UNIT 1

What is in the units?

Chapter 1
1. Sentence structure
Difference between complex and compound sentence
2. Punctuation
Capitals
Apostrophes
Colons
Commas
Quotation marks
 What is in the units?
Chapter 1
3. Articles
Use of articles
Using definite article
4. Compound adjectives
5. Conjunctions
Types of conjunctions
Conjunctions of opposition
6 Prefixes and Suffixes
How prefixes and suffixes work
 1. Sentence structure (page 8)
● Simple sentence has only one finite verb and one independent
clause.
 The budget affects the stock market.
* Compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses.
=>Night come on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
● Complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
● => The human brain starts working the moment you are born and
never stops until you stand up to speak in public. (George Jessel)
It is important to use varying sentences structures in your writing
so that the interest of the reader is not lost.
1. Sentence structure (page 8)
1. Sentence structure (page 8)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

135,470 156,935 164,820 159,550 123,075
1. In 2005 the company produced over 135,000
vehicles, but between 2005 & 2006 production
increased by 20 per cent.
2. Over 164,000 vehicles were produced in 2007; by
2009 this had fallen to 123,000.
1. Sentence structure (page 8)
1. Sentence structure (page 8)
2. PUNCTUATION
2. PUNCTUATION
 2. PUNCTUATION
CAPITALS (p212)
a. The 1st word in a sentence In the beginning…
b. Names of organizations Sheffield Hallam University
c. Days and months Friday 21st July
d. Nationality words France and the French
e. Names of people/places Dr Martin Lee from Sydney
f. Book titles (main words only) Power and the State
 2. PUNCTUATION
APOSTROPHES /əˈpɒstrəfi/ (p213)
a. to show contractions He’s the leading authority
(A "leading authority" is a well-known expert on something. You
can use this phrase to describe people like scientists, economists,
psychologists, etc.)

b. with possessives The professor’s secretary (singular)

Students’ marks (plural)
 2. PUNCTUATION
SEMI-COLONS (;) (p213)
a. to show the link between two 20 people were interviewed for the 1st
connected phrases, when a comma study; 33 for the second.
would be too weak and a full stop too
strong.
b. To divide up item in a list when they (Maitland, 2006; Rosenor, 1997; New
have a complex structure, as in a Scientist, 2006b; University of
multiple citation Michigan, 2000)
 2. PUNCTUATION
COLONS (:) p213
a. to introduce explanations The meeting was postponed: the Dean was ill.

b. to start a list Three aspects were identified: financial, social, and

….
c. to introduce a quotation As the Duchess of Windsor said: ‘You can never
be too rich or too thin’
 2. PUNCTUATION
COMMAS (,) (p214): overuse commas that can slow down the reader.
However, more cases should be considered before reaching a conclusion.

Certain crops, for instance wheat, are susceptible to diseases.

Three hundred people were interviewed, but only half the responses could be used.

The higher the price, the better the quality of goods.

“He who learns but does not think, is lost. He who thinks but does not
learn is in great danger”.
 2. PUNCTUATION
Quotation marks(“ “/‘ ‘) (p214)
a. Single quotation marks are The word ‘factory’ was first used in the
used to emphasize a word. seventeenth century.
To give quotations from Goodwin’s (1977) analysis of habit indicates that,
other writers in general, ‘it will be more difficult to reserve a
trend than to accentuate it’
(accentuate something: to emphasize something or make it easier to notice)
To show direct speech ‘Can anyone find the answer?’ asked the lecturer
 2. PUNCTUATION
Quotation marks(“ “/‘ ‘) (p214)
b. Double quotation marks As Kauffman remarked: ’his concept of “internal
are used to show quotations space” requires close analysis.’
inside quotations
c. In references, quotation Russell, T. (1995) ‘A future for coffee?’ Journal of
marks are used for the name Applied Marketing 6, 14-17
of the articles and chapters,
but book or journal titles
normally use italics
 2. PUNCTUATION
PRACTICE A (p215)
 2. PUNCTUATION
PRACTICE B (p216)
 3. ARTICLES
Use of articles (p184)
a. Research is uncountable, Research is an important activity in universities.
is being used in a general
sense.
b. A specific piece of The research begun by DR Mathews was
research is identified. continued by Professor Brankovic.
c. The research is being An interesting piece of research was conducted
mentioned for the 1st time, among 200 patients in the clinic.
and the word ‘piece’ is used
to ‘count’ the research
 3. ARTICLES
Using definite articles (p185) The is used with
 3. ARTICLES
Using definite articles (p185) The is used with
a. Superlatives (fastest) f. Regions ad rivers (south/ River Seine)

b. Time period (eighteenth g. Very well-known people and things

century/1970s) (Spanish artist)
c. Unique things (Government/ world) h. Positions (middle)
d. Specified things (French i. Institution and bodies (United Nations)
Revolution)
e. Regular publications (New j. Currencies (euro)
Scientist)
 3. ARTICLES
Using definite articles (p185) The is not used with
k. Things in general (bad harvest) m. Abstract nouns e.g. poverty

l. name of countries, except for the n. companies/things named after

UK, the USA and a few others. people/places e.g. Sainsbury’s Heathrow
airport.
Note the alternate form

The deserts /ˈdezət/ of Australia are Australian deserts/Australia’s desert are

expanding. expanding.
 3. ARTICLES

PRACTICE A (p186)
 3. ARTICLES

PRACTICE A (p186)
 3. ARTICLES
PRACTICE B (p187)
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - Choose the sentence that contains a compound adjective:

A. Sheila was horribly moody.

B. We’d like you to be part of the decision-making process.
C. The company showed steady improvement in their stock trades.

ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
What are compound adjectives?
A compound adjective is a multi-word adjective. Compound adjectives are formed when two or
more adjectives are joined together to modify the same noun. A hyphen is used to link the
words together to show that it is one adjective. i.e. one-page, absent-minded
1.Diana submitted a 6-page document.
2. She adopted a two-year-old cat.
3. This is a four-foot table.
4. Daniella is a part-time worker.
5. This is an all-too-common error.
6. Beware of the green-eyed monster.
7. He is a cold-blooded man.
8. I love this brightly-lit room!
9. He is an obedient and well-behaved dog.
10. You have to be open-minded about things.
3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjectives – Exceptions
Combining an adverb and an adjective does not create a compound adjective. No
hyphen is required because it is already clear that the adverb modifies the
adjective rather than the subsequent noun.
1.It was a terribly hot day.
2. It is an amazingly good idea.
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - Choose the sentence that contains a compound adjective:

A. This is a widely used procedure for finishing wood floors.

B. Moths ate his woolen socks.
C. That was really generous of you.
ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - Choose the sentence that contains a compound adjective:

A. Sharon’s adopted son is five years old today.

B. My new car has leather upholstery.
C. She was a well-known actress by the time she reached age five.
ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - 2. Using hyphens in compound adjectives: Which
sentences are correct?
A. The group was full of rowdy 10 year old schoolboys.
B. The group was full of rowdy 10-year-old schoolboys.
ANSWER:
A. The actress is well known.
B. The actress is well-known.
ANSWER:
A. They enjoyed a three-year profit streak.
B. They enjoyed a three-year-profit streak.
ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - 3. Using –ly adverbs in compound adjectives:
Which sentences are correct?
A. Along the river, rapidly increasing floodwaters caused evacuations.
B. Along the river, rapidly-increasing floodwaters caused evacuations.
ANSWER:
A. My neighbor Jim is an internationally recognized author.
B. My neighbor Jim is an internationally-recognized author.
ANSWER:
A. The bank robbers tried to hatch their ill conceived plan and failed.
B. The bank robbers tried to hatch their ill-conceived plan and failed.
ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - 4. Choose the correct compound adjective for each sentence.
He is fond of ______________________ Scotch.
a. good
b. 12-year-old
c. 10 year old
ANSWER:

The weather has been ___________________ lately.

a. terribly-cold
b. terribly cold
c. too cold

ANSWER:

Babysitting these kids is like trying to manage a _____________________.

a. three ring circus
b. three-ring-circus
c. three-ring circus
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - 5. Fill in the blanks with the best phrase for the situation
Jesse was promoted, so he bought ________________________________.
himself-a brand new car
himself a brand-new-car
himself a brand-new car
ANSWER
The _______________________ has been going on for decades.
gun control debate
gun-control debate
gun-control-debate
ANSWER:
The sound of ___________________________ always soothes my mind.
gently-flowing water
gently flowing water
gently-flowing-water
ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - 6. Creating compound adjectives: From each group,
choose the sentence pair that makes the most sense.
I don’t like glue that dries slowly. = This is a quick-drying glue.
Did you know that some plants eat meat? = Did you know that there are meat-eating plants?
Professor Brown has a very narrow mind. = Professor Brown’s mind is very narrow.
ANSWER:
The price of the car was high. = It was a high-priced car.
The meal tasted good. = This was a tasteful-meal.
He likes to weigh in on political issues. = He is loud-mouthed and boring.
ANSWER:
The tapeworm measured 35 inches. = The tape-worm measured 35-inches.
The duck has flat feet. = That’s a flat-footed duck.
Why not try some carrot juice? = Have some carrot-juice.
ANSWER:
 3. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjective exercises - Compound adjectives containing numbers:
From each group, choose the sentence containing the correct compound
adjective.
The earthworms were at least three inches long.
He ate a 12-inch sandwich for lunch.
The sumo champion weighed 210-kilograms.
ANSWER:
He drives a one-ton truck.
Our house has three-bedrooms and two-bathrooms.
There are nine-carrots in each bottle of juice.
ANSWER:
My new chainsaw cost three-hundred dollars.
I got a 300-dollar chainsaw for two hundred dollars.
The best chainsaws cost more than three-hundred-dollars.
ANSWER:
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS (p192)
Demand for food is increasing because the population is growing. (reason)

Mechanization has increased crop yield, yet production is still inadequate. (opposition)
UNDERLINE THE CONJUNCTIONS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

a. A few inventions, for instance television, have had a major impact on everyday life. (example)
b. Furthermore, many patients were treated in clinics and surgeries. (addition)

c. The definition of ‘special needs’ is important since it is the cause of some disagreement. (reason)

d. The technology allows consumers a choice, thus increasing their sense of satisfaction. (result)

e. Four hundred people were interviewed for the survey, then the results were analysed. (time)

f. However, another body of opinion associates globalization with unfavourable outcomes. (opposition)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS – practice A (p193)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS – practice A (p193)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
COMMON CONJUNCTIONS – practice A (p194)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
COMMON CONJUNCTIONS – practice B (p195)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
COMMON CONJUNCTIONS – practice C (p195)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS OF OPPOSITION– practice C (p196)
The economy is strong, but/yet there are frequent strikes.
b. Although/While there are frequent strikes the economy is strong.
c. In spite of/despite the frequent strikes the economy is strong.
d. There are frequent strikes. However, nevertheless, the economy is strong.
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS OF OPPOSITION– practice C (p196)
 5. CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS OF OPPOSITION– practice D (p197)
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
How prefixes and suffixes work– practice D (p203)
a. Frefixes change or give the meaning.
b. Suffixes show the meaning or the word class (e.g. noun, verb)
PREFIX MEANING STEM SUFFIX WORD CLASS/MEANING
Un- Negative Sustain -able Adjectives/ability
The rate of growth was unsustainable (i.e. could not be continued)
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
Prefixes (p204)
a. Negative frefixes: UN-, IN-, MIS-, DIS- give ADJ & ADV a negative meaning:
Unclear, incapable, mishear, disagree.
b. A wide variety of prefixes define meaning e.g. PRE- means before: prefer,
prehistory.
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Auto By itself Automatical Over-18s automatically have the right to vote.
ly
Co together Co-ordinator The co-ordinator invited them to a meeting.
Ex previous Ex-president The ex-president gave a lecture on climate
change.
Ex outside Exclusive It is difficult to join such an exclusive club.
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
Prefixes (p204)
Prefix Meaning Example Example sentence
Macro Large Macroeconomics Keynes focused on macroeconomics.
John Maynard Keynes (/keɪnz/ was an
English economist whose ideas fundamentally changed
the theory and practice of macroeconomics and
the economic policies of governments
Micro small Microeconomics She examined the tiny animals with a microscope.
Multi many Multinational Ford is a multinational motor company.
Over Too much Oversleep He missed the lecture as he overslept.
Post later Postpone The meeting is postponed until next Monday.
Re again Retrain The firm retrained the staff to use the new software
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
Prefixes (p204)
Prefix Meaning Example Example sentence
Sub Below Subtitle Chinese films often have subtitles in the
West.
Under Below Undergraduate Most undergraduate courses last three years.
Under not enough Undercook Eating undercooked meat can be dangerous.
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
PRACTICE A (p205)
6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES (p205)
a. Suffixes –ION, -IVE, -LY help the reader find the word class (noun, verb, adj)
b. Other suffixes add to meaning, e.g. –FUL or –LESS after an adj, have a positive or
negative effect (thoughtful/careless)
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
WORD CLASS SUFFIXES (p205)
NOUNS
-ER indicates a person: teacher, gardener
- Ee can show a person who is the subject: employee, trainee
-ISM and –IST are used with belief systems and their supporters: socialism/socialist
- NESS converts an adjective into a noun: sad/sadness
- ION changes a verb to a noun: convert/conversion
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
WORD CLASS SUFFIXES (p205)
ADJECTIVES
-IVE : effective, constructive
- AL: commercial, agricultural
-IOUS precious, serious
VERBS
-ISE/-IZE to form verbs from adj: private/privatise
ADVERBS
-LY: happily
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
MEANING SUFFIXES (p206)
ADJECTIVES
-ABLE has the meaning of ‘ability’: a watchable film, changeable weather
- WARDS means ‘in the direction of’: the ship sailed northwards
- FUL and –LESS: hopeful news, a leaderless team
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
PRACTICE B (p206)
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
PRACTICE B (p206)
a. Cancellation – Noun (withdrawal of a f. Unpredictable – adj (not able to be
service) forecast)
b. Coincidental – adj (2 related events at g. Saleable – adj (able to be sold)
the same time)
c. unco-operatively – adv (without co- h. Interviewee – noun (person being
operation) interviewed)
d. Evolutionary – adj (related to i. Consumerism – noun (belief that
evolution) increasing consumption benefits society)
e. Protester – noun (person who protests) j. Symbolically – adv (in a way that
suggest a symbol)
 6. PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
PRACTICE C (p206)