THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF HEALTH COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GENDER ELDER AND

CHILDREN
TANGANYIKA MEDICAL TRAINING BOARD
TABORA (E.A) POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

ORDINARY DIPLOMA NTA LEVEL 6 (2)

RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL

TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF STAFF ON MANAGEMENT OF

NARCOTIC DRUGS AT KITETE REFERRAL REGIONAL HOSPITAL

STUDENT NAME: DANIEL N MISHITA

REGISTRATION NO: NS.0136/0023/2017

MODULE CODE: PST06219

MODULE INSTRUCTOR NAME: PHARM.ISMAIL B SAID

SUPERVISOR NAME: PHARM.JUSTINE NSANZE

DURATION: APRIL TO MAY

PHONE NUMBER: 0748018941

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to provide my special thanks to the almighty GOD for enabling me in preparing this
research proposal through sharpening my mind with a full of knowledge.
Also my thanks would directly go to PHARM.JUSTINE NSANZE for his great support in
preparing this research proposal, through providing with various ideas on how the research to be
prepared,
My class mate, I also provide my special thanks to them because they also advice me in various
area for correction and on how to make my research proposal to appear in a proper way

Finally, I sincerely provide my special thanks to my parents for providing me with funds that
enabling me to fulfill preparing the research proposal.

2
.

LIST OF ABBREVIATION
WHO- World Health Organization

CHW- Community Health Worker

CHAs - Community Health Agents

NHIF- National Health Insurance Fund

CHF - Community Health Funds

PHC- Primary Health Care

RCT- Randomized Control Trials

OCP - Onchocerciasis Control Program

NGOs - Non Government Organizations.

NHS- National Health Services

SPSS - Statistics Package for the Social Science

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................2
LIST OF ABBREVIATION.....................................................................................3
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................5
1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................7
1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION...................................................................................................7

1.2 LITERATURE RIVIEW.....................................................................................8

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS..............................................................10
1.4 HYPOTHESIS..................................................................................................10
1.5 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................10
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY......................................................................10
1.6.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................10

1.6.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................10

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................10

2.0METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................11
2.1 FIELD STUDY...............................................................................................................................11

2.2 STUDY POPULATION..................................................................................................................11

2.3 STUDY DESIGN............................................................................................................................11

2.4 TYPES OF DATA...........................................................................................................................11

2.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION............................................................................................11

2.6 DATA ANALYSIS.........................................................................................................................11

2.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE.............................................................................................................12

2.7.3 STUDY VARIABLES..................................................................................................................13

2.7.4 ETHICAL ISSUES CONSIDERATION......................................................................................13

3.0 PROPOSED WORK PLAN CHART FORM...................................................14

4.0 BUDGET...........................................................................................................16
5.0 RETERENCES..................................................................................................17
6.1 INFORMED CONSENT FORM.....................................................................................................18

7.0 QUESTIONNAIRES........................................................................................19
4
ABSTRACT
This study set out to assess the knowledge of staff on management of narcotics Drugs. It
objectives included identifying the implementation factors, decisions and health facility factors
that lead to inadequate knowledge of staff on management of narcotics drugs

This study used questionnaire, interview, physical observations and document review to explore
data from KITETE hospital and staff members which made sample size of 55. An interview, the
obtained data is analyzing with the help of electronic calculators, present in the, table and
Histogram. This help the researcher to come up with conclusions and recommendations based on
findings.

5
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

NARCOTICS DRUGS these are substance used to treat moderate to severe pain, are like
opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium.

DRUG A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or
otherwise introduced into the body.

SIDE EFFECT A secondary typically undesirable effect of a drug or medical treatment.

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION response to a medicinal product that is potentially harmful and
unitended

EFFICACY Ability of a drug to produce intended effect

POTENCY Is a measure of drug activity.

CLINICAL TRIAL A systematic study or pharmaceutical products in human subject.

PHARMACOVIGILLANCE The science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment,
understanding, and prevention of adverse reaction to medicines. (ADRS).

6
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Monitoring and evaluation is procedures of knowledge generation, self assessment ,and joint
action in which stakeholders in a programme collaboratively define the value issues ,analyse
and collect data, and take the action as a result of what they learn through this process(Jackson
and kassam,1998).It is primarily based on allocating knowledge among beneficiaries of the
funders ,programmes implementation and often outside evaluation practitioners ,monitoring
calls for on going certification of the specific of program implementation so that outcomes can
be enlightened in high of program processes ,assessing calls for rulings about the effectiveness
and sustainability of the program (Aguti,2014).

This study sought to establish the factors lead to poor knowledge of staff on management of
narcotic drugs , factors affecting the monitoring and evaluation findings in this study were
envisaged,

7
1.2 LITERATURE RIVIEW
Factors which lead to inadequate knowledge on management of narcotics drugs is underpinned
by the theory of change and evaluation as postulated by Weiss ( 2000) respectively and patton
(2012).In the theory of change by the likes of Weiss , the achievement of a particular goal
follows a set of assumptions describing the step necessary for achieving a particular long term
goal of interest. Weis s as well notes that steps are necessary to make connections between
program activities and outcomes, and the difference exercise results in early and intermediate
changes in a given community exercise that are needed to reach a long term goal articulated by
the community (Connell and kubisch,1998).

The global dialogue around policies for health today places much discussion on specifically
those living in poverty. Participation is not only promoted in the context of provision and
utilization of health services. Advocates also highlight participation as a key factor in the wider
context of importance of social determinants of health and health as a human right (WHO
2008a). Despite the growing interest in the role of participation, there is little concrete evidence
that links participation directly to better health outcomes (Rifkin 2009).

The absence of this link continues to be a barrier to gain full support of governments, funding
agencies and health professionals to promote this approach). The purpose of this article is to
review the research that seeks to examine the links between community participation and
improve health outcomes in programs that target poor people. The majority of studies find that
such a link is not possible to identify because there is no standard definition of ‘community’ and
‘participation’. Where links are found, they are situation-specific and are unpredictable and not
generalizable. It suggests that if community participation is viewed as a process facilitating an
intervention rather than an intervention research investigating the link between participation and
health status outcomes would have greater validity reflecting how intended beneficiaries see their
situations rather than the views of policy makers and planners. (Atkinson et al. 2011)
With the acceptance of Primary Health Care (PHC) as the official policy of the member states of
WHO in the Alma Ata Declaration in 1978, the importance of community participation entered
the global health policy arena. The Declaration stated that health is a human right, that the
inequalities in existing health status are ‘politically, socially and economically unacceptable’ and
that essential health care must be made ‘accessible to individuals and families in the community
through their full participation’ The document highlighted social justice and linked it to equity
and participation as principles of PHC. (WHO 1978).

Responding to the call for community participation in the Alma Ata declaration, one of the more
immediate actions taken by several governments was the creation of a cadre of community health
workers (CHW) to serve poor rural populations where the majority of the world’s population
lived. Modelled on China’s ‘Barefoot Doctors’, they were community members trained to
8
provide basic health care and referrals to health care Centre. Embedded in the community and
supported by the community, it waslieved they would lower the cost of health provision. In
theory, they also acted as community ‘change agents’ who would make an impact on poor health
behaviors and ‘empower’ communities to make joint decisions about health care Answering
Alma Ata’s call for community participation, CHW’s became synonymous with PHC(Werner
1977).

These expectations proved to be somewhat idealistic. Not only was the idea of CHW’s as a
means of providing a relatively cheap health service challenged but also the reality of community
participation as a guarantee for uptake and support for local health services was not supported
(Berman et al. 1987; Walt 1990).

Motivated by the search for replicable designs and the search for funding, researchers have
increasingly sought to find evidence of a causal link between community participation and
improved health status. Not surprisingly, strong efforts for the search have been made in the area
of communicable disease control. For example, a systematic review of control of Chaga’s
disease concludes that participation enhanced the control of the disease but further evidence was
necessary concerning the examination of the detail that describes participation, the authors say
(Abad-French et al. 2011).
For instance, we found that most community-based experiences in Chaga’s disease vector
control are merely, utilitarian, with little or no participation of the community in design, planning
and evaluation of interventions. Effective involvement of all stakeholders along the whole
process18 would no doubt foster true empowerment, and this could in itself result in improving
health and living standards No evidence is given to support this statement. (Abad-French et al.
2011, p. 9).
the lack of investigation into the wider role of the community by a systematic review examining
communicable disease control in low- and middle-income countries using malaria as a case
study. The review shows that community participation has played a key role in disease control
and elimination in many countries. However, the exact nature of this role is hard to define. The
reason, the authors state that the potential of community participation has not been realized is
that there is a lack of definitions for ‘community’ and ‘participation’ and insufficient investment
in the ‘people’s component’ of the programmes18 by (Atkinson et al. (2011)

9
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
According to the high prevalence about (50%) on management of narcotics drugs among health staff
especially at KITETE referral regional hospital is the one of the factor lead to investigate knowledge,
effect and practice among health staff.

1.4 HYPOTHESIS
At KITETE hospital there are factors which lead to inadequate knowledge on management of narcotics
drugs is due to poor knowledge of staff on narcotic drugs.

1.5 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to reduce the effects caused by health staff due to inadequate knowledge on
management of narcotic drugs.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.6.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES.

To assess the knowledge of staff on management of narcotic drugs at KITETE referral regional
hospital.

1.6.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.

1. To identify procedures for narcotics procurement at KITETE referral regional Hospital.

2. To identify narcotic drugs handling at pharmacy unit at KITETE Hospital.

3. To identify storage condition of narcotics drugs at KITETE Hospital.

4. To identify knowledge of staff in management of narcotic medicine at KITETE

Hospital.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Have you heard about NARCOTICS DRUGS?

2. What factor causes inadequate knowledge of staff on management of narcotics drugs at

KITETE Hospital?

3. Which the major factors to improve knowledge of staff on management of narcotics drugs?

10
 4. What health factors affect people due to inadequate knowledge of staff on management of narcotic
drugs at pharmacy unit at KITETE Hospital?

2.0METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology use in this study. That has been divide into study area, study
design, study population, criteria, sample size calculation, data collection procedures and instruments,
data management, entry and analysis, dissemination of results, ethical consideration and study limitations.

2.1 FIELD STUDY

The study will be conducted at KITETE Referral Regional Hospital located in Tanzania country
TABORA Municipal is a district of Tabora region in Tanzania country.

2.2 STUDY POPULATION

The target population is all health staff members around KITETE hospital area including Health
personnel aged 18-45.

2.3 STUDY DESIGN

This study involves Analytical cross sectional studies that include both qualitative and
quantitative techniques.

2.4 TYPES OF DATA

The study involves two types of data. Primary data which collect direct at the field place and
more data obtain through primary data. Secondary data obtain from different source like
journals, book and internet (secondary data readily available at field place)

2.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The study is involving the write questionnaire, and documentary reviews are the data collection
techniques use to collect data of the study.

2.6 DATA ANALYSIS

Coding of question is done by using a given in a logical order to avoid missing of some of the
respondents every day after data collection. Data diagramming involves the use of graphs and

11
charts to present data. But in this study during processing of data involve Editing, Tabulating
charting and diagramming research.

2.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The sampling which involve during research process is simple randomly sampling which
conduct during of research because it very simple type of sampling due to selecting randomly at
the population rate during of study.

2.7.1 Sampling size

Sample size calculate by statistical formula of calculating sample size which shows below

Formula

N = Z2 PQ

d2
Where

N = Minimum sample size

Z = Constant, Standard normal deviate (1.96 for 95% Confidence level)

P = Population proportion with characteristic of interest

Q=1–P

d = Acceptable Margin of error

DATA GIVE

Z= 1.96 for 95% confidence level

P = 10%

E= 5%

Z= 1.962 *0.1(1-0.1)

0.052

N= 138

Therefore, the minimum sample size of respondent will be 138, for the case of data error 10% of
the sample size will be added hence
12
 138*10%= 13

The 10% is added to the minimum sample size

138+13=151

☆Therefore, the sample size is 150 conducted during the research work at KITETE Hospital

2.7.2 Sampling procedure

The type of sampling method uses to collect data is a random sampling method which offer equal
chance of participant of the target group. Simple random sampling I am use to select at certain
group without looking features of respondents.

2.7.3 STUDY VARIABLES

Dependent variable is prevalence of low knowledge involvement in health sectors.

Independent variables are the variable believed to affect the dependent variable. From the study
is as follows

● Social characteristic of the people (age, sex, level of education)

● Sources of knowledge of staff to the health staff.

● Respondents knowledge

● Economic status of the respondents.

2.7.4 ETHICAL ISSUES CONSIDERATION

The process of research is a minefield of ethical and legal issues. Ethical Considerations in
relation to scientific research are premised on the protection of the right of participants in such
research projects. The researcher undertook to observe all relevant ethical and legal
considerations that are applicable to scientific research. The researcher obtained authorization
from the relevant department of government and the related institutions to conduct research.
Before conducting this study the Hospital Board chairperson will be requested by a letter for the
permission of conducting a research /study. The purpose of study will be clearly explained to the
participants and their participation into the study will be provided information through inform
consent (attachment) Confidentiality of information and anonymity of participants will be
ensured.

13
3.0 PROPOSED WORK PLAN CHART FORM
ACTIVITY WEEKS START ON APRIL TO MAY

WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Preparation
of research
topic
including
research
questions
main
objective and
specific
objectives

Preparation
of research
proposal

Presentation
of proposal
for review
and ethical
clearance

Validation,
finalizing and
production of
data
collection
tools

Data
collection

Data
processing

14
Analysis and
report writing

Submission
of report
draft

Presentation
of result and
submission
of report

15
 S/No Item Number of items Cost Total

1 Pen 10 @500 5000

2 Ream paper 1 @12,000 12,000

3 Pencils 1 @100 100

4 Correction fluid 1 @1500 1,500
5 Notebook 1 @1000 1,000

6 Printing 10 @500 5,000

7 Photocopy 50 @100 5,000

8 Binding 2000

9 Transport 2 @5000 10,000

10 Food and drinks 20 @2000 40,000

11 Internet services 20 10,000

12 Emergency (10%) 9,160

GRAND TOTAL 100,760

4.0 BUDGET

16
5.0 RETERENCES
Robert, L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke, Barbara G. Wells, L. Michael. 2014.
Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach (9th ed.). New York,
McGraw-Hill Education.

Ministry Of Health and Social Welfare. 2013. Standard Treatment Guidelines &
National Essential Medicines List Tanzania Mainland (4th ed.).Dar es
salaam, Tanzania government printers.
Atkinson et al (2011): Users involvement in Social Services., page 20-21

B. Martin Gorsky (2006,): Hospital governance and community involvement in page 2 and 7.
C.R. Kothar, (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2 nd Ed.). India: New
Age International (P) Limited. .(Elizeus Rutebemberwa,E.Ekirapa-Kiracho,2009)

Abad-French et al. 2011 “Partcipation citizenship and local governance “institution of

development study

Community involvement in health: Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 20 November 2006.

G, John and V, Camilo (1999.) “Participation, Citizenship and Local Governance”, Institute of
Development Studies,

Heikkila, M. and Julkunen, I. (2003) ‘Obstacles to an increased user in social services’ (Paper
commissioned for the project ‘User Involvement in Social Services’).

http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/suppl_2/ii98.full

http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/hss/health-policy-a-service-delivery/
features/2235-community-involvement-in-health.html

17
6.0 APPENDEXI

6.1 INFORMED CONSENT FORM

I am DANIEL NESTORY MISHITA . A student of diploma in pharmaceutical sciences at TABORA E.A
Polytechnic College of Tanzania.

You have got a chance among other participants. I would like to ask you some questions related
to this study. And I would be very thanking full to you if you answer some questions that I am
going to give you.

Confidentiality will be maintained and personal information that you provide will be unidentified
and will not cause harm to you.

Respondents will be allowed to ask questions if any clarification needed.

I agree to participate……………………Yes/No

Participant signature…………………...

Researcher signature……………………

Supervisor name, Pharm. JUSTINE NSANZE

18
Appendix4 Data collection tool, Questionnaire

7.0 QUESTIONNAIRES
PERSONAL INFORMATION.
Date: ____________________
1. Age in years ……….
a) 18-30years
b) 31-50years
c) 51-75years

2. Gender

a) Female

b) Male

3. Marital status ……………..

a) Single
b) Married
c) Widower
d) Divorced
e) Co-habiting

4 Level of education ………

a) Secondary
b) Primary
c) College
d) University
e) none

5 .Occupation status ………….

a) Civil servant
b) Business
c) Small scale farmer
d) Others

KNOWLEDGE

19
6. Have you heard about health services?
YES
NO

7.Years so far spent working in the Organization of monitoring and evaluation departments ?

a) Less than 3

b) 3-5

c) More than 5

8.For the time you have been working in the Organization's, are you improving knowledge on
management of narcotics drugs at pharmacy unit at KITETE Hospitals?

a) Yes

b) No

9.If yes in 8 above , please indicates the aims of management of narcotics drugs you implement as an
Organization____________________________________________?

10.Do you as an Organization undertake the monitoring and evaluation function in relation to the
implementation of management of narcotics drugs to the consumers ?

a) Yes

b) No

11.Do you think what are the factors lead to the inadequate knowledge on management of narcotics
drugs at KITETE Hospital?

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

20