii ydu(l) bdi tlidu kien u e Hr. Su tdn tqi vd duy nhdt
cria ldi giii ydu rdt d6 chrlng minh.
Vi dg: a) Cho Q = RN' v6i moi f . L2(RN) phrlong trinh
-au+u=f trdn BN

c6 duy nhdt mOt ldi gi6i ydu theo nghia sau ddy:
u . HI(RN) ve f,* vuv, * f,* ,t = f,* r' vv e H1111N;

6r I = nf , vdi moi t e L2(Rf ) bii todn

I -Au+u=f tr6nRf ,
1
u(x',0) =0 x'e RN

c6 duy nhdt mOt ldi giiii ydu theo nghia sau d6y:

ue ulto) vi f,N
vuv, + f,N uv = f,*,, vv € Hl(o)

c) cr = Rf , v6i moi f . t 2(nf ) bdi todn

-au+u=f tr6nRf ,

frt" ,ol=o
x''RN-1

c6 duy nhdt mOt ldi gi6i y6u theo nghia sau tlAy:
u e H1(Q) va f,vuv, * f, ," = !t" vv € Hr(o)'

(r) Chf rhng,'tnr6c hdt cdn pheii chrlng tri ring ndu ld mOt ldi giiii '
i
od tlidn sao cho u(x) -+ 0 khi lxl -+ - , khi d6 b6t buQc
u e Hl ;
xem mQt vi drl trong [EX].
rx.6. cHiNH our H6A t-ot ctfu vEu

Dlnh nghia. Ta n6i mQt tQp md O thuQc ldp C', m

nguy6n > l, ndu rpoi x e f, tdn tai mdt lAn cQn U cfia x trong
RN vd mQt song :inh H : Q -+ U sao cho

Hefl(6), H-1 ecm(u), rxQ)=uno vd H(Qo)=Unr.

Ta n6i O thuQc ldp C' ndu Q thuQc ldp C' vdi moi m.
Sau ddy li cdc kdt quA chinh ctia su chinh qui h6a:
Dinh lf IX25 (chinh qui h6a cho biri todn
Dirichlet). Cho O li mQt t4p md thuQc ldp C2 vdi f bi
chrn [ho{c le o = Rf ]. Cho f € L2(Q) vir gii srl
ue H[to) ttr6a
(48) f,v"ve+f, .r.o=f,r,r veeHl(o).
Khi d6 u e Hz(o) ve ll ullrz < Cllfll", trong d6 C li
mQt hing sd chi phu thuQc vhoQ. Hdn nfia, ndu Q thuQc
ldp C'*2 vi ndu f e H*(o), khi tl6
ueH-*2(o) va llull",,.2 s cllrllr-;

.2 m>I tfri ,.C2(o).

D6cbiQt ndu

Sau ctng ndu O thuQc ldp C'vi ndu f eC'(O) thi

u e C'(O).
Dinh lf D(26 (chinh qui h6a cho bdi torin
Neumann). Vdi ctng giA thidt nhrl dinh l! 1lK.25 ta cfing

323
thu ddqc ctng c:ic kdt luAn ddi vdi ldi gi6i cria biri todn
Neumann, nghia li vdi u e H1(o) sao cho
(4e) f,v"v,r*f, .e=f,r,r vqeHr(o).
cOng thu tluoc.cing c6c kdt lu{n ddi
Chri thich 25. Ta
vdi ldi gi6Li ctia bdi todn.Dirichlet (hay crja bii torin Neumann)
tddng ftrg v6i mdt torin tr? eltiptic b4i 2 tdng qurit, nghia lA,
ndu u e Hl (Q) sao cho

ir. " ?ridu &j

l,J
6S
jt* va€H6(o)

khi d6 f € L2(Q) va a,, . c1{6)'t' = ue H2(o), vi vdi

m > 1,
r1r >
f e H*(f)) vtr all e C'*1(Q) u e H-*2(c)).

Ta chi chrlng minh dinh l! 1X.25; chrlng minh cta tlinh

li Ix.26 thi hoin toan tuong trJ (xem tExl)' f chinh cria chrlng
minh nhrl sau. DAu ti6n ta chdng minh tlinh 1f IX'25 vdi
Q = RN vd sau tl6 Q = Rf . Trong trudng hdp Q ln t4p md
bai ky ta chia lim hai brrcic:
1) Chinh qui h6a b6n trong, nghia ld trong moi tflp
md r.o cc Q (ta m0 ph6ng theo tnrdng hop o = RN).
2) Chinh qui h6a 6 lAn c{n cria bi6n (sau khi dirng
b6Ln dd dfa phddng ta m0 ph6ng theo tntdng hop o = R| ).

(')
Khi o kh6ng bi ch4n, ta cAn phrii giii stl th6m ring D"a;; e L- (Q) ,

Vc,lol < 1 (tddns rng lcrl <m+1).

324
 Chring t6i ddi h6i dOc gi6 ph6i th6ng thao c6c trudng
hdp r: = RN vd Cl = RI trrr6c khi dd cAp tldn trudng hop tdng
qu6t.
So dd chfng minh nhu sau:

A. Trrrdng hop Cl = 11N

B. Trrrdng hdp O = Rf
C. Trudng hop tdng qurit:
Cr. Drinh gid b6n trong.
Cz. Drinh giri ri ldn cdn ctia bi6n.

Cdng cu chil ydu cira chrlng minh ld phridng ph:ip tinh

ti6n(2' cria L.Nirenberg.
A. Tnldng hqp O = RN
Kf hiQu. Cho trudc h e RN, h * 0 ta dat
u(x I h.) - utx).
"lhl|rrn, - u), nghta la
Dnu = (Dhu)(x)
"h -
Trong (48) ta ldy I = D r.(Dlu), tli6u niry cd th6 tluoc vi
,p e Hl1RN) (do u e H11p,N;), ta duoc

jlvonrl' * Jlonul' = frl-nrnnu),

vd do d6
(50) ll
Dnu lli,' ll
fll* ll D,6 (D5u) llrz .
=

(')
Cing cbn goi ld kf thurft ti sai phAn

325
 i

Mit khric ta c6
(s1) ll
o nv llrz,"N, < ]l vu ll"rrn"i vv e H1
That v4y, nhd lai (mQnh ald IX.3) riins

ll
D-6v ll"z,.,, < ll vv llrz,oN, vto cc RN, vh
TU do suy ra (51).
Kdt hgp (50), (51) ta tluoc

ll
n6u ll"' < ll fll"z ll D6u ll,,r

vi nhrl viy
(52) ll
o5u llrr < ll fllr,

Dac biOt

.u*", vj=1,2,,N
ll,,+11,,
vd do tl6 1 . Ht (nhd vio m9nh tld IX.3); td kdt qud niy ta
axi
tldoc ueH2.
Bay gid ta chrlng minh ring f e H1
=-
ue H3. Ta dirng
kf hiQu Du tld chi mQt trong cric tlao him *i, t = j < N. Ta
cxj
bidt ring Du e H1;chi cbn phii ch(ng minh Du e H2. Dd ldm
tli6u ndy ta chi cAn chrlng minh ring
(58) Jvtorlv,o
* jroub = I(Dr)a vrp e H1 .

326
(sau d6 ta rip dung d brldc tren s6 thrdc. Du e H2 ; do tl6
u e H3 ). Coi 9 e Cj tRNt.

Trong (48) ta c6 thd thay q bdi Drp ; ta tlrroc

fvu vloe; + fu De = Ir r*
do tl6 fv{ou)ve* Jtorl,r = ftorl,r.
Didu ndy dAn tldn (53) vi Cf (RN) tri mQt trong HI(RN)
(hC quA lX.8).

Dd chtlng minh rhng f e H' = ue H**2 ta chi cdn

dtrng qui nap tr6n m vd 6p dung (53).

B. Tn1dng hop O = Rf
Ta c0ng ding cric ph6p tinh tiSn nhung chi theo cdc
phddngf tidp tuydn, nghla ld ta chon h e RN-l* {0} : ta n6i
ring h song song vdi bi6n vd ta kj hi6u h // f .
Didu chfr ydu ln kidm tra ring
ue ttfito) + rhu € Hlto) ndu tr ll r ;

n6i kh6c di Hl(cr) bdt bidn ddi vdi c6c ph6p tfnh tidn
theo tidp tuydn. Ta chon h // I- vd idy I = D h (Dhu) trong
(48); ta tlrroc

Jlvtonrll' * j1on,i' = Jrn-rtnnu),

trlc lA
(54) llDn,lli, < llfllrzllD_5(D6u) ll"z .

327
 BAy gid ta dirng:
Bd di Ix.6. Ta c6
ll
Dn" llrrlny < ll
vv lllr(o) vv € Hr (o) vh // I .

Chrfng minh. Ta bdt ddu bhng.viQc gi6 sfr v e c]{RN)

vA tli theo c6ch chrlng minh cria mQnh tl6 IX.3 (chri y rhng ndu
h//r thi Q+th=Q vdi 0<t<1); khi v e H1{o) ta ly lu4n
brli tinh tri mAt.
Kdt hgp (54) va bd dd Ix.6 ta thu duoc
(55) ll
o6u llrr < ll f llrz Yh tl f .

Coi 1< j<N, 1<k<N-1, h=lhleo ve qeCi(o)'

Ta c6
duI o-n
6tp
i D 'I r\, J,/
I
Iu axj

vd nhd vAo (55)

Ir,,,[#)|=il,rurr*r,,
Qua gidi han khi lhl -+ 0 ta dugc
r -o
d'a
I

(56)
Jlu
I
v1<j<N,v1<k<N 1.
p = llrllr,ll,pll*
-__________:- |

6x.;dx I

Cudi cing ta chrlng minh

2
e q
(57)
i u
ex 2N
< Cll f lll, ll alll, v rp e ci (o)

328
 Dd chfng minh tlidu nAy, ta trd l4i phrftrng trinh (48);
nhd vAo (56) n6 d6n tldn bdt tl&ng thrlc

i u
o^2 a
2
a( N
I
N

i =1
a'q
I u :-;
dxi
I
I

I
. I Jrr-,l,o |< c1illr,llolll,
Td hqp (56) vi (57) ta drroc
o^2 q
<c[fllrzll,rllrz v q.Cf(o), v1< j,k<N.
i, A( &,.
Do d6 u e H2(Q) (chri 1i ring tdn tqi f51 e L2(Q) sao cho

c-Q
i, v e Ci'(o)
&,&,. = Jr,ro
tp

nhd tlinh lf Halh Banach vir nhd dinh lli bidu di6n Riesz).
Cudi cirng ta chrlng minh ring f e tfl(CD = u e H*-2(Q) '
Ta kf hiQu bdi Du dd chi mQt trong c6c d4o hirm theo tidp
tuy6n Du = jl r < j < N-1; ta thidt l4p bd dd sau tl6v vi
oxj
tidp theo ld dDng qui nap tr6n m(1).

Bd dd rr7. cho u e nz{o)nu}to) th6a (48). Khi

d6 tdn tai Du € H;(o) va
(s8) Jvto,r)ve * Jtn"le = Jtorlo vq € Hl(o).

(r) Dd dzinh giri c6c dao hdm phrip tuydn, ta cdn phtii trd lai phudng
trinh (48) mQt ldn nfra.

329
 Chrlng minh. Chi c6 mQt ch6 tinh td cdn ch(ng minh li
Du e Hf (o) tthat vay ta.chon 9 e Cf (o) vd thay rp b<ii De
trong (48); ta suy ra (58) nhd tinh trir m{tl. GiA srl h = ]h le;,
1<j<N-1; khi d6 D6ue Hfito) (yi Hl ld bdt bidn brii
ph6p tinh tidn theo tidp tuydn). Theo bd dd IX.6 ta c6

llD6u llrr < llu ll,,z.

Do d6 tdn tai mdt diy hn -+ 0 g ydu
sao cho D5. u -+
trong Hl (vi Hl li mQt khdng gian Hilbert). Do tl6
Dr,"I + g ydu trong L2.Ydi ,p € C;'(ft) ta c6

Jto6ute = IrD-n*
vd qua gidi han khi h,, -+ 0 ta thu tlrtoc

[e*=-
J"', [r{q veec]rcrr.
' &j
Dodo $=geHlror
('x
j

C. Trudng hop tdng qu6t

Chritrg minh ring f e L2(o) > u e H2(Q)('). Dd tlon giin,
ta giA sir O bi chnn; ta srl dung mdt phdn hoach don vi vd ta
k
vidt u = | 01u nhu trong phdn chrlng minh c0a tlinh l1i IX.7.
i=0

(r) Dd chrlng minh rlng e

f Il'(o) + u € H'*2(Q). Ta dr)ng qui nap
tr6n m giong nhd cric trudng hop A vd B.

330
 Cr. Ddnh gi6 ben trong
Vdn dd le chfng minh rhng Ouu e H2(Q) ; vi
00lo € Cf (o), him 00u k6o dai bdi 0 bon ngoii Q sE thuOc
veo Hl(RN). (xem chri thich 4b). Ta nghiQm lai d6 ddng rhng
Osu ld idi girii ydu tr6n RN cia phuong trinh
A(e,u) + 06u = 06f - 2V0e.Vu - (A06)u = g
-
vdi geL2(RN). Ta suy ra til tnJdng hop A rhng eou e H2(RN)
vdi

lloou llrz < c(lr lll, + llu llnr ) < c1l r lll,

vi 11
u llr, < ll
f llL, (nhd (48).)
D6nh gi6 d lAn c$n cria bi6n
Cz.
Vdn dd td chrlng minh ring 01u e H2(o) vdi 1< i < k.
Nhd rlng 0i e Ci(Ui) vn ta c6 mQt song iinh H: Q -+ U1 sao
cho H e C2(Q ),
J = H 1 . c2(ui),H(Q*) = onUi,H(Q6) = I- nU1.
Ta vidt x = H(y) vA y = H-l(x) = J(x).
Ta nghiQm lai tl6 ddng rlng v = O1u e Hl(Q n U;) vd v
la ldi gi6i ydu trdn QnUl cfra phuong trinh
Av = 0if - 01u - 2(V0; )(Vu) - (A0; )u = g

vdi s e L2 (cl n U1) vi ll cli", < cll fll"z ; chinh x6c hdn ta c5

rb9) I,, .r, = Bq vq ( H5{Q.ru').

"uo, Jn^u,
Ta tlua v ln,-r, 10, Q*; ta dat "'--

.l Lt ,t
 w(Y) = v1111r1; vdi YeQ*
ttlc li
w(Jx) = v(xt vii xeC)nU;.
Bd dd rdt cd ban sau tlAy chfng t6 ring pht-tong trinh
(59) tlr-roc chuydn thdnh phrrong trinh elliptic cA'p 2 tt)n Q*t1'.

di fx.8. Ydi c.6c kf

Bd hiQu d phdn tr6n, ta c6
w e Hf {q*) vi

(60)
-t,L"-,##*= f,.Evav v\v€Hl(Q*),
trong d6 E= tS. tO1 .lacf{ eL2(Q) vir c:ic h}rm all . C{ q I

th6a diiu kiQn elliptic (36).

y e H6(Q.);ta dnt tp(x) = v(Jx) vdi
Chr?ng minh. Cho
x e C)oUi. Khi da 9 e Hl(onU,) va
av
&( jk I aw
d\l t
aJk
dX:
arp

ax jl I dv 6Jr
av, ax,

Nhd v4y

l nU,'
vv.Vo dx
' f
= f,lnU, ). &Ir dJr dw dV U*
'l,k,l &,J &,J av,.
.?-
'^
av,
't

dr &Ir aw 6v
= In. T 1J".u ay
j,
k,1 d j d j cY r. oYt

(r) Tdng qudt hon driy ld-di6u kiQn elliptic vAn cdn dn dinh tldi vdi
ph6p ddi bi6h.

332
sau khi rip dung cdng thfc tldi bidn trong c6c tich phdn, ta suy
ra ddoc

{61) h.u,
[ vr.vrd*= fr_fi tu dvd,
f tr,.,^,avr.
o/r "
vdi
alk aJl
ar.r = I &: &: I
JacH l.

Chri j ring a*, e C1{Q* ) tlidu ki6n elliptic duoc th6a

mdn vi vd'i moi I e RN ta c6
2

IurrqrE, =l,lacHlf s'alr >

k,l ? a"t "l El'
vdi o > 0 do ciic ma tr{n Jacobi JacH v) JacJ kh6ng kj, di.
Mit khdc ta c6

$2) L^u,**u* = [_,*"H)v lJacHldy..

Kdt hop (59), (61) vi (62) ta duoc (60), tlidu ndy hoin t6t
viQc chrlng minh bd dd IX.S.

Bdy gid ta chirng minh rlng w e H2 (Q* ) vd rdng

il
*lln, C]l g]llr "', didu niy s6 suy ra tit viQc trd vd Q n U,, ve
=
ring 0;u thu6c vdo H2 (Q Ui ) vd nhrr vay s6 thuOc vdo
^
H2(er v<ii ,l oiu llH, < cll rlll, .

(') Trong phAn sau ta ding ky higu C ttd chl crlc hing sd khdc nhau
chi phu thuQc vdo cdc au.

ooo
 Gidng nhu tndng hdp B(o = Rf ) ta dtrng c6c ph6p
tinh tidn theo tidp tuydn; trong (60) ta chon ,y = D 6(\w)
vdi h//Q6 va lhl dr& nh6 sao cho y e Hl(Q.')'''

(63) ort," (D6w) =

f,. Eo n<on*1.
TL ff1fr
md
(64) ron*) = ll Ellr, ll o-n <on*11", von*
f,. Eo-,
< ll Ell", ll ll

",
(bd d6 rx.6).
Mnt kh6c, ta vidt lai
akr(y +, h)
d D.*r*,t+, {D"a,.,rvrt
,"h"kt'r,, fu
Drtau,
uh\qkt 9lt(y) =- qkt\J .,, "h"'J, 1y1,
ryk,,\J./ ryk ryk
vi ta suy ra dugc
(65) ut"rfftC(Dr,w) >a ilq,*il] -c1wl;'1vDhw1l,.
fi[
Kdt hgp (64) vi (65) ta tluoc
(66) llvonwllrz <c(llwllHl +llEllrz)=cllgllr,
(chri j riing nhd (60) vd bdt tllng thrlc Poincar6 ta c6

ll* ll,, < c ll E ll,, r.

Ta suy ra tii (66) gidne nhtr trudng hop B ring

(67) v\vec.(q) v0!r)+(N,]0.
I l*#l <qlEil",l1vl[,

(2r
Nhd ring supp w c { (x', x11);l x' | < t - a vd 0 < xp < 1 - 6 ) vdi 6 > 0.

334
 Dd k6't lurin ring
w € H2(Q*) tva llw llrz < cll E llr, I ta
chi cdn phrii chrlng minh rhng
t^
I (68) lf dY.v -. cllchllvllr, vv e cltQ r.
lh-ry,ry*
Ta trd vd phrrong trinh (60) vn thay y b&i
1
v
aNN

(v € C:(Q.)) - tlidu ndy c6 thd duoc vi ayry e Ct( Q* ) ,a

aNN >0>0. Tatluoc

rdwal
^ dJN awlr
rlaNn
cYN
-(-V)
= lgv
'2t.lN
I
(k,l)+(N,N) '
rr\vdl
lakl--(-V),
cYr. cYr aNN

nghia ld

(6e) fgr-jL= [ t,ul**,3L* *[ g

v
cVN 'aNtl ryN cYN
'4r,r & ltx

+ Ii
(k,l)r(N,N)
8* ,
dr. fur
dar.r v
,,arN .,

cdw d . a,.t
- ) l- :- (-----a! V ).
rk,rr]iN,Nr '4* 4t auN

Kdt hgp (67)( 1) vi (69) ta ttrroc

r^^l
lr dw dt I
t I _______:- I < c( llwll,, * llEll,., I llvllr, vv € c:(Q.);
I h. av* av* I

Tt tlAy ta suy ra (68).

'r' Ta sti dung (67) vdi a"- ry thay vi vdi ty .

. aNN

335
 Chd thich 26. Cho a ld t4p md bdt kj' vd cho
u e H1(c)) sao cho

Louv+= J,fv, ve€Cf(o).

Ta gizi s& rdng f e H'(Q). Khi d6 0u e H**2(Q) vdi
moi Cf (O): Ta n6i rlng u e Hll"*2{Cr) [tld chirng minh
0e
didu ndy, chi cdn dlng lai d:inh gid ti6n nghi6m cria tnldng
hop Ci vd chitng minh bhng qui nap tren ml. Dac bi6t ndu I'
f eC'(A),thi ue Q'19;itr.
Cirng mQt k61 luQn nhd.vay v6n cbn dting d6'i vdi m6t ldi
giai rdt ydu, nghta ln mQt him u e L2(c)) sao cho
-L,o*=i,,, ve€CJ'(o)

(Chrlng minh di6u ndy kh6 tinh vi; c6 thd xem Agmon
tll). Ta nh6in manh vd alec trung tlfa phddng cta cric tlinh l1l'
vd tinh ddu. cho f e L2(o)vd gi6 sir u e ulrolta ldi girii ydu
duy nhirt ctia bii todn

[,
v, v,r +
i,
r, = [ r* ve e H[(o).

Cd dinh or cc f); khi d6 ul,, phu thudc vdo c6c gi6 trf
cta f ti6n toirn bQ O chr? kh6ng phii chi phg thuQc viro
ci.c gi6 tri cfia f tr6n ar(z). Ngr-ioc lai tinh d6u cta ul. chi

(r) Nhfirg thudng thi ue C(o) (ngay cii khi O thuOc ldp C') vi alidu
kiOn bi6n chua qui dinh.
(r) Vi dq ndu f> 0 tr6n Q, f* 0 vA f= 0 trdn o, tuy nhi6n ta vin
lu0n ludn c6 u > 0 tr€n <0 (xem nguy6n l1/ cuc dai trong phdn binh
luAn vd chuong n?ry).

336
 phu thuQc duy nhdt viro tinh ddu cfra fl,; vi du
f e C-(o) * u e C-(o), ngay khi f rdt khdng tl6u o b6n ngcdi
cria or I ta n5i ring A ld ndi elliptic (hypoelliptic)1.

Chri thich 27. d mOt g6c d6 ndo d6, cric kdt quei vd tinh
chinh qui h6a gdy ngac nhiOn. Thdt v{y, giei thidt cho tr6n
Aa, c5 nghia li tr6n tdng cric d4o him ri6ng 2$ aa"
i i rxi
t tldn mOt kdt lu4n cing loai tr6n tdt ci cdc dao he- d'u
&i&:
ddd. c x6t ri6ng 16.

tx.7. NGUYEN LV CUC OAt

Nguy6n lf cgc d4i cho ta rdt nhidu c6ng thilc; ch0ng ta
chi trinh bdy 6 tlAy mOt vAi cdng thrlc trong sd d6.
Cho Ald mOt t{p mE ctia RN.
Dinh lf IX27. (NSuyAn l;f ct/c dqi cho biri todn
Dirichlet).
Cho f eL2(o) ve u e Hr (Q) n C( o )'3' sao cho
(?o) f,vrv.r+i,r*= f,r* ve€Hl(o).

(r) No'u Q thuQc ldp C1 ta cd thd bri di gi?i thidt u e C( O ), dtrne lf

- thuy6't vdt sc cho ph6p ttinh nghia duqc ul,. {tu* phAn binh
luan v6 chrjong nay). Tuong tu ndu u e UltCf) ta c6 thd bri tli gie
thi6't u € C(O).

t)Jt
 Khi d6
minlinf u, inf f l< u(x) < maxlsupu, supf ] vdi x e o
foro
td aay va trong tdt cd phdn sau sup = supess va
inf = inf ess l.
Chrilng minh. Ta srl dung phrrdng ph:ip cdt ngdn
Stampacchia. Ta cd tlinh m6t hdm G e C1(R) sao cho
's
(i) lGls)l<M vse R,

(ii) G tlon diQu tdng ngit tr6n 10,+co[,

(iii) G(s) = 0; vs < 0 .

Ta tl6t
K = max{ sup ir, sup f } giri stl K < +"o .
IO
vd' v=G(u-K)..
Ta phdn bi6t hai trudng hdp:
a) Trdt ng hgP lOl<-.
Khi tl6 v e Hl(o) (do m6nh dd IX.5 5p dung vcli h2rm
t+G(t-K)-G(K)). Mrt khric vettltct) vi ve C(6) vir
r, = 0 trdn f, (xem dinh ly IX.17). Khi d6 ta tlua lai v vdo (70)
vi ti6p tuc ldm nhu trong chrlng minh cria dinh li VIII.17'
b) Trrrdng froP lO l= ":.
Khi d6 ta c6 K > 0 (vi f(x) < K h.k.n tr6n Q va

f € L2(o) dAn tldn K > 0). Ta cd tlinh K' > K' Khi do

338
 Hl(o) (rip dung mQnh dd IX.s v6i hdm
v = G(u - K') €
t+ G(t-K')). Hon ntra v€CtO) vav=0tr6n f nht-t vAy
v e Hl{O) . Drla lai v vio (70) ta c6

1
(71) f, lvu;'c't,-x')+ f, u G(u-rn) = [ rG(u-K').
Mat khric G(u - K') e L1(Q) bdi vi
i
C
< G(u - K') . M] ,l"''
va, tren t4p [u > 11'1 = {x e Q; u(x) > K'} ta c6

K'i''*'''l <
J''2 '-'
t Khi al5 ta suy ra tU (71) ring
ii

f, <u -x't G(u -K'). L,t- K')G(u -K') < o.

Suy ra u < K' h.k.n tr€n Q vA do d6 u 3 K h.k.n tr€n
a (vi K' > K tl5 chon cd dinh tny f).
H0 qui IX.28. Cho f e L2(o) ve u e H1(o) n C( e ),2,
th6a (70). Ta c6
(72) (u 2 0 tr6n r) vA (f 2 0 tr6n Q)=(u >0 tr6n O)
(zs) ll" 11".,.,, < max( llu l[_rr, ilfllr-,r,, ].

_(i) \ G(u -K')-c(-K') < Ml ul va G(-K') =0 do-K'<0.

{'?) Gia thici u e C(O) ld khdng cdn thidt trong mot sd trudng hdp;
xem chri ;i sau d sau dinh lj IX.27.

339
 DIc biQt
(74) Ndu f = 0 tr6n Q thi il u Jlr-,n, s li
'il"-,.,.
(zil Ndu u tr6n r thi ll u 11".,.,, = l] fll".,n, .
=0

Chri thich 28. Ndu O bi chan vd ndu u in m0t ldi giAi

cd didn cia phuong trinh
(lil -Au+u=f tr6n fl
ta c6 thd drla ra m6t crich chtimg minh khr{c c'ia dinh l;i IX.27.
That vay, gia stt x6 u Q .ao cho utxs ) - tnax u:

o Neu xo el- thi urxo)<maxu.

o Ndu xo eQ thi a'- l-l

Vu(x6)=0 ,-----; (x6)<0vdi1<i<N
exi
vi do d6 Au(x6) <0. Til kdt qud ndy, srl dung (76) ta c6
u(xe ) = f(x6) + Au(x6) < f(x6).

Phddng pheip ndy rdt c6 loi khi 6p dung vdo'c:ic phrlong

trinh elliptic tdng qu:it cAp 2:

Q7) -zr&jN
a
(u,:
au
Ax i
N
)nI a'Axi
i=1
_+u au
= {

Ta chri f rhng ndu xo e O thi

N e2,
I a',txnt=l-l-(x6
'' ' c*idj r < 0l
ii-r
Th4t vQy dtng crich tldi co sE tai x0 ta c6 thd drra vd-
tnidng hop mir ma trdn ailxo) la ma tran ch6o tai xo. Kdt lurin

340
c0a tlinh ly v6n cbn tLing tldi vdi cric ldi giAi ydu cta
1lX-27
(77), nhurig chfng minh s6 phrlc tap hon; xem Gilbarg-
Trudinger [1J.
MQnh dd D(29. Gia sr? ring cric hirm ai5 e L'(o)
th6a c6c ttidu ki€n elliptic (36) vi ring ai' ao e
L- vdi
ao 2 0 tr6n a. Cho f €.L2(o) va u e H1(Q)
nC(c))(1) sao
cho
(78)
[I"'#fr .[?"'#* *f, 'o.,'P=f,r*
va € Hl(o).
Khi.16
(79) (u > 0 tr6n f) vn (f 2 0 tr6n O) - (n>Otr6nQ)
Ta gi6 st? th6m ring sQ = 0 vi A bi chin' Khi
'16
(80) (f >0tr6nO) = (u > inf u tr6n O)

(81) (f = 0tr6nO) + (inf u<ussupu tr6n O)'

Chrlng minh. Ta s6 chrlng minh kdt qui niy khi ai = 0'

1< i < N; trudng hdp tdng qu6t phrlc tap hon (xem Gilbarg-
Trudinger t1l, dinh li 8.1).
Dd thidt l4p (79) ta tlua vd viQc chrlng minh rhng
(79') (u30 tr6n f)v2r (f <0 trOn Q) (u <0 tr6n O)'
=

(') Gia thidt u e c(O) 1n kh6ng cAn thidt trong mot so tflrdng hop;
xem chd i o dinh lY IX.27.
341
 Chgn 9 = G(u) trong (78) vdi G nhrl trong chfng minh
cfia dinh 1! IX.27; khi d6 ta thu dudc

IT" Ir)){t Idj c',r, < o

f)a vd do 116
f, I
v, 1' c'tur < 0.
I,J

Det H(t) ='ya',Or% ds vi I vurut l' = | vu l2c'tr) = o

0

Di6u niy din ildn H(u) = 0 tr6n f)(1) vd do tl6 u < 0 I

tr6n Q. l
I

BAy gid ta chrlng minh (80) dudi dang sau tlAy

(80') (f <0 trdn O )-(u I sup u trdn f)).

Dat K = sup u khi tl6 (u - K) th6a min (78) bdi vi ao =0

r
vA (u-K)e H1(o) vi O bi chdn. Ap dunc (79') ta tlddc
u -.K < 0 trdn O, nghia ]i drroc (80'). Cu6'i cirng (81) tlrroc suy
ra rtr (80) vi r80').

MQnh tl6 IX.30 (Nguy6n lj' crlc dai cho bii torin
Neumann)
Cho f e Lz(o) va u e Hl(o) sao cho

f,v"ve*f,"e= f,r,e v<peHr(ct).

(r) Ch[yringndu f e wj r1c2; vdi 1(p <cc vd Vf = 0 tr6n a, khi

tl6 f = 0 rr€n o. That v4y goi f Ia keo dtri btii 0 ti b6n ngodi Q.
Xli dd i. WrprR'\r vtr W = vf = 0 rmenh ald IX.18r. NhLr vriy f
ld hdm hing trOn RN (chu thich 8) vi nhrt vdy fe 1n1pNy, f =0.

342
 Khi .16

inff<u(x)S suPf h.k.x e Q.

clO
Chrifng minh. Gi6'ng phdn chrlng minh cta tlinh lf
tlx.27.
rx.8. HAM RICNG vA sU PHAN ricn Pn6
Trong tdt c6 phdn nAy ta gid srr rdng O li m6t tfp md
bi ch4n.
Dfnh lf IX.31. Tdn tai mQt co sd Hilbert (e;|.>r
clia L2(o) vA t6n t4i mQt d5y ll.,l,,> r c6c sd thltc vdi
1,r, > 0 vi 1,r, -> +o sao cho

(82) e" e Hl{O) n c-(o),

(83) - Ae', = )",,e,, tr6n O

Ta n6i ring {}'"} lir c6c giri tri ri6ng cria -A (vdi
diiu kiQn Dirichlet) vir {e,'} lir c6c hirm ri6ng trrdng
riing.

Chr?ng minh. Cho trud'c f 6 L2(Q) Ta kf hi6u u = Tf ]e

ldi gi6i tluy nhdt u e Hl{o) crla bii to:in
(84) f,-vuv,r = f,r.o ve € Hl(o).

Ta xem to6n tr? T nhr-r ]i mQt todn tt tfi L2 (o) vAo

L2 (o) . T id mQt torin til tu lien hop vi compact
(dtng lai
phdn chrlng minh cia dfnh li VIII.2O vd sit dung tinh chdt
crja ph6p nhrlng Hl c L2 la compact). Met kh6c N(T) = {0}

343
vd (Tf, f) > 0 Vf e L2. Ta suy ra tlloc ring (nhd dinh li VI.11)
L2 c6 mQt co sd Hilbert {en }n,r gdm cdc vectd ri6ng cria T
tjong rlng vdi c6,c gi6. tri ri6ng p,n r.oi prn > 0 va pn -+ 0. Tit
d6 ta c6 en eHl vd

1
i, Ve,, Vq = Itn I" errg veeHl .

N6i crich khric en ln mOt ldi gi6i ydu ctia (83) vdi
I,., =.tr,.,'. Theo cdc kdt qu6 vd tinh tl6u cira IX.6 (xern ch[
thich 26) ta bidt ring e,, e H2(ro) vdi moi or cc fl; nhU vay
suy ra duoc e., e Ha (r,,) vdi moi co cc f) , en e H61ro) vdi moi
o cc C)... Do d6 e,., e 1'lH'{to) vdi moi o ct e vA h6 quzi ln i
m>1
en e C"(co) vdi moio cc Q, nghia la e,, € C'(Q).
Chti thich 29. Y6i cdc gi6 thidt cua rlinh lli IX.A1, day
f $ f la mot cd sd Hilbert cira H;(O) .toi vdi tich v6
JI,
v, [tttong rlng, ddy
I n +1 )
hddng
f,
vu 1 ld m6t co s&
Hilbert ctia H6(o)d6'i vdi tich vd hrJdng +
f,vuv, J,auJ.
Thft v{y, rd rirng ring day i . f l2r trrlc chud'n trong
r''n V

H|{Ol fsrf dUng (83)). Ta chi cAn nghi6mlai ring kh6ng gian
vectd sinh briri cric {e,} thi tr mdt trong Hl. Coi f e Hl sao
cho (f, e,., )rr = 0 Vn vd chrlng minh ring f = 0. Theo (83) ta

344
c6 ),, fe"f = 0 Vn vi suy ddoc f = 0 (bdi vi {en} lA mdt co so

Hilbert cria L2).

Chri thich 30. Vdi cric gid thi6t ctia tlinh li IX'31, ta
ch(ng minh tlrroc ring e,, e L-(Q) (xem tEXl). Mdt khdc ndu
Q thuQc idp C-, khi tl6 en e C't o t ; Di6u nAy duoc suy ra d6
ddng tir dinh l! Ix.25.
Chl.i thich 31. Cho aij € L"'(Q) le c:ic hdm th6a didu
ki6n elliptic (36) vd cho ae e L'(O) ' Khi d6 tdn tai mQt co so
Hilbert {en } cua L2 (Q) vd tdn tai mdt ddv li., } c6c sd thrrc
vdi i., -+ +.c sao cho er, . Hl{Q)ve

I L.,,! *.{q
D? ix, lxj
* {)f as"n,p = r" l,u,e Ye € Hl(o).

BiNH LUAN VC CHUdNG IX

Chuong ndy chfa dung mQt su khdi aAu r)6 thuve-tli
cric khdng gian Sobolev vd lf thuydt vd cdc phrtong trinh
eiliptic. C6c dQc giti mu6'n di sAu vAo 15nh vrJc r6ng ldn nly c6
thd tlga vio mQt sd ludng ldn s:ich tham khtio; c6 thd kd,
Agmon[1J, Bers-John-Schechter[1], Lions[1], Lions-Magenes
[1], Friedman [2], Miranda [1], Folland
[1], Treves [4], Adams [11, Gilbarg- Trudinger [1],
Stampacchia [1], Courant- Hilbertl1] (volume 2), Necas [1],
Mizohata [1], Ladyzhenskaya-Uraltsev6 [1], Morrey [11,
Protter - Weinberger [1], Nirenberg t11... ve 6 cdc phdn gidi
thiQu cdc qP ney.

345
 1) Trong churong IX chring ta lu6n lu6n giri sr? O thuOc
lOp C1, tlidu ndy loai b6 cric mi6n vi du nhu c6 "gdc". Theo c:ic
trrrdng hop ma ta c6 thd gi6m di giri thidt ndy vA thay thd
bing cdc tlidu ki6n nhi6u hay it "ngoai lai" hon: O thu6c 1dp
C1 trlng kh0c, Q th6a tli6u ki6n Lipschitz, O c6 tinh chdt
hinh n6n, f) c6 tinh chat doan... c6 thd xem Adams [1],
Agman[1], Necas [ 1].
2) Einh ]j IX.7 (str t6n tai crja mot toiin tfi k6o dii) mri
rdng trOn khdng gian W-'p (Q) ( Q thuQc ldp C-) nhd vAo mdt
sqt tdng qurit h6a thich hdp cfia k6o dei b6i ph6n x3; c6
thd xem Adams[1], Necas [1], Lions-Magenes t1l, Lions [1],
Friedman tll, ve tEXl.
3) Dey la vdi bdt ding thfc rdt th6ng dgng tr6n c6c
chudn Sobolev.
I

A) Bdt ding thr?c Poincar6- Wirtinger I

Cho O li m6t md li6n th6ng thuQc ldp C1 vd cho

1 i p ( co. Khi tli tdn tai m6t hing sd C sao cho

ll, -; ll, < cll vu llil, vu € w1,e(e) vdi -1 IN,

lol
tn kdt qud ndy, nhd vdo bA't dEng thrlc Sobolev ta suy ra drroc
ringndupcN
ll" -; ll;. < clivu llr vu € w1,p(e) (ching han, xem [EX]).

B) Bdt <f8ng thrlc Hardy. Cho O tn m6t md bi chdn

thuOc ldp Cr vA cho 1 < p < -. Ta tlet d(x) = dist(x, r) . Khi tl6
tdn tai mQt hhng sd C sao cho

345
 vu € w;'P(o).
ll;ll* ''tt"'It"
D6o lai;

(u € wr,e(o) va I e Lp(e) )- (u € Wl ,rer, .

d"
Xem Lions-Magenes [1] vd [EXl vd'i tnrdng hop p = 2-

C) Sdt aing thrilc nQi suy Galiardo-Nirenberg' Ta

hdy kd ra vAi vi dg thudng gep trong fng dung' Ddi vdi
tn dng hdp tdng qurit xem Nirenberg [1] hay Friedmanl2] (c6
vni bdt tling thfc de dudc chrlng minh trong [EX])'
Cho Q c RN la mEt -d ii "ha.t
vi tldu (dirng cd i
tudng).
'linh

Vi dq 1. Cho ue Lp(o) ^w2'r(Qt vdi 1<p<co vi

1< r < "o. Khi d6 u € Wl'q(cr) trong d6 q ld trung binh didu

' va r, Ltrc ra ! =
hda cua D 1rl * 1, ua
q 2P
I Du lio < cl u ;,[r, .t, f]r,

C6c trddng h-o. P ri6ng

a) p="c vd do t16 q=2r.Tac6

llDu lirz, = cll,lw%, , l, il:?.

Cdc bdt tling thrlc nAy cho ph6p ta chrlng minh rhng
W2'' n L' ld mQt dai sd, nghia ld
u,v e W2'" nL- = uv e w2't nL'
 lTinh ch6it niy v6n cdn dring vdi W',' n L"' vdi m ld
m6t sd nguy6n > 21.
btP=q=r.Tac6
Ir
o, llu < c1, 1|r,, ;,, l|i.
Trudng hop ri6ng ttr dAy ta suy ra rlng
llu ='llr',11,, + c,llu
llDu ll* ve > o .

Vi du 2. Cho 1<q<p<:e.Khid6

{es) lj ulj* < c1l ,ll}"'fl ,ll?^,,."- vu e w1'N(Q) vdi a=1-9

p
Chd y'den cdc trudng hop ri6ng thddng drtoc st? dung

N=2,p-4,q=Zuaa=1-.
2

Nghia ri, lluil", < ,ttli I ,ttl: vu e H1(er.

"tt
Vd van d6 niy, ta sE chri 1i ring ta cfrng c6 bA't ddng thrtc
nQi suy th6ng dung (ch( thich 2 crla chuong IV)

li,liu <cll,lli;,ll,il;,.
-p vdi a=1_e
nhr-rng ciic b6it tldng thrlc ndy khOng din ddn (8S) bdi vi
Wl'N e L'.
Vi dq 3. Cho 1<q<p<or vdr>N.Khid6

1_
(86) ll,llu < cll qii;"il,llir,. vue wl,re) y6i s= --Q,-.P .

+-
qNr

348
 4) Tinh chdt sau tldy d6i khi cing thdng dung' Cho
u e W1,p(Q) vOi r < p ( "c vd f) ]d mot t4p mo bdt kj'. Khi d6
vu = 0 h.k.n tr6n tAp {x e Q; u(x) = k} trong tlo k ld m6t
hing sdbdt kj,; xem Stampacchid t1l hay tEXl.
5) Cric hdm cfia Wr'p (f)) ln kh6 vi theo nghia thdng
thddng h.k.n tr6n f2 khi p > -N. Chinh xiic hon' cho
u. *t,n{Q) vdi p > N. Khi d6 t6n tai A c o, A khdng d6ng
kd sao cho
u(x + h)-u{x)-h.Vu(x)
l.m
hro =0 VxeO\ A.
lhl
Tinh chdt ndy kh6ng cdn gid tri khi u € wl'p(Q) v:r
p < N (N > 1). Vd vdn d0 ndy, c6 thd tham khAo ti Stein [1]
(chudng VIII).

6) Kh6ng gian Sobolev thap phAn. Ta c6 thd tlinh

nghr-a mot ho kh6ng gian trung gian giira Lp(O) vA Wl'p(O).
Chinh xric hon ndu 0 < s < 1 (s e R) vd 1< p <;o'ta dIt

I u(x) - u(v)
eLP(QxQ)),
W",P(O) = {u e LP(e);
|

N
s+-p
x-y
trang bi chudn trl nhi6n. Ta dat H' (O) = Wq2 (O) . Dd
kh6o srit c6c kh0ng gian ndy, xem Adams [1], Lions-Magenes
[2J, Malliavin [1]. Ta tim lai tlrroc ring cric khOng gian
W"'p (Q) cing c6 thd dr-ra vdo nhu la mOt stl nQi suy girla
w1'p va Lp, hay 1d bdi ph6p bidn tldi Fourier ndu p = 2 vd
o=RN.

349
 Cudi cirng ta dinh nghia W",P (e) vdi s ld sd thuc, s
khdng nguy6n, s > 1 nhu sau. Ta vidt s = m + o vdi m = phdn
nguy6n cfia s vd dit

W",p(Q) ={ u G Wm'p(e); "D", € W",p(O) vcr, lcr l= m }.

Dtng bAn dd dia phrrong ta cring tlinh nghla W",p( I- )

trong d6 f ld m6t da tqp d6u (vi du nhu bi6n crla mdt trip
md ddu). Cric khdng gian ndy girl m6t vai trb quan trong trong
lj thuydt vdt. (xem binh ludn 7).
7) Lf thuydt v6't. Cho 13 p < co. Ta bdt dAu b6i bd dd
cd bdn sau:

Bd d6 rx.g. Cho o = Rf . Tdn tai mQt hing sd C sao

cho

(
f,^,-,l,,<*',ol I
o
d*'Yo < cll , llw,,ornr vu e cl{RN) .

Chring minh. Gid sir G(t) = | tlo-'t vi coi u e C]{nN).

Ta c6

G(u(x',0)) = -T* xN ))dxN

",,,,',

= - [G'tut*'. r,1,1 11-ru

dN
1x'. x1)dx1.r .
ri
Do tl6

u(x,,0) le < r.ii u(,,,,,N) l,-,1

I
#,",,,.r, lu,*

350
 il ,r*', ** ) lo d"n, * T I f; ,,.', ,.,u ,
l'
u,,,o

vi kdt lu{n sc alddc suy ra khi ldy tich ph6n theo x' e RN-r.
Ta suy ra tir bd dd IX.9 ring 6nh xa u r-l ul,- vdi I- = tQ
= RN-1 ,{0} xric tlinh tir CI(RN) vdo Lp(f ) tludc k6o dei bAi
tinh trir mdt thdnh mQt to6n tit tuydn tinh li6n tuc tU
Wl,e(o)veo Lp ( f ) . Toan trl nay, do tlinh nghia, ld v6't cira u
tr6n I-. Ta cUng kli hiQu la ul..
Ta sE chri 1y' ring c6 mQt sd kh6c biQt cd bin giira
Lp(Bf ) va w1'p(RI): c6c hirm thuQc Lp(Rf ) khdng c6
vdt tren r.
Ta tuang tuong d6 ddng lim thd ndo dd dinh nghia nhd
vdo brin dd dia phuong vdt trcn I = dO cta mQt hdm
u e wl,p(e) khi Q ia mot t{p md d6u cua RN (vi du f)
thuQc ldp C1 vdi bi6n f bi chan). Trong trrrdng hgp !, eIl(I)
(tldi vdi tlQ tlo mat do). Cric tinh chdt quan trong cira vdt la
cdc tinh chd't sau diy :

(i) N6u ue wlprQr thi ul, e w'-'orl- ) ua

p(c2t.
ll
-
ll u|,rl 1...,,"
iW Pifr
<C11 u l'*r.r,,r, vuewl
Hon nta torin trJ vdt u r+ ul, le toen 6nh tt W1'p(o)
t-1/
l6n W /P(f ).
(ii) Nhan ctia todn tfi vdt le Wo1'p{Q); tr;tc le

351
 wo''oterl = {u e wr,pro); ul r =0
(iii) Ta c6 c6ng thr?c Green:
rfu'- v=-lu'
|h,\, r Ev+luv(n.e1
r
)do vu,v e H1(O)
*, ,1xi J-

trong tl6 i li vecto ph6p tuydn tlon vi ngbdi crial-. Chri y rhng
tich phdn mit c6 nghia vi u, v e L2 ( I- ) .

Cirng mQt crich nhu v{y

'" ta c6 thd n6i tdi } cila mqt
an
^A
hdm u e W2 prfr): Ta dat
'' It1n =
rvul,rl r.ii - - c6 nghia vi
Didu nAy

geLpt [) (thAtvay ].w"o,r,t.

,r eLp(riN ua
Vul,
,ln '- fn
Ta c6 cdng thrlc Green

-ff,tluu--f & vrvu J-ln

IAvdo vu.v eH2tQ).

(ir,) Torin tt u p f ,1.,9 I ld tuy6n tinh, Iidn tuc vd

todn rinh rii w2,p(er) lon w2 )461,w,-)irrl. v6 vdn d6
niy, xem Lions-l\Iagenes [1J vdi tn-/dng hgp- p = 2 (vA phAn
tham khzio tlrroc kd trong Lions-Magenes [1] vdi trudng hop
p + 2).
8) Torin tt? cdp 2m vir hQ elliptic. Cric kdt qu6 vd su
tdn tai vi chinh qui h6a tlt-roc trinh bdy d chtlong IX drroc m6
rdng cho torin tit elliptic cdip 2m vh cho hC- elliptic'l). MOt
trong cac thdnh phAn c6t 1oi le bdt ding thrlc Garding. Vd
(r'Nhung khOng ph:ii nguydn I;/ crlc tlai, trt trtldng hop ngoai lQ

352
vAln tl6 ndy, xem Agmon [1], Necas [1], Lions-Magenes [1],
Agmon-Douglis- Nirenberg [1]. Cric torin trr cdp ?m vd vAi hQ
gifr m6t vai trb quan trong trong Co hoc vA V{t li. D4c biQt ,
tld j rhng torin tt? song di6u hda A2 (li thuydt ban), h€ din
hdi va hQ Stokes (co hgc ch6't l6ng); c6 thd xem Ciarlet [1],
Duvaut-Lions [1], Raviart- Thomas [1], Temam [1], Necas -
Hlavacek[1], Gurtin [].
9) Chinh qui trong c:ic kh6ng gian Lp vi C0'"' Cdc
tlinh lj vO chinh q:i h6a tld chrlng minh trong chuong IX vdi
p = 2 drroc md rQng ra trudng hoP P + 2.
Dinh U IX.32 (Agmon - Douglis - Nirenberg [1]).
Ta gi6 srl rling O thuQc ldp C2 vdi f bi chin. Cho l<p<"o.
Khi .16 vdi rngi felp(Q) t6n tai u € W2'p(o) ^ wol'p(o) le
ldi gi6i ydu duy nhdt cria phriong trinh
(87) -Au+u=f tr6n Q.
Hdn nrla, ndu Q thuQc ldp C'*2 ndu feW-'pQ (m
ng'uy6n >l)thi
uew-*2'pc) vir ]l
u ll*--z,n < c]l f llw-,e.

tKdt qu6 tudng tu ndu (87) drroc thay bdi mQt phrrong
trinh elliptic cdp 2 v6\ c6c h0 sd tldul.
Chfng minh cfra dinh li IX.32 c6 phAn phfc tap hdn
trong tnJdng hgp p = 2 (dinh ]j IX.25). Chrrng minh ndy chti
y6u dga viro hai y :

a) MOt c6ng thrlc bidu di6n tr/dng minh cria a drJa

tr6n ldi gidi co bdn. Vi du ndu f, = R3, khi d6 ldi giai cia (8?)

353
thloc cho brii u = G-f vdi G(x) = g * I lxem tEXl i. Do d6
L*l "-
-2.. .2o Pr:
' crich hinh thtrc
mot ,',u = -t YX; -f
d<idi r|<;t
"kho thay"
^4(]xj
(
xnong

thuoc Lt(R3)(", ly do ]i chi tai didm kj di x = 0, vd ta khdng

thd 6p dung cric tlinh giri co bzin tren ciic tich chdp. (dinh I1i
IV.15).
b) Dd khdc phuc kh6 khin nAy ta sti dung lf thuv6't
tich phAn kj di trong Lp dr-tgc nghiOn ciiu trong Calderon-
Zygmund(c6 thd xem trong Stein [1], Bers-John-Schechter
t1l vA Gilbaig-Trudinger t1l). Ta tim lai dudc ket ludn cua
dinh lj IX.32 16r sai khi P = 1vd p - or.
Ia cirnr" hi6'r dtfdc ciic Lvr" quti ctia su ch'inh qui h6a trong
. j. I'1,.,r.- t,..rr, u.Iu Ilc,rrler - :
u(x) - u(v)
Co'"(o) = { u e C(ft); sup
I |
<co l
x,y€O x-y

va c-,"(o)= { u e c-(a); Dpu e C0,"(O) vp, lB] = m }

(r)
Nhung gdn nhrr vfy!
I u(xt - u(v)
(2)Nhdc l?i rting: Co'"1c2) = -
ueCtQ);SUpr<*
I I

'i:l x-vl
vi C*,o(O) = {u. c-to);o[ € C0'"(o),v0,iP] = - ]

354
 Dinh lf IX33 (Schauder). Ta gi6 srl ring Q bi ch{n
thuQc ldp c2'" v6i 0 < o < r. Khi al6 vdi mgi f e C0'"(o),
t6n tai u e C2'"(6 ) le ldi giAi duy nhdt cria biri torin

(88) -Au+u=f tr6n C),

u=0 tr6n l.
Hdn nrla ndu Q thuQc ldp Qm+2'o (m nguy6n > 1) vA
ndu f e C-'"(Q) thi
u € cm"2'a(o) vn ll ull"--:," < cll f llc-,".
lKdt quA tudng tu ndu (88) tlrroc thay bdi mdt bii torin
elliptic cdp 2 vdi c c hA sd tldul.
Chrlng minh cta dinh l), IX.33 gi6'ng nhrr chri'ng minh
cria tlinh l), IX.32, drJa v?ro mQt bidu di6n trrdng minh cta u vi
tr6n lj thuydt tich phAn kj, di trong kh6ng gian Co'a
nghiOn crlu bdi Holder, Korn, Lichtenstein, Giraud. Vd v6in dd
niy xem Agmon-Douglis-Nirenberg [1],Bers-John-Schechter
[U, Gilbarg- Trundinger [1] vd c0ng xem xdp xi co bin mdi
alddc phdt tridn b8i A.Brandt [1] (chi drla tr6n nguydn lf cric
dai).
Gifr sir O ld mOt t4p md bi chin vi ildu, vd f e Ct Cl I .
Theo tlinh ]iIX.32 t6n tai .u € W2,p(e) n Wol,eto) (vdi moi 1
< p < .o) la ldi giAi iluy nhdi cira (87). Dac bi6t u . C1'" ( d )
vdi moi 0 < s < 1(nhd dinh lj' Morrey (dinh 15; IX.12)). Tdng
qu6t u kh6ng thuQc vio C2, cung khOng thudc W2'-. Didu
niy gi6i thich tai sao ngudi ta thddng tr6nh lbrm viQc tr6n
cric kh6ng gian Ll(Q), L-(Q) va Cr o t, aay l2r cdc kh6ng
gian mA tran d6 ta kh6ng c6 .cric kdt qu6 t6'i rru vd tinh ddu.

355
 Cric ttinh IX.32 vi IX.33 duoc md rQng ddi vdi c6c
li
torin ttl elliptic cdp 2m vd vdi h0 elliptic; xem Agmon-
Douglis- Nirenberg t1l. Cu6i ctrng dd f rlng trong mdt hrldng
klrrlc phuong trinh elliptic cdp 2 vdi c6c hQ sd kh6ng li6n
tuc ld tlo'i tudng cta rdt nhidu cdng trinh. C6 thd kd cdc kdt
quai sau d6y:

Dinh lj' IX.34. (De Georgi-Stampacchia). Cho

Cl c RN li mQt t4p md bi ch{n, ddu. Ta gii srl ring cric
hAm ai; e L-(o) th6a m6n di6u kiQn elliptic (36). Cho
f e L2(o).Lp(Q) vdi p >I rn u eufito) sao cho
2" "ho
.'F =[r.p veeHlto).
^3c
l, i"u ar *i {,

Khi d6 u eCo'"(Q) vdi mQt o th6a 0 < a < 1 (chi

phq thuQc vio O, a; vi p).
Vd vdn tl6 ndy, xem Stampacchia [1], Gilbarg-
Trundinger [1] vd Ladyzhenkaya-Uraltseva [1].
10) Vei tliiu bdt ldi cta phr./ong ph:ip bidn phAn
vir cdch khdc phrrc!
Phuong ph6p bidn phdn cho ph6p ta thidt l4p d6 ddng su
t6n tai crja mQt ldi giii ydu. Phuong phdp niy khdng phzii hic
ndo ctng rip dung drtoc, nhung n6 c6 thd dddc bd sung. Ta thra
ra hai vi du:
Cho Q c RN la m6t t{p ho bi chan ve ddu.

a) Phrlong ph6p ddi ngAu (hay phtlong phdp chuydn

vi). Cho f e Ll(o) hay f ld dO do (dO do Radon) tr6n Q vi tim
crich gi6i bhi todn

356
 (89) -au+u=f tr6n e!,
u=0 tren f.
Khi N > 1 dang.tuydn tinh rp r+
f,
f,p kfrO"g xdc tlinh vdi
q e UltO) vd hO quA li
phdong phdp bidn ph6n kh6ng c6
hiQu hlc. Dd khdc phuc, ta c6 thd ding k! thuQt sau dAy. Ta
kj hi6u T: L2(O) --+ L2(Q) lA torin tir f r-) u (trong d6 u li ldi
girii ctia (89), tdn tai v6i f e L2(o)). Ta biet ring T trr li6n hop.
Mat kh6c (dinh l:i IX.32) T:Lp(o) + W2,p(e) v6i 2<p <r
vA nhd dinh ly Sobolev vA Morrey T.Lp{e) -+Crer niu

-2,
p I. aoi d6i ng6u ta suy ra rang

T* : M(Q) (Q) N
.= C( a )' -+ LP ndu D>-.
-2
Thd mn, vi T tti li6n hop trong L2, T- la mdt k6o ddi cira
T; do d6 ta c6 thd coi u = T.f nhrr ln mOt ldi girli suy rQng cua
(89). That vay, ndu f € Lr(O) thi u = T"f € LXo) vdi moi
N
q. u 1A ldi gi6i tral) ydu duy nhA't ctia (89) theo nghia
N-,
sau:

L uo* * L'* If,o vqe C2(o), q = 0 rren I

Cing mOt 1i trrdng nhrr v6y, ta cd thd khio srit (g9) vdi f
cho trudc trong H-'(Q), xem Lions-Magenes [1].

b) Phddng phdp trt m{t. Cho geC(f) vd ta tim c:ich

gi6i bdi torin

(e0) -Au+u=0 tr6n C)

p=g tr6n I-.

,7D I
 Tdng qu6t n5u geC(f) thi kh6ng tdn tai hdm
g € H1(O) sao cho El, = s *"* ldi binh luAn ? vi dd f ring
t/
C( f ) c H 2( I- ). Do dd phai loai trd vi6c tim tdi giai
u e Hl(Q) cria (90): Phddng ph6p bidn phdn lA kh6ng
hiQu lgc. Tuy nhi6n ta c6

Dinh lf IX.35. T6n tai u e Ct o t n C'(O) li ldi Si6i

duy nhdt cria (90).
Chrirng minh. Cd dinh E e C"(RN) sao cho [],. = g; I
tdn tai li do dinh l;i Tietxe-Urysohn (xem Dieudon6 [1],
L.schwartz t2l). Gie sfi {g"l la mot ddy thu6c Ci{RN) sao
cho !', -+ g tldu tr6n RN. Dat c" = E" lr. Ap dung phrrong
phrip bidn phdn vd cdc kdt quri vd chinh qui h6a ta thdy rhng
tdn tai u,, . C2( o ) ld ldi gidi cd didn cfia bdi torin
-Au,., +u,, =0 tr6n Q,
. un = 9,, trOn f.
Theo nguy6n ij cuc tlai (hQ qu:i IX.28) ta c6

ll
,., - ,, ll".,n, = ll u* - un 11"., ,, .

. Ta suy ra {u,., } ld ddy Cauchy trong C( Q ) vA un -+ u

trong C( O ) . R6 rdng ring ta c6

I
f)'
ut-ae + rp) = 0 V9 c Ci rfir.

vd do t16 u e C'(Q) (xem chri thich zil. Nhr.r v6y

u e C( o ) n C- (cr) th6a (90). Tinh duy nh6it cira ldi gi6i ctia
(90) suy ra til nguy6n l;y' crrc tlai (xem chf thich 28).

358
 Chri thich 32. Trong dinh lj IX.35 gid thidt O dir tldu
ld cAn thidt. Khi Q c6 mQt bi6n "bonh tAt" ta khdc phuc bhng
cric Iy thuydt thd vi (tlidm chinh qui, ti6u chudn Wiener...)

Mdt httdng khric tld giii (90) ia phrrdng phdp

Perron, cd ttidn trong lf thuydt thd. Ta dat u(x) = sup
{ v(x); veC(Q)nC2(O), -av+v<0 tr6n Q vd v S g trOn
f ); vd ngudi ta chr?ng minh duoc u th6a (90).
MOt hin v sao cho -av+v30 trOn Q tluoc goi 1A
di6u hda drfdi; hon nila ndu v < g tr6n f thi ta n6i rhng v
la ldi giai dri6i cfia (90).
11) Nguy6n lf cr/c dpi mqnh. Ta c6 thd tim thdy drroc
kdt lu$n cira m6nh dd IX.29 khi u Ii mQt ldi giii cd diin.
Chinh xic hon, gi6 s& O ln mQt tQp md li6n thdng bi chin vd
ddu. Gi6 sr} a;i e Cl( cl ) ttr6a man didu ki6n elliptic (36),
a,,aoe C(Q)vdi a6 20 tr6n O.Tac6
Dlnh lf D(.36. (Hopf). Cho i e C(o)nc2(o) ttr6a
man
(er) -I*,"', frr*)", fr*"orr - f tr6n o.
Ta gii sr? ring f > 0 tr6n O. Ndu t6n tqi x6 e O sao
cho u(xo) = mjnu vir nou u(xo) < 0(r), khi d6 u 16r hiLm
'o
hing tr6n O (vir hon nfla f= 0 tr6n O).

(')Gia thidt u(xo) < 0 khong cAn thidt ndu ao =0

359
 Vdi phdn chfrng minh, xem Bers-John-Schechter [1],
Gilbarg-Trudinger [1J hay Protter-Weinberger [1].
H€ quri IX.37. Cho u e C(a) Cz(o) th6a mdn (91)
^
vdi f > 0 tr6n O. Ta gi6 st? ring u > 0 tr6n f. Khi d6
.ho4cleu>0 tr6nQ
ho4c lir u = 0 tr6n f,).
o

D6'i vdi cric kdt qui khric 1i6n quan tlSn nguy6n li cric tlai
&dt ding th(c Harnack...) xem Stampacchia [1], Gilbarg-
Trudinger [1], Sperb [1].
12) To6n tr? Laplace-Beltrami. C6c to{n tfi elliptic
x6c tlinh trdn cdc bidn Riemann (c6 bi6n hay khOng c6 bi6n)
vd tl6c biOt torin tti Laplace-Beltrami girr mQt vai trb quan
trong trong hinh hoc vi phAn vd trong vdt 1!, c6 thd xem
trong Choquet -De Witt-Dillard [1].
13) C6c tinh chdt phd. Cac giri tri ri6ng vi cric hdm
ri6ng crla mQt torin tr? elliptic crip 2 cd nhidu tinh chdt tling
cliil f. Ta hay kd vdi tinh chdt ndy. Cho au eCllol thoa
tli6u ki6n elliptic t36r va a6 e C( a l. Cho A la todn tti

A, = -I+ ta,, 3Lt* asu

il d, "
'x'
vdi tli6u ki6n Dirichlet thudn nhdt (u = 0 tr6n f ). Ta goi {)'n}
ld ddy cric gid tri ri6ng crla A drtoc x6p theo thrl trr tdng dAn,
vdi l.n + co khi n --+.o. Khi tl6 gi5 tri ri6ng tldu ti6n l'r ln bQi
I (ta n6i ring ),r 1d giri tri ri6ng ddn)(1),' vA ta c6 thd chon

'r)Trong N >2 cac gid tri ri6ng c6 thd c6 bQi > 1

360
hAm ri6ng tudng fng e1 sao cho el > 0 tran f); xem dinh li
Krein-Rutman trong ldi binh lu$n cria chrlong VI. Mdt khric,
ngtdi ta chrlng minh ,irrg i.,, - ..r7( khi n -+ co vdi c > 0;
xem Agmon [1].
Cdc quan hQ tdn tai gilra cec tinh chdt hinh hgc(2)cta
O vd phd cira A tao thinh mdt dd tii nghiOn crlu ldn; xem
Kac [1], Marcel Bergerl1], Osserman t1l, I.M. Singer [1]. Muc
ti6u li "dtng l4i" cic th6ng tin crtc dai tr6n C) dd tr} d6
hidu duoc v6 phd {t"}.
Mgt bni toiin md li vdn tld sau. Cho Os vh Q2 lA hai
midn bi chAn cira R2; ta gi6 sir rhng cdc gid tri ri6ng cria torin
tt -A (vdi tli6u ki6n Dirichiet) la giong nhau cldi vdi Qr vd Qz.
Nhtr v{y Or vd Qz c6 dEng crr khdng? Va'n dd nny da dugc dit
'khdng?"(3'.
tdn li: "C6 thd nghe tluoc dang cria mQt crii tr6'ng
Ta bidt drroc cAu trti ldi ld c6 ndu Qr ld mOt dia(a'.
MQt cAu h6i quan trong khric Ii cAu h6i sau tl6y. X6t
torin ttr Au = -Au + aou (+ ciic tli6u kien bi6n). Tinh chdt nao
c0a ao c6 thd '1dy lai" ttr viQc bidt th"rgc phd cira A?

f4) Bei to6n elliptic suy bidn. Ta gi6i bli torin thu6c
d?ng

{':)Dac biCt ndu o ld mot da tap Riemann kh6ng c6 bi€n vd A m6t

todn tti' Laplace-Beltrami.
(3)
Bdi vi cdc 6m hrr<ing cria su dao dQng cia mot mang Q drroc gdn
chdt veo bi6n F ld cric him e,(x)sin.fu t trong d6 (1.., e,) ld cric
giri tri ri6ng vd hdm ri€ng cta -A vdi di6u kiQn Dirichlet.

'4) Nem 1991, C.Gordon, D.Webb vi S.Wolpert [1] ala cho cAu trri ldi
phii dinh d6'i vdi cdu h6i niy.

361
 -t-ld, ta,i-' 9r*Fa;+*aou=f
dxi T oxi
trdno
i
+ di6u ki6n biOn trdn f hay tr6n mQt phAn cOa f tlong
d6 cric him a1,; kh6ng th6a didu ki6n elliptic (36) mh chi th6a
(36') |i,i all(x)€i€: ) 0 Yx e o, v[ e RN .

Vd lanh vuc rQng ld'n ndy, c6 thd xem ciic cOng trinh cira
Koln - Nirenberg [1J, Baouendi - Goulaouic [1], Oleinik -
Radkevitch [ 11.
15) Bai todn elliptic phi tuydn. Linh vrrc rQng ldn tld
nghiOn crlu drrgc nOu ra bdi rdt nhi6u cAu h6i trong hinh hoc,
cd hoc, vat ij, tlidu khidn tdi uu, ]y thuydt xric sudt...
Ta tla biSt tl6n c6c phtit tri6n gdy nhi6u rin tutgng ttr
nhrlng cOng trinh tldu ti6n ctia Leray vd Schauder trong tlAu
thAp ni6n 30. Ta hiy phAn biQt vdi loai:
a) Cric bii to6n 6 tuy6n tinh. Vdn tl6 le khao sdt bai
torin thu6c dang
- Au = f(x,u) tr6n' O,
Q2)
u=0 tr6n I
trong tl6 f(x, u) li mQt hdm cho trddc.

Loai niy bao gdm, gita nhiing cdi kh6c, c6c bii to6n
phAn nhdnh trong tl6 ngudi ta khio srit cdu trtc cria tap cric
ldi gi6i (i", u) cria bii torin
- u) tr6n O,
Au = fr. (x,
Q2')
u=0 trdn f

362
vdi )" tA tham sd thay ddi.
b) Cric bii to6n trJa tuydn tinh. Vdn dd la khdo s:it
bhi to:in thudc dang

.)- a (art(x,u,Vu)-)
_.tu. = f(x,u,Vu) tr6n O
(93) fr&:
- " &i
u=0 trOn f
trong d6 cdc him aij(x, u, p) ld elliptic, nhttng c6 thd suy bidn;
chdng han ta c6

fi,j a,,(x,u,r)(iE; > cr(u,P)l(l' v*. Q, v[ e RN

vdi a(u, p) > 0 Vu e R, Vp e RN, nhung c(u, p) kh6ng bi chin

ddu b&i mOt hhng sd o > 0. Nhu vAy, phuong trinh mit tdi
thidu dLioc viat ddcii. dang {93t vdi a,, = 6,.j(t - ] vu 12 r-'2.
Tdng qu6t hdn ta xem x6t cdc bdi to6n elliptic thuQc dang
tg4t Ftx, u, Du, D2u) = 0

AF,
rrong oo ma rr4n --rx,u,P,Q) ld elliptic (c6 thd suy bidn).
,Jq rj

Ch6ng han nh4 phuong trinh Monge-Ampdre tluoc xdp vdo

loai ndy.
c) Cric bii todn bi6n trr do. Vdn dd la giai mOt phudng
trinh elliptic tuydn tinh tr6n mQt t$p md O mi kh6ng cho
tntdc. Su viQc O ld t{p md chrra bidt thudng dddc "bt trtr "
bing crich 9ho bidt hai di6u kiQn tr6n bi6n f: ch6ng han
Dirichlet vd. Neumann. Vdn dd ld & ch6 tim d6ng thdi mdt
tflp md Q vd mQt him I sao cho...

363
 a/ Trong cric vdn tld lion quan tldn cric bdi torin (92)
hay @2') ta dtng nhi6u kj thuQt:
. Phddng ph6p ddn diQu, xem Browder [1] v] Lions
t3l.
. Phudng phSp topo (dinh lf
didm bdt tl6ng Schauder,
Ij thuydt b{c ctia Leray- Schauder...); xem J.T.
Schwartz [1], M.Krasnoselskii [1] vd L. Nirenberg
t2l,t3l.
. Phuong phdp bidn phAn rly thuy6t didm tdi han, lli
thuydt Morse...; xem Rabinowitz [1], Melvyn Berger
[1], M.Krasnoselskii [1], L. Nirenberg[3J.
b/ ViQc giii cric bii torin thuQc dagg (93) doi khi ddi
h6i mOt k$ thurft xAy dr/ng cdc ddnh gid'r); xem
c6c c0ng trinh cfia De Giorgi, Bombieri, Miranda,
Giusti, Lhdyzhenskaya- Uraltseva, Serrin... tlttoc
mO ta trong Ladyzhenskaya- Uraltseva [1], Serrin
t1l, Bombieri[l] vh Gi]barg- Trudinger t1l. Cric
btr6c tidn quan trong 1i6n quan ddn phrrimg trinh
Monge-Ampbre thu tluoc mQt crich 16 rdng; xem
Yau [1].
c/ Trong ciic vdn tl6 lien quan tldn cric biri to6n bi6n
trf do nhi6u k6t qu6 m6i tl6 xudt hi6n vdo nhfing
ndm gdn tlAy, Ii6n quan chri ydu vdi lyi thuydt bdt
phr/dng trinh bidn phdn; xem Kinderlehrer-
Stampacchia [1], Baiocchi- Capelo [1J (vd cric c6ng
trinh crja "Tnldng Pavie" di duoc n6u ra trong
quydn ndy), Free Boundary Problems [1], [2].

(')
Day lA ttudng hdp phrrong trinh cr{c mdt ct-tc tidu

364
 GHUdNG T[l
earroAN nEru n6a: pHUoNG rnit,trt
unlEr VA PHUdNG TRiruN SONG

x.1. pHUdNG rninn ruutEt: sU 16r'r rAt, rirun ouy NuAr

VA T|NH OEU
Cic kj, hiQu. Cho Q c RN ld mOt t4p m3 c5 bi6n l-. Ta
dat
a =Q xl0,+cc[, I=f x ]0, +"c[;
I ld bi€n xung quanh crla hinh tru Q.

a I

x
O

X6t bdi todn sau dAy: Tim mQt hdm

u(x, t): O x [ 0, + cc [-+ R sao cho

.J rro
(1) __au=0
au
tr6n Q
at
(2) u=0 trdn I
(3) u(x, 0) = uo(x) tr6n f)
N .2
trong
" d6 A = F+ chi Laplace theo bidn kh6ng gian, t
?=r&t
li bidn thdi gian vd uo(x) Ii him cho tntdc.
trinh (1) drroc goi la phUdng trinh nhiQt vi n6
Phtrdng
m0 hinh h6a str phAn bd nhidt dQ u trong midn Q tai thdi
didm t. Phtlong trinh nhi6t vd cric bidn thd cria n6 tham drr
trong rdt nhi6u hiQn tudng khue'ch tdn(r)(xem cric ldi binh
ludn cta chrrong niy). Phrrong trinh nhi6t 1d vi du don gi6n
cta phddng trinh parabolic(2).
Phuong trinh (2) ln di6u kiQn bi6n Dirichlet; n6 c6
thd thay thd bdi didu kiOn Neumann
au
Q')
(m
0 tr6n I ,

(n ld vecto ph6p tuydn don vi ngodi cira I-) hodc boi m6t trong
,
sd c6c didu kiQn bi6n nio d6 da gep trong ciic chirdng VIII vd
IX. Didu kiQn (2) cho thdy rBng nhi6t tld tr6n bi6n f ctia Q
I
duoc gil] c6'dinh li z6ro. Didu kiOn (2') cho thdy r]ng thong l
luong nhiQt xuy6n qua bi6n f ld z6ro.
i
Phuong trinh (3) ld di6u kiQn ildu hay tlidu ki6n 1

Cauchy.

(') Su truydn nhi6t chi ld mOt trong nhing vi du.

('1)
HQ th6'ng ph6n loai cta PDE g6m 3 loai:
"elliptic","parabolic","hyperbolic", c6 thd xem Courant-Hilbert [1].

.roo
 Chringta s0 giai bai torin (1), (2), (B) bing c:ich coi
u(x, t) nhr-r ld mQt him x6c dinh tr6n [0, +cc[ c6 giri tri
trong mQt kh6ng gian H, trong al6 H li mQt kh6ng gian
him chi phq thuQc vio x; vi du nhu H = L2(O), hoic ld
H=Hl(fr), ... Nhu v6y kf hiQu u(t) chi m6t phdn tir cria H,
trlc ld mdt him x r+ u(x, t) vrli t cd dinh. Crich nhin ndy cho
ph6p ta d5 dang tim drroc mdt ldi gi6i c0a bii torin (1), (2),
(3) bang crich k6i hop vdi dinh lj Hill-yosida vi cric kdt qud
trong cdc chttong VIII vA IX.
Dd cd dinh i
t'Jdng, trong crl cllrong X ta gid sir ring O
thuQc ldp C- vdi f bf ch{n (nhung giri thiOi ndy c6 thd tluoc
lA nhe di mQt c6ch tl6ng kd ndu ra chi tim ldi gidi ,.ydu,,).

Dinh lj X.t, cie sr? rdng uo e L2(o). Khi d6 t6n tal

mQt him u(x, t) duy nhdt th6a min (1), (2), (B) v6r
(4) u e C([0,.o[;L2(O)) n C(]0,"ot;H2(O),,a Hl(O)),
(5) u . C1( I o,
"o [;
L2(o)) .

Hdn nfia
ue C'( dxIe,-[) Vs > 0.

Cudi cring u e L2(0,* ;Hl(O)) vA ta c6

(6) 11 rrrrl,1 n *
f,l vrrt,1i,r,at = jl U6
2
t2 tct) vT > 0{r)
I
t
il
t
(')
Giai thich 16 cdc k;i hi6u:
r^
rt t2 I
N
|.tu l
lu(r)llz,n, = J,lur",tt1'a*, 1v,rolfu,n, =
''
l:-(x,t)l dx l
r=1 ldi I
!
d

367 i
!l
l1
 lu(r) llz,n, = J,lrt",tt;'ar,
r-
II l&;
N t2
lclu
l-(x-t)r I
dx
;v,ro lr1,n, =
i=1 I

Chring minh. Ta sri dung dinh lli Hille-Yosida trong

kh6ng gian H = L2 (O) (nhrln g cdc cAch chon khric vAn c6 thd
drloc, xem dinh lj X.2).
Ta x6t torin tt kh6ng bi chdn A : D(A) c H -+ H xiic
dinh bdi

fo'a' - H2rQr" g1191

lAu = -lu
CAn .phii chri f ring ta d6 s6p nhfp didu kiQn bi6n
(2) vd dinh nghia cria midn x6c dinh crja A. Ta s6 nghidm lai
rhng A 16r ddn diCu cr/c d4i vd trt li6n hdp.
Khi d6 ta c6 thd dp dung dinh ly VI.7 dd suy ra sd tdn
tai m6t ldi girii duy nhA't ciia (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).
t).$ <lon ttiQu. ThAt vAy ndu u e D(A) ta c6
(Au, u)"2 = u = vu 1' > o.
Jt-lul Jl

ii) A don diQu crfc dai. Ta chi cdn chrlng minh

riing R(I + A) = H = L2(O). Nhung ta bidt rlng vdi moi f e L2
tdn tai u q H2 n Hl ld ldi gidi duy nhdt cua phuong trinh
u - Au = f; di6u nAy suy ra tir dinh lj IX.25.

iii) A tg li6n hop. Nhd vAo m6nh tld VII.6 ta chi cAn
chrlng minh ring A dO'i xrlng.

368
 Ndu u, v e D(A) ta c6
(Au, v),?=l (-Au) v = i Vu Vv
(u, Av)"2 =i u( Av) = I Vu Vv
yi suy ra (Au, v) = (u, Av).
MAt kh6c, ta suy ra ttr dinh l'i IX.25 ring
D(Al) c H2l(o) vdi ph6p nhfng li6n tuc; chinh x6c hon ta
f c6

D(Al)={ue H2i(Q); u=Au-...-Al tu=0 tren f }.

Ta tle bidt ring (.linh l), VII.7) ldi girii u ctia (1), (2), (3),
thuOc vdo
I k(
I o,+"o [; D(Ar) ) vk, vl
I
vd do tl6 u e Ck(10,+*[; H2r(o))vk, vl. Ta suy ra tlrroc (nhd
{
hO qui IX.15) rdng

t ue Ck(lo,+*[; Ck(cr)) vt .

Chrlng minh (6); ta nhAn mOt crich hinh thfc (1) bdi u vd
ldy tich phdn tr6n Crxl0,T[. Tuy nhi6n cdn phAi thAn trong
vi u(t) khi vi tr6n l0,co[ chf khdng phei trOn [0,o[.

Ta x6t hdm e(o =;lurt)l),n,; rp thudc ldp Cl tr6n i

I0, oo[ (do (5D vn

I

j
<p'(t) = (u(t), = (u,Au)"2 = -f,]vr l'.
Sfrlt
Vdi 0 < e< T, ta suy ra thJoc
a

369
+
 TT 2
e(r) - <p(e) = Jeitt)at = -Jl vrrtl L2 to)
dt.

Cho c -+ 0.r.,rtr:) -+ l,2' uu'U,n, vi ta suy ra duoc t6t.

Nhd c6 cric giri thi6t phu tr6n u0, hdm u trE n6n ddu hon
trong mQt lAn cdn c0a t = 0 (nhdc lai li do dinh ly X.l ta ludn
luonc6 ue C-( Ox[e,.c[) Ve >0).
Dinh lj x.2
a) Gi6 sr? ring u6 € HA,(o). Khi al6 ldi girii u cria
(1)' (2)' (3) th6a min
u e C([0,co[;Hlfoli ., L2( 0,.o;H2(o)),

vi- ,x 4.L2( o,.o;L2(o)).

Hrrn nrla ta c6

(7) f l#,r,,u,",o, * jlo.,r,r

''r,,n,
='rlo,,oli.,,n,

b) Gii srlr ring us e H2(Q) . Hl,(o). Khi d6 ta c6

u e C([0,co[;H'(cl) ) ., L2t 0."o;H3tO); .l

vA

99.12( o,"o;Hr(e)).
dt

c) Gii srl ring us e Hk(o) vk vi th6a c6c quan hQ

t'uong thich

370
 (8) uo = Auo =... = Aruo =... = 0 tr6n f Vj nguy6n,
Khi d6 u e C-( O x[0,o[) .

Chffng minh
I
1 a) Ta chon <i dAy H1 = Hl(O) trang bi tich v0 hudng
(u.vt,,, = uu.
t' f,rrvv* f,
*
l Trong Hr ta x6t toiin tit khdng bi chin
Ar : D(Ai ) c H, -+ H1 xiic dinh bdi

t
[O,,1,,, = I u e H3(Qrn HlrQr: au.e HltQr 1

IA, u = - Au.
Ta nghiQm lai rhng Ar li tlon tli6u cttc tlai vd trr li6n hop.
Khi tl6 ta c6 thd eip dung tlinh ly VI.7 tle suy ra srt tdn
tai mQt ldi gi6i duy nh6lt crla (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).
i) Ar don diQu. Thdt vAy ndu u e D(Ar) ta c6

(A,u,u)s, =
Iot-orl vu + f{-au)u = fl ^, l' + I] v, 12 > 0.
ii) Ar ddn diQu crtc dai. Ta da bidt (dinh 1i IX.25)
rlng vdi moi f e H1(cl) tdn tai u € H3 (e) .\ Hl (o) la ldi
girii duy nhdt crla phudng trinh u - Au = f. Hon nrfa ndu
f € Hl (c)) , khi t16 (do phrrong trinh)
Au € Hl(o) vA do d6 ue D(A1).
iii) Ar ddi xrfng. Neu u. v e tirA, r 12 s5

(A1u,v)s, =
Iot-orl vv+ f-au)v = fm av+ JVuvv =(u,A,v)s,

371
 Ap dr;ng dinh lj VII.7 ta thdy rhng ndu ue e H6(O) tdn
tai m6t ldi gi6i u cria (1), (2), (3) (trirng vdi ldi gidi co dtioc ri
dinh lj X.l nhd vAo tinh duy nhd't) sao cho
u € C( t 0, "r t; Hl(c2) ).
1o
Cudi ctng, ta tlet a(t) = llru{t}1r1,o,. Ham q lA C' trdn
l

l0,ooI vd

q'(t)=(vu(t), vSttlt", ={-^u(t),#(t))1, = i#,r,1-

Tr) tldy ta suy. ra dudc rhng ndu 0 < s < T < "o, khi tl6

o(Tr -Grc)
Ii dttu I
* [l 9I
lr.,
at = o

vd c6 kdt lu{n khi cho e -+ 0.

b) Bay gid ta I:i Iu{n trong khOng gian Hilbert
Hz = H2 (a),-. if 5 tcrl trang bi tich vd hddng
(u, v)nz = (Au, Av),_2 + (u, v)"2'.

Trong H2 ta x6t toiin trl khong,bi chin

A, : D(A2) cH2 '+ H2 x:ic dinh b<ii
fnrerl - IueH{rQrnHlror; aueHftar I

lA2u = -Au.
Ta nghiOm lai d6 tldng ring A2 1A tlon tli0u cuc dai vd trJ
li6n hiQp trong H2(1).

rr) M$t crich tdng qurit n6'u A: D(A) c H -+ H ld tlon tliQu ctrc dai va
tu lian hiCp ta c6 thd gidi thiQu khong gian Hilbert fr = D(A)
 Khi tl6 ta c6 thd zip dung dinh 1i VII.7 vdi Az trong Hz

Cudi c ng, ta ddt ortl =

]1^u(t)lr1
, hdm rp li c- tr6n
10, co I vi ta c6

(Au(t). drr o ,2
9't = A:(t)),, = ( lu(t), a'u(t) )r_2 =- v\(t)112.
dt
Tit d6, vdi 0 < e < T < co, ta c6

] I
o,,r; i1", - il^u(r) li, * J1
oo,,, l.?., at = o.

. Qua gidi han, khi cho e -+ 0, ta thdy rlng u e L2

( 0, or ; H 3
(O) ) vi (do phrrong trinh)

$dt e 1210,"";ur{cr)).

c) Ta x6t trong khdng gian H = L2 (o) torin trl

A : D(A) c H -+ H x6c dinh bdi
D(A) = H2(o) n ultol
Au = -Au

Ta biSt ring (dinh 1:i VII.5) vdi uo e D(Ak ), k > 2 , khi

d6

,.6t'-j11o,co[; D(Aj)) vj = 0,1,...,k.

trang bi tich vo hudng (u,v)O = (Au,Av) + (u,v). Khi d6 todn ttl

A:o(A)cfr+fr xric dinh brii otAr=otlzt va A=A l2r don tliQu

crJc dai vd trJ lien hidp trong fr .
 Nhtrng gi6 thidt (8) cho thliy m6t crich chinh xdc ring
ue e D(Ak ) vd'i moi k > 1. Ta suy ra dtloc
j r1
u€ Ck-j([0,-o[; DrA vk :1 vj = 0, 1..... k

Didu ndy dAn d6n ueC'( a 10, , LiI nl:u trong ch[trg
minh cta dinh lf X.1).
Chri thich l. Dinh lj X.1 chrlng td rhng phrrong
trinh truydn nhiQt c6 m6t hiQu rlng manh khi diiu
chinh didu kiQn ddu uo. I'a chrl y rirg lli giAi u(x, t) le C-
theo x vdi m6i t > 0. Ngay khi didu kiOn ddu ue kh6ng li0n
tuc. Dic biet ta suy ra drJoc ring phuong trinh nhiat ld
kh6ng thu$n nghich. Th6ng thudng ta kh6ng thd gidi duoc
bii todn
,rtl
(e) __Alr=o trOn axl0,Tl
EL

(10) u=0 tr6n fxl0,T[

vdi didu kiQn "cudi"
(11) u(x,T) = u1(x) tr6n O.
Bdt buQc di6u kicn cAn phzii c6

u1 eC'rllrvrii -tju, =g tren I- vj>0.'

thidt ndy c0ng khdng dir dd d6m
Nhui-rg ngay ca c6c giA
bdo su tdn tai cta m6t ldi gi6i cira bdi torin ngudc (9), (10),
( 11).

Ta khdng duoc lAn l6n bii torin (9), (10), (11) vdi bei
torln (9'), (10), (11) trong tl6
 ..ilI
(e') ---Au=U trdn Oxl0,T[..
.L

BAi torin ndy lu0n luOn c6 niOt ldi girli duy nha't ddi vdi
mor u', e L21O) (ddi bien t thdnh T - t vA :1p dung dinh li
x.1)
Chri thich 2. Cdc k6t quri tr6n v5n cbn c6 gi6 tri ddi vdi
bii to:in Cauchy vdi didu kiQn Neumann, nhd vio mQt vii didu
i chinh. (x6m IEXI).
Chri thich 3. Khi f2 b! ch{n bAi torin (1), (2), (3) c6
thd gi:ii dudc bhng sr1 phAn tich tr6n m6t cd sd Hilbert
cria L2(ct). Ddi vdi viQc niy, rAit cdn thidt ph6i chon mQt co so
{ei(x)};21 crla L2(o) gdm cric hdm ripng crja -A vdi itidu
ki6n Dirichlet (xem IX.8), trlc li

-Ae,=1" tr6n f), ei=0 tl6n I-.

Ta tim ldi gi6i cria (1), (2), (3) dudi dans

02) u(x, t) = | a 1
(t) e1 (x) ill
i=1

Ta thdy ngay lap trlc rhng ta ph.ii c6

ai(t) + Ii a;(t) = 0; do cl6 a1(t) = a1(0)e iit
vd cric hing s6' a1(0) duoc xec dinh ttr ddng thrlc sau

(x) = (x).
( 13) u6 f
i=1
a1(0) e;

(') Vi cdc ly lc hidn nhien phuong phzip ndy cdn alddc gqi li phr-tong
phdp "trich bidn" (hay phuong phrip Fourier).

375
 N6i crich khric, ldi gi6i cua (1),(2),(3) duoc cho btii
ii t (x),
(14) u(x.t) = la;(0)e e,
i=1

trong tl6 cric hing sd ai(O) la cric thdnh phdn ctia uo(x) trong
co sti {ei}. Dd kh6o sdt su hdi tu cua chu6i (14) (vn kh:io srit
tinh tldu crja u tir chu6i (14)); c6 thd xem Raviart - Thomas [1]
hay Weinberger tll. Chti i ddn str gidng nhau cta phrtong
phrip ndy vdi k!' thudt thudng dirng di! gi6i hq phridng trinh
vi phAn tuydn tinh
dI
_+Mu=0
dt
trong tl6 1!I li mdt ma trQn ddi xfng(hodc M li drrdng
ch6o,...). Chri ;i rdng, sd kh6 khdn cta bdi torin (1), (2), (3) la d
ch5 ta phdi gidi mQt hQ v6 han chi6u.
Chri thich 4. Cric quan hC tddng thich (8) khdng
gAy ngac nhi6n. Diy cfing ld c:ic didu ki6n cdn tld lai gitii u
crla (1), (2), (3) thuOc vio ff( o xt0ctt)' (chi v6i giei thiot
u0 e C'( C)) vir uo = 0 tr6n I- ld kh6ng dfr !).

ThAt v{y, gi6 su r}ng ue C'( Q ^[0,,.1t th<ta (1), (2),

(3); ta c6

tu 6Ju
Vj tr6n f xl0,co[
=0
at et)

vi do tinh li6n tuc ta c6

rl'll
(15) Vj tr6n f x [0, io I
at)

376
 Mit kh6c ta c6
au
Au tr6n Q
&
,l2u .fu
_=a(-)=a-u o
tr6n Q
atz ,1

iJu
vj tr6n Q,
6tr
vd do tinh li6n tuc ta thu dddc
d'rr
(16) Vj tr6n Qx[0,cr[.
ai)
-=A'u
Ta suy ra (8) khi so srinh (15) vA (16) tr6n fr {0} .

Chri thich 5. Di nhi6n ta c6 thd thu dttoc vd sd k6't quei

vd tinh d6u cfra u trong lAn cAn crla t = 0, nhd vio c:ic giri
thi6t trung gian gifa czic giri thi6t b) vi c) trong dinh lj X.2.
x.2. NGUYEN LV CUC DAr
Sau d6y 1d kdt qui cht ydu
Dinh lf X.3. Cho uo e L2(O) vri u lir ldi girii cria (1),
(2)' (3). Khi d6 ta c6
minl 0, inf us J < u(x,t) ( max{ 0, supu6 I V(x,t) e Q.
O'O
Chrlng minh. Ta st dung phrrong phrip cdt ngdn cta
Stampacchia. Gi6 str
K= max{ 0, supu6 }<+"c.
o
 Ta cd tlinh mQt hdm G nhrl trong ch(rng minh dinh Ii
IX.27 vd ta dal

H ts) =
JGro)
ao , seR
0

Cu6ri cirng ta dit hdm sd

o(t)= f,Hfurx,t)-K)dx.
Ta chrlng minh duoc d6 dnng rhng 9 c6 cdc tinh chdt
sau:
( 17) rp e C([0,":[; R), q(0) - 0, q > 0 tr6n [0,"c[
(18) qe C1(lo,-[; R)
I
vd

= [G(u'x,t) - K,]r*,t,d* = LG\u{x,t)-K,Au(x,t)dx

'&.)to
o'(r,)

2d" < o.
= -f,c'tut,,,il-K)lvu(x,t)l
vi - K) € H6(o) v6'i t > 0.
G(u(x, t)

Tii d6 ta suy ra ring rp' < 0 tr6n 10, r I vd nhu vAy

q = 0. Do vfy, vdi m6i t > 0, u(x, t) < K h.k.n tr6n O.

HQ qui X.4. Cho uo e L2(O) vri u lir ldi giii cria

(1),(2),(3) .
(i) Ndu uo > 0 h.k.n tr6n O, thi u > 0 tr6n Q.
(ii) Ndu us e L'(Q), thi u € L'(o) vir

378
(1e) ll
" ll"-,e, < 1l "o li,--,n,.
HQqui X.5. Cho uo e C(o) L2(C)) vdi uo = 0 tr6n
^
f(1'. Khi tl6 ldi gi6i u cta (1), (2), (3) thuQc vno C( Q ).

Chfng minh hQ qui X.5. Coi {u6,,} ld m6t ddy hdm

trong Ci(a) sao cho us,, ) U6 trong L"(Q). (ddi vdi su tdn
tai cria d6y him ndy, xem [EX] ). Theo tlinh l;i X.2 ldi.girii u"
cfia (1), (2), (3) trrong fng vdi didu ki6n ddu u6,, s6 thuQc viLo
C- ( 6 ) . Mat khric (xem dinh 1i VIII.7) ta bidt rlng

un (t) - u(t) 1"r,.,, < ] u0,, - u0 l"z-,,, vt > 0 .

CuO'i cirng, nhd (19), ta c6

11
u. - r- 11,.,,e, . ll
uon - uu. i1,1ny.

Do d6 dny {u"} hQi tu ddu tr6n Q vd u, va nhu vQy

u e C(Q).
Ta ctng c6 thd dd c{p ddn nguydn l1/ cdc dai dddi m6t
g6c tlQ khric. O aay, ad cd dinh ]y' tudng, ta giri srr rhng O bi
chEn. Gid srl u(x, t) Id m6t hhrn th6a m5n

QU ueC(Qxl0,Tl) vdi T>0

(21) u thuQc 1d'p C1 theo bidn t vi thudc ldp C2 theo bidn
x tr6n Q xl0, T l

(99\ !l-or.0 ,"0., Q,10, T [(L.

at

(') NC'u o kh6ng bi chan, ta phtii giri srl th6m rdng u0(x) -+ 0 khi
l*l - ,,.

379 i
i

I
 Dfnh lf x.6. vdi c6c gi6 thidt (20), (21) vd (22).
Khi d6
(23) max u max u
()xl0,Tl P

trong d6 P=( Qxl0l)u( f x [0'T]) 16r bi6n "parabolic"

cria hinh tru Qxl0,T[.
2 vdie>0sao
Chri'ng minh. Ddt v(x, t) = u(x, t) + a I x I

cho

(24) a-,lu<-2e Nio tren oxl 0,T[.

a
Ta hay chitng minh rhng max v = max v ; bing phrin
or t0, Tl P

chfng gid st riing

_max v = v(xo,t0) vdi (x6,t6)eOx[0,T] vd (x6,t6)e P.
O rl0,Tl
\./i x6 eQ vi 0<t6 !T,tac6
t25t A\'(xo, to) s 0

(26\ iv
>0
-(xo.to)
([a c6
.\ T at*,t^t
--(xo.tor=0 n6u to < vd
"" >o ndu to = T)'2'.
Ct ,lt I

Kdt hop (25) vd (26) ta thu dddc

& x6, t6 ) 2 0, tlidu
at
ndy mAu thuAn vdi (2a). V{y ta suy ra drloc

'r' ChLl y rhng ta khong chi rd ci dicu ki€n bien lin didu kiin dau.
(r) Dd tlugc hodn todn chinh x:ic, ta cdn phzii lttm viQc tr6n
O x j0, T'L vdi T' < T vd sau d6 cho T' tidn vd T.

380
 2
_max v max v< maxu+€C, trong tl6 C=suP x
orl0,Tl P P x€Q

Vi u(v ta duoc _max u < max u+eC Ve > 0; til

oxt0.Tt P

d6 ta c6 (23).

X.3. PHUdNG TRiNH S6NG

Cho c RN ln mOt t4p mri c6 biOn f . Nhu d phAn tr6n, ta ki

fl
hi6u Q = Oxl0,+sr I vd : = f x]0,+:o [. Tax6tbdi to6n
sau dAy: Tim mdt hirm utx, t): Q ' I 0,-,o I-+ R sao cho

.2
(27)
du
Au=U tr6n Q
e12

(28) u=0 tr6n I

(29) u(x,O) = uo (x) tr6n C)

eu
(30) (x,0) = vo(x) tr6n f)
-rf,
N
trong d6, A=f &^2 chi Laplace theo bidn kh6ng gian,
i=l
i
t th bidn thdi gian vir u6, v6 lA c:ic him cho trudc
! Phrrong trinh.(27) dddc goi la phudng trinh s6ng.
tt j.-a
^2
tr; ld torin tt
1

I Tozin aoi khi drroc k]f higu ld d6

i dt"
I DAlembert. Phltong trinh s6ng ld mQt vi du mAu crla
' phdong trinh hyperbolic.

381
 Khi N = 1, e)-10,1[, phudng trinh (27) rnd tzi sql dao
dgrrg b6(r) cta mQt s{i ddy kh6ng chiu tric tl6ng ctia ngoai
h1c. Vdi m6i t > 0, d6 thi cua hdm x e f) ra u(x, t) tring vdi
hinh dang ctia soi dAy & thdi didm t. Khi N = 2, phuong trinh
(27) md td s{ dao dong b6 cria mQt m}rng dirn hdi. Vdi
m6i t > 0, dd thi cfia hAm x e C: r-+ u(x, t) triing vdi hinh dang
cua mdng 6 thdi didm t. MQt crich tdng qurit, phrrong trinh
(27) m6 td srl lan truy6n cia mQt s6ng (Am hoc, di6n tit, ...)
trong mQt.m6i trudng tldn hdi thuan nhdt f) c RN.
Phr-tong trinh (28) lA tlidu kiQri bi6n Dirichlet; n6 c6
thd thay thd boi didu ki6n Neumann hoAc bdi m6t trong sd
cric didu kiOn bi6n kh:ic dn gap trong ciic chr-tong VIII vd IX.
Di6u ki0n u = 0 trOn f cho bidt ring soi dAv (tr-tong rlng vdi
mdng,...) gilr cd ttinh tr6n bi6n f . Didu ki6n Neumann cho
bidt rhng sdi dAy dudc tu do d cdc ddu mrlt.
Cric phutong trinh (29) vd (30) m6 tri trqng thrii ban
ddu cria hQ: DAy ld c6c di6u ki6n Cauchy; hinh d4ng ban
ddu (ta c0ng noi ring dQ dich chuydn ban ddu) dudc md te bdi
uo(x) vi v{n tdc ban ddu dttoc md tri bdi ve(x).
Dd cd dlnh y trrdng, ta gid sti rlng trong phdn sau tlAy
Q thuQc lcip C' vrii t- bi chan.
Dinh lf X.?. (S{ t6n tai v}r duy nhAit). Gi6 srl r}ing
uo e H2 (e) o Hl (o) ve vo e H| to) . Khi d6 t6n tai mQt
ldi gi6i duy nhdt u(x, t) cta (27), (28), (29), (30) vdi

(r) Phuong trinh dAy dt ln mqt phuong trinh phi tuy6'n rat kh6 '
gi:ii; phrrong trinh (27) dd drroc tuy6'n tinh h6a trong l6n c{n
cLla mQt vi tri cAn bling.

382
I
(sl) u e (tO"o[;r*tc} nr$tcDl,,-, t'11q-1;r{,tcr))nC(t0,@t;r?(O).
I

I Hdn nila ta c6

(42) l*,ri' +lv,,tt)lf,,n, =l,ol},n,*lv'o1,.1,.,, vt > 0(r)

lft ll,,o, ' ')

1#n,l*,",
=
!i",rl'*, ;
v..tolfu,n, =
i[l#",'|".
Chri thich 6. H0 thrlc (32) 1A rnQt dinh luft bio toin
thd hiqn ning lrrong cta hO th6'ng vAn kh6ng thay ddi theo
thdi gian.
Chring ta hiy th6m vdo tlAy k61 qud vd tinh ddu:
Dfnh lf X.8 (Tinh ddu). Gii sr1 ring c6c di6u kiQn
ddu th6a m6n
uo e Hk(Q), vo e Hk(cl) vk
vir cdc quan hQ trldng thich
u0 = Au. = Aiuo =... = 0 ir6n f Vj nguy6n
=...
vs = Av6 -,.. =AJvo =... = 0 tr@n I Vj nguy6n.
Khi .16 ldi gi6i u cria (27), (28), (29), (30) thuQc vio
ueC'(Ox[0,o[).
Chr?ng minh cria dinh lf X.7. Gidng nhd trong X.1, ta
xem u(x, t) nhrr mot him x:ic dinh tr6n [0.o:[ co gizi tri trong
mdt khdng gian vecto; chinh x:ic hon, vdi t > 0 cd dinh u(t) chi

(1)Girii
thich 16 cric kli hieu
L.u r2
I f rl(U. r2 N 2
t_(t)l |
= Jo l- x, I d* I
L Y,,tt r12., = t I
rl,- !2, a- Jtt
cru
-- x t dx
l& L2ro, ,t I
i=
__
I r)t

383
iinh xa x r-r u(x, t) . Ta vidt phrrong trinh (27) dtrdi dang mdr
hO c6'p mQt'1):

du
dr
trdn a
(33)
dv
__au=u tr6n Q
dt
1u\
vi ta dit U= thi (33) trd thinh
l.,,J

(34) 49+AU=o

vdi

(35) AU
0 I
U
0- ,ll,,)
=
-A 0 -A 0 I Iv, -Au
B6y gid ta rip dung dinh lf Hille-Yosida trong khdng
gian H = Ufito) L2{Q) trang bi tich vd htrdng
"
(Ul,U2)H =
Lou, Vu2 dx+
[, urr, dx+ f, v1v2 dx

u1 /u" \ 1

vdU
I

trong d6 U I
v1 \vz I
Ta x6t to:in trl khOng bf chdn A:D(A)cH-+H xac I

dinh bdi (35) vdi

D(A) = (H2(o),-r Hl(o)) ,. Hl(o).

(') Dey la phrip thddng dtrng de vidt mQt phddng trinh vi

phr.tong.
phAn cdp k theo t thdnh mQt hQ gdm k phudng trinh b{c nhdt.

384
 Chii j ring didu ki6n biAn (28) da dudc tlua vio
kh6ng gian H; cfrng chri j rhng do (28) tt ddng ta c6
du
v=-=utren)-
dt
Ta s6 nghipm lai ring A + I ld tlon di6u crlc dai trong H.

i) A + I ddn diQu. Thdr vAy n6u U = lul . orat ta co

\v/
(AU,ulH +lulfl =-Jvuv'- Jrr* f-lu)u* f"'z + f vul'z+ Jv,
= -f,, * fu2 + J.,2 * jlou;, - o.

ii) A + I ddn diQu cr/c dai. Ta chi cdn chrlng minh

rlng A + 2I ld todn zinh. Cho O=ftl.H. Nhu vdy ta cdn
\ci
phzii giAi phtiong trinh AU + 2U = F, nghia ld hQ

(36) {-v+2u=f rran O

[-Au+2v=g tren O
vdi
u e H2 (e) n ul, tol vir v e nf {cll .

: Ta suy til (36) ring

(37) -Au + 4u = 2l + g..
Nhrrng phuong trinh (37) c6 mOt ldi girii duy nhat
u e H2(Q),-r Hl(O) (xem dinh lJi IX.25). Ti6ip theo ta thu aluoc
v e Uf tO) vi v = 2u - f; didu ndy dAn tldn (36).
Ap dung dinh lf Hille-Yosida (ttinh lj VII.4) vd chrj
thich VII.7 ta thdy.ring tdn tai mdt ldi girii duy nhdt ctja bni
toiin

385
 99+aU=0 tr6n [0,"c1
{:lb ) dt i
U(0) = llo, !
vdi I
(39) U e (l1l I 0,z l;H ) C([0,,:[; D(A)) I

u0
boi vi Uo = e D(A) . TU (39) ta thu dugc (31).
v6

Dd chrlng minh (32) ta chi cdn nhAn (27) brii S va rdv

tich phAn tr6n Q. Chri i ring ta c6

i &&a*=li[
tr;*:6t
2 rt r:1
]a,*,,,I'a*
|ft L

vd [, r-aur * u* =
[, vu irv,r * =;; J, lou 1'a".

Chri thich 7. Khi Q bi chin ta co the dirng tr6n Hltcll

tich vd hddng Jvu, vu, (xem h9 qud IX.19) vir tr6n
H = Hl(Q), L2(o) tlch v6 hudng
(U1,U2) = vu2 + J, vrvz
J,"u,
Uq U2
trong tl6 U1 vd U2
v1 \2

Vdi tich v6 hrldng n)Y ta c6

(AU,U) = -Jv"v, +f (-lu)v , o VU= (;) e D(A).

386
 Ta nghiOm lai d6 dang rlng (xem [EXl)
i) A vir -A lA ddn diQu cUc alai.
ii) A'= -A.
Do tl6, ta c6 thd girii bii toein sau:

99 - au
dr
= o tr6n [0, +co[, u(o) = uo

hoic ngay vdi

99+AU=o tr6n I-co,01, . U(0) = Uo.(11
dt
Cudi ctrng tir hO thfc (32) ta vidt duoc

lutoln ='Uol, vteR;

Ta n6i rhng ho {U(t)}t.R lA mQt nh6m ding cqr tran H.

Chri thich 8. Phuong trinh s6ng khdng c6 inh hddng

gi vd tinh dCu tr6n cdc diiu kiQn tldu - nguoc lai vdi
phudng trinh nhi0t. Dd xiic minh tlidu ndy ta'c6 th6 xem
trr"rdng hop O = R. Bai l.rdn (27), (28), Qg), (30) c6 mOt ldi
giai tudng minh r6t don giin:
'l 'l *'.t
(40) u(x,t)= j tuorx + t) + uo(x - t)l +i Jvs{s)ds.
xt
Dec biQt ndu vo = 0, thi
1,
u(x, t) = luo{x + t) * uo(x - t)l
i .

(r) N6i crich kh6c thdi gian c6 thd quay nguoc lai, chtl
i st, tudng
phzin vdi phudng trinh nhiQt.

387

)
 rlng ld u kh6ng thd <tdu hdn uo. Ta c5 thd chrlng
Rb
minh ngay; giri sfr rhng uoeC'(R\{xo}). Khi d6 u(x, t) lA
C' trOn R x R ngoai tril tr6n tltldng thdng c6 phtiong tlinh
x+t=xovAx-t=x0; day la cdc dudng ddc tnt'ng ndy I
sinh tr)t tlidm .(xo, 0). C:ic k) d! niy lan truydn theo cdc
dridng d{c trr/ng.
Chri thich 9. Khi O bi ch5n bii torin Q7), ,Zil, Qg),
(30) c6 thd gizii gidng nhu phuong trinh nhi6t bdi sr/ phdn
tich tr6n mQt cd sd Hilbert. Dd giai theo crich niy, ta chon
mQt co sd {e1{x)} c'ia L2{Q) gdm cric hdm ri6ng crla - A vdi
tlidu kiQn Dirichlet, trfc ld - Ae, = 1 e1 tr6n f2, ei = 0 tr6n f
(chri ;i' rhng )..i > 0). Ta tim ldi girii crla bdi torin (27), e8), eg),
r 30 ) dudi dang
(41) u(x,t) = f a1(t)e;(x) .

Ta thdy ngay l{p trlc ring ta phdi c6

ai(t) + l; ai (t) = 0 ;

dodo aiiL)=a (0)cosrfr tt*lp"ir,r[t,.

Cric hlng sd ai(O) ve ai(0) drroc xric dinh ttr cdc ding
thrltc sau

u6(x) = f a1(0)e;(x) vd v6(x) = lai(0)e1(x);

n6i crlch khric, dAy li cdc thinh phdn ciia u0 ve v0 trong co sd

{ei}. Dd khrio srit sri hQi tu crla chu6i (41), c6 thd xem Raviart-
Thomas [lJ hay Weinberger [1].

388
 Chrlng minh dinh lf X.8. Ta sii dung lai cdc ki hiQu
trong chrlng minh cta dinh lf X.7.
Ta nghiQm 1ai d6 ding bXng qui nap theo k rlng
I
kl
j< ;l
ue Hk*1 vd Aju=0 trdn I- v0<
u
D(Ak) =
; I- v0 < j < It<
+:
v e Hk(Q) vir Aiv = 0 tr6n It -1

D6c biQt tXAk ) c Hk.1(c2) , Hk (Q) vdi ph6p nhring li6n

U0
tuc. Ap dung dfnh lf V.II.5 ta thdv ring ndu U, =
vg
e UAk),

th) 1di giAi U crla (38) th6a

, =
D(Ar))
gt-j11o,"ct; vj = 0,1,...,k;

d4c biet u € Ck-j([0,co1' uitl{cl)) vj = 0,1,...,k. Cuo'i ctrng

nhd mQnh dd IX.15, ta kdt luAn duoc rIng drrdi c6c gi6
thidt ctia tlinh li X.8 (tr1c ld Us e D(Ak)vk), khi d6
UeCk( oxt0,.ot) vk.
Chd thich 10. Cric quan he tuong thich th-toc tlua vdo ti
dinh lf X.8 1d cdn v6r .If dd ldi giii u cfia Q7), (28), (29), (30)
thuOc vio C- ( O ,. t 0, "c I ) (cirng mQt c:ich chrlng minh vd'i
chri thich 4).
Chri thich 11. Cric ki thu4t st? dung trong X.3 kh6ng
thay ddi d6'i vdi phtrong trinh Klein- Gordon
D2u .
R,m+0"
t27't. tr6n Q vdi m e
#-or*-2r=0

389
 ch6 j rlng ta kh6ng thd ttua vd (27) b6i ph6p ddi bidn
v(x, t) = er t u(x, t) .

BINH LUAN CHTJONG x

Binh lufn v6 phrldng trinh nhiQt
Dinh If J.L.Lions
1)
Kdt qui sau ddy cho ph6p ta thidt l4p, trong khudn khd
r6it tdng qu6t, srt tdn tai vi tinh duy nhdt cria m6t ldi gi6i ydu
cho ciic bdi to:in parabolic. Dinh lj ndy d6ng mdt vai trd
tridng tU nhd dfnh l1i Lax-Milgram, ddi vdi bii todn
parabolic. Cho H ln mQt kh6ng gian Hilbert traing bi tich vd
hrrdng (.,.) vd chudn i.l. Ta ddng nhdt H vdi tlo'i ng6u ctia n6.
Gii sir V li mdt khOng gian Hitbert khdc c6 ctrudn ll.l] . ra
gi6 sit ring V c H vdi ph6p nhrlng li6n tuc va trir met, ta c6
V c H c V' (xem chri thich V.1).
Cho T > 0 cd dinh; vdi hdu hdt t e I0, T1 1a x6t m6t
dang song tuydn tinh a(t, u, v): V x V -+ R th6a ciic tinh chdt:
(i) him t r+ a(t; u, v) do duoc Vu, v e V,
(ii) | a(t;u, v) | < Mli u ll ll v ll h.k.n te t0,rl, vu,v e v, I

(iii) a(t;,v,v) > crll vll'z-Cl vl2 tr.t<.n t e t0, Tl, vveV,
trong d6 cr > 0, M vd C ii c6c hing sd.

Dinh lf
X.9 (J.L.Lions). Cho trtidc f € L2(0, T; V')
vi uo e H, t6n tqi mQt hirm duy nhdt u sao cho

u e L2(0,T; V) n C(t0,Tl; H) vir $.

dt
r,2to,t;v'l

390
 *t,1,
'dt
< v) +a(ti u(t),v) = (f(t), v) h.k. t e [0,T], Vv e V
u(0) = uo.
Phdn chrlng minh c6 thd xem Lions-Magenes [1] hay
tExl.
Ap dung: H = L2(o), v = H6(o)

a(t; u, v) = f Ia,.tx.tt to & dr,*

f,) | &1 6xj
-
*f f,",r*.t,$vdx -f, aotx.ttuvdx

vdi aii, a1, a6 e L-(Oxl0,T[) vd

@2) fi,i a;;(x,t)(1(; -" lEl'

h.k.n (x,t) e Qxl0,T[, V( e RN, c > 0.

Nhd vay ta thu th-roc mot ldi girii y6u ctia hdi torin

dt- t E
du C
(qj tu r.)a|*anr=f tr6n fr.l0T[
4 Tdq
I
:
(43) u=0 tr6n fxl0Tl

(a0) = q(x) tr6n Cl

Nhd bd sung ciic gi6 thidt tr6n cdc drr kiQn, ldi gizii cria
(43) li ddu hon, xem cric binh lu4n tidp theo sau ddy.
2) Tinh d6u C"
Ta gii s& ring Q bi chln vd thuQc ldp C-. Cho
a11,a1rao e C"( o xt0,Tl) th6a (42).

391
 Dinh lfKro. GiA slt ring uo eL2{o) vi f eC6)xlqTl).
Xf,i aO ldi gi6i u cria (43) thuQc vAo C-(O xte,Tl) vdi
mgie>0.
Hdn nrla ndu us eCt o) vi {f, uo} th6a min mQt sd
quan hQ tddng thichil) tr6n r x{0}, khi d6 u e C-(o xtqTl),
PhAn chrlng minh c6 thd xem Lions-Magenes [1],
Friedman. tL), t2), Ladyzhenskaya-Solonnikov-Uralseva [1]
vn [EX]; chri'ng minh niy drla trdn ciic k] thu6t drinh giri rdt
{
gid'ng vdi chrlng minh tla tludc trinh bdy trong ciic chr"rong VII
:
va ,t. r.
Dd f rlng c6 mOt ly thuydt trdu tdgng tdng qu{it
h6a lf thuydt Hille - Yosida cho cdc phtrong trinh c6 dang
!9,r,*A,r)u(,, = f(t). trong al6, vdi m6i te [0,T,l. A(t) la
dt
Lf thuydt nay de dudc phrit tridn btii Kato,
-1

tlon diQu cuc tlai.

Tanabe, Sobolevski vi nhidu ngtidi kh6c; lj thuyet niy vd mdt
k!' thu4t thi phrlc tap hon vd kh6 s& dung hon l;, thuydt cira l

Hille-Yosida, xem Friedman [2], Tanabe [1] vi Yosida [1].

3) Tinh diu LP ve Co'o
du
t16n oxlo,Tl
dt
--Au=t
@4) u=0 tr6n fxl0,T[(2)

u(x,0) = uo (x) tr6n o

(r) Chdng ta khOng girii thich rd cdc quan hO ndy; cdn phzii phd cap
(8) (c0ng xem lai chf thich 4).
(2i
Chri y li ta c6 thd cho mot di6u ki€n bi6n kh6ng thuAn nhdt
u(x, t) = g(x, t) tr6n I- x 10, T[, nhung dd don girin ta dtrng lai o
tnldnghopg=0.

392
 Dd cd dfnh i tudng, ta gid st rhng f) bi chan thuQc ldp
C". Ta bdt tlAu bing m0t trudng hop tlon gitin:
Dinh lf X.11 (Tinh diu L2). Cho tnidc f €L2( c}(lqTl)
vi un e Hl(o), tdn t4i duy nhdt mot ldi giai u cta (44)
th6a min
ueC([0,T]; H6(o)) rr L2( 0,T; H2(Q)nHl(o)),
vi 4.L2t 0. ,o:L2tCl)).
at
PhAn chimg minh thi tlon giAn, xem Lions-Magenes [1]
hay tEXl. Tdng qudt hon trong czic khdng gian Lp ta c6

Dinh lf X.12 (Tinh d6u Lp). Cho tnldc f eIX cxlqTt)

v6i 1 < p < co vd. u6 = 1'1), tdn tai duy nhdt mot ldi gi6i u
' sao cho
ctia (44) +. 1-, i} eLp( oxl0,T[ ) vi, j'
" d aq aq&i
X.rB (Tinh d6u Holder). Cho O < o < 1. Gii
Dinh lf
sr? ring f eC"'"12(6 x[0,T])'2) vi u6 e C2*"(Q) th6a
cic quan hC tddng thich th6ng thddng
uq = 0 vri -Auo = f(x,0) tr6n f'
tr6n F

Khi d6 (44) tdn t4i duy nhdt mgt ldi giii u sao cho
C"'" 2( Cj r[0,TI) Vi, j.

(r)
Dd ddn gian.
(')nghia la f(x1,t1)-f(x2,t2)i< C ( lx1 -x2 2 vxr,xr,tr,t,
l2+|tr-t,|;"i
393
 Chrrng minh cia c6c tlinh li X.12 vd X.13 rdt tinh td (trir
trudng hdp p = 2 cfra dinh lf
X.12). Gidng nhu trong trddng
hop elliptic (xem binh lu{n d chuong IX), cdc chrlng minh nAy
sit dpng:

a) mOt c6ng thrlc biCu di6n trrdng minh cta u nhd vdo
ldi giAi co bin crla tortn trl 9 - A ; vi du ndu Q = RN vd ndu
at
f= 0, khi d6

(45) u(x, t) = f,* E(* - y, t) uo(y) dl =E 'r uo

.

i
(+ la tich chdp chi cldi vdi bien khdng gian xr 1
t
I
trong tl6 E(x, t) = (4r 1;-uiz"-l
* 2
fat , thd xem Folland [1]'
"u
-tI
b) Mqt kt thuflt tich Phan k) df {
I
Xem Ladyzhenskaya- Solonnikov- Uralseva [1] vd t

Friedman t1l. Ddi v6i nQi dung dinh Ii X.12, cfrng c6 thd
xem trong Grisvard t1J (phAn 9) vd Stroock- Varadhan [1]; I
-i
Brandt [2] (xem Knerr [1]) trinh bAy mOt chrlng minh rdt
ddn giAn vd tinh ddu Holder "3 phdn trong" crla axIO,T[
(mOt phAn kdt luAn cfia tlinh li X.13 )

Nhd v?ro cric gii thidt bd sung vd tinh kha vi ctia f ta thu
dugc tinh tldu cia u. Ta rrit ra tldoc "bii hoc" nhd sau: thdng I

thudng, ndu u0 = 0, cfing xiy ra nhrr v{y n6u }et ve au I

mQt cdch dQc l6p, c6 ctng tinh ddu nhrr f.

394
 Cudi cing, cht yi ring c6c kdt luQn crha cric tlinh li X'11'
X.12, X.13 vin tlfng khi ta thaY A bdi

-F9'''' ilr* )u'4

-dxi *u"
.Ad: T r'x1

v<ii ceic hQ sd diu sao cho

(46) la1;(x,t)€iB,; >r lel' vx,t, v(eRN, v>0'

i,j
Ddi v6i tnldng hgp citc hC sd kh6ng tliu
(qj €f(O xl0,TI) th6a (46)), mQt dinh l1i kh6 cua Nash-Moser

kh6ng tlinh ring tdn tai s > 0 sao cho ueCo'"/2t o '[0,T]);
xem Ladyzhenskaya- Solonnikov- Uralseva [1 l.
4) CAc vidu v6 phtrong trinh parabolic
Ta de gap cric phuong trinh (vi cric hQ) parabolic tuydn tinh
hay phi tuydn trong rdt nhi6u linh vdc: co hoc, v{t li, h6a
hoc, sinh hoc, tlidu khidn tdi tir:, xric sudt,... Ta hay chri f tldn
mQt sd dang:
i) HQ phrrong trinh Navier - Stokes
al, N
,I
-]-Au
(n
+ lu OU

ax
f +
&i
tr6n Oxl0,T[,1< i s N

div u = t
N Au,

i=1
------r
axi
=0 tr6n Qxl0,Tl
u=0 tr6n f xl0,Tl
u(x,0) = uo(x) tr6n O

hQ ndy tl6ng mQt vai trd co bin trong cd hoc chdt 16ng, xem
Temam [1] vi cric tii liQu tham khAo da li6t ka.

395
 ii) HQ phr-rong trinh ph6u rlng - Khudch t:in. D6 ln
cdc phr-tong trinh (h6 phudng trinhi parabolic phi tuydn cd
d4ng

!3-ulu = f(i) tr6n exro.TI

a
+ tti6u kiQn bi6n vi didu ki6n ddu
trong d6 t) ld mdt vectd m thdnh phAn, M ld m6t ma
fr (x,

tr{n ch6o m x m vd f : R- -+ R' le m6t rinh xa phi tuydn.

trinh ndy md tti cric hiCn tudng xuat hi6n trong
Cric phr-rong
nhidu nhidu linh vuc khdc nhau: h6a hoc, sinh hoc, sinh l;i I
hoc, thdn kinh, dich t6 hoc, su chriy, di truydn hoc,... Xem Fife i
t
[1] vi mOt so tai li6u tham khzio dA dLtoc li6t k6.
iii)
Cric bii todn bi6n trl do. Vi du nhrl'bAi to6n
Stefan m6 tri su tidn h6a cua mQt h6n hdp nddc - nudc d.i; I

xem phAn trinh biy ctia Magenes [1] (c6 rdt nhidu tAi 1i6u 1

tham khtio), Free Boundary problems t1l, t2l, Moving i

boundary problems [1] (vd cdc tdi li6u tham khao da kd ). l
iv) Cric phuong trinh khudch t:in ptrrit sinh tr) lf
thuydt x:ic sudt lchuydn ddng Brownien, quri trinh Markov,
qu:i trinh khu6ch trin, phuong trinh vi phAn ng6u nhi6n,...;
xem Stroock - Varadhan [1]).

v) Vdi cric vi du khdc vd bAi to:in parabolic phi tuyda c6

thd xem D.Henry[1], B6nilan-Crandal\-Pazy [1], H.Brezis [2].
vi) Cudi cing luu riing ring dung mQt rlng dung nguy6n
1i
thuy ciia phrlong trinh nhi6t trong li thuydt chi sd Atiyah-
Singer, xem Gilkey [1].

396
 quan d6n
5) Ddi vdi cdc tinh chdt kh6c c6 li6n
.r*r6tt lf cdc dai xem Friedman t1f' Totle,r-W"""t:Y
ii],
"sp*u-
f tf . Ching
han nhu ngudi ta t15 chi ra ring neu
us +0 khi d6
,ia"iai-gui-.ira (1), (2), (3) vdi uo >0 vir
> OVx e Q, vt > 0 Khi Q = RN tinh chdt
niy li hidn
u(x, t)
trldng minh'
nhiOn nhO cdng thrlc (45) bidu di6n
Binh luSn v6 Phrlong trinh s6ng
Ldi giii ydu cta phddng trinh s6ng
6)
cria ldi gi6i
Ta c6 thd xAy drlng sr.r tdn t4i vA duy nhdt
mQt khung
y.!u.nu phudng trinh s6ng (vdi vd phAi Id O trong
i
H Id hai kh6ng
t"* tuong rdi tong' qurit' Gi6 sir V vdluan
"a.rn v c c V' (xem- binh 1)' cho T > (l
i
;;;;t*., ,rI .i,o H
Iiii"i' v6i m6i t e t0, Tl ta x6t mdt d4ng song tulin tinh
I
I

1i6n tgc ddi xrlng a(t; u, v): V x V + R sao cho:

I
(i) hdm t r+ a(t;u, v) thuQc ldp C1 Vu' r' = 'i
,v,v)-"ll ull'-cl vl'zv1-1o't1' vvev
I (ii) a(t;
a>0'

Dinh U X.14 (J.L'Lions) uho trddc f € L2(0'T;H)

nhdt u sao cho
I
vd u6 e V,v6 e H tdn tai nrgl lram duy
I

uec(to,Tl;v), $'r'2to't;n'' #€L2(o'Tiv')

, vt z a(t; "111,'1 = (f(t)' v) h'k'n te[0,T], VveV
i #nr,
s(0) = u6, 9tol
dt
= uo

397
 PhAn ch(ng minh c0a dinh lj X.14 xem Lions-Magenes
[ 1].

Ap dung: V =Hl(o), H=L2(o)

a(tru, v) =f f,uurr,u3L{ o- - [ as(x,t)uvdx

vdi (42) vit

j.
a r, +,,., *eL'(oxlo,rt), aij = a ji, vi,

Khi d6 ta thu tludc mdt ldi giAi ydu crla bhi torin

4-y
dtz
i,u,,3t,.a^u=r tr6n Oxl0,Tl
i&: "ax,
(28), (29), (30).

;i rbng ci.c gij, thidt tr6n cdc di6u kiQn ddu

Chd
{uo e H}to) vd v6 e L2(O)) E tl6y ydu hdn trong tlfnh lf
X,7. Nhd cric giA thi6t bd sung trdn f, u6 vd vo (tinh ddu vd
tlidu ki6n tudng thich) cfrng vAy tr6n c6c hO sd a1;, as ta thidt
lfp tlrroc ring ldi gi6i u ld ddu hon, xem Lions-Magenes [1].
7) Ly thuydf Lp d6'i vdi pJruong trinh sdng ld tinh te vd
vAn cdn kh6 hidu.
8) Nguy6n Iy cric dai
Mot sd dang r6it ddc biet cta nguyon l;i crrc dai vdn cbn
giritri, xem Protter - Weinberger t1l. Vi dU, gid sti u ld ldi
giAi cda t27t, t28), (29), r30).
(i)NiiuO=R, uo )0 vi v6 >0, thi u>0
(ii)NduQ=R2,uo=0va v6 >0,thi u>0.

398
 PUan (tl ttl cong thilc bidu di6n tudng minh'
tluoc suy ra
MQt c6ng thitc cing dang, nhung phrfc tqp hdn, vAn cbn
thing vdi O = RN; c6 thd xem Mizohata [1], Folland [1],
Weinberger [1], Courant- Hilbert [1], Mikhlin t1l va LEXI' Tii
dd c6 thd suy ra phdn (ii).
Ngridc lai ta chri f ddn c6c khing tlinh sau ddv
(xem [EX]):
(iii) Ndu O =10,1[, u6 2 0 vd vo = 0, kh6ng suy ra
dr-tgc u>0
(iv) Ndu O = R2, u6 2 0 vi vo = 0, kh6ng suy ra tltldc
u ) 0.
9) Mi6n phg thuQc. Sr/ lan truy6n s5ng. Nguy€n If
Huygens
Cd mQt su khric bi6t cd bin giia phuong trinh nhi6t vtr
phtrong trinh s6ng:

a) Ddi vdi phrrong nhiQt,' mQt chrit.nhi6u loan

trinh
6 hic trdt ddu c6 6nh hrrdng ngay trlc kh6c d khiip noi.
trlc ld Vx e Q, Vt > 0 . Vi du ta dA thdy rdng ndu ui1 ) 0 vd
uo + 0, thi u(x, t) > O,Vx e Q,Vt > 0 Ta n6i ring nhiQt lan
truydn vdi mQt v{n'tdc v6 h4n(').
b) Ddi vdi phrrong trinh s6ng.ta c6 mdt hi6n tuong hoirn
toAn khrlc. Vi du, x6t trrrdng hop fi = R. Cdng thfc trJdng
(r) Vd m4t vat Jf didu nay rdt khong thuc td! Tuv nhi6n c0ng thfc
bidu di6n (45) n6i ring mOt sd nhi6u loan blit dAu rl ldn can cta
xs c6 dnh hrrirng rdt tl6ng kd tl didm (x,t) nou t nho va ix - xoi
ld ldn.

399
 minh (40) chi ra ring u(i, i) cru phu thudc duy nhdt vdo
gid tri u6 va vs trong khoing Ix - i , i * tl .

(x t

x
x- t x+ t
i
Ta ri6i ti - t , i
rlng khodng + tl t.C.t trrc x ld mi6n 1

phq thuQc crla didm (i, i). I

I
I

Tinh chA't nhrr vdy vAn cdn thing vdi O = RN (vdi N > 2 ):
u(i, i) cfri phu thudc vio cric giri tri cta u6 vd ve trong qu6 i

cdu {x e R*; l, - il < tt. Qud cAu nay (trong si6u ph8ng
RN,l0l ) tluoc goi lA mi6n phg thuQc ctia didm rx, it; vd
mdt hinh hoc tliy ld phAn giao itia hinh n6n
i
{(x, t) eRNxR; l"- il < i-t,t< [].
I
vdi si6u phing RN x {0}. Trong vet l:i tinh chdt ndy c6 thd ;

girii thich nhu sau: c6c s6ng c6 thC lan truyCn v6i mQt
vQn tdc ctng l6m le 1(r). MAt ddu hi6u c6 tinh qhdt

(') V4n tdc 1 alddc alua ra vi dang chudn cia phddng trinh s6ng. Mot
sd tl6c gi:i thich tdm vi6c vdi phuong trinh { o tld cho
z - "2,1,,
=
,rt
vdn tdc c mOt vai trb ur viet.

400
 ilia phdong trong midn D E thdi didm t = 0'2'tiic ddng viro
didm x e RN mQt cdch duy ntrdt Udt tlAu ttr thdi didm
t > dist(x, D) (v6i t < dist(x, D) ta c6,1*, 11 = 0)'
Khi N > 1 vi 16 vi du N = 3 ta c6 mQt tinh chdt manh
mo hdn: u ( i, t ) ctri phu thu0c vio cric giri tri cua uo vd vo'3'
trong mit cdu {x e R*; l* - i ] = it. Ddy ln nguyGn lf
Huygens. Trong vAt 1;i, tinh chdt niy chi m6t ddu hiQu dia
phuong trong midn D tai thdi alidm t = 0 ld c6 thd quan siit
tluoc <i tlidm x e RN chi phu thuQc duy nhdt vdo kho6ng thdi
sian [tr, tz].trong al6 t1 =]ifiafr,vl va t2 =]!ld{*,vl' Suu

thdi didm t2 stl phu thuQc hdt tinh hlt6ng tai tlidm 'r '
Nguoc lai, vdi chidu N ld ch6n (vi du N = 2) 6nh hu6ng
cria ddu hi6u vdn tdn tai vdi moi t > t2(a)'

Ap dung trong am nh4c. MQt thinh gi6 ngdi trong R3

cach mQt dung cu ca nhac'5) m6t khoing c6ch d, nghe tai thdi
didm t ndt nhac tldoc choi 3 thdi didm t - d vd khdng nghe
6'.
cdc ndt khdc !

ti6t hdn vd nguvOn li Huvgens tlOc gii c6 thd

Dr! lAm chi
dua vao Courant-Hilbert [1], Fol]and [1], Garabedian [1]'
Mikhlin [1].

(2) dAu u0, ve c6 gi6 trong D.

tfc la mOt alidu ki€n
"' Va tiJ mot vai dao ham cua nd.
'o' S,/ arrh hdring
niy giAm dAn theo thdi gian, nhrrng n6 kh6ng bao
gio hOt hin.
dring kd.
'u) Gi,i .,i khoe.,g cdch kh6ng
(u) ta nghe drtoc mOt td hqp c6c n6't nhac
T.o.rg khi trong R2 ngrrdi
J tltigc choi trong khodng thdi gian [0, t - d]'
i
401
 rAr lrfru rHAM rnAo

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4t6

\-
 MUG tUG
.,]

Gidi thiQu bQ "Torin rlng dung cho Cao hoc"..... .... ...." ' 1
Ldi n6i ddu.................
Ldi gidi thiQu............. .......5

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Chtidng 1: Cric dinh If Hahn - Banach' Md ddu lf

thuydt harm l6i li6n hdp o

I.1. Dang giei tich cria dinh lf Hahn - Banach.

Thdc tridn ciic dang tuydn tinh........... . . . r . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .9

1.2. Cac dang hinh hoc c0a dinh I1y' Hahn - Banach:
tdch cdc tap ldi .............. ....................... 14

I.3. Md tlAu li thuydt c6c him ldi lian hdp ........................20

Binh lu4n chr-rong I........... . .. .......'......... ...'.30
Chridng 2: Dlnh lj Banach - Steinhaus vi dinh lf
dd thi d6ng. Quan hQ tnlc giao, Todn tt?
khdng bi chdn. Khrii niQm li6n ho. p.
DAc trdng cta to6n trl toin 6nh
II.1. Nhdc lai bd dd Baire .........., oo

II.2. Dinh lf Bandch - Steinhaus .............. 35

.1
II.3. Dinh lf rinh xa md vd dinh li dd thi t16ng.................39
II.4. PhAn bt Topc. Torin tti khri nghi'ch b6n phAi (trrii)...43
II.5. Quan hQ trrrc giao..... 48

4t7
 II.6. ME tlAu v6 c6c to6n trl tuydn tinh khdng bi chqn
Einh nghia cria torin trl li6n hoP 54

II.7. Ddc trdng cfia ciic toiin tt c6 Anh d6ng'

Torin tit todn rinh. Torin tti bi chdn """""""""""""" 58
Binh luan chudng II ......'.. """" " """"""' 63

Chridng 3: Topo ydu. Kh6ng gian phin xa'

Kh6ng gian khi ly. Kh6ng gian ldi ttdu "" ' 65
III.1. Nhdc lai v6 topo min nhdt bidn mQt ho 6nh xa
thdnh 1i0n tuc
III.2. Dinh nghia vi cdc tinh chdt so tl6ng cia topo ydu
68

III.3. Topo'y6'u, cric t{p hop ldi, cric torin trl tuy6n tinh""'74
III.4. Topo ydu + o(E', E).."...'..'... """"""""""""" ""' 76
IILS. Kh6ng gian phrin.xa... """""""" """ 84
.
III.6. Kh6ng gian kh6 Iy.........'........'......"""""" """""""" 92
III.?. Khdng gian ldi tldu ".........'....... """"' 98
Binh luQn chuong III......" """"""" """"" 101
Chddng 4: Cdc kh6ng gian Lp.'.......... """ 104
IV.1. MOt sd kdt qud tich phAn cAn bidt. 104

IV.2. Dinh nghia vd c:ic tinh chdt so tl6ng cta

khdng gian Lp.................'... """"""" 107

IV.S. Tinh phdn xa.'Tinh khd ly. Ddi ngdu cia Lp" """' 113

IV.4. Ph6p ch{P vd chinh quY h6a L25

478

\
 IV.5. Ti6u chudn compact manh trong Lp........................ 135
Binh luAn chtiong IV 740

Chrldhg 5: Kh6ng gian Hiltrert ........ 145

V:1. Dinh tinh chdl sd dAng.

nghia.Czic
Ph6p chi6u l0n tiip hop ldi d6ng..............................145
V.2. Dd'i ngAu cda khdng gian I{ilbert ..... t49
V.3. Cric tlinh ly Stampacchia vd Lax - Mi19ram........... 153
V.4. Tdng Hilbert. Co sci Hilbert.... 757

Binh luAn chdong V ........... 161

Chudng 6: Torin tt? compact. PhAn tich phd cfra

to6n tfi compact tu li6n hdp .. 165

VL1. Cric dinh nghia. Cric tinh chdt co btin .... 165

VI.2. Dinh 11i' Riesz - Fredholm 169

VI.3. Phd cda toiin trl cornpact t74

VI.4. PhAn tich ph6' cua ciic todn ttr compact
tu lien hop ..... 178

Binh luin chddng VI .... 181

Chrldng 7: Dinh lf Hille - Yosida .... 186

VII.1. Dinh nghia vi cric tinh chat so diing cira

torin trl don di6u crJc tlai ......................................... 186

VII.2. Giai bii todn tien h6a 9dr * e, = 0, u(0) = uo....... 191
l
VII.3. Tinh chinh quy........ 202

419

)
 \rII.4. Trudng hdp td lien hgp . .. . 204
Binh lugn chuong VII........... 211

Chrldng 8: Kh6ng gian Sobolev vir c6ng thtlc

bien ph6n cta c6c biLi torin bi6n
mQt chi6u...... 186

VIII- I - Ddt van d6 . 186

VIII.2. Kh6ng gian Sobolev Wl'p(I)..... .....217

VIII.3. Khdng sian WJ'P(I) 240

VIII.4. Vai vi du v6 bii torin bi€n 245

VIII.5. Nguy6n ly cgc dai...... 258
VIII.6. Hdm ri6ng vi su phdn tich phd 26t
Binh luAn chr-rong VIII .........264
Chudng 9: Kh6ng gian Sobolev vir c6ng thri'c
bidn phAn cta bii todn tri6n
Elliptic n - chidu........... 267
IX.l. Dinh. nghia vi c:ic tinh chAl co btin ctia cric
khdng gian Sobolev W1'P(f2) 267

IX.2. Torin tti thric tridn. ...281

IX.3. Ba't ddng thri'c Sobolev........ 290

IX.4. Khdng gian \V;'Picl) ........305

XI.5. Cdng thrlc bidn phiu cria m6t vdi biri todn
bi6n Elliptic.... ...............................312
XI.6. Chinh qui h<ia ldi girii ydu......................................323
l

420

,1

\
 Binh luqn chuong IX 345

Chddng 10: Biri to6n tidn h6a: phddng trinh nhiQt

vd phridng trinh sring JtrS

X.1. Phuong trinh nhiQt: su tdn tai, tinh duy nhdt

va tinh ddu ..-.,..-....365
X.2. NguyOn lj culc dai.. Jl I

X.3. Phddng trinh s6ng .............381

Binh lu4n chuong X 390
Tii liQu tham khio . 402

427
 2r\
GIAI TICH HAM
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