A.

Sympathy Expression The definition of sympathy Expression : Sympathy Expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition .By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people s condition. How can we give sympathy expression to someone : We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service ( sms ), e-mail,television ,radio ,and newspaper if he /she who got the trouble is far from us. Several expression of sympathy : I m so sorry to haer that Im awfully sorry about. Oh ,how awfully Oh, dear ! How pity you are ! Example of dialogue that expression : Mr Afgan : You know that ? David has lost contact with his friend Asraf : I m awfully sorry about information it. B.Reported speech Terkadang kita perlu mengatakan apa yang telah dikatakan oleh orang lain. Ada dua cara untuk melakukan ini dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni direct speechdan reported speech. Direct speech Direct speech menyatakan ulang secara persis apa yang telah dikatakan oleh orang lain. Contoh: Jane said, Im so happy today. The president said, I need a vacation. Reported speech Reported speech secara tidak langsung melaporkan apa yang dikatakan orang lain. Contoh: Jane said she was so happy today. The president said he needed a vacation. Reported speech menggunakan bentuk lampau dari direct speech. Jadi jika direct speech dalam bentuk present tense, maka reported speech dalam bentuk past tense. Contoh: Direct Speech - I said, She is in her office. Reported Speech - I said she was in her office. Apabila direct speech dalam bentuk past tense, maka reported speech menggunakan bentuk past perfect.

Direct Speech - I said, She was in her office at lunchtime. Reported Speech - I said she had been in her Tenses Simple present: Direct / Reported Speech I said, She is busy. - I said she was busy.

Present I said, I am working now. - I said I continuous: was working now Simple past: I said, She was here this morning. - I said she was here this morning. ATAU I said she had been here this morning. Past I said She was studying all continuous: yesterday - I said she was studying all yesterday. ATAU I said she had been studying all yesterday Present perfect: Past perfect: Future: I said, She has worked here for 5 years. - I said she had worked here for 5 years. I said, She had worked here for 5 years. - I said she had worked here for 5 years. I said, She will work here from July. - I said she would work here from July.

Future I said, Well be living here for 6 continuous: months. - I said we would be living here for 6 months. Can: I said, She can play the piano well. - I said she could play the piano well.

office at lunchtime. atau - I said she was in her office at lunchtime. Dalam bahasa Inggris moderen, bentuk past perfect sering tidak diperlukan untuk reported speech bentuk lampau, kita cukup menggunakan past simple tense. Berikut beberapa bentuk kata kerja umum dalam direct dan reported speech That Reported speech sering diberikan sebagai bagian dari klausa-that, khususnya dalam

1) John:"Mandy is at home." John said that mandy did at home. Correct answer: John:"Mandy is at home." John said that Mandy was at home. Correct 2) Max:"Frank often answer: Max:"Frank reads a book." often reads a book." Max told me that Max told me frank often reads that Frank often book. read a book. Correct 3) Susan:"I'm watching answer: Susan:"I'm TV." watching TV." Susan said to me Susan said to me that she watched that she was TV. watching TV. Correct 4) Simon:"David was answer: Simon:"David ill." was ill." Simon said that Simon said that David David . had been ill. Correct answer: Peggy:"The 5) Peggy:"The girls girls helped in the helped in the house." house." Peggy told me Peggy told me that that the girls had ___ . helped in the house. Correct answer: Richard:"I am 6) Richard:"I am going going to ride a to ride a skateboard." skateboard." Richard said to me Richard said to me that he was going to that ___ . ride a skateboard. Correct answer: Stephen and 7) Stephen and Claire:"We have Claire:"We have cleaned the windows." cleaned the windows." Stephen and Claire Stephen and Claire told me that they had told me that ___ . cleaned the windows. Correct answer: Charles:"I 8) Charles:"I didn't didn't have time to do have time to do my my homework." homework." Charles remarked Charles remarked that he hadn't had that ___ . time to do his homework. Correct answer: Mrs 9) Mrs Jones:"My Jones:"My mother will mother will be 50 be 50 years old." years old." Mrs Jones told me

bahasa tertulis dan bahasa yang lebih formal. Contoh: He said that he would arrive at 10.00. He said he would arrive at 10.00. Kedua kalimat ini bermakna sama, dan that bisa dihilangkan tanpa ada perubahan makna. C. Modals Semua auxiliary verbs "kecuali be, do dan have" disebut modals. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs lainnya, modals juga berfungsi sebagai kata kerja Bantu dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Perhatikan contoh-contoh Modals di bawah ini beserta fungsi dari Modals melalui contoh kalimat yang diberikan. Can They can control their own budgets. (kemampuan/kemungkinan) Can I smoke here? (Minta Izin) Can you help me? (Permintaan) Could Could I borrow your dictionary? (Minta Izin) Could you say it again more slowly? (Permintaan) We could try to fix it ourselves. (Saran) I think we could have another Gulf War. (Kemungkinan) He gave up his old job so he could work for us. (Kemampuan) May May I have another cup of coffee? (Minta Izin) China may become a major economic power. (Kemungkinan) Might They might give us a 10% discount. (Kemungkinan) Must We must say good-bye now. (Keharusan) They mustn't disrupt the work more than necessary. (Larangan) Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. (Menyarankan) Shall (jarang dipakai di Amerika) Shall I help you with your luggage? (Menawarkan) Shall we say 2.30 then? (Menyarankan)

Shall I do that or will you? (Meminta) Should We should sort out this problem at once. (Menyarankan) I think we should check everything again. (Merekomendasikan) Profits should increase next year. (Prediksi tak tentu) Will I can't see any taxis so I'll walk. (Keputusan Spontan) I'll do that for you if you like. (Menawarkan) I'll get back to you first thing on Monday. (Janji) Profits will increase next year. (Prediksi tak tentu) Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? (Minta Izin) Would you pass the salt please? (Permintaan) Would you mind waiting a moment? (Permintaan) "Would three o'clock suit you?" - "That'd be fine." (Mengatur) Would you like to play golf this Friday? (Mengundang) "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I'd like tea please." (Merujuk) Modal auxiliary verbs selalu diikuti oleh bentuk kata kerja pertama. D. Active Voice Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikelartikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subjectnya. Contoh : Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa: Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice

Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun we menjadi object pronoun us. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice. Ditambahkannya be is di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah). Ditambahkannya kata by di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata by. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan being di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan being, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h o di bawah. Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut: Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are. Contoh: Active : He meets them everyday. Passive : They are met by him everyday. Active : She waters this plant every two days. Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days. b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah was atau were Contoh: Active : He met them yesterday Passive : They were met by him yesterday Active : She watered this plant this morning Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi has been atau have been

Contoh: Active : He has met them Passive : They have been met by him Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes. Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes. d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been Contoh: Active : He had met them before I came. Passive : They had been met by him before I came. Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah be Contoh: Active : He will meet them tomorrow. Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow. Active : She will water this plant this afternoon. Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon. Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week. f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi will have been Contoh: Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow. Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow. Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon. Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon. g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi would have been. Contoh: Active : He would have met them. Passive : They would have been met by him.

Active : She would have watered this plant. Passive : This plant would have been watered by her. h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka be passive voicenya adalah (is, am atauare) + being. Contoh: Active : He is meeting them now. Passive : They are being met by him now. Active : She is watering this plant now. Passive : This plant is being watered by her now. i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being. Contoh: Active : He was meeting them. Passive : They were being met by him. Active : She was watering this plant. Passive : This plant was being watered by her. j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being. Contoh: Active : He has been meeting them. Passive : They have been being met by him. Active : She has been watering this plant. Passive : This plant has been being watered by her. k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka be passive voicenya adalah had been + being. Contoh: Active : He had been meeting them. Passive : They had been being met by him. Active : She had been watering this plant. Passive : This plant had been being watered by her. l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalah will be + being. Contoh: Active : He will be meeting them. Passive : They will be being met by him. Active : She will be watering this plant. Passive : This plant will be being watered by her. m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka be passive voicenya adalah would be + being. Contoh: Active : He would be meeting them. Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant. Passive : This plant would be being watered by her. n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka be passive voicenya adalah will have been + being. Contoh: Active : He will have been meeting them. Passive : They will have been being met by him. Active : She will have been watering this plant. Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her. o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka be passive voice-nya adalahwould have been + being. Contoh: Active : He would be meeting them. Passive : They would be being met by him. Active : She would be watering this plant. Passive : This plant would be being watered by her. Contoh-contoh yang lain: Kokos nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya). The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi). These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu). There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes). English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA). Thats all. Untuk mengetahui pemahaman anda dalam kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif, silakan kerjakan

Arguments: berupa alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke rekomendasi Recomendation: pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya CONTOH HORTATORY A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely Yes and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on. Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration. Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive. Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight. Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips: Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show Learning English through music and songs is Fun Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning. Firstly, the song stuck in my head Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also

E. Hortatory Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) yaitu memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) Struktur Teks/Generic structure Thesis; Pernyataan isu yang dipersoalkan

seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory. Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample. Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types dont have precise people, place or time reference. In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution. Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture. From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun. The importance of Reading I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say so? Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as Science, technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc. Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly. Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on the entertainment coloumn such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed. The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about Irian Jaya we may feel were really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms. From the facts above, its obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge,

information and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life. Example in daily writing Dear friend, Are you tired of the daily grind? Sick of working all hours of the day for litle reward? Tired of having enough money to really enjoy yourself? Well, now there is a way out. We can show the way to give up work. Sit back and make millions for yourself and your loved ones on property market. Albert Smith felt just like you untill he read our leaflet. Now he drives a sport car arround the South of France and his wife has one of her own too. CINDERELLA Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and two step sisters. The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear. One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the kings son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left. Why are crying, Cinderella? a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, because I want so much to go to the ball said Cinderella. Well said the godmother,youve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball. Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderellas raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. Now, Cinderella, she said; You must leave before midnight. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.

Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the kings son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind. A few days later, the king son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the kings page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly. Finally, she was driven to the palace. The kings son was overjoyed to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after. Notes on Generic Structure of Narrative Text Orientation: it means to introduce the participants or the characters of the story with the time and place set. Orientation actually exists in every text type though it has different term. In this story, the first paragraph is clearly seen to introduce the participants of the Cinderella Story. They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and sisters. Complication: it is such the crisis of the story. If there is not the crisis, the story is not a narrative text. In a long story, the complication appears in several situations. It means that some time there is more then one complication. In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication. The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor complications which Cinderella has to overcome. Resolution: it is the final series of the events which happen in the story. The resolution can be good or bad. The point is that it has been accomplished by the characters. Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution. In the last paragraph, it is said that finally

Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the bad treatment.