INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Input devices. Input devices allow you to enter data or commands in a form that the computer
can use; they send the data or commands to the processing unit. Commonly used input devices
include keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner,. digital camera, and PC camera.
Output devices. Output devices show people the processed data-- information -in
understandable and useful form. Four commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor,
speakers, and a portable media player.
Motherboard /Mainboard/System board- It is the main circuit board of a computer. It
contains all the circuits and components that run the computer.
SATA cable - used to connect SATA type Hard Disk Drive to motherboard.
24-Pin ATX Power Connector - is the portion where you can connect the power supply unit
(PSU) power connector. Motherboards come with different power supply controller. Old
motherboard needs AT power supply unit while new motherboard needs ATX power supply.
Southbridge Chip Set - SouthBridge (also called the input/output controller or expansion
controller) handles communications between peripheral devices. It is also called the ICH (I/O
Controller Hub). South Bridge interconnects Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces, SATA
connectors, Floppy Drive Connector, PCI slots and BIOS.
NorthBridge (also called the memory controller) is in charge of controlling transfers between
the processor and the RAM, which is way it is located physically near the processor.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) / Microprocessor- It performs all of the instructions and
calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information through a computer.
Main Memory - It is the computer's working storage space that holds data, instructions for
processing and processed data (information) waiting to be sent to secondary storage.

Types of error in the system

Non-System disk error – this error occurs when there is an external storage device connected
in the system unit and also the boot priority device is not properly selected in the BIOS settings.
Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you try
disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called aftershock virus which
will continue to run even if internet is disconnected.
Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots but when
the operating system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if you're going to wait for
it to load.
Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the motherboard
brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system restart over and over again.
Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you open a
program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a program applications,
when you close it, it will cause your system to restart.
POST code errors – POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and
are characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard.
POST code errors occur when you press the power button to turn on your PC..

SYSTEM INSTALLATION
Install - To connect or set in position and prepare for use. In computer terminology, install
usually refers to putting software on a computer (install the software), or adding hardware
components to your computer (install the hardware).
Format - To format a drive (hard disk, floppy disk, flash drive, etc.) means to prepare the chosen
partition on the drive to be used by an operating system by deleting all of the data and setting
up a file system.

FAT32 can only support files up to 4GB.

NTFS File System
NT file system (NTFS), which is also sometimes called the New Technology File System, is a
process that the Windows NT operating system uses for storing, organizing, and finding files on a
hard disk efficiently.
NTFS format is widely used because it can support any file size. So you can easily install OS with
large file size.

STEPS IN INSTALLING WIN10

1. Restart your PC in BIOS mode (there may be different ways to go in BIOS mode for
different PCs, you can press Del, F9, F2, F12, F11 depending on the computer BIOS
settings) and then find BOOT option where you can change the 1 st boot priority to USB
storage ore removable media according to your PC.
2. Connect the bootable USB, then save settings of BIOS and then exit.
3. After that your computer boot through your USB and windows installation process will
start.
4. Now you can see the first setting of installation process is about Language, Time and
Currency and Keyboard format. Change the setting according to your own and click Next.
5. Click on Install Now
6. Select your computer architecture (x64 bit or x86 bit) according to your PC and select
windows edition
7. After that, it asks for license key if you purchase it then fill it there and if you have not at
that moment so click on skip.
8. Accept the Microsoft license term and click next.
9. Click custom installation.
10.Select where do you want to install windows, carefully select the drive in which do not
have any data or important data.
11.After selection of partition click on format, it will format your partition and click next.
12. After clicking next, windows will start the installation process in your selected drive

SOME FEATURES OF WIN10

Microsoft Edge Start Menu Action Center
X-Box Continuum Multi Tasking
Cortana Integration Unified settings / Control Panel

Windows 7
Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb) is a personal computer operating
system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.
Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available
on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows
Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same
time. Windows 7 was primarily intended to be an incremental upgrade to the operating
system intending to address Windows Vista's poor critical reception while maintaining
hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows
Aero (the user interface introduced in Windows Vista) with the addition of a
redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be "pinned" to it, and new window
management features.

Features
Aero is an interface that makes your visual interactions with the desktop fun and easy.
 Aero Peek makes your open windows transparent so you can see your desktop. It also
allows you to peek at items in your taskbar for a thumbnail preview.
 Aero Snap is a quick way to resize your windows to make them easier to read, organize,
and compare.
 Aero Flip allows you to preview all open windows from a central window or 3D view that
you can flip through.
 Aero Shake allows you to take your mouse and shake only the open window you want to
focus on, and the rest will disappear.

Taskbar is now more convenient to use, with larger views and easier access.
Search bar - As soon as you start typing in the Search bar of the Start Menu, you will
instantly see a list of relevant options grouped by categories with highlighted keywords and
text. This allows you to easily scan for the documents, music, pictures, and emails you are
looking for.
Libraries allow you to organize your files in one place so they are easy to search and access.
Gadgets- You can select or download gadgets such as a slide show, calendar, or weather
update to add to your desktop. The live updates of some gadgets like weather, stocks, and
feed headlines are quite convenient.
Device Stage: When you plug a device into your computer such as a camera, mobile phone,
or flash drive, a window will open up with a menu of popular tasks, status information, and
options for your device.
Windows Live Essentials: Windows Live Essentials is free software that enhances the
Windows 7 experience. It replaces Windows Mail and allows you to email, instant message,
edit photos, and blog.
Home Group: Home Group allows you to connect two or more PCs on a home network to
easily share and access files and printers.
Windows Touch: You can use Windows Touch with a touch-screen PC to browse and flick
through the screen using your fingers with multi-touch technology.
Remote Media Streaming: With Remote Media Streaming, you can access your music,
pictures, and videos stored on your home PC remotely using the Internet.
Conclusion

Personal Computer Disassembly

Before starting computer disassembly, make sure you have the tools you need and they're all
close by and handy and be sure to have a container to keep the screws in so you have them
when you want to put things back together.
Step1. Unplugging - The first thing you do is to unplug every cable that is plugged in to
your computer. That includes the cables such as Power, USB Mouse, Keyboard, Internet,
Ethernet, Modem, AM\FM Antenna, Cable TV, etc. Just unplug all the cables for safety
purposes.
Step2.Opening the Outer Shell/Case – First, unscrew the four screws at the back of the
computer. On most computer cases, there will be large knobs that you can unscrew by hand
or by screw driver on the back-right side of the computer.
Step3. Removing the System Fan - First, unplug the fan from the motherboard. You can
find the plug by following the wire from the fan. It should be labeled "SYS_FAN1". Next, you
will have to unscrew the fan from the outside. You should now be able to lift the fan out of the
PC.
Step4. Removing the CPU Fan- The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU heat sink,
which is a large piece of metal with fins on the top. The CPU fan plugs into the motherboard in
an awkward place, that is hard to access. But just follow the wires and you should easily find
it. It is labeled "CPU FAN1". To remove the fan from the heat sink, remove the four screws
securing it in place.
Step5. Detaching Power Supply - The first thing to do is unplug every wire coming from
the power supply. You must disconnect the motherboard (very large connector/plug), CD/DVD
drive(s) power, internal hard drive power and portable hard drive slot power.
Step6. Detaching CD/ DVD Drive(s)-First, unplug the ribbon from the back of the drive.
Once that is completed, pull on the tab securing the drive in place, then push it out from the
inside.
Step7. Detaching Hard Drive - First, unplug the connector at the back of the slot, and
unplug the other end from the motherboard. Also unplug the SATA cable from the
motherboard and the hard drive. The portable hard drive slot is secured the same way the
CD/DVD drive is, with a tab. Pull on the tab, then slide the slot out
Step8. Removing Memory (RAM) - To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding
the RAM in place, which are located at both ends of the RAM.
Step9. Detaching Motherboard - The motherboard has seven screws holding it to the
frame, which are indicated by large white circles around them. Remove them and then lift the
motherboard out of the frame.

Personal Computer Assembly

Step 1. Prepare your workplace
1. Take Inventory:
Before you start, take an inventory of your parts. Do not begin assembling
your computer if you don't have everything you need. Begin the step-bystep process
once you are ready with everything you need.
2. Make Space, Make Time: Building a PC takes up space - about a dining
room table worth. So make sure you have plenty of working room and a few
hours to proceed with minimal interruption. Work on a flat, stable table top
surface, or bare floor, where you have room to layout all of the items.
3. Prepare Grounding Protection:
Use an inexpensive antistatic wrist strap. Make sure you are wearing your
antistatic wrist strap correctly (it does you no good at all if you do not wear it!),
and you are ready to proceed.
4. Have the Drivers Ready:
Assuming you have another internet connected PC, download the latest
drivers from the vendors' websites for each component you will be installing.
Sometimes drivers are updated between the time the component was
manufactured and the time you are installing it. It is always best to have the
latest. Copy them to a CD for easy access.
Step 2. Prepare the Motherboard
1. Great care should be taken when installing the motherboard. First, take the
board out of its packaging and put it on top of the antistatic bag. Remember,
you always want to safeguard your components from potentially hazardous
static electricity (wear your strap).
2. Before you secure the motherboard onto the PC case/chassis, inspect it
carefully for any visible defects.
3. Next, review the motherboard manual, to make sure you are familiar with the
motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are
extremely helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations. Below you
can find instructions on how to install the processor, the heat sink and the
memory modules on the motherboard. You should not place the motherboard
in the computer case until you are told to do so.
Step 3. Install the CPU
1. Use the unlocking mechanism to open the CPU socket which is usually a
lever.
2. Carefully line up the pins and place the chip in its socket; it will fit only when
oriented the proper way. An arrow or a missing pin on one corner of the chip
will show you how to line things up.
3. Align Triangular CPU and socket key marks.
Motherboard in an Antistatic Bag
4. Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place.
Step 4. Install the CPU Heat Sink
1. Follow the manufacturer's directions to install the heat sink and the fan that
will cool the processor. If you bought a CPU and a separate heat sink, you
may need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease that came with the heat
sink over the chip to ensure proper transfer of heat (some heat sinks come
with this grease already applied).
2. Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place keeping in mind that it may
require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that came with the
heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you are in doubt, you
 can visit the manufacturer's website for more information.
3. Plug the CPU fan's power connector into the proper connector on the
motherboard.
Step 5. Install Memory (RAM Modules)
1. In order to install the memory modules, insert them into the proper sockets
and push down firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop
into place. If your motherboard supports dual-channel memory, consult the
user manual to determine which pairs of RAM sockets you should use. The
motherboard and the CPU are the brain and nerve center of your PC, so
selecting these components is the most important decision you'll make.
Step 6. Place the motherboard into the case
1. Some PC cases have a removable motherboard tray. If yours does, remove
the screws holding it in place and pull it out of the case
2. Note the pattern of the holes in your motherboard and screw brass standoffs
into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations
(ALWAYS check the manual and follow their instructions to the letter).
3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard, and confirm that the
ports on your motherboard's back panel match the holes on the case's
Input/Output (I/O) shield that is installed in your case. If necessary, remove
the old I/O shield by tapping it firmly a few times with the butt-end of a
screwdriver, and then replace it with the shield that came with the new
motherboard.
4. Carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs, line up all
the holes, and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the
motherboard. If you are using a removable tray in your system, slide the tray
and motherboard back into the case and then secure the tray.
Step 7. Mount the Hard Drive (HDD) inside the computer case
HDD installation steps:
1..Position the HDD so that it aligns with the 3.5-inch drive bay.
2..Insert the HDD into the drive bay so that the screw holes in the drive line up
with the screw holes in the case.
3. Secure the HDD to the case using the proper screws.
Step 8. Install CD/DVD Drive
Install DVD drives in the computer case.
Step 9. Install Adapter Cards
Adapter cards must be compatible with the expansion slots.
Step 10. Install the Network Interface Card
NIC installation steps: (NIC)
1. Align the NIC to the appropriate slot on
The motherboard.
2. Secure the NIC pc mounting bracket.
Step 11. Install the Wireless NIC
A wireless NIC enables a computer to connect to a wireless network.
Some wireless NICs are installed externally with a USB connector.
Wireless NIC installation steps:
1. Align the wireless NIC to the appropriate
expansion slot on the motherboard.
2. Press down gently on the wireless NIC until
the card is fully seated.
3. Secure the mounting bracket to the case with
the appropriate screw.
Step 12. Install the Video Adapter Card
Video adapter card installation steps:
1. Align the video adapter card to the
appropriate expansion slot on the
motherboard.
 2. Adjust the adapter card until the card is
fully seated.
Step 13. Connect the Power Supply
Making the proper connections is crucial to successfully assembling your PC
system. Fortunately, manufacturers provide color-coded power cables and unique
connector shapes to make the job easy.
1. First, plug the large ATX power connector from your power supply into the
matching port on your motherboard.
2. Locate the smaller, square processor power connector (you cannot miss it - it
is the one sprouting the yellow and black wires) and attach it to the
motherboard. Note: your connector is usually located near the processor.
As always, refer to your motherboard's manual for the exact locations.
3. Use your motherboard user manual and find the description about front-panel
connectors.
NOTE: You are going to be doing work that requires attention to detail and
can be quite frustrating if you do not go into it with the right attitude.
4. Connect Power Cables
SATA Power Connectors use a 15-pin connector to connect to hard disk
drives, optical drives, or any devices that have a SATA power socket
5. Connect SATA Cables
The SATA cable has 7 pin connector.
6. Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches, the hard-disk
activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB and FireWire ports to
the corresponding pin on your motherboard. The needle-nose pliers are useful
for manipulating small pieces.
Step 14. Connecting Peripherals. Attach all external cables such as keyboard,
mouse, speaker, power supply, and UPS to there intended ports.
1. Attach the monitor cable to the video port.
2. Secure the cable by tightening the screws on the
connector.
3. Insert the keyboard, mouse cables to the ports; USB or
ps2 ports.
4. Plug the power cable into the power supply.

Note*** read also LAS3 and LAS 4