STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A READING CULTURE IN

UGANDA PRIMARY SCHOOLS: CASE STUDIES OF FOUR

SELECTED UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

SCHOOLS IN KAMPALA DISTRICT

BY

PRISCILLA NALUSIBA

2006/HD05/5401U

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION SCIENCE OF

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

DECEMBER 2010
 DECLARATION

I, Priscilla Nalusiba, hereby declare that this dissertation is original and that it has never been

presented to any university, college or institution for any award of a diploma or degree.

Signature ……………………………….. Date……………………………..

Priscilla Nalusiba

i
 APPROVAL

This research has been carried out at Makerere University for the partial fulfillment of the

requirements of the award of a degree of Master of Science in Information Science. It has

been carried out under the supervision of Associate Professor Elisam Magara and Professor

I.M.N. Kigongo-Bukenya.

Signature …………………………………… Date ……………………………….

Prof. Elisam Magara

PhD, MSc. Inf.Sc. PGDCSE, BLIS

East African School of Library and Information Science

Signature ……………………………………Date ……………………………….

Prof. Dr I.M.N. Kigongo-Bukenya

Dip.LIB, MLS, MLIB, DPA, PhD

Professor of Library and Information Science

ii
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this dissertation to my family and friends who have always encouraged me to

achieve the best and motivated me to complete this research. This dissertation is also

dedicated to primary school pupils in Uganda to encourage them to develop a lifelong culture

of reading.

Priscilla Nalusiba Reg. No.: 2006/HD05/5401U

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the various people who assisted me in various ways

to make this research run smoothly. I wish to thank my supervisors, Professor Elisam Magara

and Professor I.M.N. Kigongo-Bukenya, for the time they spent advising, scrutinising and

correcting my work, which inspired me to do my best.

I am particularly indebted to Mr John Tamale and Sydney Muganzi for encouraging me

enroll for the Master of Science in Information Science programme and the support they gave

me financially that enabled me to progress with the programme. Special thanks to my parents,

Mr and Mrs. Bwanika, my sisters and friends who inspired me to keep going. My

appreciation goes to my friends Loy Mutibwa, Sylvia Namujuzi and Ssentuuwa Ronald who

gave me valuable advice as the study was being carried out. I will forever be grateful for the

time you spent to guide me.

Finally to the Lord Almighty for his provision and guidance that enabled me to excel.

Priscilla Nalusiba Reg. No.: 2006/HD05/5401U

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

APPROVAL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II

DEDICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV

FIGURES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VIII

TABLES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IX

ACRONYMS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X

ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XI

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Background to the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.3 Statement of the Problem----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4 Aim of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.5 Objectives of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.6 Research Questions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.7 Justification and Significance of the Study --------------------------------------------------- 5
1.8 Conceptual Framework ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.9 Definition of Operational Terms -------------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.10 Scope of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
1.11Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.2 Models of Reading ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.3 Reading Culture Internationally -------------------------------------------------------------- 12
v
2.4 Practices Related to Promotion of Reading Culture ---------------------------------------- 15
2.5 Reading Culture Practices in Primary Schools in Uganda --------------------------------- 21
2.6 Challenges to a Reading Culture ------------------------------------------------------------- 24
2.7 Strategies to adopt to Strengthen the Reading Culture ------------------------------------- 27
2.8 Research Gap ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
3.2 Research Design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
3.3 Area of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
3.4 Population of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33
3.5 Sample Size ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
3.5.1 Sampling Methods --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
3.6 Data Collection Methods and Instruments -------------------------------------------------- 35
3.6.1 Interview Method ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.6.2 Observation Method ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.6.3 Document Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
3.7 Data Quality Control --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.7.1 Methodological and instrumental triangulation------------------------------------------- 37
3.7.2 Validity and Reliability---------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.7.3 Rigorousness --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.7.4 Objectivity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38
3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation --------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.9 Ethical Consideration -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.9.1 Confidentiality-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.9.2 Protection from harm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39
3.9.3 Informed consent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.9.4 Honesty---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
3.10 Data Collection Procedure ------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

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 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
4.1.1 Characteristics of Respondents ------------------------------------------------------------- 41
4.1.2 Gender of the Respondents --------------------------------------------------------------- 42
4.2 Assessing the status of literacy -------------------------------------------------------------- 43
4.2.1 Frequency of Reading ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
4.2.2 Reading practices in UPE schools --------------------------------------------------------- 45
4.2.3 Storytelling and pupils‟ storybooks -------------------------------------------------------- 48
4.2.4 Early Morning Reading Sessions----------------------------------------------------------- 48
4.3 Reading Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
4.4 Factors that Motivate Pupils to Read Books ------------------------------------------------ 53
4.5 Challenges Affecting Reading Culture among Pupils in UPE Schools ------------------ 54
4.6 Strategies for Improving Reading Culture--------------------------------------------------- 61

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68
5.2 General Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68
5.2.1 Summary of Findings. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 68
5.3 Conclusions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
5.4 Recommendations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 70
5.6 Areas for Further Study------------------------------------------------------------------------ 74

REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

APPENDICES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
APPENDIX A: STUDENT INTERVIEW GUIDE --------------------------------------------- 79
APPENDIX B: TEACHER INTERVIEW GUIDE --------------------------------------------- 81
APPENDIX C: OBSERVATION GUIDE------------------------------------------------------- 83

vii
 FIGURES

Figure 1: Reading Frequency of Pupils…………………………………………… 43

Figure 2: Reading Practices Engaged in by Pupils…………………………………47

Figure 3: Reading Materials………………………………………..........................50

Figure 4: Instructional Materials…………………………………………..……....51

Figure 5: NTBRMs Pupils Read………………………………………..…………62

Figure 6: Materials Displayed in Classes…………………………………………..64

Figure 7: Talking Compound………………………………………………………66

viii
 TABLES

Table 1: Respondents…………………………………………….………………42

Table 2: Response Rate of Respondents by Gender…………….…………..........42

Table 3: Reading Materials Pupils Read…………………………………………..52

Table 4: Factors Attracting Pupils to Read Books…………………….…………..53

ix
 ACRONYMS

ASEAN Association of South-east Asian Nations

COU Church of Uganda

CRT Children‟s Reading Tent

DEO District Education Officer

DIMP Decentralised Instructional Materials Procurement Programme

EABDA East African Book Development Association

EUPEK Enhancement of Universal Primary Education in Kampala

MOES Ministry of Education and Sports

NABOTU National Book Trust of Uganda

NTBRMs Non-textbook reading materials

RAU Reading Association of Uganda

ULIA Uganda Library and Information Association

UNEB Uganda National Examinations Board

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation

UPE Universal Primary Education

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 ABSTRACT

The study was carried out with the purpose of providing strategies for developing a reading

culture among pupils under the Universal Primary Education (UPE) scheme in Uganda. The

study was carried out in Kampala district in four UPE schools, which included Kitante

Primary School, Buganda Road Primary School, Mpererwe Primary School and Kabowa

Church of Uganda Primary School. The study analysed the reading practices among pupils in

UPE schools in Uganda in order to provide strategies for developing a reading culture. The

objectives of the study were to establish reading practices in UPE schools, examine the major

challenges faced by pupils as they read, and develop appropriate strategies to improve the

reading culture among the pupils. Through use of the qualitative approach, the study

employed a case study research design. Interview and observation methods were employed to

collect data from pupils, teachers and head teachers. Research findings from the schools

studied indicate that there was unplanned frequency of reading by pupils and the only

reading that happened was limited to available reading materials and resources. However,

inefficient reading materials and their accessibility, Inefficient reading facilities and non

involvement of parents have inhibited the progress of reading culture among the pupils.

Inadequate reading facilities and non involvement of parents inhibited the reading culture

among the pupils. The study thus recommended introduction of reading in mother tongue at

infant levels by encouraging pupils to read and write their own stories, availing pupils with

appropriate reading materials and provision of school library services. The study further

recommends the formation of book clubs in schools that would involve parents participating

in reading activities in schools. In conclusion reading would be enhanced by embracing

government policies or strategies like the National text book policy to ensure a lifelong

learning environment in UPE schools.

xi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction

The study discussed the reading culture among UPE school pupils in Uganda and how it could be

improved in order to empower pupils with skills to get them to read. This chapter covers the

background to the study, problem statement, aim of the study, objectives of the study, research

questions, justification and significance of the study, conceptual framework, definition of terms,

scope of the study and limitations.

1.2 Background to the Study

African society has been labelled with phrases such as „an oral society‟ or one that „lacks a reading

culture „(Mulindwa, 2001). Sangkeo (1999), while presenting a paper on reading habits promotion

in the Association of South- East Asian Nations (ASEAN) libraries, noted that „we are not a reading

society but a chatting society‟. He explained that people preferred conversing rather than reading.

He emphasised that traditional educators were great narrators of stories which they said out loud

and accompanied with dramatization and demonstrations. This explained pupils‟ failure to engage

in reading: most of them came from backgrounds where stories were told to them verbally rather

than them having to read these stories. Further still, books and libraries are often seen as redundant

in societies that are mainly based on oral traditions and practices. In such societies, people stop

reading once formal education is completed as "they derive more pleasure from the oral and

performing arts like talking, singing, dancing, socializing than from the rather private and

individual reading of a book. Since the majority are illiterate, they affect the minority who can read,

with the result that the oral mode remains prevalent" (Tötemeyer, 1994).

The importance of literacy not only in Africa but globally cannot be over emphasized. The

importance attached to literacy is demonstrated by annual celebration of World literacy day

commemorated on 8th September every year. The world literacy day was first declared in 1966 and

1
serves to remind the international community of the need to overcome issues about learning. With

about 95% of the world illiterate people living in developing countries of which 50% are in sub

saharan Africa, the importance this study in the context of Uganda is therefore significant. It has

implications for policy, theory and practice.

Reading does not develop suddenly but increases gradually, depending on exposure and

background. This exposure can be through, for instance, people reading for leisure, knowledge,

information or interest. Mackenzie, as cited by Magara and Batambuze (2005), emphasised that in

order to develop the reading culture in a society; people require knowledge in order to utilise

existing information materials and resources. Furthermore, Ribeiro (2001) emphasised that

attitudes towards information use were very vital to improving the reading culture of a society and

concluded that a reading culture determined the success of a person and the nation as a whole

(Magara and Batambuze,2005). This is why there is need to explore opportunities for developing a

reading culture among pupils in primary schools in Uganda.

The development of a reading culture in Uganda is influenced by the formal education system. The

formal education system in Uganda can be traced to 1844 when Sheik Ahmad bin Ibrahim arrived

with a few other Arabs and Swahilis at the court of Kabaka Ssuna II of Buganda (Sekamwa,2000).

According to Sekamwa, the first schools were established by both Catholic and Protestant missions

and they aimed at training catechists. The educational activities of the missionaries later extended to

children and proper schools were established by 1898. However, the education system in Uganda

underwent various reforms from mission schools to privately-owned schools, all of which followed

the same education curriculum.

It was not until 1997 that the Republic of Uganda adopted the Universal Primary Education (UPE)

scheme to ensure universal access to primary education by children of school-going age. The UPE

2
scheme aimed at enrolling all pupils of school-going age from Primary One to Primary Seven.

Universal Primary Education schools are characterised by large numbers of pupils where the

teacher-student ration is 1:100, less qualified teachers, and lack of equipment and instructional

materials (UNEB, 2000). According to Wagana (1993), most pupils in UPE schools in Uganda

hardly read outside school since reading is not part of the curriculum. Even with the few reading

materials available in UPE schools, the readership of these materials is still very low. This is not

only because pupils are reluctant to read, but also due to a number of factors which this study aims

to establish.

The poor reading culture in Uganda has led to an underdeveloped book industry, which is

characterised by inadequacy of the availability of reading materials. In addition, a poor reading

culture affects the social and economic development of many communities in Africa

(Mulindwa,2001). This situation also affects pupils in UPE schools due to lack of positive reading

skills and a reading culture during their formative years. This impacts negatively on the pupil‟s

performance in and out of school both in the language taught and other academic subjects

(Gitachu,2007). The other factors that affect reading in schools include the nature of the general

physical facilities at home and in schools, the attitudes of parents towards reading, an examination-

oriented education system in which pupils only read to pass examinations but never engage in

pleasure reading.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The Government of Uganda has from time to time attempted to address reading as an important

aspect of the education system in UPE schools in Uganda. This is evidenced by the various efforts

government has engaged in through the Ministry of Education and Sports to encourage reading in

schools, development of local languages, providing schools with instructional materials and

introducing Universal Primary Education (Ministry of Education and Sports, 2003).

3
To support the development of a reading culture among pupils in UPE schools, the Government of

Uganda through the Ministry of Education and Sports has played a major role of putting in place a

National Textbook Policy and implemented the Decentralised Instructional Materials Procurement

Programme (DIMP) to increase the stock of textbooks and supplementary readers in schools.

Despite such programmes being implemented, the majority of pupils in UPE schools are not able to

engage in reading activities both at school and at home. For instance, a study carried out by the

Uganda National Examinations Board (2002) reveals that out of 361,150 pupils who completed

their UPE studies in 2001, only 13 per cent were adequately literate in English. This arose from the

fact that these pupils were reading less and concentrated on reading prescribed textbooks to pass

examinations, a situation that has created poor reading habits, poor language coordination and

expression, poor academic performance and that has hampered the pupils‟ creativity in various

aspects of life. However, literacy should be looked at as learning to read and write in the context of

the study emphasis is put on reading. The absence of a strategy to guide reading habits among UPE

pupils limits the development of a reading culture in UPE schools. It is important to analyse the

current state of reading among pupils in order to develop strategies that will help them develop a

reading culture.

1.4 Aim of the Study

The study sought to analyse the reading practices among pupils in UPE schools in Uganda in order

to develop strategies for the development of a reading culture in UPE schools in Uganda.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives were:

1 To assess the status of literacy among UPE pupils in Uganda.

2 To examine the major challenges to reading among pupils in UPE schools in Uganda.

4
 3 To assess/examine appropriate strategies to improve the reading culture of pupils in UPE

schools in Uganda.

1.6 Research Questions

1. What kinds of reading literacy are used in UPE schools in Uganda?

2. What challenges do pupils face that limit the development of reading among pupils in UPE

schools in Uganda?

3. What strategies should be adopted to improve the reading culture of pupils in UPE schools

in Uganda?

1.7 Justification and Significance of the Study

The study will help education policy- makers in Uganda in streamlining curricula that make reading

a necessity by implementing a strong reading policy to guide schools on how to make their pupils

more interested in reading and why it is important to read. Hence the study will provide ideas on

how policy-makers and teachers can encourage pupils to make reading a habit in order to develop a

good reading culture.

The study will produce a guide on how reading practices from schools with different curricula, like

international schools, could be implemented in UPE schools to help create a strong reading culture

among pupils following the Uganda education curricula.

The research will provide a wealth of knowledge on how teachers can guide pupils to read, policy-

makers, and schools in order to improve the reading culture in UPE schools in Uganda. It is hoped

that this will create more awareness among the pupils and teachers about the importance of reading

in order for them to be more knowledgeable and acquire the love for reading.

5
Furthermore, the study will be a source of literature to be reviewed by those intending to do further

research on the problem being studied. The study will be consulted by other people carrying out

research about reading in order to acquire facts about the reading practices in UPE schools in

Uganda.

1.8 Conceptual Framework

The reading culture in Uganda is affected by the education system which does not outline policies

and strategies that support reading among pupils as an important aspect in the Uganda education

curriculum as portrayed in Box A. Therefore, if the education system outlines policies and

strategies on reading which teachers should follow to engage pupils to read, the reading culture will

be boosted. However, the education system is faced by several challenges that affect the reading

culture in UPE schools. These include a high pupil-teacher ratio that makes supervision of reading

difficult, an overloaded education curriculum, lack of reading materials, lack of reading facilities

such as libraries and lack of time allocated for reading as portrayed in Box B. In order to overcome

the challenges, there is need to have a reading culture environment or road map to counter the

effects of the education system on the reading culture of the pupils. This reading culture

environment will include the provision of supplementary readers, involving stakeholders who

support reading programmes and allocating a lot of time on class timetables for reading lessons as

represented in Box C. It is hoped that eventually this would lead to improved literacy, lifelong

learning, language development, and high performance in class among pupils in UPE schools, as

represented in Box D.

6
 Conceptual Framework
B
C
A
Primary schools Reading culture
Education system
 High pupil-teacher Environment
 Strategies  Provision of
ratio
 Policies  Overloaded supplementary readers
education  Involving stakeholders
curriculum in reading
 Lack of reading programmes
materials
 Timetabled reading
 Lack of libraries
 Provision of reading
materials

Improved reading culture

 Improved literacy
 Language development
 Lifelong learning
 High performance in studies
Source: Researcher

1.9 Definition of Operational Terms

Reading: According to the World Book Encyclopedia (1994), reading is the act of getting meaning

from printed or written words. According to Sentuwa (2004), reading is a learning skill which aids

all other learning activities. In the context of this study, reading is the interpreting of meaning from

printed words.

Reading culture: Developing a reading culture is an instrument for acquiring lifelong learning as

noted by Mackenzie (2004), cited by Magara and Batambuze, 2005). This requires the ability to

recognise access, evaluate and utilise information in the available literature or information

materials. The ability to read and write alone cannot lead to a reading culture. Reading must play a

significant role in a person‟s day-to-day life and become a habit in order to constitute a reading

culture. In the context of the study, reading culture refers to a way of life characterised by the habit

of reading intensively and extensively.

7
Literacy refers to ability to read and write.

Oral society in the study refers to people who prefer narrating or listening to stories that are

delivered by word of mouth through talking and accompanied by demonstrations.

Pupil in the study is a child of school going age attending primary one to primary seven

Primary schools in Uganda in the study are schools that follow the Uganda education curriculum.

These schools teach pupils from Primary One to Primary Seven who are within the age bracket of 6

to 13 years old.

Universal Primary Education is the policy adopted by the Government of Uganda to ensure

universal access to primary education by all children of school-going age.

Primary one is the first grade which pupils attend in the primary level of education in Uganda.

Primary seven is the highest level of education in the primary level of education in Uganda.

Uganda Education System is the education system comprising the primary, secondary and tertiary

levels.

1.10 Scope of the Study

The study covered the reading culture of pupils in UPE schools in Uganda in terms of their reading

practices adopted on the basis of the education system the schools follow. The study covers

strategies for the development of a reading culture in UPE schools in Uganda. Four UPE schools

within Kampala district were selected in which to conduct the study about the reading culture

among pupils.

1.11 Limitations

 The respondents often confused non-textbook reading materials with textbooks and the

researcher spent a great deal of time clarifying these differences. This reduced the total

amount of time available for her research activities.

8
 The researcher needed funds to carry out the study, analyze the data and then compile and

present the data in the most appropriate way. The researcher looked for funding to carry out

the necessary research-related activities.

 At some schools teachers prearranged the reading lessons according to the timing of

research yet in their daily instruction schedule reading was not given a priority. The

researcher followed up with the students out of class through interviewing to prove if

reading was a part of their studies which they admitted was not.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviewed literature related to the study to enable the researcher to support the findings.

Literature relevant to the study was reviewed basing on the objectives of the study which were to

assess the status of literacy among UPE pupils in Uganda; the challenges of reading; and how to

develop appropriate strategies to improve the reading culture of pupils. Literature was reviewed

through the use of primary sources such as newsletters, research reports and secondary sources like

dissertations, journals and the Internet. The literature reviewed enabled the researcher to analyse the

reasons why pupils have failed to pick up the habit of reading in UPE schools and how best they

can improve the culture of reading in their schools in order to come up with appropriate strategies

to ensure that pupils make reading a part of them. This chapter concludes with the research gap.

Reading is a learning skill which aids all other learning activities. The more one reads the better

one learns (Kerman, 1984). Therefore, for any individual to develop a reading culture they need to

practise reading. Furthermore, he pointed out that children master reading at different paces. He

suggested that teachers should try to be patient, especially with slow learners. To him, children

needed to be praised and encouraged. For instance, poor readers should never be rebuked as this

frustrates them and destroys their efforts to master reading.

Indeed, Cox and Guthrie (2001) agreed that the amount of reading that children do for enjoyment

and for school was found to be a major contributor to their reading achievement. For a reading

culture to be possible reading must be part of all aspects of life and not only certain parts such as

school or work (Magara and Batambuze, 2005).

10
Similar findings were also made by the Reading for Change study (2002), which showed that

reading enjoyment is more important for children‟s educational success than their family‟s

socio-economic status. Thus „the frequent admonition for children to read, read, read‟ makes sense

in that extensive reading promotes fluency, vocabulary and background knowledge (Pressley,

2000).

2.2 Models of Reading

According to the Social Cultural Theory, reading is best practised socially. According to

(Vgotsky, 978), students extract meaning from text based on their cultural and social background.

To him reading is best practised socially. This theory posits that when one reads a variety of texts

that celebrate a variety of cultures one develops a better social and cultural understanding of what

one is reading. Culturally diverse students need materials that reflect and celebrate their cultures.

Readers need opportunities to share their perspectives. Therefore this reading model caters for the

reading interests of pupils from various cultures where readers have different cultural backgrounds.

However, this model is silent because it does not address the reading practices among pupils in the

Uganda education system on a cultural and social level with a view to boosting reading.

Other authorities have explained reading from a psychological approach whereby pupils build

schema based upon psychological and social experiences known as constructivism. In this model,

pupils relate to the same text in different ways. Some of the forms in which they did this was

through group discussions, literature circles and writings which allowed pupils to share their unique

perspectives of the text (Calfee and Patrick, 1995). It also involved posting student work in the

classroom and it boasted of the accomplishments of the student‟s constructive analysis of their text.

The approach, however, did not create interaction between the reader and the background text.

11
According to Rumelhart (1976), the interactive model of reading explained that the reader files add

new information to existing schemata, including the knowledge of words, existing knowledge and

syntactic knowledge. Therefore, a diverse collection of reading material and activities promoted the

interaction of background and texts. In addition, good readers made connections to their reading by

keying into associations, feelings, attitudes and ideas providing the deepest interaction between

reader and text, which was known as Reader Response Theory (Rosenblatt, 1978).

In a nutshell, if the various models discussed above were integrated within the Uganda education

system, pupils would easily engage in reading. However, this would mean that their social, cultural,

psychological and interactive experiences are addressed by the Ministry of Education and Sports as

well as schools, which justified this research.

2.3 Reading Culture Internationally

One obstacle to the establishment of a reading culture that was mentioned is the fact that African

societies were predominantly oral (Magara and Batambuze, 2005). According to Machet (2002),

there was a difference between the nature of oral tradition and the nature of literate tradition. She

stated that reading is viewed by black communities in South Africa as an abnormal and anti-social

activity as well as connected only to educational purposes. Such attitudes did not promote the

development of a reading culture. She claimed that the social nature of the oral tradition

contradicted the requirements of a literate tradition, since reading was a private and solitary activity.

Even if Machet‟s article looked specifically at the situation in South Africa, oral traditions were

present in virtually all African countries. In the case of Nigeria, Dike (1995) discussed similar

aspects as Machet. She stated that a high value was placed on sociability in Nigeria which

„discouraged reading which was looked upon as a solitary activity‟. In addition, the culture of

reading and print is an alien culture that was superimposed by colonialists. Dike connected two

12
forms of literacy cultures. She argued that since African countries in general, and Nigeria in

particular, had a rich oral tradition it was hard to build a reading culture. Parents did not read stories

to their children, they told stories. She stated that because of this oral background, parents were

unlikely to read to their children, even if they were able to do so. Storytelling was the predominant

form of literary mediation for parents, literate and illiterate alike.

Storytelling and anecdotes are part of the African heritage. According to Dike, she argued that this

tradition should be seen as a way of bridging the gap between the culture in school and that at

home. These cultures do not have to work against each other; on the contrary they can be a form of

mediation between the culture at home and that at school (Dike, 1995). In addition, she stated that

what she calls literacy mediation can be accomplished through using indigenous cultural

expressions.

It has been stated that in Uganda indigenous cultural expressions are part of the oral tradition which

can be used in school as a way of bridging the gap between the children‟s home and school

environment (Kwikiriza, 2000). Magara (2005) also pointed out that drawing, scribbling, dancing

and plays can be part of the concept of family literacy and can be one way of creating a reading

culture among children

According to Dike (1995), stories, lullabies, proverbs, tongue twisters, riddles, legends, fables,

myths and songs are all part of the children‟s everyday life, so they should be acknowledged as

something that can lay the foundation for reading practices among children. She further noted that it

is mostly at home that this form of literacy is practised.

Dike also stated that in almost all the homes, of the children in the Nigerian study, someone told

stories to 99 per cent of the children. According to the study, when the teachers told stories,

13
something that was occasional, it was frequently as time filler after examinations had ended rather

than as part of the curriculum. Storytelling took place in informal settings such as the home and the

playground. Further still the way literacy was manifested was different at home and in school. Dike

argued that literacy mediation, through oral tradition and other cultural expressions, was required to

promote a reading culture in Africa. She connected the need for literacy mediation with the

children‟s view of reading.

The children in the study stated that they preferred stories that first of all are familiar, second are

understandable, and third teach lessons. Dike stated that folk tales are likely to be familiar since

they are part of the storytelling tradition. Similarly, folk tales had a strong moral lesson, which is

also a reason for preference by the children regarding reading materials (Dike, 1995).

Osakwe (2005) made a similar point when she argued that storytelling, which was part of a long-

standing oral tradition and informal education in Africa, should be incorporated into today‟s formal

education system. Through storytelling literacy, reading could be taught in a meaningful context.

Literacy could become a meaningful, interesting and motivating activity contrary to a drill- and

skill-based teaching method.

Therefore, the various views supported the belief that oral literacy and reading could be integrated

to build a reading culture since in Africa most pupils understood information better when they first

listened rather than read.

14
2.4 Practices Related to Promotion of Reading Culture

The cliché „a reading nation is a winning nation‟ forms the foundation for a number of reading

activities and programmes coordinated by stakeholders. The Uganda Library and Information

Association (ULIA), the National Book Trust of Uganda (NABOTU) and the Reading Association

of Uganda (RAU) are some of the stakeholders involved in various reading activities that promote

the reading culture. For children to gain control of the reading process, the following combination

of factors had been discussed in order to get ideas that would enable schools to help in promoting

the culture of reading among the pupils.

a) Exposure to books

The first characteristic of an early reading environment is the availability of books and the regular

modelling of reading. Farrant (1997) emphasized that the best way of promoting reading is the use

of informal methods of reading rather than formal methods. He further noted that informal methods

stimulate a desire in the child to read before trying to teach him to read. He noted that this was

done through storytelling and reading by the teacher and by consulting books to find out things so

that children could associate books with pleasure and usefulness.

Indeed Gibson (2004) pointed out that for pupils to be encouraged to read they should be allowed to

choose the books they would like to read, to read books with lots of pictures in them, to read for

contests, to have a classroom library and to have an author read to them at school. Once pupils were

exposed to different practices of reading and reading materials they were likely to broaden their

imagination and engage in the practice of regular reading.

Furthermore, access to text would encourage reading. A starting point is the provision of

classroom libraries to the pupils to expose them to a wide range of books, magazines and other print

materials in a variety of genres and at various levels of difficulty. Through such activities pupils

were likely to become more exposed and encouraged to develop a culture of reading. Beers (1996)

15
suggested that while choice is important, it should be limited so that inexperienced readers were not

overwhelmed.

In addition, book fairs, exhibitions and book talks expose pupils and teachers to a variety of

information materials. These can be carried out in the school environment whereby teachers and

pupils introduce each other to favourite books. This could be done by reading aloud what is on the

back cover (blurb), the first paragraph of the first chapter or any favourite part of the story and

telling others why the book was enjoyable and later on encouraging swapping of books to boost

pupils‟ morale to read.

The promotion of a reading culture in Uganda, and other African countries, must therefore go hand

in hand with the promotion of reading as a pleasurable activity, which meant that the pupils must

start to read for fun and not just because they have to prepare for examinations (Rosenberg, 2003).

Sarjant (2005) stated that, for this to be possible, the promotion of reading for enjoyment, or to „sell

the sizzle of reading‟ as he put it, had to begin when the children were very young.

Moreover, it has been noted that a child who viewed reading as entertainment, instead of an activity

through which certain skills are taught, would have a more rapid development in relation to literacy.

Hence, the promotion of this type of reading was seen as something positive (Rosenberg, 2003). A

study comparing „high and low achieving countries‟ revealed facts that could strengthen this view.

When students were asked about how one becomes a good reader the answers differed between the

good readers in the „high achieving countries‟ and the good readers in the „low achieving

countries‟. The good readers in the „high achieving countries‟ stressed factors like having many

good books, having a lively imagination and learning many new words while the good readers in

the „low achieving countries‟ pointed more towards factors like lots of drills, sounding out and self-

discipline.

16
Furthermore, the more skill- and drill-based education may not lead to better results. On the

contrary, this pedagogy seems to lead to readers that do not read outside school and it does not

create engaged readers (Elley, 2001) in order for the reading culture to evolve, reading should be

carried out on a regular basis and not necessarily only in schools. Thus, it was interesting to see

how possible it was to make children read not just for school purposes but also during their leisure

time.

b) Time for practice

Early readers have been characteristically left alone to look at books and practice reading-like

behaviours that have been modelled for them and no one monitors their efforts to read or pressures

them to sound it out (Phinney, 1988).

Gitachu (2007) noted that adults who offer to read to young children often helped them to develop

as independent readers by engaging them in conversation about what they had read. This is why

Nannozi (1996), as referred to by Nnam, (2003) recommended that in order to promote the reading

habit in schools, reading should be taught as a subject in its own right, regularly and systematically,

and therefore a lot of time must be specially allocated on the timetable for it. Nnam (2003)

emphasized that schools should put in place policies, routines and curricula that require pupils to

visit the library at least once a week.

Teachers gave students assignments that required library research to encourage them to read ahead

and expand on what they had learnt in class. Through the use of planned reading sessions, pupils

would be able to utilise the time they got to visit the libraries and get exposed to a wide variety of

reading materials, which would encourage them to engage in reading.

17
In addition, Earl (1997) emphasized that as a means to promote reading among pupils‟ reading logs

should be introduced. The reading logs helped pupils to note their reading activities inside and

outside of class. They included what was read; how long it was read or how many pages were read.

The logs not only served as an adequate reminder to read but they also conveyed a strong and clear

message about the importance of reading outside of class and provide a structure for tracking

progress. Through such an activity pupils were likely to be encouraged to read more.

c) Positive emotional associations

Research has shown that children who read with their parents had a higher intelligence, reading

ability and better communication skills. According to Corirossi (2001), reading should be fun and

entertaining. Corirossi encouraged people „never to associate reading with punishment or

disciplining their children‟. For instance, punishing your child by sending him or her to a room to

read had a negative effect on his or her interest in reading.

Sangkeo (1999) asserted that parents who spent time reading to their children gave them the best

possible start on the road to literacy. To him those children who did best in literacy skills at school

were those who came from homes where they interacted with books and their parents as well as

siblings who read to them. He thus suggested creative ways for parents to foster the reading habits

among children and these included reading story books aloud, creating a learning environment by

setting up a home library, and visiting libraries and bookshops, among others.

d) Teaching of reading

The development of good reading habits largely depended on the way children were introduced to

reading. Usually teachers taught pupils to identify the different letters of the alphabet before

introducing them to the reading of syllables and simple sentences. For instance, Bakunda et al.

(2003) asserted that in order to improve reading practice with the objective of developing learner‟s

18
reading skills, the Enhancement of Universal Primary Education in Kampala (EUPEK) project

decided to use a phonic approach to teach reading. A method known as „jolly phonics‟ was

considered a better alternative because it is a multi-sensory approach which involved the use of

letters, sounds, actions and storylines. It made reading alive, enjoyable and comprehensible.

The jolly phonics method helped learners to be able to decode words by understanding the sounds

that letters represent. Hence the pupils were taught the 42 sounds of the English language, not just

the alphabet names. With this knowledge pupils were taken through stages of blending sounds and

forming words and then reading. At the same time they were taught to write by identifying sounds

in words relating the letters to those sounds and forming the letters correctly. This approach to

teaching reading gave the learner a sound foundation for reading and writing

Furthermore, Magara and Batambuze (2005) stated that teachers should use more suitable teaching

methods as a means of promoting a reading culture. Teachers needed to be trained to teach pupils

how to read. It has also been argued that traditional methods of teaching, which are based on a

single textbook, were much less effective than a book-based approach. This meant that, instead of

the traditional method of reading, the pupils should come in contact with many different kinds of

books that are relevant to them (Elley, 2001).

These teaching methods could be seen as one way of changing the students‟ perception of reading

as schoolwork. This aspect was important since it is believed that a reading culture could not

flourish if reading was seen as something that pupils were obliged to do but do not enjoy doing.

When reading was viewed as enjoyment children could start using reading in other parts of their

lives and hence reading could be a part of all aspects of their everyday life.

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e) Rewarding pupils and teachers

Studies revealed that teachers rewarded pupils who had performed even moderately well in reading

with small tokens like sweets or biscuits. Some of the ways in which teachers rewarded their pupils

were through showing off the pupils‟ books to their fellow pupils, asking pupils to read in front of

the class and putting stars in the pupil‟s‟ exercise books. Such rewards encouraged pupils to indulge

more in reading since they anticipated being rewarded. Teachers in return were rewarded by their

head teachers, depending on the pupils‟ performance in class.

f) Availing relevant literature

The relevance of the material depended on the context and the children. The best judges of what

material is stimulating and relevant for children, were the children themselves (Magara,2005).

When children got the opportunity to select their own books based on their own needs it could make

them become more interested and engaged in reading. This was important since the children‟s own

interest and engagement were vital components of a good learning environment and the ability to

promote a reading culture. Although it was stated that the best way to promote reading as an

enjoyable activity was to let the children choose the books they wanted to read by themselves, this

was not always possible.

In most cases, when children got to choose books they still had to pick from a limited selection.

Thus, it was interesting to see on what grounds these books were selected. In most of the literature

that we came across, it was stressed that books should be selected with the specific context in

mind. It was acknowledged that developing countries required books printed in local languages

which reflected local knowledge, traditions and culture (Greaney, 1996). Books that dealt with

subjects that were relevant for the children‟s daily lives and reflected their world both inside and

outside school were also believed to promote engaged readers (Verhoeven and Snow, 2001).

20
Furthermore, it was stressed that to be able to produce culturally suitable books, local publishers

should be involved in the production of books for children in developing countries. The importance

of local publishers was not only related to the production of culturally suitable books for children, it

could also be seen as a way of preventing cultural imperialism (Elley, 2001).

Apart from books that dealt with the everyday experience of children in Africa and Uganda, it was

also important to consider the African heritage when writing and selecting books that were relevant

for children. According to Nhlengetfwa (2005), to use the term „African heritage‟ was, however,

problematic since it was after all an entire continent we were talking about. Nevertheless, as we had

seen, the aforementioned authors considered it important to consider similarities between different

countries on the African continent, historically and culturally. So then was it also relevant to talk of

a „Ugandan heritage‟, which could affect the content of the literature that the children in Uganda

encounter.

2.5 Reading Culture Practices in Primary Schools in Uganda

We live in a knowledge society where we must learn throughout our lives and
develop skills in using information in accordance with our personal, family and
community goals, always in an atmosphere of social inclusion, cultural preservation
and intercultural respect.

The above statement was affirmed by numerous declarations of international organisations, and it

had also been accepted by information professionals through institutions such as IFLA and

manifestoes such as the Prague Declaration (2003): Towards an Information Literate Society and

the Alexandria proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning (National Forum on

Information Literacy, 2005). However, in Uganda the knowledge society was lacking because of a

relatively poor reading culture. According to Sentuwa (2004) children from well-to-do families

preferred spending their leisure time watching movies, surfing the Internet, and visiting friends

whereas children of the poor sell foodstuffs and collect water to earn a living rather than read.

Further still, Nnam (2003) pointed out that the poor state of reading in our society today was as a

result of most children valuing co-curricular activities highly as compared to reading.

21
Sanyu (1999) noted that teachers had a negative attitude towards reading and reading lessons.

According to her, most teachers viewed reading as a leisure activity which children could do on

their own, without teachers‟ guidance and support.

Bitamazire (2001), as cited by Magara and Batambuze (2005), asserted that even the literate

stopped reading when they finished writing examinations, a problem that had been blamed on an

examination-oriented system of education.

The education curriculum did not emphasize reading as an important aspect of the education

system. The Uganda education curriculum supported an examination-oriented system whereby

pupils read in order to pass examinations rather than gain knowledge or think creatively

(UNEB,2002). According to the East African Book Development Association (EABDA, 2006)

report, the poor reading culture was partly due to lack of a national book policy in Uganda and high

taxation on paper, which led to increased costs of production and unaffordable book prices.

Furthermore, only a small number of schools had libraries, resulting in poor reading habits among

pupils (Nnam, 2003). This implied that there was need for the education curriculum to be revised to

cater for reading activities as part of the school curriculum such that pupils learnt the importance of

reading in order for them to acquire a reading culture. This would in turn lead to the development of

functional school libraries.

The government of Uganda in 1992 launched a new language policy through the Uganda

Government White Paper on Education. In this document it was stated that the language of

instruction from Primary One to Primary Four in rural areas should be in the children's respective

local languages. Children in urban areas should continue to use English as the medium of

instruction (Uganda Government, 1992). According to research carried out on reading, pupils

seemed to interpret text better in their mother tongues. As a result, the new language policy, which

22
favoured mother tongue literacy, was viewed as a way of helping the pupils to start learning literacy

from the familiar. Using what they knew as a foundation, they were later able to learn other

languages. To start learning how to read and write in a language that was not your mother tongue

was considered to be a very difficult task (Wagner, 2001).

The status of mother tongues in schools was not an issue that was easy to solve. It seemed as if the

Government of Uganda did not solve it back in 1992 with the issuance of the White Paper,

especially since the recommendations of the White Paper were not being followed by all schools.

As a way of dealing with „failure‟ by many pupils to read or to attain „acceptable‟ levels of literacy

in primary school, the government came up with a new curriculum. The curriculum‟s previous

focus on the acquisition of facts and recall by students was seen as one of the reasons why this

system failed.

The implementation of the new thematic curriculum started in 2007 and its two main features were

the strengthening of the previous language policy and a stronger focus on the children‟s needs

(National Curriculum Development Centre, 2006). In the new curriculum, it was stated that only

when the language mix in a school was such that there was no predominant local language, then the

curriculum would be delivered and assessed in English (National Curriculum Development Centre,

2006).

The languages that were considered to be „languages of wider communities‟ were Luganda, Luo,

Runyakitara (Runyoro, Rutoro, Runyankore and Rukiga), Ateso, Nga‟karimojong and Lugbara

(Uganda Government, 1992). According to Charles Batambuze (2008), who is the Executive

Secretary, National Book Trust of Uganda, the culture of reading has fizzled out especially at the

upper primary school level. Batambuze recalled that when he left primary school in 1987, there

was a deliberate policy on reading lessons in primary schools. He noted that today these lessons had

been substituted with homework and revision lessons. However with the development of the

23
thematic curriculum, „Reading lessons were being encouraged from Primary one to Primary three

and government was trying to implement the language policy whereby pupils first learnt how to

read in their mother tongue while in lower classes before they were taught to read using the

English language, however from Primary four to Primary seven, teachers used the reading lessons

for revision to try and finish what was not covered in the syllabus,‟ he observed.

2.6 Challenges to a Reading Culture

Lyaruu (2007) emphasized that the lack of acquisition of positive reading skills and a positive

reading culture during the formative years impacted negatively on the pupil‟s performance not only

in the language taught, but also in other subjects. Hence lack of reading among pupils was as a

result of the challenges discussed below.

a) Poverty

According to Batambuze (2008), Ugandans lacked the motivation to buy books because they had to

meet basic human needs such as food, health, shelter and clothing. As a result of low incomes,

many would-be readers kept away from buying books because they did not have money to buy

reading materials. This limited their ability to get exposed to a variety of information materials

which could easily be accessed by buying them from bookshops if they could afford them.

b) Education system

The education system in Uganda does not prioritise reading for pleasure or general knowledge

acquisition that does not aim at passing examinations. For instance Magara and Nyumba (2004)

asserted that the poor reading culture of pupils in primary schools was a result of poor public policy

and institutional management practice, lack of essential resources for literacy development, failure

to recognise reading as an essential critical skill for learning, a lack of commitment to ensure that

literacy was achieved, and a lack of reading policies in schools. According to them, resource

allocation in Uganda concentrated on textbooks, without balancing the needs for non-textbook

24
reading materials, and this was another predominant factor that impacted negatively on children‟s

reading culture.

A major challenge that was identified by Magara and Batambuze (2005) is the examination-

oriented education system in Uganda. They stated that „even the literate stopped reading after they

finished writing their exams‟. A reading culture cannot be said to be present in a situation like this,

where reading is only part of the school context and not of all aspects of life which was the situation

in many African countries and was further exacerbated by the fact that the home environment did

not encourage reading (Dike,1995). When children returned home from school, they found that

there was little time for reading because of things like domestic chores. Some homes did not even

have books that were suitable for children to read.

Reading had been connected with passing examinations and had been seen as a way of

accomplishing academic success. This view did not inspire pupils to read during their leisure time

since they associated reading with textbooks and attending school. Pupils associated reading as an

activity that they are forced to do, so that they could be successful in the future. Evidently the

education system‟s examination-oriented structure could be seen as one of the obstacles to creating

a reading culture.

Apart from this feature of the education system, Magara and Batambuze (2005) identified other

obstacles to creating a reading culture such as the fact that there was limited access to books in most

schools because teachers seemed protective of books for fear of mutilation. It was also observed

that the books were normally kept in the head teachers‟ offices. This kind of gate keeping and

limiting of access to books for the children in the schools did not promote a reading culture.

Further still, in many countries of the developing world there was a serious lack of reading

materials and hence a lack of reading culture. UNESCO stated that "the goal of Education for All

25
also involved the development of literate societies in the developing world, and could not be

attained solely by providing quality learning materials to schools. If people were to stay literate,

they had to have access to a wide variety of written materials and continue the habit of reading in

their adult lives" (UNESCO, 1980).

c) Reading habits

The education system emphasized education for achievement rather than education for life. This

was depicted by the fact that educators discovered that the majority of pupils in primary schools

highly focused on the need to pass their examinations and they read little else besides the prescribed

textbooks (Magara and Batambuze, 2005). This affected their reading ability by hampering them

from exploring other reading materials which would have inspired them to gain the habit of reading.

The development of a reading culture at all levels, especially in developing countries, was a great

challenge. To ensure that reading thrives in Uganda, concerted efforts would be required to improve

the social and reading infrastructure to promote reading across the school curriculum and develop

reading extension services (Magara and Batambuze, 2005).

d) Relevance of books available

Books that dealt with subjects that were relevant to the children‟s daily lives and reflected their

world both inside and outside school were also believed to promote engaged readers (Verhoeven

and Snow, 2001). Sentuuwa (2004) stated that Walusimbi (1987) emphasized that reading materials

should take into consideration the culture of the learners. This was because most of the reading

materials included foreign concepts that did not relate to the pupils‟ environment, which made it

difficult for the pupils to understand and relate to what they were reading. Therefore reading

materials would be appreciated more by children if they were based on their experience and culture.

26
e) Lack of literature in local languages

In Uganda most books, both educational and fictional books, were published in English. It was

stated that 80 per cent of all new literature in Africa was written in the former colonial languages,

despite the fact that less than 5 per cent of the continent‟s people were considered to be fluent in

these languages (Sturges and Neill ,1998). This situation hardly promoted the development of

engaged readers and must also be seen as a challenge that the publishing industry had to tackle.

Moreover, one of the things that hampered the development of vernacular publications was the fact

that not all Ugandan languages had a standard orthography and there was a lack of consensus as to

how local languages should be transferred into written script in both Uganda and the whole of

Africa (Machet, 2002).

2.7 Strategies to adopt to Strengthen the Reading Culture

In order for pupils to develop a strong foundation for reading there was need for teachers to adopt

better methods of teaching reading, in order to create sustained interest among pupils to read non-

text-book reading materials at home, school as well as within the community. To encourage reading

among the pupils all stakeholders were to be involved, including teachers, parents, pupils and the

community, who would all be trained to use the library, and this would create an environment that

is conducive to reading.

a) Libraries

According to the Uganda education curricula, there was no national school library policy in Uganda

and school libraries in Uganda have been neglected for a very long time. As a result, libraries

frequently did not exist in schools or were considered to be inadequate in the schools that did have

them (Kigongo-Bukenya, 1990). There had been efforts to improve the situation. One of them was

the School Library Development Project launched by the National Library of Uganda (NLU) and

the East African Book Development Association where books were selected and purchased

27
annually and distributed among 36 primary schools in 12 districts. The NLU also monitored and

evaluated the use of these books through regular visits (National Library of Uganda, 2007).

In addition, Abidi (1991) asserted that the educational aims of the school library included the

encouragement of a reading culture, the development of independent reading among the pupils and

giving social training to young children. If librarians wanted pupils to read and knew about their

socio-economic and ethnic composition, they had to give pupils attractive and appropriate reading

materials and a comfortable reading atmosphere different from that of the classroom. Pupils needed

to be encouraged to read by arousing in them interest in books and other information media.

Librarians must turn them into a book-minded young generation ready to receive and evaluate the

information they come across.

Libraries stimulated and developed interest in reading. Sangakeo (1999) suggested that the librarian

should help develop among the readers a pleasant and positive attitude towards reading. Sangakeo

emphasized that librarians had the responsibility and opportunity to go out and tell the public about

their collection and find out the reading materials the public would be interested in reading in order

to attract people to use the library. Pupils should be provided with reading materials that are

attractive and easily accessible to enable them to meet their needs.

Furthermore, Amadi (1981) stated that libraries in Africa needed to be adapted to the communities

and societies they intended to serve and pay greater attention to „information packaging and

presentations‟ in order to „achieve full maturity and effectiveness‟. In line with the above argument

Issak concluded that „real knowledge of the user community was crucial‟ and that it was necessary

to involve the users „to make them feel that the library belonged to them‟ (Issak, 2000 ).

28
According to Hanna and McAllister (1968), the function of school librarians was to meet the need

for reading by taking a class to the library at regular intervals for the purpose of selecting the books

they wanted to read. According to them, libraries and librarians needed to be vigilant and

acknowledge their role in promoting the reading culture in Uganda. The acknowledgement of

librarians implied acceptance of the reading problem and joining the struggle to combat it.

b) Reading practices

Campagna (2005) emphasized that teachers should encourage pupils to come up with techniques for

reading independently such as how to pick a book that is not too hard, a range of strategies to

employ when encountering word level or comprehension difficulties and how to find time to read.

In addition, he recommended that pupils should be provided with 10 to 15 minutes of class time

daily to read reading books, magazines, websites. Setting up book clubs made up of pupils

interested in reading the same book and providing discussion questions and formats for talking

about the book which would encourage pupils to develop interest in reading.

c) Teachers

Nnam (2003) noted that teachers must display a positive attitude towards reading, and even make a

public show of their interest in reading, if they were to encourage pupils to read. This could be

displayed through practices which teachers engaged in such as storytelling and reading aloud to the

pupils. Reading aloud was one of the effective strategies for connecting kids to books because “the

more you read to them, the better they got at it and liked it and they got to know more and grow

smarter‟ (Trelease, 2005). In addition to using good methods to encourage good reading habits, the

teacher‟s attitude and enthusiasm towards reading was proven to play a key role in encouraging the

reading habits.

29
d) Schools

Schools played a major role in influencing pupils to read. Farrant (1997) asserted that the

classroom environment was important in the promotion of the reading culture. He suggested a book

corner of supplementary readers with pre-readers which could be used to entice pupils to learn to

read with their teachers. He noted that children learnt to differentiate the relationship between

written and spoken language. This was because within written language there was information to

which they could respond.

e) Environment

A suitable environment was necessary for good reading to develop. Hence if pupils were provided

with quiet places or rooms for reading where they could read without interruption both at school

and at home they were likely to develop interest in reading once availed with reading materials.

Even in societies where literacy prevailed and books were in abundance, many people who lacked a

reading environment were not motivated to read (UNESCO, 1980).

f) Curriculum

By adopting the new thematic curriculum for primary schools the Ugandan government showed a

will to give the mother tongue a higher status and role in primary school. The new curriculum

would surely lead to an increase in the publishing of books in local languages. The government

stated that the pupils‟ learning materials should be in the local language for the first three years of

school. As a result the production of textbooks in local languages would begin to increase (National

Curriculum Development Centre, 2006).

g) Encouraging Children’s Reading Tents

The aim of the Children‟s Reading Tent (CRT) was to promote a reading culture among children

first and foremost, but the people behind the project also wanted to reach out to adults such as

parents, teachers and basically everyone in the community (Sarjant, 2005). Taking reading into an

30
informal setting and out of the ordinary classroom situation was considered as a way to promote a

new attitude towards reading. The hope is that children would view reading as a source of pleasure

through the different enjoyable activities connected to reading at the CRT.

According to Sarjant (2005) the CRT helped promote local publishers through the use of their

books during the actual project as well as donation of their books to both the host school and the

rest of the participating schools. This was seen as one way of getting books that were relevant to the

target groups and to the particular local context.

2.8 Research Gap

Several research studies had been undertaken to analyse the reading culture situation in Uganda. In

addition, specific interventions had been tried to enhance reading in primary schools. However, in

most developing countries, including Uganda, the majority of children did not have any interest in

reading. The literature reviewed also indicated that the pupils‟ performance in class as well as their

expression as they engaged in conversation was poor since they preferred co-curricular activities to

reading. However, it was not clear how schools can integrate various reading practices to overcome

the poor reading culture among pupils. It was therefore important to provide strategies for the

development of a reading culture among pupils in Ugandan primary schools.

31
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology that was employed when carrying out the study. It discusses

the research design, area of study, population of study, sampling methods, research procedures, data

collection methods and techniques, data quality control, analysis and presentation techniques that

were adopted during the research.

3.2 Research Design

Research design involves a discussion of when, where, how and why the research is going to be

started and accomplished (Enon, 1998). The case study research design was used during the study.

According to Bell (1997), the case study approach is applicable where the researcher gets an

opportunity to study the problem in depth within a limited timescale. The case study design allowed

the researcher to concentrate on specific schools and identify the various interactive processes at

work. This study adopted a more qualitative approach because of the nature of data that was

collected since pupils were involved, a questionnaire could not be used in data collection because

pupils would not be able to answer the questions, however study also used the quantitative method.

The qualitative approach was more appropriate for the study because it provided detailed views,

experiences and practices from key informants about the reading culture of pupils in UPE schools in

Uganda.

3.3 Area of the Study

The study was carried out in Kampala district among four selected UPE schools basing on their

PLE results for the previous five years in relation to reading practices. The study was carried out at

Kitante Primary School, Buganda Road Primary School, Mpererwe Church of Uganda Primary

School and Kabowa Church of Uganda Primary School. These schools were chosen on the basis of

32
their academic performance, i.e. those two UPE schools that performed well and those two that

performed badly. Good performance of selected UPE schools was pre-determined by the number of

first grades obtained from PLE results visa-viz the candidates who failed the exams. Whereas bad

performance of UPE schools was pre-determined by the number of pupils who were ungraded after

failing the PLE visa viz those who passed PLE. The UPE schools were selected basing on

information provided by the DEO‟s office at Kampala City Council. The office of principal

inspector of schools availed the researcher with information on primary schools under the UPE

scheme based on their performance in Primary Leaving Examinations (PLE) for the previous five

years.

3.4 Population of the Study

In this study, population can be defined as the group of people with one or more characteristics in

common (Sowell, 1982). It was useful to distinguish between the population from which the results

were required, the targeted population and the covered population. The population comprised of

pupils who were involved in reading, head teachers, deputy head teachers, who played a key role in

the reading lives of the pupils therefore it was important to establish their views on their

contribution of the reading and District Education Officer (DEO), teachers in charge of reading and

librarians who were chosen for their special role in matters pertaining to reading culture of the

children.

3.5 Sample Size

The study comprised of seventy seven (77) respondents. These included sixty (60) pupils 15 from

each school from primary five to primary seven, four (4) head teachers, four (4) deputy head

teachers, six (6) teachers in charge of reading and two (2) librarians from the UPE schools where

study was carried out and one (1) District Education officer (DEO).

33
3.5.1 Sampling Methods

Purposive sampling was used to select the target population which was used to select elements to

participate in the study. In the study, the researcher used her own judgment about which

respondents to choose and she selected only those who best met the purpose of the study.

According to Bailey (1994) a researcher uses his /her own judgment about which respondents to

choose and picks only those who best meet the purpose of the study. Therefore purposive sampling

offered logic and power in selecting information rich cases for in depth study.

According to Mend, Otto and Schaeffer (1971) as referred to by Bailey (1994) stratified sampling is

obtained by separating the population elements into overlapping groups called strata. They

explained that it involved a simple random sample from within a stratum. Therefore the Stratified

sampling techniques were used to select the UPE schools. These schools were chosen on the basis

of their academic performance, that is those two UPE schools that performed well and those two

that performed badly. Good performance of selected UPE schools was pre-determined by the

number of first grades obtained from PLE visa-viz the candidates who failed the exams. Whereas

bad performance of UPE schools was pre-determined by the number of pupils who failed the PLE

vis-à-vis those who passed PLE. The UPE schools were selected basing on information provided

by the DEO‟s office at Kampala City Council. The pupils‟ population was divided into strata and

the elements who participated in the study were selected randomly from each stratum. The

stratification was from primary five to primary seven. Disproportional sampling was used where a

standard number of five pupils were chosen from each class regardless of the size of class. The

pupils who participated in the study were selected randomly by the teacher on the basis of their

academic performance in class through drawing a raffle. Stratified sampling was used to avoid bias

in the study.

34
3.6 Data Collection Methods and Instruments

The research used three methods of data collection each accompanied by an instrument. These

included

3.6.1 Interview Method

Moster and Kalton (1997) described interview as conversation between the interviewer and the

respondents. They explained that it helped the researcher to continue, eliciting certain information

from the respondents. The researcher used in-depth interview in order to obtain detailed information

for the study by interviewing the pupils with a view to finding out the practices they engaged in as

they read. The teachers and librarians were also interviewed to get an idea of the ways in which

they encourage reading in their respective schools. The interview method allowed probing and

gathering of more information depending on the knowledge, ability and experience of the

respondents.

The researcher used the interview method of data collection because it was reliable in obtaining

verbal and non-verbal information from respondents. The study involved the use of closed and

open-ended questions which were arranged systematically according to the research objectives that

allowed logical flow of the conversation between the researcher and the interviewee. An interview

schedule was used as an instrument for data collection in relation to the above data collection

method. (see appendix A and B)

3.6.2 Observation Method

Observation was an important part of data collection. The researcher used an observation schedule

as an instrument of data collection in collaboration with the observation method of data collection. .

35
The researcher observed events and activities in the schools among the pupils which helped her to

obtain first hand information that was important to verify the response from other methods of data

collection. For the researcher to achieve her objectives, she employed participant observation as a

method of data collection. Brinkerhoff (1988) defined participant observation as an instrument of

research which consists of three elements, observing participating and meaning of human

behaviour. The researcher scrutinized notice boards for any information on school organisational

structures. The researcher also observed whether the school had reading practices such as group

reading, individual reading, organization of classroom libraries, or information charts that had been

displayed in classrooms or other reading rooms. The researcher observed how the school libraries

and book stores (in schools where they were present) were organized, the labelling of books and

shelves and general tidiness. This assessment also provided evidence of whether the reading

materials were being used for reading or whether they were they just stored away without the pupils

being encouraged to use them. Some photographs were taken to show what was observed both

inside and outside the classrooms and libraries. (see appendix c)

3.6.3 Document Analysis

The researcher analysed existing literature on the reading culture among pupils in UPE schools in

Uganda. With the use of secondary and primary sources of data, the researcher consulted literature

in the form of research studies carried out by other people in the same area of study. This method

provided comprehensive detail and yielded information relevant to the study that could not have

been obtained through the interview and observation methods. Documents used in the search for

information about the study comprised primary and secondary documents, both published and

unpublished. Primary documents included newsletters, research reports, school timetables as well as

papers presented at conferences. Secondary documents included books on reading, dissertations

and journals concerning reading and the Internet. For in-depth understanding of the research

problem, literature was studied through the use of documents as instruments for data collection.

36
3.7 Data Quality Control

3.7.1 Methodological and instrumental triangulation

Triangulation was applied through the use of data from several sources and using different methods

of data collection and analysis. Triangulation of instruments and methods was used in order to

ensure that the different instruments could complement each other and thus ensure the best results.

Interview and observation schedules were the instruments used and the interview and observation

methods as well as document analysis were used to collect data.

3.7.2 Validity and Reliability

The study tested the validity of the reading practices among the pupils and the challenges they faced

in their reading activities. Prior to distribution, the instruments were piloted for content,

concurrency, validity and reliability. In addition, the views of five pupils and teachers from St.

Charles Lwanga Matugga Primary School were sought to ensure that valid and reliable instruments

were administered.

In order to ensure validity and reliability, data collection instruments were piloted with pupils of St.

Charles Lwanga Matugga Primary School who were interviewed as part of the pilot study.

The researcher found that the pupils were engaged in reading practices such as group reading.

They were faced with the challenge of lack of reading materials and places where they could read.

The researcher observed that the school did not have any classroom libraries since they lacked

reading materials though they had a book store where some few readers were stored.

Charts were displayed within the classrooms and this enabled the researcher to ensure that the data

collected was relevant, reliable and accurate. The researcher constantly checked and verified

questions and any other collected information during the process of data collection to ensure

completeness and accuracy. This involved constant editing of the data and the results to ensure that

37
there was a minimal error rate. After obtaining results from the pilot study the researcher was able

to measure validity of the instruments because they provided findings for which study was intended

for.

3.7.3 Rigorousness

Intellectual rigorousness and rigorousness of techniques and methods was applied. The researcher

ensured that the data collection instruments provided suitable findings for the study by ensuring that

during data collection the respondents had a clear understanding of what they were being

interviewed about. The Oxford English Dictionary (1999) defines rigorousness as being severely

exact or rigidly accurate. To avoid inaccuracies or bias, the researcher observed rigorousness during

collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting of the findings.

3.7.4 Objectivity

Collecting the data at different times from different sources and using different methods ensured

that the data collected was objective and of high quality. Data generated using different methods

was analysed to eliminate bias and inaccuracies and to ensure true and credible findings.

This involved constant editing of the data and results to ensure there was a minimal error rate. The

researcher submitted the research tools to the supervisors for approval before deployment in the

field.

3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation

Data analysis is the process of looking at and summarizing data. The researcher adopted the Miles

and Huberman model to analyse data collected from the field. According to Miles and Huberman

(1994) their model entailed data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions as well as

verification. Due to the fact a lot of data is gathered this model was used in the reduction of data

through editing and summarizing with the intent to extract useful information and develop

38
conclusions without changing the meaning of what the respondents had said. Data was further

sorted and coded into categories, in order to bring

together related terms, and then tallied. Data was then interpreted, presented and discussed in the

form of figures, quotations, tabulations and explanatory notes.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

The researcher assured the informants of confidentiality. The information given to the researcher

was used solely for the purposes of research. The researcher avoided using any kind of enticement

for the purpose of obtaining information. Throughout the period of the study, it was crucial that

ethical issues were taken into consideration to ensure reliability and accuracy of data.

3.9.1 Confidentiality

Anonymity and confidentiality were strictly observed during description and reporting of findings.

From the beginning of the research, the researcher made sure that the respondents‟ privacy was

respected.

3.9.2 Protection from harm

The researcher had to protect respondents against potentially harmful effects of participation, for

example stress through participation and loss of self-esteem.

3.9.3 Informed consent

Respondents were informed about the procedures of the study and made their decision to

participate. The researcher provided information on the purpose of the study, benefits to the

respondents, expected duration of participation and procedures to be followed.

As part of the ethical issues, the researcher had to seek the consent of the participants and also had

to inform those participants who were willing to participate that their involvement in the study was

purely voluntary. The researcher assured the willing participants that the information they provided

would not be exploited during and after the research.

39
3.9.4 Honesty

The researcher ensured that she was honest throughout the study. To avoid plagiarism, she

acknowledged the works of other scholars that were utilised, she reported the data as it had been

collected, and during the whole data collection process she was honest to the respondents.

3.10 Data Collection Procedure

Permission to conduct research was obtained from the East African School of Library and

Information Science, Makerere University. The researcher introduced herself with the help of a

letter from the East African School of Library and Information Science to the authorities in the

different schools where the study was to be carried out in order to obtain permission to interview

the pupils, teachers and librarians. A thorough explanation was given by the researcher about the

purpose, content and context of the study to ensure a clear perception of the study with the help of

school authorities. The researcher used instruments like the interview guide to ask pupils and their

teachers‟ questions about reading practices. This involved interacting with respondents on a one-on-

one basis as the researcher recorded their responses. The researcher also observed the various

school environments to add more data that was of value to the study. Throughout the exercise, the

researcher kept taking notes. After collecting the data, the researcher edited and analysed it before

coming up with a report.

40
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents and discusses key findings of the study, which are presented in relation to the

objectives of the study as stated in Chapter One, Section 1.4. The interview and observation

methods were used to collect data. The respondents comprised the pupils, teachers, who included

head teachers, teaching staff and library teachers, and the Kampala district DEO. Pupils from

Kitante, Buganda Road, Mpererwe Church of Uganda and Kabowa Church of Uganda primary

schools were interviewed. Major discussions included the reading practices common in Uganda

UPE schools, the challenges affecting the reading culture in UPE schools and the strategies that

should be adopted to improve the reading culture of pupils in UPE schools. The findings were

descriptive, and were enhanced by illustrations in the form of tables, graphs and pie charts where

necessary.

4.1.1 Characteristics of Respondents

Of the 77 targeted respondents from the four schools in which the study was conducted, a total of

62 respondents responded to the study making a response rate of 79 percent (79%). Those

interviewed included pupils, head teachers, librarians, teachers in charge of reading and deputy

head teachers from the four schools and the DEO Kampala district. All these respondents were

interviewed about the reading practices, challenges they face and any strategies they would

recommend to develop the reading culture among the pupils in UPE schools. The pupils

interviewed were from Primary Five to Primary Seven, and in each class five pupils were selected

basing on their academic performance. A total of 15 pupils were therefore interviewed in each

school. However, 15 (21 per cent) respondents did not respond as a result of absenteeism or

misinterpretation. Out of the 62 respondents, 73 per cent were pupils, 6 per cent were head teachers,

6 per cent deputy head teachers, 10 per cent teachers responsible for reading, 3 per cent librarians

41
 and 2 per cent DEO. The DEO, Kampala district was interviewed at her office at Kampala City

Council.

Table 1 below provides details of respondents.

Table 1: Respondents

Kitante Buganda Mpererwe Kabowa Total Percentage

Primary Road C.O.U. C.O.U. respondents
School Primary Primary Primary
School School School
Children 12 12 11 10 45 73%
Head Teacher 1 1 1 1 4 6%
Deputy Head 1 1 1 1 4 6%
Teacher
Reading 1 2 1 2 6 10%
Teachers
Librarians 1 0 1 0 2 3%
DEO - - - - 1 2%
Total 16 16 15 14 62 100%

Source: Field data (2009)

4.1.2 Gender of the Respondents

There were more female participants than male. The details are reflected in Table 2 below.

Approximately 56 per cent of the respondents were female and 44 per cent were male. This was

attributed to the great amount of interest that females take in reading to enlighten themselves.

Table 2: Respondents by gender

Gender No. of respondents Response rate

Female 35 56%

Male 27 44%

Total 62 100%

Source: Field data (2009)

42
4.2 Assessing the status of literacy

The objective of this study was to assess the status of literacy by pupils in UPE schools. In order to

assess these practices the study evaluated the frequency of reading, reading practices in schools,

reading materials, and the factors that attract pupils to read books. Using the interview method, it

was established that reading practices among pupils in the various schools under study hardly

differed from school to school. The findings are explained below.

4.2.1 Frequency of Reading

Seventy per cent of the pupils interviewed admitted that they engaged in reading activities daily, i.e.

every day of the week they got to read either a textbook or a storybook. Other pupils stated that they

read during their free time, such as during the morning or lunch break or after classes. Some of

these respondents stated that they read from habit while others said that they only read to pass their

examinations, hence they read mainly textbooks. The other pupils admitted that they hardly read at

all because they lacked interest in reading.

Figure 1: Reading frequency of pupils

Source: Field data (2009)

As indicated in Figure 1 above, out of the 45 pupils interviewed, 22 per cent stated that they read on

a daily basis after they left class. They remarked that what they read included textbooks to help

43
them gain better understanding of their lessons at school. On the other hand, 56 per cent of the

pupils interviewed stated that they read during their free time and that this was whenever they felt

like reading. This implies that these pupils only read when they had some free time on their school

timetable.

Furthermore 22 per cent of the pupils confessed that they were not interested in reading so they

hardly read any books at all. Figure 1 represents the reading frequency of pupils in the various

schools where the study was carried out. One of the respondents, a Primary Six pupil at Mpererwe

C.O.U. Primary School, said:

I never get time to read books like storybooks because I don‟t understand some of
the words and i find the books boring, the only time I can force myself to read is
when i am going to do exams because I want to pass them.

Another pupil of primary three interviewed at Kabowa C.O.U Primary School in

Primary Five said, “I don‟t like to read because most of the books are written in
English and I can‟t read it easily because I don‟t understand the words.”

The above findings indicate that language is an important aspect of promoting reading culture. The

pupils‟ reading is hindered by their failure to interpret language in which text is written.

The government‟s language policy is important because it has implications for all i.e teachers and

pupils, following the language in which information materials are written, language of instruction

and examinations, and language in which teachers are trained. According to the government

language policy as articulated in the Government White Paper on Education (Republic of Uganda

1992; 15-16), stipulates thus regarding the language of instruction:

 Mother tongue should be used as a medium of instruction in all educational programmes up

to Primary Four.

 English should be taught as a subject from Primary One. From Primary Five onwards

English should become the medium of instruction.

44
The above policy is being implemented through the adoption of the thematic curriculum. A

principal feature of the new curriculum is its use of a child-centred approach. This is reflected in the

way the curriculum uses themes as a way of focusing on the child and its needs. The use of themes

brings the curriculum closer to the child. The themes have been selected on the basis of their being

close to the child‟s interests and experiences and reflecting more closely the way in which the child

views the world.

In addition, the content, concepts and skills in subject areas such as Science and Social Studies have

been rearranged in themes that are familiar to young children‟s experiences (National Curriculum

Development Centre, 2006). The impact of the new thematic curriculum is of course impossible to

gauge now, because it has not yet been fully implemented and it will take time before the result of

this new approach is seen. This implies that if pupils are given an opportunity to read materials that

are commensurate with their reading level in terms of simplicity of text and language, they will be

able to read actively. This will lay the foundation for a strong reading culture.

4.2.2 Reading practices in UPE schools

The results of the interview showed that all UPE schools selected for the study did not engage their

pupils in reading. Individual pupil behaviours, attitudes and beliefs are nested within the school

and societal environments in which they exist (Lecompte and Schensul, 1999). Attitudes towards

reading and the use of non-textbook reading materials (NTBRMS) are therefore assumed to be

shaped not only by pupils‟ personal interests and reading habits but also by the larger social and

cultural milieu in which the teaching of reading takes place, including homes and schools for

instance.

A teacher of Primary five at Kitante Primary School said:

All reading practices in which pupils engage tend to begin in their school or home
environments with the help of their teachers, parents or siblings to encourage the
pupils to read.” The teacher further stated “without support from people in their
communities, pupils will fail to recognise the importance of reading.

45
Indeed, Gitachu (2007) asserted that adults who offer to read to young children often helped them to

develop as independent readers by engaging them in conversations about what they had read.

Therefore teachers need to motivate the pupils to read in school as well as outside school in order to

reduce the impact of a poor reading culture. This can be done by providing pupils with necessary

reading materials. This implies that pupils cannot easily engage in reading without support from

their teachers, parents, and friends, yet without this support they will not realise the benefits that

accrue from engaging in reading.

Using the interview and observation methods, the researcher found that the reading practices

prevalent among pupils and teachers in all the schools studied were similar. The researcher

observed pupils who were reading silently, which entailed pupils reading as individuals either in

class, in the library or in any place of their choice, such as under trees in the school compound.

Group reading was another practice which the researcher observed. This involved teachers putting

pupils into small groups of about 10, a result of the fact that these schools are characterised by large

numbers of pupils. Each pupil in the group was given an opportunity to read and share ideas about

the book from which they were reading. Alternatively, each pupil in the group got an opportunity to

read out loud to other pupils a paragraph in the text. In this way each pupil got a chance to

participate in the reading session.

Another practice is the teacher-to-child approach in which the researcher observed interaction

between the pupils and their teacher. It involved the teacher reading aloud to an individual pupil on

a one-on-one basis or to all the pupils in a class from a given text and discussing the text with them.

This enabled the researcher to determine whether the pupils had understood the text they had read

or not. This was evidenced at Kitante Primary School where the teacher asked the pupil‟s questions

46
on the text that they had just read and some pupils failed to answer because they had failed to

understand the meaning of some of the words in the text. As a result the teacher had to explain the

meanings of the words in order for the pupils to make sense out of the text and be able to answer his

questions appropriately.

The other practices are peer or child-to-child teaching. This entailed pupils who were good readers

reading out to those of their peers who were weak in reading or reading to pupils in classes lower

than theirs. According to a class session observed at Buganda Road Primary School, on Tuesdays

and Thursdays pupils from higher grades were permitted, after the morning break, to go to junior

classes and read stories to their fellow pupils for 15 minutes as a means of instilling in them interest

in reading. Figure 2 below provides details of the reading practices in which most pupils were

engaged.

16
14
Silent reading
12
10 Group reading
8
6 Teacher to child
approach
4
Peer teaching or
2 child to child
0
no of respondents

Figure 2: Reading practices engaged in by pupils

Source: Field data (2009)

According to the pupils who were interviewed, 10 (22.2%) preferred silent reading, 15 (33.3%)

preferred group reading, 15 (33.3%) preferred the teacher-to-child approach and five (11.1%) pupils

preferred peer or child-to-child teaching. This implies that most of the pupils were in favour of

group reading because they got involved in reading as a class without treating it as a task.

Regarding the teacher-child approach, most pupils enjoyed it because it gave pupils and teachers an

47
opportunity to interpret difficult words in the text, hence affording the pupils a better understanding

of the information and vocabulary used in the text.

Other reading practices which were revealed by the teachers from the various schools in the

interview were story-writing, early morning reading sessions, timetabled reading and library

lessons, and „talking‟ offices, compounds and classrooms.

4.2.3 Storytelling and pupils’ storybooks

Another form of reading practice that pupils engaged in was storytelling and making storybooks.

The teachers who were interviewed in the various schools in which the study was carried out

revealed that they engaged pupils in practices like storytelling and made them write their own

storybooks as a way of encouraging them to read more and enhance their creativity.

For example, at Kitante Primary School pupils and teachers wrote stories or articles which were

then pinned on notice boards in their classrooms. A teacher of primary three interviewed at Kitante

Primary School said

We encourage pupils to tell stories in class, read news at school assemblies and
engage in reading competitions in order to get them involved in reading. Through
such activities pupils are encouraged to read more; hence their vocabulary and
speech are improved.

4.2.4 Early Morning Reading Sessions

The interview method revealed that each school had its own reading culture, which could mean that

whenever pupils were not having a lesson they would have books to read and use morning time as

reading time. However, this was done at individual school level.

48
According to a primary six teacher from Kitante Primary School,

Pupils are fresh in the morning and are likely to concentrate as they read, which
keeps them interested in information material they are reading, unlike in the later
hours of the day when they are exhausted after attending various lessons; their level
of concentration is low. Therefore if reading is made compulsory at this time of day,
pupils are likely to improve their reading habits.

The teachers suggested that the pupils‟ minds are fresh at this time of day and they are therefore

able to concentrate on whatever information they are reading. The researcher observed pupils at

Mpererwe Church of Uganda Primary School who read storybooks after finishing their class

exercises. According to their teacher this was one way to keep them busy and encourage them to

read. Hence through such reading sessions pupils are likely to acquire reading habits which will

enable them to develop a reading culture.

4.3 Reading Materials

The researcher found through the interview and observation methods that most pupils in the

selected schools engaged in reading textbooks because their sole purpose was to excel in their

examinations. Other pupils preferred reading non-textbook reading materials such as storybooks

which were referred to as readers, magazines, newspapers, teacher-made materials, pupil-made

materials, charts and reading cards. Although pupils preferred reading non-textbook reading

materials, they admitted that they had too few of them at their disposal to keep them interested in

reading since they would only access these materials from class libraries, school libraries and

resource centres, teachers, friends and parents, donors and the Ministry of Education and Sports.

49
The researcher observed samples of the textbooks on display in the library at Mpererwe C.O.U.

Primary School. These samples are presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Reading materials – Textbooks on display in the Mpererwe C.O.U. Primary School

library

Source: Field data (2009)

According to the head teacher of Mpererwe C.O.U. Primary School,

The government has also provided reading materials, for example newspapers like
Straight Talk and Young Talk magazines which have been provided to schools for
children to read. There are also charts which are available and some pupils read them
to help them improve on their reading and writing skills. Those pupils who can‟t
read can still learn by looking at those charts and practise how to read.

Study findings suggest that the focus of MOES to-date has been to provide textbooks. However,

the same ministry is the main supplier of non-textbook reading materials known as readers. In

addition, MOES, through its Instructional Materials Unit, designed policies and strategies that were

meant to ensure that schools received instructional materials, including the non - textbook reading

materials. Indeed, MOES (2003), put in place textbooks and instructional materials were to be put

into the hands of the learners for their active use at school and at home for reference. In this case,

50
the instructional materials referred to include approved textbooks, reference books like dictionaries,

encyclopaedias, atlases, supplementary reading materials like picture books, stories, drama and

poetry suitable for the pupils‟ age range, non-fiction books and materials, teaching and learning aids

like globes and jigsaws, abacuses and science kits, charts and flash cards for teachers to use in class.

Figure 4 below represents an abacus, a learning aid.

Figure 4: Instructional materials – An abacus as a learning aid at Mpererwe C.O.U. Primary

School
Source: Field data (2009)

Out of the 45 respondents interviewed, 15 (33%) pupils preferred reading storybooks, 5 (11%)

preferred reading textbooks, 10 (23%) preferred reading newspapers, 5 (11%) preferred reading

magazines, 5 (11%) preferred reading teacher and pupil made materials and 5 (11%) preferred

reading charts. Tables 3 below represents materials the pupils preferred reading.

51
Table 3: Materials read by pupils

Reading material No. of respondents Percentage

Storybooks 15 33%

Textbooks 5 11%

Newspapers 10 23%

Magazines 5 11%

Teacher- and pupil made materials 5 11%

Charts 5 11%

Total 45 100%

Source: Field data (2009)

Although the government is trying to support reading in various ways, it lacks reading materials

that can arouse pupil‟s‟ interest, hence there is need to select reading materials with appropriate and

interesting information to cultivate interest in reading among the pupils. The above findings imply

that if pupils are provided with more non- text-book reading materials, such as storybooks, they will

be encouraged to read more since story-books have interesting content like pictures and vocabulary

which are likely to arouse interest in reading among the pupils as well as motivate them to engage

in regular reading.

52
4.4 Factors that Motivate Pupils to Read Books
To assess factors that motivate pupils to read, pupils were interviewed to find out what attracted

them to reading materials since most of them preferred NTBRMs as the best option to indulge and

strengthen their reading habits. Twenty-five (56%) pupils said a picture (illustration) would play a

fundamental role in motivating them to pick a book to read because it would make them curious

about what the book was about, 15 (33%) pupils said that an interesting title would make them want

to read a book, whereas 5 (11%) pupils said they only got interested in reading a book if it was

recommended by a friend. Table 4 represents factors that motivate pupils to read books.

Table 4: Factors that motivate pupils to read books

N=45
Factors that motivate pupils to No. of respondents Percentage

read

Illustrations 25 56%

Title 15 33%

Books recommended by friends 05 11%

Total 45 100%

Source: Field data (2009)

The researcher learnt this through interviewing pupils involved by asking them to vote for what

would attract them to a reading material. The process involved getting different texts – one with an

illustrated cover and one whose cover had only a title but no illustration – and asking the pupils in

the different schools whether they preferred reading books recommended by friends. The researcher

was able to count the number of pupils who voted, by show of hands, on what motivated them to

read a particular book in order to come up with the findings. The relevance of the material depends

on the context and the children. Indeed, the best judges of what material is stimulating and relevant

53
to the children are the children themselves (Magara, 2005). The above findings imply that

illustrations play a fundamental role in attracting pupils to read because they make the pupils

curious about the books. This is in line with the saying that „a picture is worth a thousand words‟,

unlike titles which might be difficult for the children to read easily as well as books recommended

by friends.

4.5 Challenges Affecting Reading Culture among Pupils in UPE Schools

Using the interview and observation methods, the researcher learnt that a number of factors

played a major role in limiting pupils‟ interest in reading activities, which would enable them to

build a firm foundation for reading. Through the interview method, the researcher found that

various factors played a role in discouraging pupils from developing interest in reading. These

included insufficient amounts of reading materials, inaccessibility to reading materials, lack of

libraries, lack of parental involvement, inappropriate reading materials, teacher-related barriers,

school-level practices, cultural relevance, and a national curriculum that does not sufficiently

address reading. These factors are discussed below:

a) Insufficient amounts of Reading Materials

Findings from the interview revealed that reading materials in most of these schools were

insufficient in quantity in almost all classes. Head teachers complained of inadequacy in

variety and quantity of reading materials in schools, especially in the wake of increasing

enrollment. They felt that this was one of the barriers to promoting a reading culture in

schools. For instance the head teacher of Kabowa C.O.U. Primary School said:

In most cases, just a few copies of reading materials which are categorised as
non- textbook reading materials commonly known as readers are supplied by MOEs
for pleasure reading. If the class is large then it is a very big problem for the pupils to
each get a chance to read. Therefore pupils get discouraged to read since not all of
them are able to get an opportunity to read from the NTBRMs in class and neither
are they allowed to borrow them to take home to read.

54
 The pupils‟ views were consistent with those of their teachers. Since schools

generally did not allow pupils to borrow readers to take home, some pupils were not

sure whether or not the available books were sufficient in number to borrow. In

some schools the researcher found that the pupils were not aware that their schools

had non-textbook reading materials because the teachers did not give them an

opportunity to read in class. In these schools the standard response to the question of

whether there were any reading materials in the school indicated that the children

were not aware of their availability or lack thereof. This lack of awareness among

pupils that their schools had reading materials suggested that their teachers never

engaged them in using these reading materials.

A primary three teacher from Kabowa C.O.U. Primary School said that

because of the small amount of reading materials they had, they could not share them
out among all the pupils because of the very large class sizes that outstripped supply
of the books. They therefore felt that it was better for them to keep the books locked
up.

This implies that since pupils were not informed about the availability of reading materials in class,

it became difficult for them to know what type of reading materials they could access, from whom

and where, hence limiting their interest in reading. In schools where reading materials were

available, borrowing of these materials by the pupils was restricted, hence hindering their ability to

engage in reading.

b) Accessibility to Reading Materials

Teachers and pupils revealed that it was not easy to access reading materials within the school and

that this was as a result of certain school management practices, such as the locking up of books,

imposing strict restrictions on their use, infrastructural constraints such as lack of space, absence of

55
trained librarians, inadequate supply of reading materials and lack interest in borrowing books on

the part of pupils. However according to the DEO,

Despite increased number of reading materials in schools and the government‟s

policy of putting the books in the hands of the pupils, pupils are not able to access
reading materials because head teachers and teachers withhold the materials from
them. This was witnessed during the DEO‟s inspection visits; that most of the
materials are locked up in lockups either in the head teacher‟s offices or in the book
stores.

Therefore materials were not optimally used since pupils did not have access to books, which

reduced their interest to read. This became evident when the researcher asked a primary four pupil

at Kabowa Church of Uganda Primary School to show her some of the NTBRMs that they used for

reading in class and the pupil said that

They got books from the school general purpose store and that they were not kept
in class for fear that pupils who borrowed them might lose them yet they were in
limited supply.

As a result of the restrictions imposed on pupils in accessing reading materials in schools as well as

the books being locked up in offices, the pupils found it difficult to follow the protocol of

borrowing books for various reasons. Such reasons included fear of losing the books and the

number of books available for borrowing being limited, hence making them less motivated to

engage in reading.

c) Lack of Libraries

The observation method revealed that some of the schools selected for this study lacked libraries or

reading rooms where materials could be displayed for easy accessibility. The researcher found that

at Kabowa C.O.U. Primary School books were kept in boxes in the head teacher‟s office and in the

general-purpose store, which made it difficult for pupils and teachers to retrieve them for reading as

well as now what reading materials they could borrow. Indeed Magara and Batambuze (2005)

noted that there was limited access to books in most of the schools because teachers seemed

protective of books for fear of mutilation. However, even the schools where libraries were

56
accessible, such as Kitante Primary School, the pupils revealed during the interview that the library

teacher would not allow them to take the books home for fear that they would lose the books or

mishandle them, yet the school library had limited space where they could sit and read.

Furthermore, some pupils attributed their lack of interest in reading to lack of an environment

conducive to reading. For example, the pupils admitted that they could not easily read at home

because they got involved in household chores and that there was usually noise at home so they

could not concentrate on what they were reading. This implies that lack of facilities like libraries

where pupils can get access to books and concentrate on reading influences pupils‟ reading habits.

For instance, without a library setting pupils do not get exposed to a variety of reading materials

which are displayed and they tend to be less enthusiastic about reading. This implies that the pupils

tend to become less curious about reading materials since they are not exposed to a variety from

which they can make a choice since the only place where that kind of variety can be found is a

school library.

d) Weak Support and Supervision from Parents

Some of the teachers interviewed in the various schools under study admitted that their pupils‟

reluctance to read was a result of lack of support from their parents. This is because most parents do

not spare time to read with or read to their children nor do they encourage them to borrow books

from school, for fear that they might lose them and that they would have to pay for the lost books.

In addition to that, the teachers interviewed said that most parents could not afford to buy NTBRMs

for their children because books are expensive.

The teachers added that parents were ignorant about the kind of readers they could buy for their

children since the schools did not give them any advice on what was considered appropriate for the

children to read. For instance, a pupil of primary six from Buganda Road Primary School revealed

57
during the interview that her parents were more interested in seeing that she excelled in her class

work in order to pass examinations. Hence they bought for her textbooks rather than NTBRMs such

as storybooks because they did not think that NTBRMs were important for her studies. In addition,

they were busy people who did not have time to read with her and this made her reluctant to read

other books; furthermore, her parents expected her to read textbooks all the time. This limited her

interest in other reading materials since she did not get exposed to other kinds of reading materials.

The foregoing implies that parent participation in helping their children to read is non-existent.

Therefore there is‟ need by the schools to educate the parents through meetings about the

importance of supporting their children to acquire the habit of reading such as by engaging them in

conversations about stories they have read as well as creating time to share stories with them and

read to them.

e) Inappropriate Reading Materials

The teachers interviewed in the various schools in which the study was carried out revealed that

there were a number of reading materials which were inappropriate for the pupils‟ reading

activities. They singled out the Red Pepper newspaper, the „Ssenga section‟ in Bukedde, adult

magazines, and war books. They considered such materials to be inappropriate because of the

language they used, how they were presented, their content, their questionable cultural relevance

and their moral influence on the pupils. They expressed the view that these reading materials did

not influence the pupils to read quality and educative information materials. According to Magara

and Nyumba (2004) they noted that resource allocation in Uganda concentrated on text books

without balancing the needs of NTBRMs. Therefore the only information materials that were

available for pupils to read were textbooks which they only read in order to excel in their class work

and examinations. The availability of only textbooks in schools limited the pupils‟ interest in

reading because the textbooks bored them quite quickly. This implies that restriction of the scope of

information materials limits pupils‟ exposure to other materials that they could read to develop

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interest in reading. But out of the fear that pupils might get exposed to immoral information

materials, schools ensure that pupils are limited to reading particular information materials which

lack variety, hence over time they lose the motivation to read.

f) Teacher-related Barriers and School-level Practices

The findings of this study revealed that the government had been supporting reading activities by

availing NTBRMs to pupils in schools. However, in the UPE schools where the study was carried

out using the interview method it was found that teachers did not allow pupils to borrow readers to

take home. Some of the excuses given by the teachers were that since the readers were in short

supply they feared to loan them to pupils because they would lose them or mishandle them and that

it was difficult on their part to keep track of the readers borrowed by the pupils. In addition, the

head teachers blamed the teachers who taught reading or the pupils who, despite the teachers‟ best

efforts, failed to understand what they were taught.

Other teachers believed that the problem lay with the national curriculum that does not place

sufficient emphasis on reading. For instance, a teacher of primary five from Mpererwe C.O.U.

Primary School said,

The Ministry of Education removed reading from the curriculum as a subject and it
is now taken as a skill in the English language hence there‟s no content to read or a
curriculum to teach reading.

Therefore most teachers tend to have a biased attitude towards reading because they do not have a

reading syllabus to guide them on how they can teach reading to the pupils. Therefore teachers do

not encourage pupils to read since the teachers themselves have no idea how to go about teaching

reading. This causes a widespread lack of commitment, creativity, innovativeness and

resourcefulness among head teachers and teachers, a situation that has contributed towards a poor

reading culture among both the teachers and the pupils.

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While some schools admittedly have used locally available resources to arouse pupils‟ interest in

reading materials, this kind of creative resourcefulness was lacking among most of the head

teachers and teachers in the schools where the study was carried out. This implies that teachers

contribute to the pupils‟ failure to read because they do not improvise to make up for the lack of a

specific curriculum to teach pupils reading. Furthermore, the teachers forbade the pupils from

borrowing reading materials for fear that they might lose them, hence pupils did not get motivated

to visit the libraries to borrow books that would help them engage in extensive reading.

g) Cultural Relevance

During the interview, a teacher revealed that most of the materials pupils got to read were not

culturally relevant because they were written by foreign authors who came from cultures different

from those of the pupils and whose writings were based on their cultural backgrounds. This was a

challenge to the pupils in the sense that most of the concepts found in the materials were outside the

pupils‟ environment, making identification with the story difficult. However, Verhoeven and snow

(2001) noted that books that deal with subjects that are relevant to the children‟s daily lives and

reflect their world both inside and outside school are believed to promote engaged readers. A

primary six teacher from Buganda Road said:

Although some publishers like Macmillan, Longman, Fountain Publishers and MK

Publishers have tried to write and illustrate their books relating them to the common
culture of most Ugandan situations, culture in Uganda still differs since it varies
from one region to another. This makes it difficult for the pupils to identify one
culture from another hence most pupils tend to have limited interest in reading
materials that do not relate to their immediate environment.

This implies that Uganda has few authors who can write materials relating to the culture with which

the pupils can easily identify, hence foreign reading materials might not stimulate pupils‟

imagination and interest in reading.

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h) Time

The findings of the study revealed that there was tension between the time devoted to subjects that

are examined and those that are not examined. Therefore, since reading is not regarded as an

examinable subject in PLE, a lower priority is placed on reading. This is well-illustrated in the

following comment by the head teacher of Kabowa C.O.U.

Our emphasis is mainly on examinable subjects because the exams are so

academically-oriented.” The children naturally want to read what is going to be
asked in the exam. I think it is a policy which needs to be established by the ministry
where reading skills are also tested. Due to the fact that reading is not an examinable
subject, teachers tend to treat teaching reading as a waste of time.

In the face of such an attitude among teachers, pupils are not encouraged to read since they are not
examined in that area. Therefore the failure of schools to create time for reading with or to the
pupils affects them negatively because the pupils never get to realise the importance of reading
since they lack encouragement and planned times for reading.

4.6 Strategies for Improving Reading Culture

Since various reading practices are used in the various schools selected for the study the pupils

should be reading actively. However, there are a number of challenges that discourage them from

making reading a part of their lives. Using the interview method the researcher learnt from various

respondents how best they thought schools; MOES, teachers, parents and DEOs could develop

strategies for engaging pupils in reading. Their opinions included: providing pupils with educative

and interesting NTBRMs; establishing readers‟ clubs; storytelling; making reading materials

locally; timetabled reading and library lessons; rewarding pupils and teachers; and talking offices,

compounds and classrooms.

a) Educative and Interesting NTBRMs

Interesting stories can make reading enjoyable, which is important to children as they learn to read

as well as for the development of the reading culture. Using the interview method, the researcher

found that pupils had preferences in terms of the materials they wanted to read. According to the

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librarian of Mpererwe C.O.U. Primary School, the most popular reader among pupils was the

storybook Gulu Gulu Goes to School. When the pupils were asked why they enjoyed reading this

book they answered that it had interesting pictures and the language was easy to read.

Furthermore, some pupils interviewed at Kitante Primary School stated that they enjoyed reading

materials that they believed taught them something, for example a popular newsletter, „Straight

Talk‟, which was deemed appropriate by pupils and teachers alike because of its educative content.

Figure 5: Examples of some readers that the pupils read in school.

Figure 5: Some of the non-textbook reading materials the pupils read

Source: Field data (2009)

Hence the information materials that the pupils prefer to read determine their areas of interest and

thus what they will want to read. Indeed, Gibson (2004) points out that for pupils to read they

should be allowed to choose the books they would like to read. This creates a challenge for schools

to be more inclusive in their selection and procurement of reading materials, such as NTBRMs, in

order to motivate pupils to get interested in reading. This implies that if pupils are exposed to a

wide selection of information materials they are likely to be motivated to engage in reading.

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b) Readers’ Clubs

The interview revealed that by the formation of readers‟ clubs in schools will motivate pupils to

read because they will be able to share their different experiences basing on the information

materials they have read. One teacher from Kitante Primary School revealed that the experience

they had had with readers‟ clubs such as Minds across Africa showed that „a reader‟s understanding

of a text is enhanced by interacting with other readers‟. As pupils participate in book clubs they will

learn from each other and work together to construct meaning (McMahon,2004), hence all the

schools should be encouraged to set up readers‟ clubs in order to promote reading among their

pupils. This implies that the pupils will get exposed to a wide variety of information materials as

well as ideas that they will share with various pupils from other schools in order to arouse in them

the curiosity to read and to make reading a habit.

c) Encouraging Storytelling and Children/Pupil Authors

The researcher noted that in some schools, pupils were encouraged to tell stories and in other

schools, the writing of stories by pupils and teachers was an established practice. For example at

Buganda Road Primary School, Kitante Primary School and Mpererwe C.O.U. Primary School,

pupils and teachers wrote stories or articles which were pinned up on their notice boards and in their

classrooms. Two of the titles the researcher was able to observe were „My First Day at School‟ and

„My Favourite Food‟. For instance, the head teacher of Buganda Road Primary School said that

they encouraged each class to create their own class libraries. He said,

Class teachers get a corner in the class which they transform into a library and the
materials which the pupils write are displayed in that corner so that their colleagues
get to read them. In this way, pupils are encouraged to think and write as well as
learn to read out of curiosity.

The use of story-writing as a strategy for promoting reading could be supported by measures such

as establishment of classroom libraries in the form of displayed stories and lockups in which pupils‟

stories are stored. This implies that if pupils are able to read their work as well as that of their

63
friends when it is displayed in class they will strive to read more to gain better ideas for their next

stories, and this will keep them reading.

d) Making Reading Materials Locally

The researcher noted that in most schools, teachers made their own reading materials, which

included charts, reading cards cut out of old boxes, banana fibres, cuttings from old newspapers and

magazines, games and jigsaw puzzles.

Figure 6: Reading materials displayed in class:

Figure 6: Locally made reading materials displayed in class

Source: Field data (2009)

In the above photo, some of the reading materials were displayed on a board in the classroom. This

encouraged pupils to read in order to understand the different concepts they were studying, such as

the digestive system and the weather. For instance, at Kabowa C.O.U. Primary School, most of the

64
classes had charts made by pupils and teachers covering the walls and reading cards were also

displayed in the classrooms. Some of the materials not on display were stored in boxes in one

corner of the classrooms where pupils had access to them during their free periods. This enabled

easy access for the pupils to these materials whenever they wanted to read.

f) Timetabling Reading and Library Lessons

Studies indicate that there is need to plan for library lessons and the only means they can be carried

out systematically is through timetabling. At Mpererwe C.O.U., library lessons are part of the

school‟s timetable for all classes. According to the librarian at Mperewe C.O.U. timetabling of

library lessons would be a good practice if adhered to. However, as the researcher observed, the

librarian rarely showed up for lessons and the library lesson was used to teach other subjects

instead. This implies that if reading is approved as a lesson on the timetable, teachers will be able to

encourage pupils to read because they will be able to get them exposed to the reading materials

available in the school and advise them on how best to make use of the reading materials availed by

the school.

f) Early Morning Reading Sessions

Most teachers and pupils in schools selected for the study were of the view that the early morning

period between 7.30 am - 8.00 am should be used by pupils for personal reading since in the

morning pupils‟ minds are fresh and their concentration good. However, this differs from school to

school since each school has its own reading practices. This implies that if various schools

timetable the morning period for reading they are likely to create solid reading habits among the

pupils since they will get exposed to reading and with time make it a permanent habit.

g) ‘Talking’ Offices, Compounds and Classrooms

During the study, the researcher found that the selected schools had what they called „talking‟

compounds, „talking‟ offices, and „talking‟ classrooms. The teachers made the researcher

65
understand that these places were described as „talking‟ because information materials were

displayed in them that communicated to everyone on the school campus. Examples of these were:

„Wash your hands after visiting the toilet‟ and „Time wasted is never gained‟. These places had

posters displayed with different kinds of information, at different spots on the school compound.

Figure 7: An example of a poster on the outside wall of a classroom.

Figure 7: Talking compounds – A talking compound poster on display in a school

Source: Field Data (2009)

Most of the head teachers‟ offices and the staffrooms were „talking‟ places with displays of

information on the activities of the various committees. In addition, teachers‟ duty rosters, PLE

results and the amount of UPE funds received were displayed. In some schools the trees and shrubs

in the compounds were clearly labelled in everyday English as well as with their scientific names

and other names commonly associated with them. According to a teacher from Mpererwe C.O.U

Primary School, “Pupils were able to read because there is strategic placement of materials like

66
signposts on compounds, classrooms and offices hence enabling pupils pick interest in reading

activities.”

In conclusion, this chapter revealed findings of the study from the selected schools, the reading

practices that pupils engaged in such as group reading, individual reading, peer-to-peer reading and

teacher-to-pupil reading. Story-telling and early morning reading sessions were factors that

motivated pupils to read. The challenges met by both teachers and pupils in reading were also

revealed, such as insufficient quantities of books, inaccessibility to the reading materials, lack of

libraries, an examination-oriented national curriculum. Teachers and pupils provided strategies for

developing a reading culture such as provision of educative and interesting NTBRMs, establishment

of readers‟ clubs, encouraging storytelling among the pupils, making reading materials locally,

timetabling reading and library lessons and rewarding pupils and teachers.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter gives a summary of the major findings, conclusions drawn from the findings and

recommendations to address the strategies for developing a reading culture among pupils in UPE

schools.

5.2 General Summary

The study involved 61 respondents, of whom 45 were pupils, 16 were teachers and one was the

DEO, Kampala district. The study sought to analyse the reading practices among pupils in UPE

schools in Uganda in order to develop strategies for the development of a reading culture in primary

schools in Uganda. The objectives of the study were to establish reading practices in UPE schools

in Uganda; to examine the major challenges to reading among pupils in UPE schools in Uganda;

and to develop appropriate strategies to improve the reading culture of pupils in UPE schools in

Uganda. The interview and observation methods were used to derive findings. Interviews were

conducted among the pupils, the teachers and the DEO and observations were made in classes.

5.2.1 Summary of Findings.

The study found that development of reading practices among the pupils was determined by time,

availability of reading materials and the involvement of their teachers in motivating pupils to read.

The most commonly used reading practices in most schools were silent reading, group reading,

teacher-to-child reading, and peer teaching. However, other reading practices were reading

competitions, readers‟ clubs, debating societies, and interest corners in the classrooms where

teachers and pupils wrote articles that were pinned up in class so that other pupils could read them.

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Reading materials known as readers were made available to the pupils although most of the schools

had textbooks which did not inspire the pupils to read. Pupils revealed that they preferred reading

NTBRMs because they had interesting titles and pictures which motivated them to read. The study

revealed that pupils were able to access these books through their class libraries, friends, teachers,

siblings and donors. However, the respondents revealed that various factors hampered their ability

to build a firm foundation for reading, and these included insufficient amounts of reading materials,

inaccessibility to reading materials, lack of libraries, lack of parent involvement, inappropriate

reading materials, teacher-related barriers, lack of cultural relevance, scarcity of time, and the

examination-oriented national curriculum.

5.3 Conclusions

Basing on the evidence of the findings of the study in section 5.2, the following conclusions can be

drawn.

The major reading practices in UPE schools in Uganda include group reading, teacher-to-child

approach, child-to-child approach and individual reading. Group reading and teacher-to-child

reading is the most common in the schools studied. This implies that children are not familiar with

individual reading thus weakening their reading ability as individuals.

However, there are challenges affecting the reading practices in UPE schools. Most of the reading

materials in these schools are textbooks which are mainly procured to support academic

achievement of the pupils rather than NTBRMs which are more interesting and which can therefore

encourage pupils to read constantly. There are limitations to reading materials availed to pupils in

the form of restrictions on usage and the limited variety of NTBRMs from which pupils can choose.

Therefore reading materials are not supportive of promotion of reading among the pupils.

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In addition, pupils do not have access to reading materials because they lack space or infrastructure

(libraries) for storage of the materials, they lack professionals who could provide them with reading

materials systematically (librarians), this implies that the library services and library staff affect

how and when pupils read books. However even, inappropriate reading materials discourage pupils

from reading. Reading materials may be inappropriate because the language used is too advanced

for the pupils‟ level of proficiency; because the content of the reading materials is not culturally

relevant; or because the material is considered to be morally harmful. The way in which a particular

information material is presented, in terms of the language and content, usually affects the way in

which pupils will perceive that information material.

Further still, pupils do not read frequently due to the fact that there is no time allocated for reading

activities, thus leading to lack of interest in reading. This implies that time is an essential

requirement for a reading culture to flourish.

Some of the strategies that can be introduced include introducing educative and interesting non

textbook materials (NTBRMS), introducing readers clubs, encouraging storytelling, making reading

materials locally, timetabling reading and library lessons, encouraging early reading lessons and

talking offices and compounds. If efforts are put in place to implement such strategies, there will be

a major improvement of the reading culture of pupils in schools in Uganda.

5.4 Recommendations

The following recommendations are based on the study findings and are driven by the belief that

significant gaps in the development of reading among primary school children need to be addressed

through a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach to the literacy problem at different levels of

the school system. This view reflects a shift in focus, away from supply side concerns to demand

side concerns at different intervention levels school and policy.

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a) Supply of Non-Textbook Reading Materials (NTBRMs)

There is need to increase the quantities and variety of NTBRMs to improve pupil: NTBRMs ratios

in primary schools. Interesting stories can make reading enjoyable, and this is important for

children as they learn to read as well as for the development of the reading culture. Hence there is

need for the government to avail pupils with reading materials that are educative and interesting,

especially those written by authors who relate their stories with the local setting in Uganda. This

will enable pupils to identify themselves with the stories and thus develop interest in reading.

b) Interventions by Schools in Reading

Schools should take the responsibility to develop explicitly stated objectives for developing a

reading culture for all children, including children with visual or other impairments. To ensure that

reading thrives in Uganda, concerted efforts would be required to improve the social and reading

infrastructure to promote reading across the school curriculum and develop reading extension

services (Magara and Batambuze,2005).

c) Readers’ Clubs

There is need to strengthen reading practices among pupils in order to help them develop a reading

culture at school and at home. Schools should set up reading activities that involve all pupils. This

can be done through teachers organising debates, reading competitions, quizzes, setting up readers‟

and writers‟ clubs, and sharing of pupils‟ stories through storytelling. Once pupils realise that they

do not have adequate knowledge as they share ideas with their peers through reading activities

they will wake up to the benefits of reading. They are more likely then to become more curious

about the reading various materials available to them both at school and at home and might decide

to read them.

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d) Support from the Ministry of Education and Sports

The Ministry of Education and Sports needs to develop and implement a clear policy on how to

introduce Primary One pupils to reading with regard to what language to start with, when to switch

or use two languages and what specific methods and books to be used by teachers when instructing

pupils during reading lessons.

e) Training of Teachers

The Ministry of Education and Sports also needs to re-orient teacher supervision from fault-finding

to supportive and facilitative supervision to provide teachers with support and to enforce and

sustain teachers‟ interest in reading. This can be done by training teachers on how they can

influence pupils to develop interest in reading.

f) Encouraging Storytelling and Pupil Authors

Inviting local authors to the various schools will allow them to share their experiences with the

pupils about how they came up with ideas for the stories that they wrote. In this way the pupils will

be inspired to read and create their own stories which they can share with their peers in class. This

will enable pupils to broaden and enrich their imagination through reading widely in order to get

ideas for their stories. These stories can be published later or displayed in their classrooms for other

pupils to read. Hence through such activities pupils‟ morale to read is boosted.

g) Introduction of Classroom Libraries

The use of story-writing as a strategy for promoting reading could be supported by measures such

as establishment of classroom libraries in the form of cupboards in which to store pupils‟ stories.

Farrant (1997) asserts that the classroom environment is important in the promotion of the reading

culture. He suggests a book corner of supplementary readers with pre- readers which could be used

to entice pupils to learn to read with their teachers. Hence there is need to develop mechanisms for

72
public-private partnerships and information-sharing on the basis of best practices and interventions

that feature in private and government-aided schools.

h) Timetabling Reading and Library Lessons

The government should endeavor to set up school libraries and separate book storage facilities in all

schools in order to provide an environment that is conducive to reading for pupils as well as

accessibility to the materials the pupils will need to read. When the libraries are in place it will be

easier to schedule reading lessons on school timetables as well as systematically provide

information on how to use the library as well as its resources.

Library lessons should be conducted through the library teachers to ensure that pupils use library

time efficiently and effectively by perusing a variety of reading materials. Through timetabled

reading many pupils will be encouraged to learn how to read. In this case each one of them will be

entitled to some form of reading material when they visit the school library. Special times for

individual or group reading by pupils can also be set aside. Through such activities the pupils will

be able to determine their weak points as they read and be encouraged to read more. Timetabling

library lessons would be a good practice if adhered to.

i) Reading Sessions

Teachers should create reading sessions in schools where reading is not taken as a priority but as an

obligation. This can be done through encouraging pupils to borrow reading materials from school as

well as home and read in between break times.

j) Rewarding Pupils and Teachers

Through displaying stories created by pupils, pupils reading to their peers, and teachers giving them

gifts such as pencils or other reading materials as a reward, pupils are likely to become motivated to

read and create more. This creates confidence in them and encourages them to read more regularly

to come up with good results. Such rewards tend to encourage pupils to engage more in reading.

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5.6 Areas for Further Study

The researcher recommends the following areas for further study:

a. The MOEs has played a role of putting in place a national text book policy and

implemented it through the Decentralised Instructional Materials Programme

However, there is still need for the ministry to streamline means through which they

can balance supply of NTBRMs by providing a variety of reading materials which

are relevant to pupils reading levels which can be used in schools to encourage

reading amongst the pupils.

b. For pupils to engage in reading as a lifelong learners there is need for them to have

role models who should encourage them to read. However for this to be fulfilled

there‟s need for teachers and parents to develop means through which they can

support pupils‟ to read.

74
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 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: STUDENT INTERVIEW GUIDE

The researcher is a student of Makerere University who is undertaking a study on a topic:

Strategies for development of a reading culture in Uganda Primary schools: Case studies of

four selected UPE schools in Kampala District. This is to kindly request you spare some time and

respond to this interview. I would like to ask a few questions regarding this topic. All your

responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Age ____________________________

Class ___________________________

Gender __________________________

Objective 1: Practices related to reading

1. Do you usually read during your leisure time?

2. What reading materials do you read?

3. What attracts you to read any information material?

4. How do you get the information materials you read?

5. What reading activities are you involved in as a pupil?

6. How often do you read and where do you read from?

7. Is there anyone who helps you as you read? If so how do they help you as you read?

Objective 2: Impediments to reading

8. What problems do you face when reading?

9. What challenges prevent you from reading?

10. How does lack of a library/reading room limit your reading ability?

11. How does lack of reading materials affect your reading?

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Objective 3: Appropriate strategies

12. What kind of reading materials can be used to develop a reading culture among pupils in your

class?

13. What reading practices in your school are pupils actively engaged in to improve on their reading

habits?

14. What type of reading materials do you think can attract pupils to read?

15. Do you think a library is important in promoting pupil‟s ability to read. If yes what role does it

play?

16. How have the following people encouraged you to develop a reading culture?

a) Teachers

b) Parents

c) Siblings

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 APPENDIX B: TEACHER INTERVIEW GUIDE
The researcher is a student of Makerere University who is undertaking a study on a topic:

Strategies for the development of a reading culture in Ugandan primary schools: Case studies

of four selected UPE schools in Kampala district. This is to kindly request you spare some time

and respond to this interview. I would like to ask a few questions regarding this topic. All your

responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Age __________________________

Gender ________________________

Responsibility ______________________

Qualification ___________________________

Objective 1: Practices related to reading

1. What kind of reading practices do you engage pupils in?

2. How often do you read to the pupils?

3. Do you have a specific language of instruction you use to teach reading and why?

4. How do pupils get access to reading materials?

5. Do pupils prefer a particular type of reading practice over another? if so why do you think

so?

Objective 2: Impediments to reading

6. How does lack of reading materials affect reading of pupils?

7. How does lack of reading facilities affect pupil‟s reading ability?

8. How does the environment affect pupils reading?

9. Does lack of reading materials in native languages affect reading habits of pupils in schools? If

so how?

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Objective 3: Appropriate strategies

10. What reading practices should be encouraged by teachers to build a firm reading culture among

pupils?

11. What role should the following people play in encouraging pupils to read?

Teachers

Parents

Siblings

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 APPENDIX C: OBSERVATION GUIDE
Introduction:
This Observation Guide was used for observing the activities and facilities in schools where study
was being conducted. It is one of the instruments that the researcher used for collecting data for a
research on „Strategies for the development of reading culture in Uganda primary schools:
Case studies of four selected Universal Primary Education schools in Kampala District.’

Reading practices

Information materials pupils are interested in reading………………………………………

Attitudes towards non text book reading materials…………………………………………

Types of reading materials pupils read…………………………………………………….

Reading practices pupils engage in ……………………………………………………

Impediments to reading culture

Causes of poor reading culture among the pupils

Teachers attitudes towards reading and teaching pupils how to read

Book storage and tidiness in schools

How inventory is carried out to ensure minimal loses of readers

Strategies to develop reading culture

How pupils acquaint themselves to reading materials

How teachers, parents and siblings encourage them

Governments‟ response to curriculum on point of reading.

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