Unit-10 Criticism PGTRB

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 58

EssayofDr

amat
icPoesy(
1668)ByJohnDr
yden

JohnDr
yden(
1631-
1700)

•Apr
omi
nentEngl
i
shpoet
,cr
it
ic,
transl
ator
,andpl
aywr
ight
.

•Domi
nat
edt
hel
i
ter
aryl
i
feoft
heRest
orat
ionAge.


Theagei
sknownast
heAgeofDr
yden.


PoetLaur
eat
eofEngl
andi
n1668.

•122par
agr
aphs

•Dryden'
smaturet
hought
soflit
erar
ycr
it
ici
sm onanci
ent
,moder
nandEngl
i
shLit
erat
ure,
especial
l
yonDrama,ar
epresentedi
ndi
aloguefor
msinAnEssayonDr
amati
cPoesy.

•I
nAnEssayonDramati
cPoesyther
ear
efourspeaker
s.Eachonear
guesst
rongl
yast
owhi
ch
onei
sbett
er,
"Anci
entorModer
n,andFr
enchorEngli
sh?"

FourPer
sons

1.Cr
it
es-Si
rRober
tHowar
d(Dr
yden'
sbr
other
-i
n-l
aw)
Def
endst
heanci
ent
s.

2.Eugeni
us-
Char
lesSacv
il
le-Dr
ydendedi
cat
est
hiswor
ktohi
m-def
endsmoder
ns

3.Li
sideus-
SirChar
lesSedl
ey-def
endsFr
enchdr
amaov
erEngl
i
sh

4.Neander
-Dr
yden-adv
ocat
est
hesuper
ior
it
yoft
heEngl
i
sh-pr
efer
smoder
nov
ert
heanci
ent
.

Mai
nThemes

•Whatar
ethedi
sti
nctmer
it
soft
heanci
entandmoder
npoet
s?


Cant
heFr
enchschool
ofDr
amabecal
l
edsuper
iort
oEngl
i
sh?


Aret
heEl
i
zabet
handr
amat
istsuper
iort
ocont
empor
aryper
iod?


Dopl
aysdependmor
eonanci
entr
ules?


Compar
ati
vemer
it
sofr
hymi
ngv
erseandbl
ankv
erse.
Set
ti
ng

•Fol
l
owsPl
atoni
ctr
adi
ti
on.


Thames-bat
tl
ebet
weent
heEngl
i
shandDut
ch-1665.
Ont
hewayt
oGr
eenwi
ch

Cr
it
es:
Spokesmanoft
heAnci
ent
s

•Dr
amat
icar
tor
igi
nat
edi
nanci
entGr
eekandgai
nedear
lymat
uri
ty.


Dramat
ist
swer
eest
eemedandencour
agedt
oexcel
.


Anci
ent
semul
atednat
ure.


Thedi
stor
ti
onofi
tledt
odecl
i
nei
ndr
ama.


Fol
l
owedt
het
hreeuni
ti
es.


Themoder
nEngl
i
shdr
amat
ist
sdonotf
oll
owi
twher
east
heFr
enchf
oll
owi
t.


Theanci
ent
shadt
hepowerofexpl
anat
ion.

Eugi
nes'
def
enceoft
heModer
n

•Moder
nhav
eimpr
ovedt
heanci
entar
tandi
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoassesst
hecont
empor
arywor
ks.


Theanci
ent
shadt
hei
rownf
aul
ts:


Ari
stot
le'
sdi
vi
sionoft
hepl
ay

1.Pr
otasi
s(ent
rance)

2.Epi
tasi
s(Pl
ot)

3.Cat
ast
asi
s(Count
ert
urnwhi
chdest
roy
stheexpect
ati
on)

4.Cat
ast
rophy(
unr
avel
l
ingoft
hepl
ot)
•Cat
ast
rophyi
scal
l
edbyt
heGr
eci
ansl
ysi
s,t
heFr
enchl
edenouement
.

•Att
het
imeofHor
acef
iveact
swer
eest
abl
i
shed.

•Spani
ardsal
l
owedt
hreeact
s(Tor
nadas)
.


Theaudi
encehadal
readyknowt
het
heme.


Thepl
ots(
fabul
a)wer
emost
lybasedonhackney
edt
alesofThabesandTr
oy.

.
Incomedyt
hechar
act
erswer
eli
mit
edt
ost
ockt
ypes.

.
..Eugi
nes'

•Thet
hreeuni
ti
eswer
enotf
oll
owedbyal
lanci
ent
s.

•Theuni
tyofact
ionhadi
tsor
igi
ninFr
ench

Excessofspeechatt
hecostofact
ionl
edt
omonot
ony
.


Faul
tydi
cti
onandmet
aphor
swer
eused.


Exhi
bit
edf
aul
tymor
alv
alues-t
hev
icepr
osper
edandt
hepi
etywasunhappy
.


Thet
hemesofl
ove,
lust
,rev
engegav
eri
set
ohor
rorr
athert
hanpi
ty.

•Ther
ewaser
rori
nthecr
eat
ionofTer
rence'
sEunuch

Li
sidei
us:
FrenchSuper
ior
it
yov
erEngl
i
shDr
ama

TheFr
enchai
dedbyRi
chel
i
eubecamepopul
ari
nEur
opeancount
ri
es.


Obser
vet
het
hreeuni
ti
esst
ri
ctl
y.

•Di
scar
dedt
ragi
-comedi
es.


Hav
epl
otsonf
ami
l
iarhi
stor
yandt
ransf
ormedf
ordr
amat
icpur
poses.

•Shakespear
e'spl
aysar
enot
hingbutchr
oni
cles.


Ther
ewascompl
eteact
ionandaptt
reat
mentofemot
ionsandpassi
on.

•Mor
eimpor
tancet
ochar
act
eri
zat
ionandeachchar
act
erhasar
olet
opl
ay.

I
nci
dent
ssuchasduel
sandbat
tl
eswer
eonl
yrepor
tedar
mywi
thf
ivesol
dier
sar
eri
dicul
ous.


Logi
cal
dev
elopmentoft
hepl
otandt
heuseofr
hymei
npr
efer
encet
obl
ankv
erse.
Neander
'sAppr
eci
ati
onofShakespear
e,BeaumontandFl
etcherandJohnson


Hai
l
sShakespear
east
hemostcompr
ehensi
vesoul
ofal
lmoder
nandanci
entpoet
s.


Prai
seshi
sunl
abour
edar
t,i
n-bor
ngeni
usandchar
act
eri
zat
ion.

.
"Hei
sal
way
sgr
eatwhengr
eatoccasi
onsar
epr
esent
edt
ohi
m".

•BeaumontandFl
etcherar
ecr
edi
tedwi
thgai
ety
,wi
t,ski
l
landt
heyexcel
in"
imi
tat
ionoft
he
conver
sati
onofgentl
emen"

.
..
Neander
'sAppr
eci
ati
on

•Anal
ysesJohnson'
sTheSil
entWomantoshowi
tsadher
encet
othr
eeuni
ti
es,
itsf
aul
tl
ess
const
ructi
onandremarksonFal
staf
f.

Johnson'
sComedy&Tr
agedy

•BenJohnsoni
s"t
hemostl
ear
nedandj
udi
ciousofdr
amat
ist
s".

I
nhi
scomedy
,het
reat
edor
dinar
yli
ves.


Hist
ragedi
eshadt
hesour
cef
rom anci
entRomeandot
hercl
assi
cal
resour
ces.

•Conduct
sExamenofTheSi
lentWomant
oshowi
tsadher
encet
othr
eeuni
ti
es,
itsf
aul
tl
ess
constr
uct
ionandr
emarksonFalst
aff
.

Cr
it
e'sAt
tackonRhy
meandNeander
'sDef
ence


Cri
teclai
mst hatbl
ankv
ersehadest
abli
shedit
sel
finpopularfav
oursi
nceShakespear
e,and
r
hymingversewasanunnatur
alandar
ti
fi
cialf
orm ofexpr
ession.


Ari
stot
lehasal
sousedv
ersenear
estt
opr
ose.

-
Neanderf
av our
srhymi
ngver
seandasser
tst
hati
tismorenat
ural
andef f
ect
ual
thanbl
ank
v
ersei
nseriousplay
s.•
Rhy
mingver
seisusedacr
ossthegl
obeanditcoul
dbemadeasprose
t
oo.

•Bl
ankv
ersei
snotav
erseatal
l
,iti
ssi
mpl
yapoet
icpr
ose.

•Thepossi
bil
i
tyofbl
ankv
ersewasex
haust
edbyear
lydr
amat
ist
sthemsel
ves.

•Therhymi
ngv
ersei
s"t
henobl
estki
ndofmoder
nver
seandt
heonl
yadequat
ever
sef
orm of
tr
agedy.
•Tragedywasanrepr
esent
ati
onof"
Nat
urewr
oughtupt
oahi
gherpi
tch"andr
hymi
ngf
orm was
theonlyver
sef
orm.

•Rhy
mewasanai
dtoj
udgment
.


Neanderaccept
sal
lpoet
ryi
simi
tat
ionandmai
ntai
nst
hatmer
eimi
tat
ionwi
l
lnotgi
vedel
i
ght
.

•Poet
rymustgi
vedel
i
ghti
nthef
ir
stpl
aceandi
nst
ruct
ioni
nthesecondpl
ace.


Dry
dendef
endsr
hymesi
ntr
agedi
esandnoti
ncomedi
es.
TheMet
aphy
sicalPoet
s(1951)ByT.
S.El
iot

T.
S.El
i
ot(
1888-
1965)

•AnAmer
ican-
bor
nBr
it
ishpoet
,essay
ist
,publ
i
sher
,pl
aywr
ight
,li
ter
arycr
it
icandedi
tor
.

.Bor
ninBost
onBr
ahminfami
ly
,hemov
edt
oEngl
andi
n1914att
heageof25andwentont
o
set
tl
e,wor
kandmarr
yther
e.

•HebecameaBr
it
ishsubj
ecti
n1927att
heageof39,
subsequent
lyr
enounci
nghi
sAmer
ican
ci
ti
zenshi
p.

•1948:
Nobel
Pri
zef
orl
i
ter
atur
e

I
ntr
oduct
ion

•El
iot
'sessayon"TheMetaphysi
cal
Poet
s"wasf
ir
stpubl
ishedasar
evi
ewofJ.
C.Gr
ier
son'
s
edi
ti
onofMet aphy
sical
Lyri
csandPoemsoft
he17thCentur
y.

I
tisacri
ti
caldocumentofmuchval
ueandsi
gni
fi
cance.I
tisani
mpor
tantl
andmar
kint
he
hi
stor
yofEngli
shli
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm.

I
thasbr
oughtaboutar
eval
uat
ionandr
eassessmentofDonneandot
herMet
aphy
sical
poet
s.

.
Ithascausedar
evi
val
ofi
nter
esti
nthesepoet
swhohadbeennegl
ect
edf
oraconsi
der
abl
e
t
ime.

El
i
ot'
sPur
pose

•Eli
otbegi
nst
heessaybypr
aisi
ngGr
ier
son'
sschol
arl
yedi
ti
onofmet
aphy
sical
lyr
icsand
poemsofthe17t
hC.

Thi
sbooki
sanadmi
rabl
epi
eceofcr
it
ici
sm i
nit
sel
f,aswel
lasapr
ovocat
iont
ocr
it
ici
sm

I
tisagr
eati
rr
it
antt
othought
.


Itset
sEli
othimselft
hinki
ng,
andheproposest
oconsidert
hesi
gnif
icanceoft
helabel
'
Metaphy
sical
'whichhasgeneral
l
ybeenusedasater
m ofabusetoindi
catet
hequaintt
ast
esof
t
hesepoets.

El
i
ot'
sDi
ff
icul
ti
es
•Fi
rst
,iti
sdi
ff
icul
ttodef
inet
het
erm,
"met
aphy
sical
"andexpl
aint
hechar
act
eri
sti
cs.


Secondl
y,i
tisdi
ff
icul
ttodeci
dewhichpoet
spr
act
isedi
tandwhi
chdi
dnot
,andwhi
choft
hei
r
v
erseshavesuchchar
acter
ist
ics.

TheThr
eeSchool
s17t
hcent
ury

1.Fi
rst
,ther
eisDonne,
alat
eEl
i
zabet
han,
andMar
vel
landBi
shopKi
ngwhoar
ever
ycl
oset
o
hi
m.

2.Secondl
y,t
her
eisBenJonsonandhi
s,cour
tl
yschool
,ofpoet
ry,
aki
ndofpoet
rywhi
ch
expi
redint
henextcent
uryi
nthever
sesofPri
or.

3.Thi
rdl
y,t
her
eist
her
eli
giouspoet
ryofHer
ber
t,VaughanandCr
ashaw.

.
Iti
sdi
ff
icul
ttof
indchar
act
eri
sti
cswhi
char
ecommont
oal
lthosepoet
s,andwhi
char
e.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofMet
aphy
sical
Poet
ry:


Fir
st,t
hereistheel
aborat
ionofasi
mil
etothefar
thestpossi
bleext
entt
obemetwi
th
f
requent
lyinthepoet
ryofDonneandCowley.

•Themostst
ri
kinginst
anceofsuchel
abor
ati
oni
sthef
amousconcei
tofapai
rofcompassesi
n
Donne'
s"AValedi
cti
on:For
biddi
ngMourni
ng"
.

.Secondl
y,t
her
eist
hedev
iceoft
hedev
elopmentofan

i
magebyr api
dassociati
onofthoughtrequi
ri
ngconsi
derabl
eagili
tyonthepartofthereader.
Forexample,
inDonne'sAValedict
ion:
ofWeeping,wegotthreeseparat
eimages:thepictur
eof
thegeogr
apher'
sgl
obe, t
hetearsofthepoet'
sbel
oved,andthepictur
eoftheGreatFlood.


Thoughthesethr
eepict
uresar
eent
ir
elyseparate,
thepoethasunif
iedthem bystr
essingthe
l
i
kenessbetweenhisl
ady'
stear
sandtheglobe,andfur
thert
hattheyarecapableofoverf
lowing
t
heeart
h.

•Thi
rdl
y,onot
heroccasi
onsDonnepr
oduceshi
sef
fect
sbysuddencont
rast
s.

.
Thusintheli
ne,"
Abraceletofbrighthairaboutthebone",themostpower f
uleff
ecti
sproduced
bysuddencontr
astoftheassociati
onsof' br
ighthair
'and'bone'
.•Butsuchtel
escopi
ngof
i
magesandcont r
astofassociat
ionsar enotachar act
eri
sticoft
hepoet r
yofDonnealone.

Si
mil
ari
tybet
weenEl
i
zabet
hanPoet
ryandMet
aphy
sical
Poet
ry

I
tal
sochar
act
eri
sesEl
i
zabet
handr
amat
ist
sli
keShakespear
e,Webst
er,
Tour
neurandMi
ddl
eton.

•ThissuggeststhatDonne,
Cowleyandot her
sbel
ongtotheEl
i
zabethant
radi
ti
onandnott oany
newschool .Thedominantchar
acter
ist
icsofDonne'
spoetr
yar
ealsothechar
acter
ist
icsofthe
greatEli
zabethans.
Dr
.Johnson'
sDef
ini
ti
on

•Eli
otthent
akesupDr.Johnson'
sfamousdefi
nit
ionofmet
aphy
sical
poet
ry,
inwhi
cht
hegr
eat
doctorhast
ri
edtodef
inethispoet
rybyi
tsfaul
ts.

•Dr
.Johnsoninhi
sLif
eofCowleypoint
soutthati
nMet
aphy
sical
poet
ry"
themost
het
erogeneousi
deasarey
okedviol
encetoget
her"
.

•Theybr
ingi
ngt
ogetherofhet
erogeneousi
deasandcompel
l
ingt
hem i
ntouni
tybyt
heoper
ati
on
ofthepoet'
smi
ndisuniver
sali
npoet r
y.

.Countl
essinst
ancesofsuchf
usi
onofopposi
teanddi
ssi
mil
arconcept
scanbeci
tedat
random f
rom al
lpoet
s.

•Suchuni
tyi
spr
esentev
eni
nthepoet
ryofJohnsonhi
msel
f.

•Thefor
ceofDr.Johnson'
sremarkli
esinthefactt
hati
nhi
svi
ewt
heMet
aphy
sical
poet
ry
coul
donlyYokebyviol
encedissi
mil
arideas.


Theycoul
duni
tet
hem orf
uset
hem i
ntoasi
ngl
ewhol
e.


Butt
hisi
snotaf
act
.

.
Anumberofpoet
soft
hisschool
hav
eemi
nent
lysucceededi
nuni
ti
nghet
erogeneousi
deas.

•Eli
otthent
akesupDr.Johnson'
sfamousdefi
nit
ionofmet
aphy
sical
poet
ry,
inwhi
cht
hegr
eat
doctorhast
ri
edtodef
inethispoet
rybyi
tsfaul
ts.

•Dr
.Johnsoninhi
sLif
eofCowleypoint
soutthati
nMet
aphy
sical
poet
ry"
themost
het
erogeneousi
deasarey
okedviol
encetoget
her"
.

•Theybr
ingi
ngt
ogetherofhet
erogeneousi
deasandcompel
l
ingt
hem i
ntouni
tybyt
heoper
ati
on
ofthepoet'
smi
ndisuniver
sali
npoet r
y.

TheSpeci
alVi
rt
ueoft
heMet
aphy
sical
s

.I
tisf
uti
l
etot
ryt
odef
inemet
aphy
sical
poet
rybyi
tsf
aul
ts.


Evensuchashr
ewdandsensi
ti
vecr
it
icasDr
.Johnsonf
ail
edt
odoso.

•El
iotpur
posestouset
heposi
ti
veappr
oach,
andpoi
ntoutt
hechar
act
eri
sti
cvi
rt
ueoft
his
schoolofpoet
ry.

•Donneandt
heot
herpoet
soft
he17t
hcent
ury
,"wer
ethedi
rectandnor
mal
dev
elopmentoft
he
pr
ecedentage"
,andt
hatt
hei
rchar
act
eri
sti
cvi
rt
uewassomet
hingv
aluabl
ewhi
chsubsequent
ly
di
sappear
ed.

•Dr.Johnsonhasr
ight
lypoi
ntedoutthatthesepoetswere'
anal
yti
c'
;t
heywer
egi
vent
oomuch
analy
sisanddir
ect
ionofpar
ti
cularemotionalsi
tuat
ions.

•Buthehasf
ail
edt
oseet
hatt
heycoul
dal
souni
tei
ntonewwhol
est
heconcept
stheyhad
analy
sed.

•El
i
otwouldshowt hatt
hei
rspeci
alv
irt
uewast
hef
usi
onofhet
erogeneousmat
eri
ali
ntoanew
uni
tyaf
teri
tsdissoci
ati
on.

.
Met aphysi
calpoet
ryi
sdist
ingui
shedfrom ot
herpoetr
ybyunif
icat
ionofsensi
bil
i
ty,
andt
hat
subsequentl
y,di
ssoci
ati
onofsensi
bil
i
ty,over
tookEngli
shpoet
ry..
Heconsider
sitas
unfort
unate.

Uni
fi
cat
ionofSensi
bil
i
ty

•ThegreatEl
i
zabethansandear
lyJacobi
anshadadev
elopeduni
fi
edsensi
bil
i
tywhi
chi
s
expr
essedinthei
rpoetr
y.

By'
sensi
bil
i
ty'
Eli
otdoesnotmer
elymeanf
eel
i
ngort
hecapaci
tyt
orecei
vesensei
mpr
essi
ons.


Hemeansmuchmor
ethant
hat
.

By'sensibi
li
ty'
hemeansasy nt
heti
cfacul
tywhi
chcanamal
gamateanduni
tet
houghtand
feel
ing,whichcanfuseintoasingl
ewholethev
ari
edanddi
spar
ate,
oft
enopposi
teand
contradi
ctoryexper
iences.

•TheEl
i
zabet
hanshadsuchasensi
bil
i
ty.

Theywerewi
delyread,
theyt
houghtonwhatt
heyr
ead,
andt
hei
rthi
nki
ngandl
ear
ningmodi
fi
ed
thei
rmodeoffeel
i
ng.

•ThusinthepoetryofChapmanandot
hersther
eis,
“asensuousapprehensi
onoft
hought
"-
a
unif
icat
ionofthoughtandfeel
i
ng-
andarecr
eati
onofthoughti
ntofeel
ing.

Di
ssoci
ati
onofSensi
bil
i
ty

•Af
terDonneandHer
ber
tachangecameov
ert
hemi
ndofEngl
and.


Thepoet
slostt
hecapaci
tyofuni
ti
ngt
houghtandf
eel
i
ng.


The'
uni
fi
cat
ionofsensi
bil
i
ty'
wasl
ost
,and'
di
ssoci
ati
onofsensi
bil
i
ty'
seti
n.
•Af
tert
hatthepoetscanei
therthi
nkort
heycanfeel
;ther
ear
eei
theri
ntel
l
ect
ual
poet
swhocan
onl
ythi
nk,orther
earepoet
s, whocanonl
yfeel
.

•Thepoet
softhe18thcent
urywer
eintel
l
ect
ual
s,t
heyt
houghtbutdi
dnotf
eel
;ther
omant
icsof
the19t
hcent
uryfel
tbutdi
dnotthi
nk.

•TennysonandBr owni
ngcanmerel
yrefl
ectorr
umi
nat
e,i
.e.medi
atepoet
ical
l
yont
hei
r
experi
ence,butcannotexpr
essi
tpoet
ical
ly
.

•El
iotexpressesthi
sviewi
nwordswhi
chcl
ear
lybr
ingsouthi
scapaci
tyf
or'
tr
enchantphasi
ng'
,
hisori
ginali
tyandcri
ti
cali
nsi
ght
.

•Eli
ot:
"TennysonandBrowni
ngarepoetsandt
heyt
hink;
butt
heydonotfel
lthei
rthoughtas
i
mmedi atel
yastheodourofarose.At
houghtt
oDonnewasanexper
ience;
itmodifi
edhis
sensi
bil
it
y.

•Whenapoet '
smi
ndi sper
fectl
yequi
ppedfori
tswork,i
tisconstant
lyamal
gamat
ingdi
spar
ate
exper
ience;
theor
dinaryman'sexper
iencei
schaot
ic,
irr
egul
ar,fr
agmentar
y.

Met
aphy
sical
Sensi
bil
i
ty

•Inotherwords,themetaphysicalpoetshadamechanism ofsensi
bil
it
y-aunif
iedsensibi
l
ity
-
whichenabledthem toassimil
ateandf useint
onewwhol esmostdisparat
eandhet er
ogeneous
experi
ences.•Theycouldfeelt
heirthoughtsasint
ensel
yastheodourofar ose,t
hatistosay
theycouldexpressthei
rthoughtsthroughsensuousimagery
.

.Inhispoems,Donneexpr
esshist
hought
sandideasbyembodyi
ngthem i
nsensuousimager
y
anditismainl
ythr
oughtheimager
ythatt
heuni
fi
cati
onofsensi
bil
i
tyf
indsi
tsappropr
iat
e
expressi
on.

•Theoper
ationoftheuni
fi
edsensi
bil
i
tyi
nDonnemaybei
l
lust
rat
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
nesf
rom
Dante'
sParadise:

WithinitsdepthsIsawingathered,boundbylov
einonemass,t
hescatt
eredleav
esofthe
uni
v erse:substanceandaccidentsandthei
rrel
ati
ons,
ast
houghtoget
herfused,sot
hatwhatI
speakofi sinonesi mpl
eflame.

•Intheabovel
i
nesthespi
ri
tualexper
ience,
whichissov
erydi
ffer
entf
rom t
heor
dinary
experi
ence,
hasbeenexpr
essedbyDant econcr
etel
ybyamasterl
yuseoft
heimageryofl
i
ght
.

•Dant
ehasgi
venexpr
essi
ont
ohi
sspi
ri
tual
exper
iencei
nsensuoust
erms,
inav
isual
image,
the
simpl
efl
ame.

.
Thi
sisal
sof
requent
lyt
hemet
hodofDonne.
Mi
l
tonandDr
yden

•Bot
hMi lt
onandDrydenweregreatpoet
sandtheyrender
edi
mport
antser
vicetothecause,
of
poet
ry.Undert
hei
rinf
luence,
theEngli
shl
anguagebecamemorepur
eandref i
ned.

Butatt
hesamet i
me,thefeel
i
ngbecamemorecrude.I
tisf
orthi
sr easont
hatt
hefeel
i
ng
expr
essedinGray
'sCount
ryChur
chyar
discr
uderandlesssat
isf
yingthanthef
eel
i
ngexpr
essed
i
nMar vel
l
'sCoyMist
ress.

•Ther
ewasanotheref
fectoftheinfl
uenceofMi
l
tonandDr
yden,
anef
fectwhi
chwasi
ndi
rect
andwhichmani
fest
editsel
fatalaterdate.

•Earlyi
nthe18t
hcentur
yther
ewasar eact
ionagainstt
heint
ell
ect
ual
andr
ati
oci
nat
ive(
giv
ent
o
reasoni
ngandargument
ati
on)poet
ryofthepseudo-cl
assi
cs.


Thependul
um swungt
otheot
herext
reme,
andt
hepoet
sthoughtandf
eltbyf
it
sandst
art
s.


Theyl
ackedbal
anceandt
heyr
efl
ect
ed.

•By'r
efl
ect
ion'El
iotmeansthatt
hey'
rumi
nated'
,t
hey'mused'
,they'
medi
atedpoeti
cal
ly'
,t
hey
enj
oyedtheluxur
yofdwell
inguponsomefeeli
ng,butcoul
dnotexpr
esst
hatfeel
ingpoeti
cal
l
y.

•I
nsomepassagesofShell
ey'
sTri
umphofLif
eandi
nKeat
s'secondHy
per
ion,
wef
inda
st
ruggl
etowar
daunif
icat
ionofsensi
bil
i
ty.

ButShell
eyandKeat
sdi
edy
oung,
andt
hei
rsuccessor
s,Tenny
sonandBr
owni
ng,
coul
donl
y
ref
lect
.

Met
aphy
sical
Temperi
nTheModer
nAge

•El
iott
henexaminesthecl
osesimi
lari
tybet
weentheageofDonneandthemoder
nage,
&
simil
ari
tybet
weenthesensi
bil
i
tyoftheMetaphy
sical
sandthemodernpoet
s.


TheMet
aphy
sical
sar
edi
ff
icul
tandt
hepoeti
nthemoder
nagei
sal
soboundt
obedi
ff
icul
t.

."
OurCi
vil
i
zat
ioncomprehendsgreatv
ari
etyandcomplexi
ty,
andt
hisvar
iet
yandcompl
exi
ty,
pl
ayi
nguponaref
inedsensi
bil
i
ty,
mustproducevari
ousandcomplexr
esult
s.

•Thepoetmustbecomemor eandmorecomprehensi
ve,moreal
l
usi
ve,
mor
eindi
rect
,inor
der
tofor
ce,
todi
slocat
e,i
fnecessar
y,l
anguagei
ntohismeaning.
"

Hencet
hemoder
npoetal
sousesconcept
sandmet
hodssi
mil
art
othoseoft
heMet
aphy
sical
s
whoal
sol
i
vedi
ncompl
exandr
api
dlychangi
ngt
imes.

•Likethem t
hemodernpoetal
sot
ransmut
esi
ntosensat
ions,
andt
ransf
ormsf
eel
i
ngsi
nto
thoughtorstat
esofmind.

•Inotherwor
ds,
DonneandtheotherMetaphysical
sar
eint
hedi
rectcur
rentofEngl
i
shpoet
ry,
andthemodernpoet
saret
heirdi
rectdescendants.

•Thi
scur
rentf
lowsdi
rectf
rom t
heEl
i
zabet
hanager
ightupt
othemoder
nage.

•Onl
y,andunfor
tunat
ely,
thi
scont
inui
tywasbrokenforsometi
meundert
hei
nfl
uenceofMi
l
ton
andDrydenwhoaregreatmast
ersofl
anguage,butnotoft
hesoul
TheSev
enTy
pesofAmbi
gui
tybyWi
ll
iam Empson(
1906-
1984)
Wi
l
li
am Empson(
19061984)

•AnEngli
shl
it
erar
ycri
ti
candpoet
,regar
dedbysomet
obet
hegr
eat
estEngl
i
shl
i
ter
arycr
it
ic
af
terSamuel
JohnsonandWil
li
am Hazli
tt
.

•Jonat
hanBatehasr
emarkedt
hatthethreegreat
estEngl
i
shLit
erar
ycr
it
icsoft
he18t
h,19t
h
and20thcent
uri
esar
e,r
espect
ivel
y,Johnson,
Hazlit
tandEmpson,

•Empsondidnoti
nit
iat
ethemet
hodofcl
oser
eadi
ngt
hatheempl
oysi
nSev
enTy
pesof
Ambigui
ty(
1930)

•Thebooki
sagui
det
oast
yleofl
i
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm pr
act
icedbyEmpson.

•Theor
gani
zati
onofthebookint
osevenchapter
s,eachdev
otedt
opr
ogr
essi
vel
ymor
e
compl
expoet
icideas,
issomewhatdecept
ive

•Anambi
gui
tyi
srepr
esent
edasapuzzl
e.

Wehav
eambi
gui
tywhen"
alt
ernat
ivev
iewsmi
ghtbet
akenwi
thoutsheermi
sreadi
ng.
"

•Empsonr
eadspoet
ryasanexpl
orat
ionofconf
li
ctswi
thi
ntheaut
hor
.

Sev
enTy
pesofAmbi
gui
ty

1.Thef
irstt
ypeofambi
guit
yist
hemet aphor,
thati
s,whentwothingsar
esaidt
obeal
i
kewhi
ch
havedi
ff
erentpr
oper
ti
es.Thi
sconceptissi
milart
othatofmetaphysi
cal
concei
t.

2.Twoormoremeani
ngsareresol
vedi
ntoone.Empsonchar
act
eri
zest
hisasusi
ngt
wo
di
ffer
entmet
aphor
satonce.

3.Twoi
deast
hatar
econnect
edt
hroughcont
extcanbegi
veni
nonewor
dsi
mul
taneousl
y.

4.Twoormoremeani
ngst
hatdonotagr
eebutcombi
net
omakecl
earacompl
i
cat
edst
ateof
mindi
ntheauthor
.

5.
Whentheauthordi
scov
ershisideai
ntheactofwri
ti
ng,
Empsondescr
ibesasi
mil
ethatl
i
es
hal
fwaybet
weentwostatementsmadebytheauthor
.

6.
Whenastat
ementsay
snothi
ngandt
her eader
sar
efor
cedt
oinv
entast
atementoft
hei
rown,
mostl
i
kel
yinconf
li
ctwi
tht
hatoft
heauthor.
7.Twowordsthatwi
thi
ncont
extar
eopposi
test
hatexposeaf
undament
aldi
vi
sioni
nthe
author
'smind.

Ambi
gui
ty1

•Fi
rstAmbi
gui
tyi
sanext
endedexami
nat
iont
hroughl
ogi
cal
anal
ysi
s.

•Reasoncanbeappl
i
edt
othear
ts.I
tisasol
dascr
it
ici
sm,
andf
undament
alt
oit
.

•"
Twocross-
curr
ent
s":
Thefir
stwasEli
ot'
sreev
aluat
ionoft
heMetaphy
sicalpoets.Thesecond
cr
oss-
cur
rentwas"t
heimpactofFr
eud,
"ormoregeneral
lyt
hei
ssueofunconsciousconfl
ict
.

.Empson'sai
minhiscloseanal
ysisi
snottoident
if
ytheone"r
ight
"meani
ng,
butt
oexpl
oret
he
expandi
ngpossi
bil
i
tiesofal
ter
nate,mul
ti
ple,
andsimult
aneousmeani
ngs.

Hebegi
nsinchapt
er1wit
hasi ngl
eli
nef
rom Shakespear
e'sSonnet73,
"Bar
erui
nedchoi
rs,
wher
elat
ethesweetbi
rdssang.”

Thesi
mplestt
y peofambigui
ty,
asEmpsondefi
nesi
t,occur
swhen"
awor
doragr
ammat
ical
st
ruct
urei
seffecti
veinsever
alway
satonce.
"

Di
ff
erentCompar
isonsi
nSonnet
-73

•r
uinedmonast
erychoi
rsar
epl
acesi
nwhi
cht
osi
ng,

•t
heyi
nvol
vesi
tt
ingi
nar
ow,

•t
heyar
emadeofwood,
arecar
vedi
ntoknot
s

•theyusedtobesur
roundedbyashel
teri
ngbuil
dingcryst
all
i
zedoutoft
hel
i
kenessofaf
orest
,
andcolour
edwithst
ainedgl
assandpaint
ingl
ikeflower
sandl eav
es

•t
heyar
enowabandonedbyal
lbutt
hegr
eywal
l
scol
our
edl
i
ket
heski
esofwi
nter
,

•thecol
dandNar ci
ssi
sti
cchar
m suggest
edbychoi
r-
boy
ssui
tswel
lwi
thShakespear
e'sf
eel
i
ng
fort
heobjectoft
heSonnets

Ambi
gui
ty-2

•Thesecondtypeofambi gui
tyi
nvol
vestwoormor emeani
ngswhichareresol
vedi
ntoone,
as
i
nShakespeare'sSonnet16,wher
e"l
inesofli
fe"conv
eyst
ime'
swrinkl
es,l
i
neageor
descendant
s,l
inesdrawnwi t
hapen,thel
inesofapoem,anddest
iny.
•Toshowt
hatpoet
ical
ambi
gui
tywasal
readyunder
wayi
nGeof
freyChaucer
'st
ime.

•Empsonanal y
zessomel i
nesfrom Tr
oil
usandCri
seyde(
1382),andasheproceedshepoi
nts
outthatalongpoem accumul
atesimagery,
ther
ebypr
oduci
ngincreasi
ngr
eservesof
associat
edmeanings.

Somer eader
sfi
ndEmpson'
swi
tti
resomeuponr
ereadi
ng,
andot
her
sfi
ndi
tmor
erev
eal
i
ngof
ser
iousmeaningthant
heyl
i
ke.

Ambi
gui
ty-
3

•I
tisconsi
der
edasav
erbal
mat
ter
.

•I
toccur
swhent
woi
deasar
econnect
edonl
ybei
ngbot
hrel
evanti
nthecont
ext
.

•Thi
sisoftendonebyr ef
erencetoderi
vat
ion:thusDeli
lah(awomanint
heBookofJudges,
wheresheisthe"womani nthevall
eyofSorek"whom Samsonl ov
ed,
andwhowashis
downfal
l)
."Thatspeci
ousmonst er
,myaccompl ishedsnare"

•Speci
ousmeans'
beaut
if
ulanddecei
tf
ul'

•'
monst
er'
means'
somet
hingunnat
ural
andsomet
hingst
ri
ki
ngshownasasi
ghofdi
sast
er'

•'
accomplished'
meansski
l
ledi
nthear
tsofbl
andi
shmentandsuccessf
uli
nundoi
ngher
husband'

•Useof'
pun'

•Apunmaybej
ust
if
iedt
oar
eaderasl
ongasbot
hdonothav
east
rongmeani
ngoft
hei
rown.

•Satan'
swordsfr
om Par
adiseLost:
"Ye,whoappoi
ntedst
and,/Doasy
ouhav
einchar
ge,
and
bri
efl
ytouch/Whatwepropound,
andloudthatal
lmayhear"
.

•I
tconv
eyst
hebi
tt
ermoodofSat
anandhasmanyant
it
hesi
s.

•Dif
fer
entreader
sapplyt
hei
rconsci
ousnessi
ndi
ff
erentways.Al
inetakenalonemayf
orma
thi
rdambigui
tybutal
ongwit
hit
ssetti
ngthesamemayf or
mt hef
ourt
hambi guit
y.
•Shakespear
eist
heper
sonuponwhom i
ngenui
tyhasmostof
tenbeenmi
spl
aced.

•Her
eiti
snott
hesy
ntaxbutt
hecont
exti
smor
eambi
guous.

•Wordswort
h'sideaofpanthei
sm i
nhi
spoet
rycausesthefour
thty
peofambigui
ty.(
panthei
sm
-adoctr
inewhichident
if
iesGodwitht
heuni
ver
se,orregar
dstheuniv
erseasamanif
estati
onof
God)
.

•I
nthi
smet
hodt
hepoet
sar
econv
ict
ed.

Ambi
gui
ty-5

•Itoccurswhenanaut hori
sdiscover
inghi
sideaintheactofmindwhichhedoesnothav
ein
mindor i
ginal
l
y.Forexample,asimil
ewhichdoesnotapplytoanythi
ngbutl
i
eshalf
-way
betweent wothi
ngswhent heauthorismovi
ngfrom oneanother
.

•Empsonquot
esf
rom Shakespear
e'sMeasur
eforMeasur
e

•"
Ournat
uresdopur
sue Li
keRat
sthatr
avy
ndownet
hei
rpr
operBane

At
hir
styev
il
,andwhenwedr
inkwedi
e"

•Her
e,f
ir
sti
dear
efer
stot
hel
usti
tsel
fwast
hepoi
sonbutsay
sthati
tissui
tabl
eforr
ats.

.Butt
hesuggest
ionof'
ri
ghtandnat
ural
'i
sir
rel
evant
.

•Al
soeat
ingofpoi
sonr
efer
stot
hef
all
ofmanal
so.

Ambi
gui
ty-6

•I
toccurswhenastatementsaysnothi
ng,
bytautology,
bycont
radi
cti
on,
orbyirr
elev
ant
st
atements.Hencet
hereaderi
sforcedtoi
nventstatement
sofhisownandtheyareli
abl
eto
conf
li
ctwi
thoneanot
her
.

•Forexampl
e:Mosestol
dGod"
Thouhastnotdel
i
ver
edt
hypeopl
eatal
l
"but"
Del
i
ver
ingt
hou
hasnotdel
iv
ered"
.Thi
smaymeantwo:

1.Thoughy
ousai
dyouwoul
d,y
oudi
dn'
t2.Youwi
l
l,Whenneeded.

•Cont
radi
cti
onsar
emuchwhent
heyar
eusedi
njokes.

Example2( fr
om Zul
eikaDobsonbyMaxBeer bohm):"
Zulei
kawasnotst
ri
ctl
ybeaut
if
ul"
.The
readercannotdescr
ibethenat
ureofherbeautyfr
om t
his.

.Latert
hewr
it
erexpl
ains,
Herey
eswer
eat
ri
fl
elar
ge,
andt
hel
ashesl
ongert
hant
heyneedhav
e
been".

•HopkinsbecameaJesuitandburnthisearlypoemsonent
eri
ngtheorder
.Ther
emaybesome
ref
erencetothi
ssacr
if
iceinthel
i
ne: '
Buckle!ANDthefi
ret
hatt
hatbreaksfr
om t
heet
hen'
.

.Accordi
ngtoEmpson, Hopki
nsconceiv
est heacti
vephysi
calbeautyoft
hebir
dastheopposi
te
ofhispat
ientspi
ri
tual
renunci
ati
on.Thestatementsofthepoem appeart
oinsi
stt
hathi
sown
l
if
eissuperior
,buthecannotdeci
siv
elyjudgebetweenthem;heholdsbothwit
hagonyi
nhis
mind.

•Thephr
ase'Myhearti
nhi
ding'
impli
esthattheli
feofthewindhoverismoredanger
ousthan
thel
if
eofrenunci
ati
onwhi
chisthemorelovelyasevi
dencedinthelastt
hreel
inesofthepoem.

•Thewor d'
Buckl
e'admitsoft
wot ensesandtwomeani ngs:'
theydobuckl
ehere'
,or'
come,and
buckl
ey our
sel
fhere,'
buckl
e'l
i
keami li
tar
ybelt
,forthedisci
pli
neofher
oicact
ionand'buckl
e'
l
ikeabicycl
ewheel,'
makeuseless,di
stor
tedandincapableofit
snatur
almoti
on.

•Theword,
'here'
intheli
ne: '
Brut
ebeautyandval
ourandact
,oh,
air
,pri
de,pl
ume,her
e'may
mean'i
nthecaseoft hebir
d',
or'i
nthecaseoft
heJesuit
';
theword,
't
hen'i
nthenextl
i
nemeans
'
whenyouhav ebecomelikethebir
d'or'
whenyouhavebecomeli
ketheJesui
t'
.

Ambi
gui
ty7

•Next,Empsoninter
pret
sGeor geHerber
t'
s'TheSacri
fi
ce'asapoem hav
ingconf
li
ctst
hough
thebusinessoft
hisdoctr
inal
poem istostateagener
ali
sedsolut
ionoft
hem.

Thespeakeri
nt hispoem isJesusChr i
st.Asi
nter
pret
edbyEmpson,thespeakeri
sspeaki
ng
wit
hpatheti
csimpl i
cit
y,aninnocentsurpri
set
hatpeopleshoul
dtr
eathi
m so,andacomplete
fai
l
uretounderstandthecaseagai nsthim:

Theydidaccusemeofgreatv
il
lai
nyThatIdi
dthr
usti
ntot
heDei
ti
e;Whonev
ert
houghtt
hatcr
y
robber
ie;
Wasev ergr
iefl
i
kemine?
.Thestr
essofthemai
nmeani
ngi
sonthel
ovi
ng-ki
ndnessofJesus.Butt
hel
astv
erse
cont
ainsasst
rongandsi
mpl
eadoubl
emeani
ng.

•Aspertheeval
uati
onofEmpson,
inthisver
se,Chri
stmaywishthathi
sowngri
efmaynev
erbe
exceededamongthehumani
tyhepit
ies;hemayinci
dental
l
ywishthathemaybesur
eof
recogni
ti
onandofachurcht
hatwi
llbeasoundingboardtohi
sagony.

•Thusintwoway s,onebehi
ndtheother
,theChri
stbecomesguilt
y,andwereachthefi
nalli
nes
whichstat
ethatt
hecompl et
eChrist
:scapegoatandtragi
chero-l
ovedbecausehated;
hated
becausegodl
ike;
freeingf
rom t
ort
urebecausetor
tur
ed; t
ort
uri
nghistor
tur
ersbecauseall
-
mercif
ul.

•Herber
t,i
nthi
spoem,
deal
swi
tht
hemostcompl
i
cat
edanddeepl
yroot
edmot
ionoft
hehuman
mind.

Senseoft
hePastbyL.Tr
il
li
ng
Tr
il
li
ng(
1905-
1976)

•AnAmer
icanl
i
ter
arycr
it
ic,
shor
tst
orywr
it
er,
essay
ist
,andt
eacher
.


Hisappr
oacht
oli
ter
atur
eist
hatofMat
thewAr
nol
d.

.
Hedidnotsharet
hev
iewt
hatawor
kofar
tisaut
onomousanduni
nfl
uencedbyt
heagei
n
whi
chiti
swrit
ten.

•Hewasoftheopini
ont
hatanaut
horcoul
dneverescapet
hei
nfl
uenceoft
hezei
tgei
st(
the
defi
ningspi
ri
tormoodofapar
ti
cul
arperi
odofhi
story)
.

Wor
ks:
Mat
thewAr
nol
d(1939)andE.M.

For
ster(
1943)
,Fr
eudandt
heCr
isi
sofOurCul
tur
e(1955)
.

•Tri
ll
i
ngsay st
hatinuniver
sit
ieswhati
sst
udi
edisnotsomuchl i
ter
atur
eashistor
yofl
i
ter
atur
e-
thestudyofhi
stor
ical
,soci
al,
andeconomi
ccurr
entsthataf
fectawri
ter
'sgeni
us.

•Thestudyofsuchext ernalf
orcesaf
fecti
ngawr i
terisdismissedbyJohnJayChapmanasan
'
archealogicalquasi
-scienti
fi
canddocument ar
ystudyoft hefinear
ts'
.•Tr
il
li
ngst
ressesal
lty
pes
ofancil
larystudiesenhanceourappreciat
ionofli
teratur
e.

Deadwr
it
ersi
nthecr
it
ici
sm

•Tr
il
li
ngdoesnotshar
eLov
ejoy
's(
TheGr
eatChai
nofBei
ng)pr
efer
enceofdeadwr
it
ers
becauseacr
it
iccancomet
oadef
ini
teconcl
usi
onr
egar
dingt
hef
orcesaf
fect
ingt
hedead
wri
ters.

.
Hecompar
essuchcr
it
icst
otheEdi
nbur
g'sbodysnat
cher
swhopr
efercadav
ersordeadbodi
es
f
orst
udyi
nthemedi
calcol
l
ege.

TheGenet
icApper
oach

•Sci
encehasi
nvadedt
hest
udyofl
i
ter
atur
eal
so.

.
Thesci
ent
if
icpri
nci
plet
othest
udyofl
i
ter
atur
eis"
thei
nvest
igat
ioni
ntot
hegenesi
soror
igi
nof
api
eceofl
it
erat
ure"
.

•Accordi
ngtothisapproach,astudyofShakespear
e'ssonnet
swoul
drequi
reustost
udyhow
Eli
zabethansonnetori
ginatedf
rom theIt
ali
ansonnetsofRonsor
dandPetr
arch.


Tri
l
li
ngsuppor
tst
hegenet
icappr
oacht
oli
ter
atur
e.

Li
mit
ati
onsofGenet
icAppr
oach

•Thegeneticappr
oachi
sbasedontheassumptiont
hataworkofar
tismouldedbythe
ci
rcumstancesinwhi
chi
twaswrit
tenandthat'
theworkofar
tisnot
hingbuti
tscondi
ti
ons'
.


Thesci
ent
if
icmi
ndedcr
it
icdoesnotseeanymy
ster
yinpoet
iccr
eat
ion.

•Hebel
i
evest
hatany
thi
ngcanbedi
scov
eredt
hrough'
har
dint
ell
ect
ual
wor
kandconcent
rat
ion'
.

My
ster
yinLi
ter
atur
e

•Ascient
if
iccr
iti
ct akesacompl
expoem t
opi
ecesandanal
ysest
hem andi
ndul
gesi
na'
ki
ndof
i
ntel
l
ectualcal
l
isthenicri
tual
'
.

•Accordi
ngt
oTr i
l
ling,
'poet
iccreat
ioni
samy st
erywhi
chnei
thert
hegenet
icappr
oachnort
he
closesci
ent
if
icstudyofthetextcanunr
avel
ful
ly.

•Anelementofmy
ster
yisboundi
sboundt
oper
sisti
nspi
teoft
hehar
def
for
tsoft
hese
resear
cher
s.

ThePoetasaHi
stor
ian

•I
ntheoldday
sthepoetwassupposedt
obehi
msel
fanhi
s-t
ori
an,
arel
i
abl
echr
oni
clerof
ev
ents.

•Thucydi
des(
Athy
nianHi
stor
iani
n5t
hCBC)sai
dthathewasl
i
kel
ytobeani
naccur
ate
hi
stori
an.

•ButAr
ist
otl
esai
dthathewasmor
eaccur
ate
Compar
isonbet
weenHi
stor
yandPoet
ry

•Ahi
stori
calappr
oacht
opoet
ryst
udi
est
hehi
stor
ical
for
cesshapi
ngt
hepoet
'sgeni
usi
swel
l
wor
thtry
ing.


Poet
ryhasmanyel
ement
sofhi
stor
y.

•Li
keahist
ori
an,
thepoetal
sor
ecor
dsandi
nter
pret
s'per
sonal
,nat
ional
andcosmol
ogi
cal
event
s'.


Lit
erat
ureandhi
stor
yar
eal
i
kei
nthesenset
hatbot
har
epr
act
ical
l
yawar
eoft
het
radi
ti
onsof
t
hepast.


Thi
spoi
nti
sst
ressedbyT.
S.El
i
oti
n"Tr
adi
ti
onandI
ndi
vi
dual
Tal
ent
".

Endor
singEl
i
ot,
Tri
l
li
ngder
iveshi
ssust
enancef
rom pastt
radi
ti
ons.

•Thepastt
radi
ti
onsf
orm apat
ter
ntowhi
cheachpoetaddshi
sowncont
ri
but
ion.

.Hence,
thepasthas'
newaf
fi
nit
ies'
.

•Wer
eadaanywor
kwi
thi
na'
Kal
eidoscopeofhi
stor
ical
element
s'.


Thepast
nessofal
i
ter
arywor
kaddst
oit
sbeaut
y.

•Thepr
osodyanddi
cti
onofanci
entpoet
sar
e'i
nsuf
fi
cent
lyunder
stood'
.

•Anci
entSangam poet
ryi
nTami
landOl
dEngl
i
shpoet
ryi
ncl
udi
ngChaucer
'sar
ewr
appedi
nthe
past
.


Accor
dingt
oTr
il
li
ng,
'wear
ecr
eat
uresoft
imeandcr
eat
uresoft
hehi
stor
ical
sense'
.

.
Wri
ter
sli
keSi
rWal
terScot
thav
eagr
eat
erhi
stor
ical
sense.


Butal
lofushav
ethesenseoft
hepast
.

•Wemustl
i
vewi
thi
tandbyi
t.

•Forexampl
etheappr
eci
ati
onofHaml
etneedsacompr
ehensi
vesenseoft
hepast
.

•Kotti
nhisbookShakespear
eourCont
emporar
y,ar
guest
hatShakespear
ecanbeenj
oyedby
thosewhodonothavethesenseoft
hepast
.

•Tr
il
li
ngagreesthat'
spir
itofmani
soneandcont
inuous'
.Butst
ressest
hatt
her
eisadi
ff
erence
bet
ween'now' and'
then'
.

•Tr
il
li
ng'
swar
ning:
ifwewantt
omakeShakespear
econt
empor
aneous,
wewi
l
lmakehi
m
'
monstrous'
.Shakespeare'
simmortal
i
tyli
esinthefactt
hathecont
inuest
ober
elev
antt
ousi
n
spi
teofthedif
ferencesbetween'
now'and't
hen'.

.E.E.St
oll
pointsoutthatt
hesignif
icanceoftheEli
zabet
hanagel
i
esi
ncer
tai
nconv
ent
ions,
we
cannotful
lyappreci
ateShakespear
ewi thoutknowi
ngthem.

Hi
stor
yandAbst
ract
ion

•Tril
li
ngissurethataknowledgeoft
hepasti
sofpar
amounti
mport
ancef
orunderstandi
ngand
enjoyingnotonl
yShakespearebutal
sosuchofWor
dswor
th'
spoemsli
keI
mmor t
alit
yandt he
Prelude.

•Hist
ory,l
i
kescienceandart,i
nvolv
esabst
ract
ion;
weabst
ractcer
tainev
ent
sfrom ot
hersand
wemaket hispart
icul
arabst
racti
onwit
hanendi nvi
ew,
wemakei ttoser
vesomepurposeof
ourwil
l.

FourQuest
ionsofTr
il
li
ng

1.Whati
sther
eal
poem?

2.I
sitt
hepoem wenowper
cei
ve?

3.I
sitt
hepoem t
heaut
horconsci
ousl
yint
ended?

4.I
sitt
hepoem t
heaut
hori
ntendedandhi
sfi
rstr
eader
sread?

Tr
il
li
ng'
sResponse

•Thepoem i
showi twasr
eadandunder
stoodbyt
hepeopl
eoft
hepoet
'st
imepl
ushowi
thas
l
ivedf
rom ThenandNow.


Apoem i
sper
cei
vedi
ndi
ff
erentway
sindi
ff
erentages.

•Asgreatl
it
erat
ureappeal
sindif
fer
entway
satdi
ff
erentt
imes,
awor
kofar
tcannotbe
under
stoodwholl
yatagiventi
me.

Pr
of.Lov
eJoy
'sOpi
nion

•"
theideasi
nser
iousr
efl
ect
ivel
i
ter
atur
ear
e,ofcour
se,
ingr
eatpar
tphi
l
osophi
cal
ideasi
n
di
lut
ion."

Tr
il
li
ng'
sRepl
y

I
tispar
tofoursuspi
ciousnessofl
i
ter
atur
ethatweunder
taket
hust
omakei
tadependentar
t.
At
tackonNewCr
it
ics

•Tri
ll
ingcondemnsNewCr i
ti
cssuchasCleant
hBr ooksandRober
tPenWarrenwhohavethe
opi
nion-"alit
erarywor
kcanbeenj
oyedbypayingattent
iont
othebar
etextwit
houtwor
ryi
ng
aboutthehist
orical
for
cest
hatwenti
ntot
hemaki ngofapoem.


Bot
hoft
hem ar
eant
i-
hist
ori
cal
cri
ti
cs.


Theyr
ejectal
lhi
stor
ical
int
ent
ions.

•Theycanconcent
rat
eonl
yont
heaest
het
icanal
ysi
soft
hel
anguageofapoem.

TheNeedf
ort
heSenseoft
hePast

•Tr
il
li
ngcount
erst
hat'
thel
anguageofapoem oft
hepasti
sfardi
ff
erentf
rom t
hatofapoet
wri
ti
ngnow.

•Toreadapoem 100y
ear
sago,
oner
equi
resanunder
standi
ngoft
hehi
stor
ical
cir
cumst
ances
oft
hepoet.

.
Also,
itr
equi
resanunder
standi
ngoft
hemet
aphor
soft
hepoem.

•Br
ooksandWarrenf
indal
lpoet
icv
irt
uesi
nthepoet
ryoft
he17t
hCan'
onl
ytheessenceof
poeti
cer
ror
'inRomanti
cpoet
ry.

•Tr
ill
i
ngcl
aimsthatBr
ooksandWar
renal
sodi
spl
ayasenseofhi
stor
ybypr
efer
ri
ngpar
ti
cul
ar
per
iodoft
hepast.


Event
heseNewCr
it
icscannotgetr
idofhi
stor
ical
sense.


Tril
l
ingfi
ndsakindredspi
ri
tint
heEngl
i
shphi
l
osopherHul
mewhor
aisedquest
ionsof
'
causat
ionofcul
ture'
.

•Cul
tur
alchangeshav
ecauses.

.Somet
imesunknowncausesbr
ingchanges.

.Li
kewi
se,
thepoeti
spr
ompt
edt
owr
it
einacer
tai
nwaybycer
tai
nunknowncauses.

•Thepoet
icpr
ocessi
samy
ster
y.
Rel
ati
onoft
hePoett
ohi
sEnv
ironment

•Ther
elat
ionbet
weent
hepoetandt
heenv
ironmenti
sreci
procal
.


Usual
l
ytheenv
ironmentaf
fect
sawr
it
erandv
icev
ersa.

•Forexampl
eRousseaubr
oughtFr
enchr
evol
uti
ont
hroughhi
swr
it
ings.

I
naconcer
troom,
theaudi
enceandi
tsat
ti
tudei
stheenv
ironmentt
hataf
fect
stheper
for
mance
oft
hesi
nger.

.Somet
imes,
thesi
ngeraf
fect
sthemoodoft
heaudi
enceal
so.

•Tr
ill
i
ngcl
aimsthatBr
ooksandWar
renal
sodi
spl
ayasenseofhi
stor
ybypr
efer
ri
ngpar
ti
cul
ar
per
iodoft
hepast.


Event
heseNewCr
it
icscannotgetr
idofhi
stor
ical
sense.


Tril
l
ingfi
ndsakindredspi
ri
tint
heEngl
i
shphi
l
osopherHul
mewhor
aisedquest
ionsof
'
causat
ionofcul
ture'
.

•Cul
tur
alchangeshav
ecauses.

.Somet
imesunknowncausesbr
ingchanges.

.Li
kewi
se,
thepoeti
spr
ompt
edt
owr
it
einacer
tai
nwaybycer
tai
nunknowncauses.

•Thepoet
icpr
ocessi
samy
ster
y.

Canwedef
inet
hePoet
icPr
ocess?

•Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hepar
ent
sandachi
l
disal
sosi
mil
art
oit
.

•Usual
l
yparent
sar
etheenv
ironmentaf
fect
ingt
hechi
l
d'smi
ndandsomet
imesi
thappenst
he
ot
herway.


Tri
l
li
ngsay
sthat'
i
nfl
uencei
samy
ster
iouspr
ocess'
.

•I
tisnotapal
pabl
eaf
fai
rasar
iverf
lowsandj
oinsamai
nst
ream ata'
cer
tai
nobser
vabl
epoi
nt'
.


Hev
iews'
i
nfl
uence'
asan'
i
nsensi
bleori
nvi
sibl
emeans'
asa'
di
vi
ne,
orsecr
etpower
'.

.
Hencepoet
icpr
ocesscannotbedef
inedwi
thcer
tai
nty
.
TheI
nfl
uenceofI
deasonWr
it
ers

•'
WhatGodswer
etot
heanci
ent
saswari
deasar
etous'
.


Thef
ri
ght
ful
Nazi
sm i
stheout
comeoft
hei
deasofSchopenhauerandNi
etzsche.


Amer
icandemocr
acyi
sdescendedf
rom Pl
atoandt
heAt
heni
anpol
i
ty.

Nat
ional
i
sm andRomant
ici
sm


Nat
ional
i
sm wasessent
ial
l
yaRomant
icmov
ement
.

.From nati
onalism spri
ngsthehalf-
bakedracialt
heori
stwithhisromanti
cbeli
efi
nthe
superi
ori
tyof"Ar y
an"bloodandhi sromanticdist
rustoftheuseofreason.•
Romanticl
it
erat
ure
appealstothatstrainofanarchi
sm whichinhabit
sadar kcornerofever
yhumanmi ndandis
conti
nuall
yadv ancingthecharmsofext i
ncti
onagainsttheclai
msofl i
fe

Concl
usi
on

•Al
i
ter
arywor
kcannotbeconsi
der
edi
nisol
ati
on.


Itmustbev
iewedi
nrel
ati
ont
othepastwheni
twaspr
oduced.


Tri
l
li
ngcondemnsBr
ooksandWar
ren.


Mat
hewAr
nol
ddi
scussedt
het
hreeest
imat
es:
hist
ori
cal
,per
sonal
andr
eal
.

•Tr
il
li
nggiv
esi
mpor
tancet
oast
udyoft
hepastt
ocer
tai
next
entder
ivedf
rom Ar
nol
d'
shi
stor
ical
est
imate.
Tensi
oni
nPoet
ry(
1953)ByAl
lenTat
e

JohnOr
leyAl
l
enTat
e(1899–1979)

•Amer
ican-Poetl
aur
eat
e(1943-
44)

•'
Tensioni
npoetr
y'-f
rom TheManofLet
ter
sint
heModer
nWor
ld:
Sel
ectedEssay
s,1928–1955

•Theessaydeal
swi
tht
ensi
onast
hel
i
feofapoem.

•Itreveal
sTate'
svi
ewt hatagoodpoem isoneinwhicht
he
extensionandthei
ntensi
onareinastat
eoftension.

.I
notherwords,
agoodpoem isacombinat
ionofbot
hext
ensi
ve
ordenot
ati
veandint
ensi
veorconnot
ati
vemeanings.

TheAddi
ti
onal
Not
e

•Newcri
ti
cshav
epopul
ari
zedcer
tai
nter
msandconcept
sin
cr
it
ici
sm.
•T.S.El
iotmadepopularter
mslike'
Object
iveCor
rel
ati
ve'
,
'
Unif
icat
ionofsensi
bil
i
ty'
,and'di
ssoci
ati
onofsensi
bil
it
y'
.

•I
.A.Ri
chardspopular
izedter
msl
i
ke'
pseudost
atement
',
'
Connot
ati
on'and'denotat
ion'
.

•WimsattandBeardsl
eyuset
ermsl
i
ke'
i
ntent
ional
fal
l
acy
'and
'
aff
ect
ivefall
acy
'.

•Cl
eant
hBr
ooksusest
ermsl
i
ke'
i
rony
'and'
par
adox'
.

•Theseter
mshav
eenr
ichedEngl
i
shcr
it
ici
sm dur
ingt
het
went
iet
h
cent
ury.

TheOr
gani
zat
ionoft
heEssay

•Par
t1deal
swi
tht
hef
all
acyofcommuni
cat
ioni
npoet
ry.

Par
tIIdef
inest
ensi
oni
npoet
ryandexpl
ainsi
tsi
mpor
tance.

Par
tII
Igi
vest
hef
inal
exampl
eoft
hesi
gni
fi
canceoft
ensi
on.

Par
tI-
Fal
l
acyofCommuni
cat
ion


Tat
e:Massl
anguagei
sthemedi
um ofcommuni
cat
ion.

•'
Poetr
yoftheMassl
anguage'i
sdi
ffer
entfr
om '
Languageofthe
peopl
e'
,19t
hcent
uryEngl
i
shv er
se-Poetr
yofcommuni cat
ion
•Tat
eil
l
ust
rat
est
hepoi
ntwi
thsomeexampl
es.

•Thefi
rstexampl
eis"
Just
iceDeni
edi
nMassachuset
ts"
,apoem
byMissMill
ay.

•Thepoem wasmuchappr
eci
atedwheni
twaspubl
i
shedi
n1927.

Just
iceDeni
edi
nMassachuset
ts'
(1927)

•Thispoem expl ainedt hest oryoft woItali


animmi gr
antswho
wereconv ictedofr obber yandmur derandshor tl
yaft
erexecut ed
forthei
rcr i
mesi nBost oni n1927.Manybel i
evedthatthemen
wereinnocentandt hatt heyjustf ellv
ict
imt otheunethicalj
ustice
system becauset hegov ernorrefusedmanypl easconcer ni
ngany
kindofappeal .Mill
ay ,
her self,
wasoneoft hepeoplewhohad
madeapl eai nt
heirdef ense.Herr equestswerealsodeni edand
shest r
onglyf el
tthatthemendi dn'tgetaf ai
rpubli
chear i
ng
becauset heywer ei mmi grants,theywer epoor,andbecause
manyoft heiradv ocateswer ewomenorl eft
ist
s.

Fal
l
acyofCommuni
cat
ion

•ButTatesaysthatt
hepoem di dnotmakeitclearhowt he
j
udici
alexecut
ionoftwomi grant
s-SaccoandVanzetti
-has
somethi
ngt odowiththerott
ingofcropsandthegener al
ari
dnessinMassachusett
s.


Thepoem i
sanexampl
efort
hef
all
acyofcommuni
cat
ioni
n
poet
rybecausethepoem i
sobscuref
ort
hosewhodonotshar
e
thef
eel
ingsofthepoetorhercont
empor
ari
es.

•Anot
herexampl
eofsuchobscur
it
yisf
oundi
nthepoem "
The
Vi
ne"byJamesThomson.

•Thelanguageher
eappealstoanaff
ect
ive(emoti
onal
)st
ate.I
t
doesnothavecoherentmeani
ngei
therl
i
teralori
mpli
ed.

•Themorecl
osel
yoneex
ami
nest
hel
yri
c,t
hemor
eobscur
eit
becomes.

•Thei
mager
ydoesnotaddany
thi
ngt
othegener
ali
deaoft
he
poem.

Why"
TheVi
ne"i
saFai
l
ure?

•TheVi
ne-
fai
l
urei
ndenot
ati
on.

•"Thelanguageoft
hepoem l
acksobj
ect
ivecont
ent
.Take'
musi
c'
and'song'
.

•Thecont
extdoesnotall
owustoappr
ehendthet
ermsin
ext
ensi
on;t
hatist
hereisnor
efer
encetoobj
ectst
hatwemay
di
sti
ngui
shas'
musi
c'and'
song"
.

•Accordi
ngtoTate,
wecanevenrevertt
heideaandsayt
hatt
he
wineoflovei
ssongandt
hefeastofloveismusic.

.
Not
hingwi
l
lchange.

.
Thust
hepoem i
smeani
ngl
ess.

Why'
Hymn:
ToLi
ght
'i
saf
ail
ure?

•'
Hymn:
ToLi
ght'
i
saf
ail
urei
nconnot
ati
on.

•Theconnotat
ionsof'
viol
et'
,'
swaddl
i
ngbands'
,and'
l
ight
'
(r
epr
esentedbythepronoun‘t
hou’
)giveusagr
oupofimages.

•Wecanappr
eci
atethem onl
yifwef
orgett
hedenot
ati
ve
meani
ngsoft
heter
ms.

•Thepoetusesvi
olet
s,di
aper
sandl
i
ghtwi
thoutr
efer
ri
ngt
othe
denot
ati
veaspect
satall.

•Thegr
oupwi
l
lbecomeuni
fi
edonl
yifwef
orgett
hedenot
ati
ve
meani
ngsoft
hem.

•Tat
ecal
l
sthesepoemsabsur
d.

•Thi
sisbecausegoodpoet
ryisaunit
yofallt
hemeani
ngsf
rom
thef
urt
hestextr
emesofint
ensionandext
ensi
on.

•"Thereader
'sr
ecognit
ionoftheact
ionoft
hisuni
fi
edmeani
ngi
s
thegif
tofexper
ience,
cultur
eandhumanism.

•Thepowersofdi
scri
minat
ionher
ear
enotdeduct
ivepower
sbut
tot
alhumanpowers"
.

•Theyhavespeci
alappl
i
cat
iont
opoet
rywhi
chi
sasi
ngl
e
exper
ienceofmedi
um.

•Thust
hesekindsofpoet
rysuf
ferf
rom t
hef
all
acyof
communicat
ion.

Twoki
ndsofMeani
ng

1.Denot
ati
veMeani
ng

2.Connot
ati
veMeani
ng

Sur
facemeani
ngxI
mpl
i
edmeani
ng

"Onl
ythatpoet
ryi
sgoodpoetr
ywhichcommuni
cat
ebot
hthe
aspect
,connot
ati
veanddenot
ati
ve"
.-Tat
e

"
Goodpoetryi
sunit
yofallt
hemeani
ngf
rom t
heext
remesof
i
ntensi
onandext
ension"

Par
tII
:Tensi
oni
npoet
ryandi
tsi
mpor
tance.
•Tatehasinv
entedthet
erm Tensionbychoppingofft
heprefi
xes
"i
n"and"ex"f
rom t
hetwoterms"intensi
on"and"ext
ension"
.

•Her
e,ext
ensi
onrefer
stoext
ensi
veorl
ogi
cal
ordenot
ati
ve
meani
nginpoetr
y.

.Ontheotherhand,
"int
ensi
on"r
efer
stotheint
ensi
veor
connot
ati
veorsuggesti
vemeaningofpoet
ry.

Whati
sasuccessf
ulpoem?

•Asuccessf
ulpoem i
stheonei
nwhi
cht
heset
womeani
ngsar
e
i
nastateoftensi
on.

•Thecombi
nat
ionofi
ntensi
onandext
ensi
onr
esul
tsi
ntensi
on.

.Hence,
thepr
esenceoft
ensi
oni
sthet
ouchst
oneofgoodpoet
ry.

•Tensi
oni
sthecor
eoft
hepoet
ryandi
tist
hel
i
fel
i
ne.

.I
tist
heent
rancet
hroughwhi
chmul
ti
plemeani
ngscanbe
at
tai
ned.

•Tatesaysthatt
hemeaningssel
ectedbyther
eader
salongt
he
l
inebetweentheext
remesofint
ensionandext
ensi
onvary
accordi
ngtotheper
sonali
nter
est.


ThePl
atoni
stwi
l
ltendt
ost
ayv
erycl
oset
otheext
ensi
onend.

•Hemightdeci
det
hatMarvel
l'
s'ToHisCoyMi
str
ess'
recommendsimmor
albehavi
ortoyoungmen.
.I
tisofcour
se,
one'
tr
ue'
meani
ngoft
hepoem.

•However,t
hef ul
ltensi
onoft
hepoem wi
l
lnotal
l
owt
her
eader
s
toent
ert
ainitexcl
usivel
y.

•Thepoem hast
hei
ntensi
vemeani
ngt
oo.

.Thesemeaningaresensual
i
ty(
ext
ensi
ve)andascet
ici
sm or
spi
ri
tual
i
ty(i
ntensi
ve).

Tat
equotesf
rom Donne'
slov
ely
ric'
AVal
edi
cti
on:
For
biddi
ng
Mourni
ng'
.


Tat
equot
est
hel
i
neswhi
chcont
aint
hegol
dconcei
t.

Her
e,thesoul
softhel
over
sandt
hei
runi
tyar
ecompar
edwi
tht
he
uni
quenessofgol
d.

•Soul
isnon-
spat
ial
.Iti
scont
radi
ctedwi
thaspat
ial
image-
thatof
gol
d.

•Howev er
,thedenot
ati
onoft
hegol
dcont
ainst
hef
ull
meani
ngof
thepassage.

•Ext
ensi
onandi
ntensi
onar
eoneher
eandt
heyenr
icheachot
her
.

•Tat
egi
vesmanyot
herexampl
esf
rom t
he

Met
aphy
sical
s,Sy
mbol
i
stsandShakespear
etopr
ovehi
spoi
nt.

•Hesay st
hatthesel
i
nescanbeusedas'
touchst
ones'
int
he
Arnol
diansense.
Par
tII
I:Si
gni
fi
canceoft
ensi
on.

.I
nthet
hir
dpartofhisessay,
Tategi
vesat
ercetf
rom '
TheDi
vi
ne
Comedy
'byDante.(
1265-1321).

•Theter
cett
akenf
rom '
I
nfer
no'
prov
idesanexcel
l
entexampl
eof
tensi
on.

•Thecont
ext
:Paol
oandFr
ancescawer
eil
l
ici
tlov
ers.

•Dant
emeet
sthem i
ntheSecondCi
rcl
eofhel
l
.

•WhenDant
eseest
hem t
heyar
ewhi
rl
ingi
nahi
ghwi
nd.

•Thewi
ndi
sthesy
mbol
ofl
ust
.

•WhenFr
ancescaspeakst
othepoet
,thewi
nddi
esdown.

•Shet
ell
shi
m wher
eshewasbor
n:

Thetownwher
eIwasbor nsi
tsont heshor
e,Whi
thert
hePo
descendst
obeatpeaceTogetherwit
hthestr
eamsthatf
oll
ow
hi
m.

Rev
iew

1)Obscuri
tyintherel
ati
onbet
weent
heexecut
ionsandr
otti
ngof
crops-obscuretopeopl
ewhodonotshar
ethesamefeel
ings

2)Fai
lur
einDenotat
ion-l
acksobject
ivecont
ent-
cl
oseexaminat
ionofphr
aseleadstoobscuri
ty

3)Fai
l
urei
nConnot
ati
on-I
magesar
enoti
nlogi
cal
det
ermi
nat
ion
-obscur
it
y

Goodpoet
ry-Uni
tyofal
lmeani
ngs-I
ntensi
on

(
Denot
ati
on)+Ext
ensi
on(
Connot
ati
on)

Meani
ngofpoet
ryi
sinTensi
on(
Int
ensi
on+Ext
ensi
on)a'
whol
e'
(
coher
ent
)

TheAr
chet
ypesofLi
ter
atur
ebyNor
thr
opFr
ye

Nor
thr
opFr
ye

•Canadi
anwr
it
er(
1912-
91)

•Anat
omyofCr
it
ici
sm,
in1957.

•'Ar
chety
palLi
ter
ar ycri
ti
ci
sm'isconcernedtoanaly
zingatexti
n
concer
ntothemy thsandarchety
pest hatcouldbei
nt het
extin
thefor
m ofdescr
iption,
symbols,i
mages, al
lusi
ons.
•Fryeisnotworri
edabouttheori
ginofthearchet
ypes.
Archetypesmaketheconceptsoftheuniv
ersebetter
understandabl
efort
hehumanbei ngs.

•TheFabl
esofI
dent
it
y:St
udi
esi
nPoet
icMy
thol
ogy(
1963)
.

•Thegi
venessayi
stakenf
rom t
hisbook.

Par
t-
ITHECONCEPTOFARCHETYPALCRI
TICI
SM

•Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentappr
oachest
oli
ter
atur
e.

•Amongt
hem,
archet
ypal
appr
oachi
stheone.


Archet
ypemeans"anor
igi
nal
ideaorpat
ter
nofsomet
hingof
whi
chother
scopi
ed".

•Interpr
etati
onofatextintheli
ghtofcul
tur
alpatt
ernsi
nvol
vedi
n
i
t.Thesecul tur
alpat
ter
nsar ebasedonthemy t
hsandri
tual
sofa
raceornat i
onorsocialgr
oup.•My t
hsandri
tual
sareexpl
oredi
na
textfordiscover
yofmeaningandmessage.

•JamesGeor geFrazerandCarlGustavJungarethetwogreat
author
it
ieswho,havegreatl
ycontr
ibutedtothedevel
opmentof
archet
ypalappr
oach.


Frazer
'sTheGoldenBoughmakesast
udyofmagi
c,r
eli
gionand
mythsofdif
fer
entraces.


Jungwasapsy
chol
ogi
stassoci
atedwi
thFr
eud.


The"
col
l
ect
iveconsci
ousness"i
samaj
ort
heor
yofJung.

•Accor
dingt
oJung,
civ
il
izedman"
unconsci
ousl
y"pr
eser
vest
he
i
deas,conceptsandvaluesofli
fecheri
shedbyhi
sdistant
f
orefat
hers,andsuchideasareexpressedi
nasociet
y'
sorr ace'
s
mythsandritual
s.


Creat
ivewr
iter
susedmythsintheirworksandcr
it
icsanal
yze
t
extsf
oradiscover
yof"
my t
hologicalpat
ter
ns.
"

.Thiskindofcr
it
ical
anal
ysi
sofat
exti
scal
l
edar
chet
ypal
cri
ti
cism.

.
T.S.El
i
othasusedmy
thi
cal
pat
ter
nsi
nTheWast
eLand.

TwoTy
pesofCr
it
ici
sm andt
heHumani
ti
es

•Likesci
ence,
li
ter
arycr
iti
cism i
sal
soasy
stemat
izedand
organi
zedbodyofknowledge.

•Sci
encedi
ssect
sandanal
ysesnat
ureandf
act
s.

•Si
mil
arl
yli
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm anal
ysesandi
nter
pret
sli
ter
atur
e.


Fryef
urt
hersay
sthatli
teracycri
ti
cism andi
tst
heoriesand
t
echni
quescanbetaught,
butlit
erat
urecannotbetaught,r
atheri
t
i
stobefel
tandenj
oyed.

•Li
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm i
sli
kesci
enceandi
tcanbecr
eat
ive.

•Twot
ypesofl
i
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm:

1.asi
gni
fi
cantandmeani
ngf
ulcr
it
ici
sm

2.ameani
ngl
esscr
it
ici
sm.


Ameani
ngl
esscr
it
ici
sm wi
l
lnothel
par
eaderi
ndev
elopi
nga
sy
stemat
icst
ruct
ureofknowl
edge.

•Thiski
ndofcri
ti
cism wi
l
lgi
veonl
ythebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion
aboutawork.

•Ameani
ngl
esscr
it
ici
sm wi
l
ldi
str
actt
her
eaderf
rom l
i
ter
atur
e.

•Li
ter
atur
eisapartofhumanit
iesandhumani
ti
esi
ncl
ude
phi
losophyandhi
stor
yalso.

•Thesetwobranchesofknowl
edgepr
ovi
deaki
ndofpat
ter
nfor
under
standi
ngli
terat
ure.

Phi
losophyandhist
oryaret
womaj ortool
sfori
nter
pret
ati
onof
l
it
eratur
eandarchetypal
cri
ti
cism i
sbasedonphil
osophyand
hi
storyofapeopl
e.

Hence,
Archet
ypal
cri
ti
cism i
smeani
ngf
ulcr
it
ici
sm.

For
mal
i
sti
cCr
it
ici
sm &Hi
stor
ical
Cri
ti
cism

•Mostofthecrit
icismsremaincomment ar
iesontext
s.
•For
malist
icorstruct
uralcr
it
ici
sm wi
l
l hel
pthereader
sin
underst
andingatextonlytosomeextent.

•Thati
s,areadermayunderstandthepatt
ernofatext
,buthow
thepat
ternisevol
ved,hecannotunderst
andwithoutt
he
backgr
oundi nf
ormati
on,whichmaybecal l
edhist
ori
calcr
it
ici
sm.

•Str
uctural
cr i
ti
cism wil
lhelpareaderi
nunder
standi
ngt he
patt
ernofat extandhistor
icalcr
it
ici
sm wi
ll
maket hereader'
s
underst
andingclearer.

•Thereader
srequir
etodayasy
nthesi
sofst
ruct
ural
cri
ti
cism and
hist
ori
calcr
iti
cism.
•Archetypal
crit
ici
sm i
sasy
nthesi
sofst
ruct
ural
cri
ti
cism and
histor
icalcr
it
ici
sm.

Li
ter
aryCr
it
ici
sm i
saSci
ence

•Di
ff
erentbr
anchesofsci
enceexpl
oredi
ff
erentaspect
sofnat
ure.

•Physi
csisabranchofsci
ence,
whi
chexpl
oresmat
terand
nat
uralf
orcesoftheuni
ver
se.

•Physi
csandAst
ronomywer
eaccept
edasbr
anchesofsci
ence
duri
ngtheRenai
ssance.

•Chemi
str
ygai
nedthestat
usofsci
encei
ntheei
ght
eent
hcent
ury
,
andsodidBi
ologyi
ntheni
net
eenthcent
ury
.

•Soci
alSci
encesassumedt
hei
rsi
gni
fi
canceaspar
tofsci
encei
n
thet
wenti
ethcent
ury.

.
Simil
arl
y,l
it
erar
ycrit
ici
sm, t
oday
,hasbecomesyst
ematici
nit
s
anal
ysi
s,andtheref
oreitcoul
dbeconsi
deredasasci
ence.

•Basedonthisconcept,
awor
kofl
i
ter
atur
emaybecr
it
ical
l
y(or
scient
if
ical
l
y)eval
uated.

•Thet
womet
hods:
str
uct
ural
cri
ti
cism andhi
stor
ical
cri
ti
cism.

Par
t-
2:TheI
nduct
iveMet
hodofAnal
ysi
s

St
ruct
ural
Cri
ti
cism andI
nduct
iveAnal
ysi
s


Str
uctur
alcr
it
ici
sm wi
l
lhel
par
eaderi
nunder
standi
ngat
ext
,and
i
nhisanal
ysi
s.


Thati
s,f
rom par
ti
cul
art
rut
hsi
nawor
k,hedr
awsf
ort
hgener
al
t
rut
hs.
•Owingtojealousy,Othel
lo,i
nt heShakespeareanplay,
infl
ict
s
uponhimselfaf f
li
cti
onandt hisisthepart
icul
artruthofthedrama
from whi
cht hereaderlearnsthegeneraltr
uthoflif
ethatjeal
ousy
i
sal waysdestructi
ve.

•Thisiscal
l
edt
hei
nduct
ivemet
hodofanal
ysi
sunderst
ruct
ural
cr
it
icism.

•Anauthorcannoti
ntr
udeint
ohi
stextandexpr
esshi
sper
sonal
emot
ionsandcomment s.

•Heshoul
dmai
ntai
nabsol
uteobj
ect
ivi
ty.

Acri
ti
cst
udi
esawor kandfi
ndsoutwhet
heranaut
hori
sfr
ee
f
rom t
ext
ual
int
erf
erence.

•Thisisasortofpsychol
ogicalapproachalso,andthi
smet hodof
cr
iti
cism hel
psthereaderinunderst
andinganaut hor'
spersonal
symbols,imagesandmy thswhichhei ncor
poratesinhisworks.

•Atti
mestheauthorhi
msel
fmaybeunconsci
ousoft
hemy t
hs,
symbolsetc.
,whi
chhehasexpl
oit
edi
nhisworks,
andthecr
it
ic
"di
scover
s"suchthi
ngs.

Hi
stor
ical
Cri
ti
cism andI
nduct
iveAnal
ysi
s

•Inhi
stori
calcr
iti
cism,acr
iti
cint
erpr
etsthebi
rt
hofat extand
resol
vesthati
tisanoutcomeoft hesoci
alandcul
tur
al demands
ofasocietyi
napar ti
cul
arperi
od.

•Thesoci
alandcul
tur
almi
l
ieusar
ethecausesr
esponsi
blef
ort
he
creat
ionofawork.

Bot
hstr
uctur
alcri
ti
cism andhi
stor
ical
cri
ti
cism ar
eanecessi
ty
i
nar
chet
ypalcr
it
ici
sm.


Butei
theroft
hem al
onedoesnotexpl
ainawor
kcompl
etel
y.

•Ahist
ori
calcr
it
icdi
scoverscommonsy mbolsandimagesbei ng
usedbydi
ffer
entwri
ter
sint heirwor
ks,andresol
vesthatther
e
mustbeacommon' sourcef r
om whichwri
tershavederi
vedtheir
symbol
s,i
magesandmy ths.

Forexample:
Theseaisacommonsymbolusedbymanywr
it
ers
overthey
earsandther
efor
eiti
sanar
chet
ypalsy
mbol
.

•Notonl
ysymbol
s,i
magesandmy
thsar
ear
chet
ypal
;ev
en
genr
esarear
chet
ypal
.


Thegenr
eofdr
amaor
igi
nat
esf
rom Gr
eekr
eli
gion.

•Thust hehistoricali
nducti
vemethodofcr
it
ici
sm hel
pst
he
readersinunder standingnotonl
ysymbol
s,i
magesandmy t
hs,
butalsothev erygenr eit
self
.

TheCol
l
ect
iveUnconsci
ousorRaci
alMemor
y

•Ar
chetypalcr
it
ici
sm di
ssectsandanal
ysessy
mbol
s,i
magesand
myt
hologiesusedbyawr i
teri
nhisworks.


Thesesymbol
s,mythsandrit
ual
shavet
hei
ror
igi
ninpr
imi
ti
ve
myt
hs,r
it
ual
s,f
olk-
loreandcul
tur
es.


Suchprimit
ivefact
ors,
accordi
ngtoJung,l
iebur
iedi
nthe
"
col
lect
iveunconsci
ous"or"r
acial
memor y
".
•Si
nceawr i
terispartofar
ace,whatl
i
esinhi
s"unconsci
ous"
mindisexpressedinhisworksi
nthefor
m,ofmyths,
rit
ual
s,
symbolsandimages.

•Archety
palcri
tici
sm focusesonsucht hi
ngsinawor k..
In
archet
ypalcri
ti
cism,undert hereduct
ivemet hodofanaly
sis,a
cri
ti
c,whil
eelucidat
ingat ext,movesfrom thepart
icul
artrut
hto
thegeneralt
ruth.

•Aparti
cul
arsymbol
ormy
thl
eadst
otheest
abl
i
shmentofa
gener
altr
uth.

Ar
chet
ypal
Cri
ti
cism andI
tsFacet
s

•Archetypalcr
it
ici
sm involvestheef
for
tsofmanyspeci
ali
sts,and
ateverystageofinter
pretationofat
ext,
iti
sbased"
onacer tai
n
ki
ndofschol ar
lyorganizati
on."

•Anedi t
orisneededto"cl
eanup"t het ext;
ar het
ori
ciananal
yses
thenar r
ati
vepace;aphil
ologistscruti
nizesthechoiceand
signif
icanceofwords;ali
ter
ar ysocialhist
ori
anstudiesthe
evoluti
onofmy thsandrit
uals.

•Underar
chet
ypalcr
it
ici
sm t
heeffor
tsofal
lthesespeci
ali
sts
conver
geontheanal
ysisofatext
.

Inanarchet
ypalst
udyofHamletanant hropol
ogi
sttracest
he
sourcesoft
hedramatotheHaml etlegenddescr
ibedbySaxo,a
thi
rt
eenthcent
uryDani
shhist
ori
ani nhisbookenti
tledDanes,
GestaDanorum.

•Hefur
thert
racest
hesour
cesoft
hedramat onatur
emy
ths,
whi
chwer ei
nvogueint
heNormanConquestperi
od.
Par
t-
3:Deduct
iveMet
hodofAnal
ysi
s


Rhy
thm andPat
ter
ninLi
ter
atur
e

•Anarchet
ypal
cr i
ti
c,underthededuct
ivemet
hodofanal
ysi
s,
proceedst
oestabli
sht hemeaningofaworkfr
om t
hegeneral
trut
htothepar
ticul
artruth.


Lit
erat
urei
sli
kemusi
candpai
nti
ng.

•Rhyt
hm i
sanessenti
alchar
act
eri
sti
cofmusi
candi
npai
nti
ng,
pat
ter
nisthechi
efvi
rt
ue.

•Rhy
thm i
nmusi
cist
empor
alandpat
ter
ninpai
nti
ngi
sspat
ial
.

•Inlit
erat
urebot hr
hythm andpatt
ernar
erecurr
enceofi
mages,
formsandwor ds.I
nli
terat
urerhy
thm meansthenar
rat
iveandt
he
narrati
vepresentsal
ltheevent
sandepisodesasasequenceand
hastensaction.

Rhy
thm i
naWor
k

•Theworl
dofnat
urei
sgov
ernedbyr
hyt
hm andi
thasgota
nat
ural
cycl
e.

.
Theseasonal
rhy
thmsi
nasol
ary
earar
espr
ing,
wint
er,
aut
umn
andsummer.

•Thi
ski
ndofrhyt
hm i
sther
eint
hewor
ldofani
mal
sandi
nthe
humanworl
dalso.

•Ari
tual
isnotper
for
medf r
equent
ly,
butr
hyt
hmi
cal
l
yaf
teral
ong
gapandithasameaning.
•Cropsareplant
edandharv
est
edr
hyt
hmi
cal
l
yev
eryy
earand
theyhav
et hei
rseasons.

Att
heti
meofplant
ingandhar
vest,
sacrif
icesandof
fer
ingsare
madeandt
heyhaveameaning:f
erti
li
tyandconsummationofl
ife.

I
nthehumanwor
ldri
tual
sareper
for
medv
olunt
ari
l
yandt
hey
hav
ethei
rownsi
gni
fi
cance.

.
Worksofl
it
eratur
ehav et
heiror
igi
nsinsuchr
it
ual
sandt
he
ar
chet
ypal
cri
ticdiscov
ersandexplai
nsthem.

Pat
ter
ninaWor
k

•I
nlit
erat
urepatt
erni
srecur
renceofi
mages,f
ormsandwor
ds.
Pat
ternsareder
ivedf
rom awri
ter
's"
epi
phani
cmoments.
"

.
Thenheexpr esseswhathehas"per
ceived"i
ntheform of
prover
bs,
riddles,
commandmentsandet iol
ogi
calfol
ktal
es.Such
thi
ngshavealreadyanel
ementofnarrat
iveandtheyaddfurther
tothenar
rati
veoft hewr
it
eri
nhisworks.

•Cropsareplant
edandharv
est
edr
hyt
hmi
cal
l
yev
eryy
earand
theyhav
et hei
rseasons.

Att
heti
meofplant
ingandhar
vest,
sacrif
icesandof
fer
ingsare
madeandt
heyhaveameaning:f
erti
li
tyandconsummationofl
ife.

I
nthehumanwor
ldri
tual
sareper
for
medv
olunt
ari
l
yandt
hey
hav
ethei
rownsi
gni
fi
cance.

.
Worksofl
it
eratur
ehav et
heiror
igi
nsinsuchr
it
ual
sandt
he
ar
chet
ypal
cri
ticdiscov
ersandexplai
nsthem.
.
..
.Pat
ter
ninaWor
k

•Awr it
erexpresseswhathehas" percei
ved,
"andheusesmy t
hs
ei
t herdel
iberat
elyorunconsci
ously,
andi ti
sthecri
ti
cwho
discoversthearchety
pes,themyths,inawor kandexpl
i
cat
esthe
pat t
ernsinthework.

TheFourPhasesoft
heMy
th

•Ever
ymythhasacentral
signi
fi
canceandt
henarr
ati
veinamyth
centr
esonaf i
gur
ethatmaybeagodordemi godorsuper
human
beingorl
egend.

•Fr
azerandJungcontendthati
nthedev el
opmentofamyththe
centr
alf
igur
eorcentr
al si
gni
fi
cancei
st hemostimport
antf
actor
andmanywr i
ter
shaveacceptedthi
sview.

1.Thedawn,
spr
ingandbi
rt
hphase.

•my t
hsdeali
ngwit
hthebi
rt
hofaher
o,hisrevi
val
and
resur
rect
ion,
def
eatoft
hepower
sofdarknessanddeat
h.

•Subordinat
echaract
erssuchast
hef
atherandt
hemot
herar
e
i
ntroducedinthemy t
h.

•Suchmyt
hsar
ethear
chet
ypesofr
omanceandofr
hapsodi
c
poet
ry.

2.Thezeni
th,
summerandori
umphphase.

I
nthi
sphase,
ther
ear
emy
thsofapot
heosi
s,(
theact

ofbei
ngr
aisedt
other
ankofagod)
,ofsacr
edmar
ri
ageandof
ent
eri
ngi
ntoPar
adi
se.

Subor
dinat
echar
act
ersi
nthesemy
thsar
ethecompani
onandt
he
bri
de.

Suchmy
thsar
ethear
chet
ypesofcomedy
,past
oral
andi
dyl
l
.

3.Thesunset
,aut
umnanddeat
hphase.

•Thesearethemythsdeali
ngwi
tht
hefall
ofaher o,
ady
ing
god,
viol
entdeat
h,sacr
if
iceandt
heher
o'sisol
ati
on.

•Thesubor
dinat
echar
act
ersar
ethet
rai
torandt
hesi
ren.

Suchmy
thsar
ethear
chet
ypesoft
ragedyandel
egy
.

4.Thedar
kness,
wint
eranddesol
ati
onphase.


Ther
ear
emy
thsdeal
i
ngwi
tht
het
ri
umphoft
hesepower
s.

•Themythsoff
loods,
theret
urnofchaosandt
hedef
eatoft
he
heroar
eexamplesofthi
sphase.

Quest-My
th

•Thequest-
myt
hwassupposedt
ohav
ebeendev
elopedf
rom t
he
fourt
ypesofmyt
hs.

.
Inthequest
-myth,
theherogoesinquestofat r
uthorsomet
hing
el
se,andthi
sty
peofmy threcur
sinallr
eli
gions.

.Forexampl
e,t
heMessiahmy thisaquestmy
thoftheHol
yGr
ail
(aChri
sti
anmyth)i
nthelastpar
tofTheWasteLand.

•Sacr
edscript
uresofal
lreli
gionshav
et hei
rownmy t
hsandan
ar
chetypal
crit
icwil
lhav
et oexaminethem cl
osel
yforan
appr
opr
iat
eint
erpr
etat
ionoft
ext
s.

•Fr
om ananalysi
softhearchety
pesofmy ths,acrit
iccan
descendtomakeastudyoft hegenresandf r
om thegenreshe
canfurt
herdescendt
ot heeluci
dat
ionofat exti
ntermsofmy t
h.


Thi
stypeofdi
ssensioni
ncr
it
ici
sm i
scal
l
edt
hededuct
ive
met
hodofanal
ysis.

•Thatis,
thecri
ti
cmov esf
rom t
hegeneralt
rut
h(amyth)toan
eluci
dati
onofthepart
icul
art
rut
h(t
hetruthofwhyacharact
er
behavesso)inatext
.

Li
ter
aryCr
it
ici
sm andRel
i
gion

•Therei
sacl
oser
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
i
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm and
rel
i
gion.

Ali
terarycr
it
icconsi
der
sGodasanar
chet
ypeofmanwhoi
s
por
trayedasaher oi
nawork.

.Godisacharact
erint
hestor
yofParadi
seLostorTheBi
ble,
and
thecrit
icdeal
swit
hHim andconsi
der
sHim onl
yasahuman
character
.

•Cr
iti
cism doesnotdeal
wit
hanyact
ual
i
ty,
butwi
thwhati
s
conceivabl
eandpossibl
e.


Simi
lar
lyr
eli
gioni
snotassoci
atedwi
thsci
ent
if
icact
ual
i
ty,
but
wi
thhowthi
ngslookl
ike.

•Lit
erarycr
it
ici
sm worksonconcei
vabi
l
ity
.Li
kewi
se,
rel
i
gion
funct
ionsonconceiv
abil
it
y.
•Ther
ecanbenoplacef
orsci
ent
if
icact
ual
i
tyi
nbot
h,butwhat
,is
concei
vedi
saccept
edbyall
.


Bot
hinr
eli
gionandl
i
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm,
anepi
phanyi
satwor
k.

I
tisar
evel
ati
onofGodort
rut
handi
tisapr
ofoundi
nsi
ght
.


Itor
igi
nat
esf
rom t
hesubconsci
ous,
from t
hedr
eams.

•Inhumanl if
ether
eisacycl
eofwaki
nganddreamingandi
n
naturealso,
itcoul
dbeseenandi
tist
hecycl
eofli
ghtand
darkness.

.
Wakinganddr
eaming,
andlightanddar
knessaret
woant
it
het
ic
f
act
ors,whi
chbri
ngaboutepiphanyi
naperson.

•Itisduringthedayt hatmandev el
opsfearandf rustr
ati
on,
andi
t
i
si nthedar kofthenighthi
slibido,thestrongforceoflif
e,
awakensandher esolv
estoachi eve.I
tistheantithesi
s,whi
ch
resolvestheproblemsandmi sunder standingsofmanandmakes
him perceivetr
uthbot hinr
eli
gionandl it
erarycri
ti
cism.

TheComi
cVi
sionandt
heTr
agi
cVi
sioni
naMy
th

•Bot
har
tandr
eli
gionar
eal
i
keandt
heyai
m atper
fect
ion.

•Per
fect
ioni
stheendofal
lhumanef
for
ts.


Inarti
tisachi
evedt
hroughdreaming(
imagi
nat
ion)andi
n
r
eli
gioni
tisthr
oughvi
suali
zat
ion.

•Per
fecti
oncanbeachi
evedinl
i
terar
ycr
it
ici
sm t
hroughan
anal
ysisoft
hecomicvi
sionofl
if
eandthetr
agi
cv i
sionaswel
li
n
awor
k.


Thecent
ralpatt
ernoft
hecomi
cvi
sionandt
het
ragi
cvi
sioni
na
myt
hisdetai
ledinfi
veway
s:

1.

.Inthecomi cvisi
onofl i
fe,inamy t
h,the"
human"wor ldi
s
presentedasacommuni ty,
oraheroisportr
ayedasa
representat
iveoft hedesir
esofthereader
.•Herethearchety
pes
ofimagesar esy mposium, communion,or
der,fr
iendshi
p,andlov
e.
•Mar r
iageorsomeequi val
entconsummationbelongstothe
comi cvisi
onofl i
fe.

•I
nthetr
agicvisi
onofl
if
e,inthe"human"worl
d,t
hereisty
rannyor
anar
chy,oranindi
vi
dualoranisolat
edman,oraleaderwi
thhis
backtohisfol
l
owersorabull
y i
nggiantofr
omance,oradesert
ed
orbet
rayedhero.

I
naddit
iont
othese,
therewil
lbeaharl
otorawitchorother
v
ari
eti
esofJung'
s"t
erri
blemother
"int
hetragi
cv i
sionofl
if
e.

2.

•Inthecomicv
isi
onofl
if
einamy th,t
he“animal"worl
dis
present
edasacommunityofdomesti
catedanimals,
usual
lya
fl
ockofsheep,
oralamb,oroneofthegentl
erbirds(
usual
lya
dove).


Thear
chet
ypesofi
magesar
epast
oral
images.

I
nthetragi
cvisi
onofli
fe,i
nthe"ani
mal"worl
dther
earebeast
s,
bi
rdsofprey,
wolves,
vult
ures,
serpent
s,dr
agonsandsoon.
3.

•Inthecomi
cvi
sionofl
ife,
int
he"veget
abl
e"worl
dofamyth,
ther
eisagar
den,agrov
eorpark,
orat r
eeofl
if
e,orar
oseor
l
otus.


Theexamplesoft
hearchet
ypesofArcadi
animagesar
e
Mar
vel
l'
sgreenworl
dandShakespear
e'sfor
estcomedi
es.

.Inthetr
agi
cv i
sionoflife,i
nt he"
veget
abl
e"wor ldofamyt
h,
ther
ei sasi
nist
erforestliketheoneinMil
ton'sCamusoratthe
openingofDante'
sInferno, oraheat
horwilderness,
orat
reeof
death.

4.

•I
nthecomi cvi
sionofli
fe,
int
he"miner
al"worl
dofamyth,
ther
e
i
sacity,
oronebui l
dingort
emple,
oronestone,nor
mal
l
ya
gl
owingpreci
ousstone.


Thesear
epr
esent
edasl
umi
nousorf
ier
y.


Theexampl
eoft
hear
chet
ypeofi
magei
sa"
star
li
tdome.
"

I
nthetragi
cvi
sionofli
fe,t
he"miner
al"worl
dofamy thi
sseenin
t
ermsofdesert
s,rocksandrui
ns,orofgeometr
ical
imagesl
ike
t
hecross.

5.

.Int
hecomi cvi
sionoflif
e,i
nt he"unfor
med"worldofamyth,
ther
ei sariv
er,t
radit
ional
lyfourf
old,whichi
nfl
uencedt
he
Renaissanceimageoft hetemperatebodywithit
sfourhumours.

.I
nthet
ragi
cvi
sionofl
i
fe,
thi
swor
ldusual
l
ybecomest
hesea,
as
t
henar
rat
ivemy
thofdi
ssol
uti
oni
ssoof
tenaf
loodmy
th.


Thecombinati
onoft
heseaandbeasti
magesgi
vesust
he
l
evi
athanandsi
mil
arwat
er-
bornemonst
ers.

•Fryei
ntr
oducesW.B.Yeats""Saili
ngtoBy zanti
um"asabef i
tt
ing
andfamousexampleofthecomi cvisi
onwhi ch,i
nthepoem,is
repr
esent
edbythecit
y,thetree,thebird,
thecommuni tyofsages,
thegeometr
ical
gyr
eandt hedet achmentf rom t
hecycl
icworld.

.I
tiseit
hertr
agicorcomi
cvisi
onofli
fewhi
chdet
ermi
nest
he
i
nterpr
etat
ionofasymbolormyth.
I
ronyasaPr
inci
pleofSt
ruct
ure(
1949)byCl
eant
hBr
ooks

Cont
ext

•Metaphoral
lowspoettoshowpar
ti
cul
art
hingt
ogi
veamor
e
gener
allev
elofmeaning.

•Themeofpoem i
sar
esul
tofcoher
entst
ruct
ureofel
ement
s
usedi
npoetr
y.

•Astat
ementgetdi
ff
erentmeani
ngwhenusedondi
ff
erent
cont
ext
.

•I
ronyi
sahar monybet
weencont
radi
ctor
ythi
ngsandcr
eat
es
mult
ipl
ici
tyofmeani
ng.

•Thepoetcanlegi
ti
matelyst
epoutintot
heuniver
salonl
yby
goingthr
oughthenarr
owdooroftheparti
cular
.•Thebeaut
yof
thepoem ist
henurtur
ingofthewholepl
ant,
andneedsthestal
k,
t
hel
eaf
,andt
hehi
ddenr
oot
s

Meani
ngofmet
aphor

•Met
aphori
sredi
scov
eryofmoder
npoet
ict
echni
ques.

•Byusi
ngmetaphori
nmoder
npoet
rypoetcandeal
wit
huni
ver
sal
thi
ngsi
ntheworl
d.

•Metaphorall
owspoett
opoi
ntoutpar
ti
cul
arobj
ect
s,ev
ent
s,or
exper
ience.

•Ithel
pstogiv
eamor egeneraloruni
ver
sal l
evel
ofmeaninge.g.
'
ar edr
edrose'i
nthispoem '
rose'
isapart
icul
arfl
owerwhich
givesf
ragr
ance.Butwit
hthehelpofthi
spoetsuggestuni
versal
thi
ngthati
s'l
ove'
.

Poet
'si
ntent
ionofusi
ngmet
aphor

.Byusi
ngmetaphorpoet
ryt
akesriskofsay
ingsomet
hing
par
ti
cul
arl
yandobscurel
yofnotsayi
nganythi
ngatal
l
.

•Thepoethast
otaket
hisr
iskbecausehecan'
tmakedi
rect
st
atements.

•Ifapoetmakesdi
rectstat
ement
s,poet
rywi
l
lbef
ull
of
abstr
acti
onandthr
eatens.

•I
twi
l
lnotbepoet
ryatal
l
.

Pr
inci
pleofor
gani
crel
ati
onshi
p

Accordingtobr
ooks,
met
aphori
mpl
i
esapr
inci
pleofor
gani
c
r
elat
ionshi
p.

.Thatmeanspoetryconsi
stofdi
ff
erentel
ementsl
i
kewords,
phrases,
images,
symbols,fi
gur
eofspeech,r
hyme,r
hyt
hm,meter
etc.

•Al
loft
hem cont
ri
but
eingener
ati
ngmeani
ngofapoem.

Al
lthesepar
tar
eint
erdependentandal
lar
econnect
edt
othe
maintheme.

•Thuspoet
ryhascoher
entst
ruct
ure.

•Iti
slikeaki
teorapl
antoradr
amawher
edi
ff
erentpar
ts
contr
ibutet
omaketot
aleff
ect
.

•Thet
ail
oft
heki
teseemst
onav
igat
etheki
te'
sfunct
ion.

Ki
te,
Plant&Dr
ama

•Itwei
ghtst
heki
tedown,itparadoxical
lyi
sanecessit
ythat
al
lowstheki
tet
orise,
andapl anttoo,iscompassedofsever
al
part
sthatal
l
owtheplantt
ogr owasawhol e.

•Theleav
es,
root
s,br
anches,
andst
em ar
eal
lessent
ial
the
pl
ant'
sgrowt
h.

•Thepoem i
sal
sol
i
keal
i
ttl
edr
ama.

•Thetot
alef
fectpr
oceedsfrom al
ltheelement
sint
hedr
amaand
i
nagoodpoem asi nagooddrama, ther
eisnowast
emoti
onand
ther
earenosuperf
luouspar
ts.

Thussmal
lthi
ngsar
eimpor
tantt
ofor
m abi
gcompl
ete.

I
mpor
tanceofcont
ext

•Becauseoftheorgani
crel
ati
onshipofpoet
icst
ruct
ure
cont
extbecomesthemostimportantthi
ng.

•Cont
extmeansr
elat
ionshi
pofwor
dswitheachot
herandwi
th
themai
nthemeofoveral
lmeani
ngt
hatpoetr
ygener
ates.

.I
tcanbecal
l
edassomet
hingl
i
keat
hem orsubj
ectofapoem.

•All
greatpoemshav
epoet
icqual
i
tiesbecauseofpar
ti
cul
ar
cont
ext.

•Meaningofapart
icularut
ter
ancebecomessomet
hingdi
ff
erent
becauseofthecontext.

Cont
extandMeani
ng

•Poeti
cstat
ementgainnewmeaningofunexpect
edr
efer
ences
becauseofcont
extandnoti
nisol
ati
on.

•Whenpar
ti
cul
arsentencei
susedforpar
ti
cul
arcont
extt
he
meani
nghasmodif
iedorchanged.

•Si
mpl
est
atementget
sadi
ff
erentmeani
ngi
nli
ter
arycont
ext
.

•E.g.I
n'kinglear
',
theexpr
essi
on'
ri
penessi
sal
l
'isusednoti
s
posit
ivething.
•I
thasnegat
iveki
ndofsi
gni
fi
cance.

•Edgerwant
stosayol
dagei
sofnoscopef
ori
mpr
ovement
.

"
Tobeornott
obe'
showscompl
exi
tyofdi
l
emmai
nhaml
et'
s
mind.

ConceptofI
ronyasaWr
appi
ng

•Cl
eanthBrooksdef
inesthei
ronyas'
theobv
iouswr
appi
ngoft
he
st
atementbythecontext
'.

•I
ronyi
scr
eat
edbecauseoft
hepr
esseroft
hecont
ext
.

•Br
ooksmakesi
tver
ycl
eart
hati
ronyi
sawr
appi
ngwhi
chmeans
twi
sti
ng.

•Hewant
stosuggestt
hatbecauseofthecontextstandar
dof
onedi
mensi
onalmeani
ngofanut t
eranceget
st wist
ed.

•Thushereironymeansacomplet
ereversalofmeani
ngaff
ect
ed
bythecontextandpoi
ntedpr
obabl
y,bythetoneofvoi
ce.

•I
ronyof
fer
smor
ethanoneexpect
ed.

I
mpor
tanceofi
rony

1.Uni
mpor t
anceornonli
ter
aryutt
erancegetaspeci
fi
cmeani
ng
whenplacedinapart
icul
arcont
extli
kethi
s'tobeornott
obe'

2.Ut
ter
ancehav
ingsomemeani
ngar
echanget
odi
ff
erentor
somet
imescont
rar
ymeani
ngl
i
ket
hat'
ri
penessi
sal
l
'

Ty
peofi
rony

1.Verbali
rony:
Itoccur
swhenwordsmeansi
ncontextt
he
opposit
eofwhattheysayconsi
der
edbyt
hemsel
ves.

2.Sit
uati
onali
rony:I
toccur
swhenev
entexpect
edbyanot
her
opposi
ti
onalev
ent.

3.Dr
amat
ici
rony:

Itexi
stswhenal i
ter
arychar
acterandt
hereadervi
ewapar
ti
cular
sit
uati
onform opposingper
specti
vewi
thknowingmor
ethanthe
other
.
Funct
ionsofi
rony

1.Toconv eyopposit
emeaningthanacommonmeani ng2.
Fusionispoeti
cstructur
ewher
eirrel
evantel
ementar
eput
togethert
ofindbalance.

T.
S.El
i
ot'
sTest

1.Doest
hespeakerseem car
ri
edawaywi
thhi
sownemot
ions?

2.Doesheseem t
oov
ersi
mpl
i
fyt
hesi
tuat
ion?

3.Ordoeshe,
ont
heot
herhand,
seem t
ohav
ewont
oa

kindofdet
achmentandobj
ect
ivi
ty?.
Inot
herwor
ds,
wear
efor
ced
torai
sethequest
ion:

1.whet
hert
hest
atementWowspr
oper
lyoutofacont
ext

2.whetheri
tacknowl
edgest
hepressur
esofthecont
ext3.
whetheriti
s"i
roni
cal
"ormer
elycal
low,
gli
b,andsent
iment
al.

I
deaofI
.A.Ri
char
ds

•Thepoem whichmeetsEli
ot'
stestcomest
othesamet
hingas
I
.A.Ri
char
ds""poet
ryofsynthesi
s".

.Thatis,apoetrywhichdoesnotl
eaveoutwhati
sapparentl
y
hosti
letoitsdominanttone,
andwhich,
becausei
tisablet
of use
their
relevantanddi
scordant
,hascometotermswithi
tsel
fandis
i
nv ul
nerabletoir
ony.
.
T.S.Eliot-'Statementhast obecoherent,matureandfounded
onthef actsofexperience".I
.A.Richar
ds''
PoetryofSynthesi
s'-
fusi
ngirrelevantanddiscordant-invul
ner
abletoirony
,-stabi
l
ityof
context-internalpr
essurebalance,mutualsupport


Stabi
l
ityofanAr
ch-t
hrust+count
ert
hrust-st
abi
l
ity

Concl
usi
on

.I
rony.
..i
snotonl
yanacknowl
edgmentoft
hepr
essur
esofa
context.

•I
nvulnerabil
it
yt oi
ronyisthest
abi
l
ityofacont
exti
nwhicht
he
i
nter
nal pressuresbalanceandmut
uall
ysuppor
teachot
her.

•Thestabil
i
tyi
sli
kethatofthear
ch:
theveryf
orceswhichar
e
calcul
atedtodr
agthestonestot
hegroundact
uall
yprovi
dethe
pri
ncipl
eofsupport
.

You might also like