RAD SCI

What is a clinical target volume as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Units?
- tissue volume that contains a demonstrable gross tumor volume (GTV) and/or subclinical
microscopic malignant disease, which has to be eliminated

How is a wedge angle described in radiation therapy?

- isodose curve at specified depth, tilted as a result of wedge being inserted in beam

What are the factors in which the percentage depth dose is dependent on?
- field size, distance, energy

What is an advanced treatment delivery equipment in a linear accelerator that

is mounted on a robotic arm?
- cyberknife

What is the range (in kVp) in which supervoltage x-ray units usually operate?
- 500 to 1000

What is the depth (in centimeter) of the maximum dose of 18 MV x-rays?

- 3.0 to 3.5

What is the radiation therapy treatment for very superficial dermatological conditions usually employing 10-30
kV radiation?
- Grenz ray

What is the useful depth dose range of Grenz-ray therapy machines?

- 0.50 µm

What is an “isocenter” in radiationtherapy?

- the point around which the source of beam rotates

What is the resultant effect of percentage depth dose (PDD) at a given depth?
- increases with higher beam energies

What refers to procedure and patient position during a treatment-planning computerized tomography scan?
- must be supine on flat surface

What is the reason why immobilization is particularly important in radiation therapy treatment of head and
neck cancer.
PROXIMITY OF SEVERAL RADIOSENSITIVE ORGANS, AND OFTEN SMALL TUMOR MARGIN

What is the main goal of radiation therapy in patients with bone metastasis?
- reduce the pain and prevent fracture

What is the area for radiation therapy in which the field size is usually defined when using source-skin-distance
(SSD) technique and a photon beam?
- at the rotational axis of machine

What is the shape of radioactive source frequently used in tandem and ovoids in radthera
TUBE

How is Lucite tray when inserted in the path of the beam can be considered?
BEAM SPOILER

What radiotherapy machine operates on the principle that an electron will accelerate in a circular orbit in a
changing magnetic field?
- betatron
An Instrument used to detect frequency shift is called___
DOPPLER

Dilated calyces and renal pelvis

HYDRONEPHROSIS

Which of the ff procedures is also known as "short distance" therapy

BRACHYTHERAPY

"soft x-ray"
GRENZ RAY

Maximum dose of 18MV X-ray:

3.0-3.5

Progressive weakness sound of beam as its travels

ATTENUATION

Height of Wave
AMPLITUDE

Sound after travel through medium

AN ECHO

Distance travel per unit time

PROPAGATION SPEED

Ultrasound pulse incident 0.25 & 0.75 Rayls

25

What would most likely be imager using linear arrays rather than phased or curvilinear arrays
INFANT

What is referred to as the range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse

BANDWIDTH

Vibration of particle to particle in a medium

PROPAGATION OF SOUND

Types of transducers improves axial resolution

HIGH FREQUENCY

Refers to the height of wave

AMPLITUDE

Soft tissue Db/Cm-MHz

1.0

Not be distinguish in Utz

INDIVIDUAL CELLS

Major Factor in determining acoustic power output of the transducer

MAGNITUDE OF THE VOLTAGE SPIKE

Sonographic study is utilized to the irregularities of Blood flow

DOPPLER
Specific Classification of Gallstones, Renal Calyx, bone, Fat, Fissures and Ligaments in utz
HYPERECHOIC

Primary reason why betatron in radthera became unpopular:

PRODUCES LOW dose rate and LIMITED FIELD SIZE

Reason why Multibeam collimator is different from

custom blocks
STEP-LIKE FIELD EDGE, LEAKAGE BETWEEN LEAVES, LIMITED FIELD SIZE.

Cardiac toxicity from breast irradiation

SERIOUS PROBLEM

Primary purpose of testicular shield

SHIELD TESTES FROM PRIMARY BEAM

Treatment fields are designed by radiation oncologist

margins are always added around the tumor because of
UNCERTAINTIES OF THE TUMOR EXTENT PENUMBRA OF THE BEAM AND PATIENT'S MOTION

What is the reason a lucite tray is inserted in the path of the beam
BEAM SPOILER

Radionuclide Isotopes used in tandem and ovoids.

IRIDIUM 192

Not included in radthera prescription

SIDE EFFECT MANAGEMENT TEACHING

Photon interaction with matter that is most likely to occur with radthera delivers via Linear Accelerator
COMPTON EFFECT

What is advantage of OSL over other personnel

dosimeter
CAN DETECT DIFFERENT ENERGIES OF RADIATION

What interaction is responsible for neutron contamination in radiation therapy?

PHOTODISINTEGRATION

What is the chamber that is used to calibrate linear accelerators?

THIMBLE

Photon interaction with matter that is most likely to occur with radthera delivers via orthovoltage
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Responsible for signaling machine to shut off when requested dose has been delivered
IONIZATION CHAMBER

Primary purpose of testicular shield

SHIELD TESTES FROM PRIMARY BEAM

Important consideration when taking into account of contour of the px when calculating isodose distribution
MUST BE ACCURATE BECAUSE IT HAS an EFFECT IN DOSE

type of Radiation therapy machine that uses 60-150 Kv total range?

SUPERFICIAL
What statement is attributed to Beta Decay?
POSITION AND NEGATRON EMITTED FROM THE NUCLEUS

What is the penumbra of a linear accelerator beam?

SMALLER THAN THAT OF THE COBALT 60 MACHINE

What is the peak that is exhibited by proton and alpha particles at the end of their range of travel, where MOST
of their energy is deposited?
BRAGG

What device is used to compensate for missing tissue as well as increase the dose to skin during radiation
therapy treatment?
BOLUS

Critical Structures in or near the treatment field duringthe radthera procedure?

ORGANS AT RISK

Thermoplastic Immobilization devices are used to immobilize the?

HEAD AND NECK

Where is the location of x-ray tube in Linear

Accelerator?
GANTRY

What is the schedule requirements for routine test of door interlocks in LINAC?
DAILY

What is the approximately dose in (cm depth) that occurs in 6MV photon beam?
1.5

What is the depth dose (cm) of the maximum dose in 4MV x-ray?
1.0

What is the radiation therapy unit operated at 50-120 kVp?

SUPERFICIAL

what is the process in which the planned field arrangement is field arrangement is verified using the x-ray
machine that mimics the therapy machine and produces diagnostic quality radiograph
SIMULATION

The daily output photon constancy on Linear accelerator (LINAC) should be within _____ percent of normal
limits
3

True to CT
TWO COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL IMAGING COLLECTING SYSTEM, ANALOG TO DIGITALDIGITAL TO
ANALOG CONVERSION

Primary goal of Spiral CT

IMPROVES THE VOLUME COVERAGE AND SPEED PERFORMANCE

Best method for Hydronephrosis

FLUID-FILLED PELVO-CALYCEAL COLLECTING SYSTEM

The CT detector, first sent

PRE-PROCESSOR
Shape, size, motion and path length of x-ray beam
BEAM GEOMETRY

CT application for volume formation classification and image projection

THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING

Best imaging modality for the rupture of the spleen in blunt abdomen trauma
CT

What is the precautionary measure in the event of spill of Tc-99m to one’s clothes?
REMOVE AND STORE CLOTHES UNTIL IT’S RADIOACTIVE DECAYS TO BACKGROUND

What is the priority activity to perform if a radiopharmaceutical is spilled on the floor?

COVER THE AREA WITH ABSORBENT PAPER AND RESTRICT ACCESS AROUND IT

The treatment of patient undergoing nuclear medicine therapy polycythemia

P-32 SODIUM PHOSPHATE

What position is best to visualize a transplant kidney in NUCLEAR MEDICINE

LATERALLY

What radiopharmaceuticals is least likely to localize within myocardium as part of normal physiologic uptake
F-18 FLORBETABEN

What is the radiopharmaceutical that is BEST

indicator for cellular proliferation?
F-18 FLUOROTHYMIDINE (FLT)

What will refer to IRMA (Immunoradiometric assay) rather than RIA (radioimmunoassay)?
LABELED ANTIBODY

What is the purpose of gastric emptying study in nuclear medicine?

TO DETERMINE THE TIME TAKE OF THE FOOD TO BE DIGESTED BY THE STOMACH

If there is an unknown radionuclide spilled on the countertop, what device will be utilized by the technologist
to identify what radionuclide was spilled?
WELL-COUNTER

What impurity is measured when Mo-99/Tc-99m generator eluate is placed on a special test paper that
changes in color?
CHEMICAL

Not a factor in keeping radiation exposure to a minimum

GEOMETRY OF CONTAINER HOLDING RADIATION SOURCE

In which the entire dat is set for high quality 3d images

VOLUMETRIC RENDERING

What will be changed to make the use of paramagnetic agent effective

T1 RELAXATION TIME

What is the approximate threshold in tesla per seconds for induction in magnetic phosphene at low frequency?
3

When is the test object imaging will be performed as required for quality control in a magnetic resonance
imaging system?
 DAILY

Referred to as pulse sequence

GRADIENT MF AND RF PULSE

Radiation detected by scintillation camera in nuc med and SPECT imaging

GAMMA RAY

Half life and energy of Tc99

6HRS AND 140 KEV

Dose calibrator are usually ____type of detectors

IONIZATION CHAMBER

Half-life of Fluorine 18 in minutes

109.771

Compounds to label Tc99m for biliary scan

IMMINODIACETATE ACID

When will the sterility/pyrogen testing be done for tc99m based product made from nucmed dept
AFTER-THE-FACT

Basis for the uptake of tc mdp in bone tissue

SURFACE ABSORPTION ON LABELED PHOSPHATE ON HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTAL

What hyperparathyroidism is often detected in thyroid imaging

PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

When can a pregnant patient breastfeed after

administering iodine 131?
NEXT PREGNANCY

Captopril renal scan are used to assess

RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS

What radiopharmaceuticals are used for dual tracer gastric emptying study?
TC-99M DTPA IN WATER AND TC-99M SULFUR COLLOID LABELED EGGS

A radiopharmaceutical used for “hot spot” myocardial imaging

Tc99m PYP ( PYRO PHOSPHATE )

What is the Preferred imaging procedure for preoperative localization for hyperfunctioning parathyroid
adenoma
RADIONUCLIDE SCINTIGRAPHY

What is the resultant effect from an increased radioiodine uptake for thyroid gland?
IODINE DEFICIENCY INDUCED HYPOTHYROIDISM

What is the maximum dose of the other members of the public that should not exceed (in mSv) from a patient
who received I 131 therapy?
5

What carcinoma is effectively detected and staging from a whole body radioiodine?
PAPILLARY
What is the imaging method in nuclear medicine that displays a distribution of radiopharmaceuticals over a
specific period.
DYNAMIC IMAGING

What is the recommended study or combination for suspected hip replacement infection?
LABELED LEUKOCYTES AND SULFUR COLLOID IMAGING MARROW

What is the typical energy window used (in percent) for imaging Technetium-99m on gamma cameras?
20

What is the preferred Scheduled for linearity check of dose calibrator in Nuclear Medicine
QUARTERLY

Most common long term observed in administration of I-131 NAL therapy dose treatment of Grave’s diseases
HYPOTHYROIDISM

What is the Mechanism of radiopharmaceutical for liver-spleen scanning in nuclear medicine.

PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

What is the use of a survey meter?

SOURCE LOCATION OF RADIATION

What is the Physical Half life of Radionuclide it is the time to take for
THE NUCLIDE TO DECAY TO ONE HALF OF ITS ORIGINAL ACTIVITY

What will be the resultant effect if the neutron

deficient nucleus emits proton?
ATOMIC MASS NUMBER UNCHANGED

Point out the purpose of the pulse height analyzer

Keep any electrical signal which resulted from scatter or background from contributing to final
image

What would describe a MR image

Representational

Impurity of Mo99 per 1millicurie of Tc99m is

0.15uci

Select the condition that would most likely cause acoustic enhancement sonographically
Fluid filled mass

Determine the sonographic texture of a normal testis

Homogenous with medium level echogenocity

The truncation artifact is more pronounced when the

- Number of phase-encoding acquisition is small

Determine the condition in which partial volume averaging averaging artifacts exist
- Field of view is large

Distinguish the factors that will affect patient dose in computed tomography
- Linear attenuation coefficient and noise

Select the principal determinant for contrast rendition of magnetic resonance image
- Gradient magnetic field amplitude and timing
Point out the factors in which percentage depth dose is dependent on
- Field size, Energy, Distance (FED)

What is referred to as Orthovoltage xray beam

- More penetrating than superficial beams

What is the important consideration when taking into account the contour of the patient when calculating an
isodose distribution?
- Must be accurate because it has an effect on dose

Which of the following is an example of a radioprotector compound

- Cysteamine

Which radiotherapy machine operates on the principle that an electron will accelerate in a circular orbit in a
changing magnetic field
- Betatron

Abdominal scan includes an anteroposterior scout with 7mm from top of diaphragm to
- Symphysis pubis

The mathematical operation on a set of data in computed tomography

- Filter

Which of the following defines window level in computed tomography

- Middle of the range of computed tomography numbers

Which of the ff software program will generate sagittal and coronal image from the transaxial data set
- Multi planar reformatting

What is referred to as the computed tomography number fluctuation from pixel in the image for a scan of
water phantom
- Noise

Which of the following is not an indication for computed tomography of the spine
- Stroke

Which of the ff defines the brightness of the image in magnetic resonance imaging
- Magnetic resonance signal strength

What type of artifact in a computed tomography scan will produce a starburst appearance
- Streak artifact

Which of the following refer to the height of the wave

#Height of Wave
- Amplitude

Which of the following refers to the distance traveled per unit time
#distance traveled per unit time
- Propagation speed

What would most likely be imager using linear arrays rather than phased or curvilinear arrays
- Infants

What is the normal sonographic texture of the spleenfluid f

- Moderately echogenic but less echogenic than the liver

Which of the ff conditions that thyroiditis will usually appear sonographically

 - Diffusely enlarged thyroid lobes with decreased echogenicity

What is the resultant effect of transmission or vibration from particle to particle in a medium
- Propagation of sound

The profile of the ultrasound beam is primarily controlled by

#Profile in the Ultrasound of Beam
- diameter of the piezoelectric crystals

A 3.5 Mhz pulse will be attenuated after passing through 2cm of soft tissue by
- 7

What is the malignancy that is least likely to present as a photopenic lesion or cold defect on Tc99m MDP bone
scintigraphy
- Breast carcinoma

What influences the character of an MRI pixel

- Proton density

Most magnetic resonance image are formed by

- A 2-dimensional fourier transformation

Determine the thyroid carcinoma that can be effectively detected and staged through a whole body
radioIodine scintigraphy
- Papillary

Select the main potential for biological response from radiofrequency

- Tissue heating

Which of the ff radionuclide generator equilibrium relationship where the parent t1/2 is a factor of 100-1000
times greater than the daughter t1/2
- Secular

Select the factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar material
- Specific acoustic impedance

Which organ should the sonographer scan if uterine malformations are seen
- Kidneys

Determine the ratio of pressure to particle velocity at a given point within the ultrasonic field
- Impedance

Determine what is referred to as the colloid shift in a nuclear medicine liver scanning
- Increased uptake of colloid in spleen and bone marrow relative to liver

Determine the maximum allowed exposure to another member of the public from a patient who has received
an outpatient I-131 therapy
- 5 mSv

What is the mechanism of uptake of Tc99m-HMPAO

- Passive diffusion

Determine what produces microwaves to oscillate electrons in a linear accelerator

- Magnetron

The process by which protons release the energy that is absorbed from the radiofrequency pulse is
- Relaxation
Identify the part or the brainstem that appears as heart shaped or circular shaped structure on axial computed
tomography scan of the brain
- Midbrain

The average energy of the cobalt-60 beam is

- 1.2 MeV

Which of the ff will provide a visual representation of the dose at various positions across the radiation field
- Isodose curve

Which patient position is maintained in dual head gamma camera

- Supine

What is the geometric area defined by the collimator or radiotherapy unit at the skin surface
- Field

Proton beams for therapeutic application range in energy from

- 150 to 250 MeV

When a 0.5 margin is added to all sides of a 15 x 15 cm field, the added is

- 31

If the sonogram suggest a mass in the head of the pancreas, the sonographer should
- Examine the biliary radicles, common bile duct, and gallbladder if dilated

In an ultrasound examination, if the prostate is found to be enlarge, the sonographer should also check the
- kidney for hydronephrosis

Why is immobilization is particularly important in the treatment of head and neck

- Proximity of several radiosensitive organ and often small tumor margin
- Fields are often very large and could include radiosensitive organs

The portion of the magnetic field extending away from the confines of the higher that connect be used for
imaging but can affect nearby or personnel is called:
-Fringe field

What part of LINAC machine produce electron?

-Electron Gun

Treatment cancers using 10-15 kVp BEST describes which type of therapy machines
-Grenz Ray

What property MOST influences image appearance in MRI

-Relaxation

A frequency of the sound increases, wavelength ________

-Decreases

What is the half-life of tc99m ?

-6 hours, 140 kEv

What is the range that supervoltage x-ray units usually operate?

-500-1000 kVP

Precautions to reduce the risks of ingestion of small fragments of cerrobend metal in a block cutting room
 -practice Good hygiene: wash hands before eating, drinking, and smoking

A given depth, what is the resultant effect of the percentage depth dose?
-Increases with higher beam energies

356. In radiation therapy, the three planes in a patient: across the body, along the body in lateral view, and
along the body in anterior view are referred as
-Axial, Sagittal, and Coronal

An example of radiosensitizer
-Hydroxyurea

When scanning a neonate, the transducer should be cleaned with

- Alcohol

Which statement that is true to computed tomography

- Two essential component of digital image processing system are analog to digital and digital to
analog converter

What is the equal to the ratio operating frequency and frequency bandwidth
- Transducer Quality Factor

Sonographic demonstration of a device of a double decidual sac, with or without fetal pole, strongly suggests
_____
- An Intrauterine Pregnancy

Peter Mansfield contribution to MRI

- Basic principles of MRI

Pioneer in contributing Gadolinium-base Contrast Agent inMRI

- Paul Christian Lauterber

What anatomical landmark is used to differentiate the left medial segment to right anterior segment?
- Ligamentum Venosum (Fissure)

Radiographic appearance of atelectasis

- Airless lung, which may vary from thin plate-like streaks to lobar collapse

Ultrasonic waves are ____

- Mechanical

Pharmacokinetics
-absorb, distribute, metabolize, and eliminate drug (ADME)

Category of Penicillin
-natural drug

Pharmacodynamic
-how the drug affect the body at the molecular level

Axial cranial sonography are taken at what intervals?

- 2cm

Attributed to be the cause of patient anxiety at the start of an MRI examination

-claustrophobia
When will the sterility/pyrogen testing be done for the Tc99m based products made in the nuclear medicine
department
-after-the-fact

Pfiezoelectric Material
-Ceramics

Not produced by cyclotron

-Indium 111

6 rights sa med administration

-right px, drug, dose, route, time, documentation

Not included sa 6 rights

-temperature

Question sa vital signs

-patient Body temperature

The ability of an imaging system to detect weak reflection is

- Sensitivity

Not an electromagnetic radiation

- Neutron

A guide for determining the needed electron beam energy (in MeV) is to
- Multiply the maximum tissue dept in centimeter by 3

Ultrasonographically, four weeks of gestational age is equivalent to ___weeks menstrual age

- 6

What is the estimated frequency of a sound waves with a wavelength of 5.2 meters if the velocity is 5.2km/s
- 1000 c/s

Which of the ff is a description of a well-defined structure with increased echonenicity

- Solid tumor

One of the acoustic parameters which determines the intensity of the ultrasound wave is
- Particle displacement

Shape of radioactive sources frequently used in tandems and ovoids in radiation therapy
- Tubes

Eye sonography
- 15MHz

What Sonographic demonstration will aid in diagnosing obstructive jaundice

- Mass on head of pancreas with dilated common bile duct

Condition that is often used to evaluate gestational sac

- Anechoic sac surrounded by thick rind of echoes

What component of a computed tomography gantry is responsible for reducing to patient dose and enhancing
image contrast
- Collimator assembly

Which of the ff allows the continuous rotation of the xray tube and detectors
 - Slip ring

Identify the components in a computed tomography that permits the gantry to rotate continuously allowing
helical scanning
- Slip ring

Which of the following technology made spiral computed tomography possible

- Slip ring

What doppler technique is a key importance in the diagnosis of vascular stenosis

- Spectral

What modality will produce Transverse axial sectional images

- Computed tomography

What indication written on the request for computed tomography of the neck will not be performed
- Polyps

Which of the ff is the property of being free of echo or without echoes

- Anechoic

Ultrasound wave in tissue are called

- Longitudinal wave

Artifacts appearing as parallel equally spaced lines are characteristic of

- Reverberation

Dividing the caudate lobe of the liver

- Ligamentum venosum

The velocity of sound wave in soft tissue

- 1540 m/s

Abdomen
- 12-24hours

Adjusting the compression on some ultrasound equipment will affect the ____ process
- Dynamic range

In an electron beam
- 20% isodose curve bulges out and 90%curve constrict

1 Gy is the same as _____

- 100cGy

Which is not a nuclear radiation

- Auger electron

The CT generation that introduced the data acquisition scheme using a fan beam of xrays and a 360 degrees
rotation of xray tube and detectors
- Third

Smooth objects in MR are represented by

- Low (dyta lang adda CD pero LOW FREQUENCIES SUNA)

To beat visualize the prostate sonographically when performing transverse scan of the pelvis, the sonographer
should_____
 - Angle the transducer 15 degrees caudad

Torniquet test
- Help to identify optimal vein by assessing its elasticity and refill time

Image quality improvement

- Iodine concentration in the vasculature

Ultrasound has difficulty in propagating

- Air and bone

Which of the ff has a higher acoustic impedane coefficient

- Solid

Which of the ff may produce a comet tail artifact

- Tissue-gas (gas fluid interface)
_____________________________________________________

Major consideration…….reconstruction algorithm is widely used for most modern CT scanner

- Analytical and iterative

r/o cholelithiasis
- A cavernous hemangioma

Which is the resultant refraction if the probe is positioned perpendicular to the interface
- Minimizing refraction

Use for hypertension

- Hypertensive

vertebral instability
-vertebroplasty

Best Place for venipuncture

-Below the IV on the Left arm

Usual site for injection of CM

-Intravenous

Not included pathology in digital subtraction angiograpgy

-Myelogenesis

Contraindications of using iodinated-base CM

-Kidney disease

Yellowish skin and sclera observed

-Jaundice/liver dysfunction

Not indication for thoracic and bronchial angiography

-Lung carcinoma

Challenging Intricate anatomy

-Glenoid Labrum

common reaction for CM?

-Allergic reaction
Non steriodal use
-gastric irritation and potential ulcer

Need to be boiled in nuclear medicine

-sulfur colloid

Arteries and veins

-Angiogram

Abdominal imaging, real time imaging

-fluoroscopy

Dik ammu question

-choosing a vein that has patency

Holds the liver into the diaphragm and abdominal wall

-Falciform ligament

As a means of signal dynamic range reduction, gray-scale system typically use

- Compression

The time it takes for 63% of the transverse magnetization to recover in tissue
- T2 relaxation time

Gray and white matter

- T1 weighted imaging

Control knob
- Output

Effective dose
- Sievert

Partial volume effect

- Spinal cord

Peter mansfield
- Discovery of the MRI principle

Not produced in a cyclotron

- Indium 111

Not used as compensator

- Cotton

First series xray

- Arteries

What application of volume computed tomography is based on volume

formulation, classification, and image projection?
- three dimensional imaging

Where will the data from the computed tomography detectors are first sent?
- pre processor

In computed tomography, what is referred to as the size, shape, motion, and

path traced by the x-ray beam?
- beam geometry

What type of image receptor is used for magnetic resonance imaging?

- coil

In a magnetic resonance imaging, what would best exhibit an abnormal tissue

Character?
- unexpected pixel brightness

What is the principal mechanism in the production of a magnetic resonance imaging signal?
- electromagnetic induction

What regions are the relaxation centers in a magnetic resonance imaging?

- increased magnetization

What is the measure of the electric current density induced by transient magnetic fields?
- ampere per square centimeter

What is the approximate threshold in tesla per second for induction of magnetic phosphenes at low
frequencies?
-3

What is the principal hazard to patients and personnel in a magnetic resonance

imaging facility that can cause biological effect?
- ferromagnetic projectiles

What is referred to as a pulse sequence?

- gradient magnetic field pulses and radiofrequency pulses

What is the function of Fourier transform?

- change the magnetic resonance (MR) signal into a frequency spectrum

Gyromagnetic ratio for hydrogen is equal to

- 42 megahertz per tesla

What is the source of a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum?

- free induction decay

What analytical technique is used to reconstruct most computed tomography images?

- filtered back projection

What is the radiation detected by the scintillation cameras in nuclear medicine

and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging?
- gamma rays

What is the chemical form resulting from Technetium 99m (Tc99m) eluted
from the Mo99/Tc99m generator?
- pertechnetate

What will be the resultant effect when one uses a low-energy collimator to
image a medium-energy isotope?
- decrease resolution

What is the coincidence resulting from two photons detected at the same time but originate from two
independent events in a positron emission Tomography (PET)?
- random
What is the most important consideration to avoid radiation-induced pneumonitis, in radiation therapy?
- total dose and also which portion of the lung was irradiated

What is a sonographic plane that is most comparable with cranial computed tomography?
- axial

What lesions is the most common appearance of hepatic metastases in ultrasonography?

- bull’s eye

What is the medium in which ultrasound moves with the highest velocity?
- bone

What is the medium that has the lowest velocity of sound?

- air

What is the sonographic display in a region that is anechoic?

- echo-free

What type of transducer can improve axial resolution?

- higher-frequency

What factors in which the acoustic impedance of a type of tissue depend?

- ultrasound velocity and tissue density

What is the ultrasound attenuation in soft tissue in db/cm-MHz?

- 1.0

What will not be distinguished on ultrasound?

- individual cells

What is the most sensitive and specific noninvasive method in diagnosing mitral stenosis?
- echocardiography

In ultrasound, what is the factor that is unchanged or constant when a sound beam is refracted?
- frequency

What would likely result to the near field length if a transducer element diameter is doubled?
- quadrupled

What is the normal sonographic texture of the spleen?

- moderately echogenic but less echogenic than liver

What is the ultrasound display sign in bowel intussusceptions?

- trident

What is the least obstacle to the transmission of ultrasound?

- blood

What is the position that will show the portal vein as a circular anechoic structure on a sagittal scan?
- anterior to the inferior vena cava

What is the given point within the ultrasonic field, the ratio of pressure to particle velocity?
- impedance

What is the display that has little or no value when applied to real-time in ultrasound?
- A-mode
What is the major component of a magnetic resonance imaging unit in the scanning system?
- magnet

When is the BEST time to image the kidney using Technetium 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc99m DMSA)?
- 4 hours post injection

What condition is best indicated for testicular scintigraphy?

- testicular torsion

What is used to reconstruct positron emission tomography (PET) images?

- filtered back protection

18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) images will show a map of _____

distribution in the body.
- glucose

What is the immediate precautionary measure in the event of a spill of Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) to one’s
clothed?
- remove and store the clothes until radioactivity decays to background

What is the priority activity to perform if the radiopharmaceutical is spilled on the floor?
- cover area with absorbent paper and restrict access around it

What is the collimator that will magnify an image in nuclear medicine?

- converging

What is the best way to decrease the radioactive dose to visitors if a post nuclear medicine procedure patient is
surveyed to emit 3 mR/hr at bedside?
- have the visitor sit or stand as far as possible from bedside

What is the reason why Technitium-99m pertechnetate is taken up by the thyroid gland?
- same ion size with Iodine

What is the mechanism of radiopharmaceutical localization in lung scanning?

- capillary blockade

What kidney function will be measured with administration of Tc99m DTPA

(Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) for renal scan?
- glomerular filtration rate

What is determined in a chromatography procedure in nuclear medicine?

- radiochemical purity

What is the radiopharmaceutical of choice for salivary gland study?

- Tc99m Pertechnetate

What is the compound coupled with Technitium-99m that are used to investigate the brain?
- HMPAO (Hexamethylpropyleneamine)

If there is an unknown radionuclide spilled on the countertop, what device will be utilized by the technologist
to identify what radionuclide was spilled?
- well counter

The physical half-life of a radionuclide is the time it takes for _____.

- the nuclide to decay to one-half from its original activity
What will be the resultant effect if a neutron deficient nucleus emits a positron?
- atomic mass number is unchanged

Which of the following phrases is not a critical factor in keeping radiation exposure to a minimum?
- geometry of container holding radiation source

Gaseous radiopharmaceuticals may only be used in rooms that _____.

- are at a negative pressure compared to surrounding rooms

Which of the following is an example of radiochemical impurity?

- presence of free Technetium-99m in a preparation of Tc-99m sulfur colloid

The most common cause of noise in computed tomography scanning?

- quantum noise

What imaging modality would best demonstrate the posterior fossa, cerebellum, and brainstem?
- magnetic resonance

What will primarily affect Larmor frequency?

- strength of the magnetic field

What is the primary purpose for a testicular protection in radiation therapy?

- shield the testes from the primary beam

What is the penumbra of a linear accelerator beam?

- smaller than that of a cobalt-60 machine

What statement is NOT true regarding neutron interactions?

- neutron interactions are directly ionizing

The daily photon output constancy on the linear accelerator (LINAC) should be within _____ percent of normal
limits.
-3

What is the primary reason why the use of betatrons in radiation therapy became unpopular?
- produce low dose rates and limited field sizes

What is the patient’s planes across the body, along the body in lateral view, and along the body in anterior view
as applied in radiation therapy?
- axial, sagittal, and coronal