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    EMTW Class 03to6

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    EMTW Class 03to6

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    EMTW Class 03to6

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    of 15

    23ECE204/ Electromagnetic

    Theory and Waves


    (4 credits)

    Dr. R V Sanjika Devi,


    Assistant Professor (S. G)
    Dept. of ECE, ASE, Bangalore.

    8/6/2024 1
    What is Electromagnetics?

    8/6/2024 2
    Vector Analysis
    Vector Analysis is a mathematical tool with which electromagnetic concepts are most conveniently expressed and
    best comprehended. The rules and techniques are important before applying.

    8/6/2024 3
    Orthogonal Coordinate System
    A coordinate system is a system of reference axes used to uniquely describe the various quantities needed in
    the study of electromagnetics. A system of coordinates forms a unique, universally understood reference by
    convention.
    An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates arc
    mutually perpendicular.

    (i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (coordinates are x,y,z)

    8/6/2024 4
    (i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    Fig: Any point is obtained by the intersection The tick marks on the axes are one length unit apart. The black
    of 3 planes (red -> constant x plane, yellow -> dot shows the point with coordinates x = 2, y = 3, and z = 4,
    constant y plane and blue -> constant z plane) or (2, 3, 4).
    8/6/2024 5
    (i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    It is a right handed system with base vectors ax, ay and az

    Since the angle between two unit vectors of the Cartesian


    coordinate system is 90o

    And the dot product of the unit vector with itself is unity.
    Fig: The point P(x,y,z) in the Cartesian
    coordinate system
    8/6/2024 6
    (i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    The ranges of the coordinate variables x, y, and z are


    - < x < 
    - < y < 
    - < z < 

    A vector A in Cartesian coordinates can be written as


    A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz

    The vector directed from the origin to the point P can be written
    as ax + 2ay + 3az

    The vector directed from the origin to the point Q can be written
    as 2ax - 2ay + az
    The location of points P(1,2,3) and Q(2,-2,1)

    8/6/2024 7
    (i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    The dot product of two vectors A and B is given by

    The cross product of two vectors A and B is given by

    8/6/2024 8
    (i) Rectangular or Cartesian Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)
    The differential length is given by
    Differential elements

    The length (magnitude) is given by

    The differential areas are given by

    The differential volume is given by

    8/6/2024 9
    (ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (coordinates are ,,z)

    The cylindrical coordinate system is the equivalent of


    Polar coordinates in 2D.

    Fig: The three unit vectors of the


    cylindrical coordinate system

    8/6/2024 10
    (ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    Fig: Any point is obtained by the intersection Fig: The three mutually perpendicular
    of 3 surfaces (red cylinder -> constant ρ plane, surfaces of the cylindrical coordinate system
    yellow -> constant  plane and blue -> constant z plane)

    8/6/2024 11
    (ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    The ranges of the coordinate variables ,  and z are


    0<
    0   < 2
    - < z < 

    A vector A in Cylindrical coordinates can be written as


    A = A a + A a + Azaz

    The magnitude of A is
    |A| = (A2 + A2 + Az2 )1/2

    Fig: Cylindrical coordinate surfaces. The three orthogonal


    components, ρ (green), φ (red), and z (blue), each increasing
    at a constant rate. The point is at the intersection between
    the three colored surfaces.
    8/6/2024 12
    (ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    It is a right handed system with base vectors a, a and az

    8/6/2024 13
    (ii) Cylindrical Orthogonal Coordinate System (cont…)

    The differential length is given by


    Differential elements
    dl = a d + a d + az dz

    The differential areas are given by

    The differential volume is given by

    8/6/2024 14
    8/6/2024 15

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