American Occupation

Group 2
American Occupation
Baltazar Delos Reyes Monterde
Ciloy Gaihe Rocacurva
Dela Rama Lagahit Villanueva
Spanish-AmericanWar
What Caused It?
What Caused It?
- The Spanish-American War in the Philippines was driven by the U.S.
desire to free the islands from Spanish rule and expand its influence in
Asia.
- The Filipino fight for independence resonated with American
values, and the strategic importance of the Philippines in the
Pacific also played a role.
- The explosion of the USS Maine further rallied support for
intervention, resulting in a quick U.S. victory and control over the
islands.
Who led the war
and what happened
during it ??
Who led the war and what
happened during it?
- The Spanish-American war in the
Philippines was led by Commodore
George Dewey, who achieved a decisive
victory in the battle of Manila Bay on
May 1, 1898.
- Dewey commanded the U.S. Navy
forces, which swiftly destroyed the
outdated Spanish fleet in just a few
hours using modern ship and superior
tactics.
Who led the war and what
happened during it?
- This victory eliminated Spanish naval powers in the Pacific and allowed the
U.S. to take control of Manila, paving the way for U.S ground forces to later
capture the city.
How did the war end?
How did the war end?
- The Spanish-American war ended with the signing of the Treaty of
Paris on December 10, 1898. This treaty officially concluded the war and
resulted in Spain ceding control of its territories, including the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, to the United States.
- The U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines.
- The Treaty marked the beginning of American colonial rule in the
Philippines and signaled a shift in U.S. foreign policy towards
imperialism.
The Treaty of Paris encompasses several important agreement signed in
Paris that adressed major historical conflicts
Treaty of Paris (1898)
This agreement marked the end of the Spanish-American War, with
Spain ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S.,
signaling the U.S.'s rise as an imperial power.
Why was it called the treaty of Paris?
The treaty is named for the city in which it was negotiated and signed.
Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino
lawyer representative to the
negotiations in Paris that led to the
Treaty of Paris.
He was appointed by Aguinaldo as the
official representative of the Philippine
Revolutionary Government.
Agoncillo traveled to Washington D.C. to secure international
recognition of Philippine independence. But he was denied an
audience with President McKinley, who did not recognize the
legitimacy of the Philippine government.
Agoncillo proceeded to Paris, where the Treaty of Paris
negotiations were taking place. Despite his efforts, he was not
allowed to participate in the discussions.
Two days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Agoncillo
returned to the United States to lobby against the ratification of
the treaty. He filed a memorandum to the U.S. Senate, arguing
for the recognition of Filipino sovereignty. However, his efforts
were in vain, and the Philippine-American War broke out.
Rise of the United States as a World Power:
The treaty positioned the U.S. as a global imperial power with
overseas territories.
The acquisition of the Philippines marked the beginning of
American involvement in Asia.
Philippine-American War
The treaty led to conflict, as many Filipinos resisted American
rule, leading to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902).
This war resulted in thousands of Filipino and American
deaths, further complicating U.S.-Philippine relations.
Philippine-American War
Philippine-American
The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) was a
conflict between the United States and Filipino
revolutionaries. Following the Spanish-American
War in 1898, the U.S. acquired the Philippines
from Spain, leading to Filipino resistance against
American rule.
Causes Major Events
Filipinos sought independence after The war began in February 1899
years of Spanish colonialism, but the with the first major battle at Manila.
U.S. aimed to establish control, The conflict involved guerrilla
believing it was their duty to civilize warfare and resulted in significant
the islands. casualties on both sides, with
estimates of Filipino deaths ranging
from 250,000 to over a million due
to combat, famine, and disease.
Outcome Legacy
The war officially ended in July 1902, The war had lasting impacts on U.S.-
but fighting continued sporadically Philippine relations and raised
for years. The U.S. established a questions about imperialism and
colonial government, leading to American identity. It is often
significant changes in the Philippines' overshadowed by other conflicts but
political, social, and economic remains a significant chapter in both
structures. nations' histories.
Philippine Governance
during the American Occupation
Government
Military1898-1901
The Philippines was ruled by Military Generals appointed by the American President:
Gen. Wesley Merritt, Gen. Elwell Otis, Gen. Arthur McArthur.
During this time, the American military had executive power and was in charge of the
Philippines.
Government
Military1898-1901
Gen. Wesley Merrit Elwell Stephen Otis Arthur MacArthur

vernment
Civil Go1901
The government was run by American civilian officials appointed by the American
president. But later it was run by Filipino officials elected by Filipinos. This gave Filipinos
the opportunity to participate in government affairs.
Executive power of the military was transferred to the Governor in charge.
First Civil Governor was William Taft and the last one was Frank Murphy.
vernment
Civil Go1901
William Taft Frank Murphy

ar Government
ultowards
Inthesroad Philippine Independence
Philippine Bill of 1902/Philippine Organic Act/Cooper Act
Provided for the creation of an elected Philippine Assembly.
Legislative power shall then be vested in a bicameral legislature composed of an elected lower
house, the Philippine Assembly, and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house.
The act also provided an extension to the U.S. Bill of Rights to the Philippines.
The Philippine Assembly was created on October 16, 1907.
- Sergio Osmeña was chosen as speaker of the assembly
- Manuel Quezon was elected as majority floor leader
ar Government
ultowards
Jones Law/Philippine Autonomy Act (1916)
Provided for the creation of an elected Philippine Assembly.
Served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines. It promised
independence to Filipinos when the government is stable.
The appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) was replaced with an elected Senate.
Changed the name of the Philippine Assembly to the House of Representatives.
The executive branch continued to be headed by an appointed governor general of the
Philippines, always an American.
ar Government
ultowards
OsRox Mission (1931)
A campaign for self-government and United States recognition of the independence of
the Philippines led by former House Speaker and Senator Sergio Osmeña and House
Speaker Manuel Roxas.
This mission secured the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.
ar Government
ultowards
Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act (1932)
The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military
and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine
exports.
The Philippine Legislature and Manuel Quezon rejected the bill. And later, Quezon
himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better
independence act.
ar Government
ultowards
Tydings–McDuffie Act/Philippine Independence Act (1934)
An Act of Congress that established the process for the Philippines, then an American
territory, to become an independent country after a ten-year transition period.
The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.
Under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was written and the
Commonwealth of the Philippines was established, with the first directly elected
President of the Philippines.
Commonwealth o f the Philippines
1935
On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon (Nationalista Party)
and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles similar to the U.S.
Constitution.
When Quezon was inaugurated on Nov. 15, 1935, the Commonwealth was formally
established, featuring a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and a
Supreme Court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901.
“I would rather have a country run like hell by Filipinos than a country run
like heaven by the Americans, because however a bad Filipino government
might be, we can always change it.”
— Manuel L. Quezon, former Philippine President

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Group 2

Gen. Wesley Merrit Elwell Stephen Otis Arthur MacArthur

William Taft Frank Murphy

— Manuel L. Quezon, former Philippine President

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