Functions of SPSS software in Research - Processing of Data - Editing - Coding – Classification - Tabulation. Analysis of data: Meaning-type of analysis. Parametric Test: T-test, F-test, ANOVA- Chi-square test (Only theory) SPSS SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also known as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a software package used for the analysis of statistical data.
The software package was created in 1968 by
SPSS Inc. and was acquired by IBM in 2009. FEATURES OF SPSS It is easy for you to learn and use SPSS includes a lot of data management system and editing tools It offers you in-depth statistical capabilities It offers an excellent plotting, reporting and presentation features USES OF SPSS Descriptive statistics: SPSS can be used to calculate basic statistics such as means, standard deviations, and frequencies, which are useful for summarizing data.
Inferential statistics: SPSS can be used to conduct hypothesis tests such as t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests, which allow researchers to test whether differences between groups are statistically significant.
Regression analysis: SPSS can be used to conduct regression analyses, which allow researchers to model relationships between variables and make predictions based on those relationships.
Factor analysis: SPSS can be used to conduct factor analyses, which allow researchers to identify underlying factors that explain patterns in the data.
Overall, SPSS is a powerful tool for data analysis and can be used for a wide range of research applications EDITING Editing of data is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible.
A researcher checks for completeness, accuracy,
consistency of data, collection, and arranging the data in a systematic manner this is known as Editing. WHY EDITING?
Clarity responses Makes Omissions Avoid biased editing Make judgements Check handwriting Recontact the respondent TYPES OF EDITING
1. Field Editing
2. In-house or Central editing
CODING The first step in data preparation is data coding.
Data coding involves assigning a number to the
participants’ responses so they can be entered into a database.
Coding decisions should usually be taken at the designing
stage of the questionnaire.
Coding will be helpful for computer tabulation.
CLASSIFICATION The process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics.
Classification can be one of the following two types,
depending upon the nature of the phenomenon involved.
Classification according to attributes
Classification according to class-intervals TABULATION Tabulation is the process of summarising raw data and displaying the same in compact form (i.e., in the form of statistical tables) for further analysis. PARAMETRIC TEST NONPARAMETRIC TEST If there is no knowledge about the population or parameters, but still it is required to test the hypothesis of the population. Then it is called non-parametric test.
Eg: mann-Whitney, rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis
test SCALE OF MEASUREMENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARAMETRIC AND NON PARAMETRIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARAMETRIC AND NON PARAMETRIC STUDENT’S T-TEST STUDENT’S T-TEST USES T-test are commonly done when the population standard deviation is unknown. hypothetical We use the t-distribution because the unknown population standard deviation is now a value we must estimate DECISION RULE: If calculated value of t is less than the table value. The hypothesis is accepted
