BIOL 223-Genetics-Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Salim MOUSSA, PhD

Fall 2020
BIOL 223
1
Introduction
 The instructions for all your traits are located on your DNA on small
segments called genes.
 Genes are located on specific positions of chromosomes, called locus

(loci).
 Every species has a unique chromosome number.
2
3
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Introduction
 Our species has 46 chromosomes:
 Each parent contributes half of

its chromosomes.
 23 from dad, 23 from mom.
4
Introduction
 Homologous chromosomes—one of two paired chromosomes, one from
each parent.
 Same length
 Same centromere position
 Carry genes that control the same inherited traits
5
Haploid and Diploid Cells
An organism produces gametes (sex Cells) to maintain the same number of

chromosomes from generation to generation.
 Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes.
 A cell (sex cells or gametes) with n chromosomes is called a haploid

cell.
 A cell (somatic cells) that contains 2n chromosomes is called a diploid cell.
6
 Polyploidy is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all
chromosomes in an organism.
7
 The sexual life cycle in animals

involves meiosis.
 Meiosis produces gametes.
 When gametes combine in fertilization,

the number of chromosomes is restored.
8
Meiosis
 Reduces the chromosome number by half through the separation of

homologous chromosomes.
 Involves two consecutive cell divisions called meiosis I (Reductional)

and meiosis II (Equational).
9
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
 Pairing of homologous chromosomes

 Nuclear envelope breaks down.
 Spindles form.
Prophase I
 Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information.
 Chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous
chromosomes (Tetrad).
10
Meiosis I
 Metaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.
Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes separate and move
to opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase I
11
Meiosis I
 Telophase I
 Spindles break down.

 Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei.
 The cell divides.
Telophase12I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
Spindle apparatus forms and the
chromosomes condense.
Prophase II
 Metaphase II
 A haploid number of chromosomes
line up at the equator.
Metaphase
13 II
Meiosis II
 Anaphase II
 The sister chromatids are
pulled apart move toward the opposite poles of the cell. Anaphase II
 Telophase II
The nuclear membrane and nuclei reform.
Telophase II
14
Meiosis II
 Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells, each with n

number of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
15
Mendelian Genetics
How Genetics Began

 The passing of traits to the next generation is called inheritance, or
heredity.
• Mendel-Father of genetics
• Cross bred pea plants

– Why did he choose pea plants?
– Collected data over many generations
16
Mendelian Genetics
 Mendel studied seven different traits.
 Seed or pea color
 Flower color
 Seed pod color
 Seed shape or texture
 Seed pod shape
 Stem length
 Flower position
17
Mendelian Genetics
 The parent generation is also known as the P generation.
18
Mendelian Genetics
 The offspring of this P cross

are called the first filial (F1)
generation.
 The second filial (F2)

generation is the offspring
from the F1 cross.
19
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel concluded that there must be 2 forms of the seed traits in the
pea plants.
 Allele
 An alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to
generation.
20
Mendelian Genetics
• He also concluded that the 3:1 ratio observed during his experiments
could be explained if alleles were paired in each of the plants.
 Dominant- trait that is expressed in the F1 generation
 Recessive- trait that is masked in the F2 generation
 An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is

homozygous
 Written as BB or bb
 An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is

heterozygous
 Written as Bb
21
Mendelian Genetics
Genotype and Phenotype

 An organism’s allele pairs are called its genotype.
 The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair

is called the phenotype.
22
Mendelian Genetics
Monohybrid Cross
 A cross that involves hybrids
for a single trait is called a
monohybrid cross.
23
Mendelian Genetics
Punnett Squares
 Predict the possible offspring of a

cross between two known
genotypes
24
Mendel Laws
• Law of segregation – two alleles for each pair separate during meiosis
25
Mendelian Genetics
Law of Independent Assortment

 Random distribution of alleles
occurs during gamete formation
 Genes on separate chromosomes

sort independently during
meiosis.
 Each allele combination is equally

likely to occur.
26
Dihybrid Cross
 The simultaneous inheritance of traits in the

same plant is a dihybrid cross.
Four types of alleles from the male

gametes and four types of alleles from
the female gametes can be produced.
 The resulting phenotypic ratio is

9:3:3:1.
27
Gene Linkage
Genetic Recombination
 The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and
independent assortment
 Combinations of genes due to independent assortment can be

calculated using the formula 2n, where n is the number of
chromosome pairs.
28
Crossing-Over
https://youtu.be/SBqZvFVwtvA
29
Gene Linkage
Gene Linkage
 The linkage of genes on a chromosome results in an exception to Mendel’s
law of independent assortment because linked genes usually do not
segregate independently.
30
Summary of different dominance relationships
The phenotype of the heterozygote defines the dominance relationship

of two alleles
Complete dominance: Hybrid

resembles one of the two
parents
Incomplete dominance: Hybrid

resembles neither parent
Codominance: Hybrid shows
traits from both parents
31

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Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Salim MOUSSA, PhD

 Genes are located on specific positions of chromosomes, called locus

 Every species has a unique chromosome number.

 Each parent contributes half of

 23 from dad, 23 from mom.

 Same centromere position

 Carry genes that control the same inherited traits

An organism produces gametes (sex Cells) to maintain the same number of

 Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes.

 A cell (sex cells or gametes) with n chromosomes is called a haploid

 The sexual life cycle in animals

 Meiosis produces gametes.

 When gametes combine in fertilization,

 Reduces the chromosome number by half through the separation of

 Involves two consecutive cell divisions called meiosis I (Reductional)

 Pairing of homologous chromosomes

 Spindles break down.

 Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells, each with n

How Genetics Began

• Cross bred pea plants

 Mendel studied seven different traits.

 Seed or pea color

 Seed pod color

 Seed shape or texture

 Seed pod shape

 The parent generation is also known as the P generation.

 The offspring of this P cross

 The second filial (F2)

 Dominant- trait that is expressed in the F1 generation

 Recessive- trait that is masked in the F2 generation

 An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is

 An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is

Genotype and Phenotype

 The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair

 Predict the possible offspring of a

Law of Independent Assortment

 Genes on separate chromosomes

 Each allele combination is equally

 The simultaneous inheritance of traits in the

Four types of alleles from the male

 The resulting phenotypic ratio is

 Combinations of genes due to independent assortment can be

The phenotype of the heterozygote defines the dominance relationship

Complete dominance: Hybrid

Incomplete dominance: Hybrid

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