27th Asia Expert Meeting on 2-3 wheels tires (R75)

and Audible Warning Devices (R28)

Date: July 22, 2011 (THU) 13:00 - 17:10
Place: the Land Transportation Office, Bulwagan Edu Hall

East Avenue, Quezon City

13:00 - 13:30 Registration

13:30 - 13:40 Opening address: from LTO

13:40 - 13:50 Message: from JASIC Nanbu

13:50 - 14:20 Report: from MDPPA

14:20 - 15:30 R75 General Information,

Technical Requirements & Testing
: from Mr. Makino
Q & A & Discussion

15:30 - 15:50 Coffee Break (20 minutes)

15:50 - 17:00 R28 General Information,

Technical Requirements & Testing
: from Mr. Shirahashi
Q & A & Discussion

17:00 - 17:10 Closing address: from LTO

Introduction of UN / ECE R75

Introduction of
UN / ECE Regulations for Tyres
(R75 for Motorcycle tyres)

22nd July 2011

Brakes and Running Gear Subcommittee
JAPAN AUTOMOBILE STANDARDS
INTERNATIONALIZATION CENTER
 WP29 Organization

U N / General Assembly

ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council

ECE ESCAP
Economic Commission for Europe E. C. for Asia & the Pacific

ITC
Inland Transport Committee

WP29 AC1,AC2
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations AC3,AC4

G R B G R E GRPE GRRF GRSG GRSP

(Brakes and Running Gear)
 Tyre Regulations in UN/ECE Regulations

Reg. No. 30: Tyres for Motor Vehicles and their Trailers
(Passenger car tyres)
Reg. No. 54: Tyres for Commercial Vehicles and their Trailers
(Commercial vehicles – Light truck and Truck and Bus - tyres)
Reg. No. 75: Tyres for Motor Cycles and Mopeds (Motor cycle tyres)
Others;
Reg. No. 64:
The Approval of Vehicles equipped with Temporary-use Spare Wheels / Tyres
Reg. No. 106: Tyres for Agricultural vehicles and their Trailers
Reg. No. 108:
Retreaded Pneumatic tyres for Motor Vehicles and their Trailers
Reg. No. 109:
Retreaded Pneumatic tyres for Commercial Vehicles and their Trailers
Reg. No. 117:
Tyre Rolling Sound Emission & Adhesion on wet surface
Introduction of UN / ECE R75

http://live.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs61-80.html

Regulation No. 75
Revision 2
Issued 7 September 2010
 Introduction of UN / ECE R75

1. SCOPE
2. Definitions
3. Markings
• Sidewall markings
• Approval marking
4. Application for Approval
5. Approval
6. Requirements
• Dimensions
• Load / Speed performance test
• Dynamic growth of tyres
7. Modification of the type of pneumatic tyre and extension of approval
8. Conformity of Production
9. Penalties for Non-conformity of Production
10. Production definitively discontinued
11. Names and Addresses of Technical Services responsible for conducting
approval tests and of administrative departments
ECE Reg. No. 75: Scope and Definitions

1. SCOPE
New pneumatic tyres for vehicles of category L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.

It does not apply to tyre types designed exclusively for the “off-road” use,
which are marked “NHS” (Not for Highway Service) and to tyre types
designed exclusively for competitions.

2. Definitions
The word which is used in this regulation is explained.
 ECE Reg. No. 75: Tyre Sidewall Markings

Layout Example: 4 mm min. 100/80 D 18 53S TUBELESS M+S

4 mm min.
Location: At least one sidewall

① Trade name or mark: Bridgestone

② Tyre size designation
③ Structure: diagonal (bias-ply) “D” or no marking,
radial “R” and the word “RADIAL” can be added.
④ Load capacity index
⑤ Speed category
⑥ The word “Tubeless”, if applicable
⑦ The word “Reinforced”, if applicable
⑧ The date of manufacture (ex. 1210 : week + year)
⑨ The inscription M+S or M.S or M&S, if applicable
⑩ The inscription MST in the case of multiservice tyres.
⑪ The inscription “MOPED” in the case of moped tyres
ECE Reg. No. 75: Approval Marking

Arrangement of Approval Marking

a
E4 75R-0012345
a/3 a/2

a = 9 mm min.

E4: Assigned contracting party number (E4 is Netherlands)

00: Series of amendments

12345: approval number
 ECE Reg. No. 75: Application for approval

Compliance test by Technical Service

Test Report

Application for approval （Application

forms + Test report）

Issuance of Certificate
 ECE Reg. No. 75: Tyre Dimensions – Annex 6
Annex 6: Method of Measuring Pneumatic Tyres
1. The tyre is mounted on the measuring rim specified by the manufacturer and is
inflated to a pressure specified by the manufacturer.
2. The tyre fitted on its rim is conditioned to the ambient temperature of the laboratory
for at least 24hours.
3. Readjust the pressure specified in paragraph 1.
4. Overall width is measured by caliper at six equally-spaced points.
5. Outer diameter is determined by measuring the maximum circumference and dividing
the figure obtained by PAI (3.1416).

Tyre version Speed category Pressure

bar kPa
F, G, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R,S 2.25 225
Standard
T, U, H, V, W 2.80 280
Reinforced F to P
Q, R, S, T, U, H, V 3.30 330
Motorcycle Derivatives1 4PR 3.50 350
6PR F to M 4.00 400
8PR 4.50 450

Standard B 2.25 225

Moped Reinforce B 2.80 280
d
 ECE Reg. No. 75: Load / Speed Performance Test (1) - Annex 7
1. Preparation
1) Mount a new tyre on the test rim specified by the manufacturer
2) Inflate the tyre to the appropriate pressure
3) Condition the tyre / wheel assembly at test room temperature
(not less than three (3) hours)
4) Readjust the tyre pressure to that specified 2) above
Table 1: Test Load

2. Test procedure Up to H: Equal to Load Index

V: 85% of LI
1) Test drum: wheel 1.70 m +/- 1% or 2.0 m +/- 1% in diameter
W: 75% of LI
2) Load 65% of the table 1
3) Test temperature: 20C deg to 30C deg ( or higher temp. if agreed)

3. Evaluation
1) A tyre which after the test does not exhibit any tread separation, ply separation, cord
separation, chunking or broken cords shall be deemed to have passed the test.
2) The outer diameter of the tyre, measured six hours after the test, must not differ by more
than +/- 3.5% from the outer diameter as measured before the test .
3) The overall width of the tyre measured at the end of the test – Not exceed the value below.
Rim dia. Code 13” and above: +10%, Rim dia. Code up to 12” inclusive: +8%
ECE Reg. No. 75: Load / Speed Performance Test (2)

Tyre inflation pressure for Load / Speed Performance Tests:

Testing inflation pressure (bars)

Inflation pressure
Tyre size Speed Category
bar kPa
F, G, J, K 2.50 250
L, M, N, P 2.50 250
Standard
Q, R, S 3.00 300
T, U, H, V 3.50 350
F, G, J, K, L, M, N, P 3.30 330
Reinforced
Q, R, S, T, U, H, V 3.90 390
4PR 3.70 370
Motor cycle 6PR F, G, J, K, L, M 4.50 450
Derivatives1
8PR 5.20 520
Moped Standard B 2.50 250
Reinforced B 3.00 300
1 From the date of entry into force of Supplement 8 to this Regulation no new approvals for these tyres should be issued pursuant to Regulation No. 75. These
tyre sizes are now included in Regulation No. 54.
ECE Reg. No. 75: Load / Speed Performance Test (3)

Test conditions:
Initial test speed:
Max. speed for the type of tyre, less 40 km/h for 1.7 m drum
Max. speed for the type of tyre, less 30 km/h for 2.0 m drum

Speed 0 to initial test speed: 20 minutes

Initial test speed: 10 minutes

Initial test speed + 10 km/h: 10 minutes

Initial test speed + 20 km/h: 10 minutes

Initial test speed + 30 km/h: 10 minutes

 ECE Reg. No. 75: Load / Speed Performance Test (4)

Example: Speed index H

Max. speed 180km/h Passed

ITS+30 (170km/h)

ITS+20 (160km/h)

ITS+10 (150km/h)

ITS (140km/h)
with 1.7m drum
Test Load = equal to LI × 65%
ITS =
SS – 40km/h 0 20 30 40 50 60 (min)
ECE Reg. No. 75: Load / Speed Performance Test (5)
The Second Test for tyres suitable for maximum speed in excess of
240 km/h
Initial test speed:
Max. speed for the type of tyre, less 40 km/h for 1.7 m drum
Max. speed for the type of tyre, less 30 km/h for 2.0 m drum

Speed 0 to initial test speed: 20 minutes

Initial test speed: 20 minutes

Initial test speed to max. test speed: 10 minutes

Max. test speed: 5 minutes

 ECE Reg. No. 75 Load / Speed Performance Test (6)

130/70ZR16M/C (61W)
F：Max. test speed 300km/h Drum dia. 1.7 m Passed
Speed Second tyre
（W）

290km/h
Passed
280km/h First tyre

270km/h
W-10km/h 260km/h
W-20km/h 250km/h

W-30km/h 240km/h

W-40km/h 230km/h

20 30 40 50 60
(min.)
 ECE Reg. No. 75 Dynamic growth of tyres (1)
1. Scope and range of application
Applicable for normal highway service tyres
To determine the maximum tyre growth under the influence of centrifugal forces at the admissible maximum speed.
2. Test Procedures
1) Test drum: 1.7m or 2.0m dia.
2) Test room temperature: Between 20 deg. C to 30 deg. C or a higher temperature if tyre manufacturer agrees.
3) A tyre to be tested shall be fitted to a wheel having a rim conforming to the applicable standard.
4) The tyre inflation pressure shall be adjusted to the values shown table below.

Testing pressure
Speed category Tyre construction
bar kPA
P/Q/R/S standard 2,5 250
T and above standard 2,9 290

5) The tyre / wheel assembly shall be stored at the test room temperature for at least three hours.
6) The inflation pressure shall be readjusted to the value indicated the table above.
7) Mount the assembly on the test axle.
8) Accelerate the assembly to reach within five minutes the maximum speed capability of the tyre.
9) Position the contour outline device and ascertain that it is perpendicular to the rotation of the test tyre tread.
10) Check that the peripheral speed of the tread surface is within +/- 2% of the maximum speed capability for the tyre.
11) Maintain the equipment at constant speed for at least five minutes.
12) Portray the tyre cross-section in the area of maximum deformation, or check that the tyre does not exceed the
enveloping curve.
 ECE Reg. No. 75 Dynamic growth of tyres (2)
3. Evaluation
The limit values shown below.

Speed
H dyn (mm)
Category
Category of Use: Category of Use:
Normal Snow and special

P/Q/R/S H x 1,10 H x 1,15

T/U/H H x 1,13 H x 1,18

Over 210
H x 1,16 -
km/h
 ECE Reg. No. 75: Modification of the type of pneumatic tyre and extension of approval

Example of Extension Application and Approval

ECE Reg. No. 75: Conformity of Production

Conformity of Production

Verification by the authority which has granted type approval;

At least once every two (2) years

8. Conformity of production
The conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the
Agreement, Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2), with the following
requirements:

8.1. Tyres approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to conform to

the type approved, by meeting the requirements set forth in paragraph 6. above.
8.2. The authority which has granted type approval may at any time verify the
conformity control methods applied in each production facility. For each production
facility the normal frequency of these verifications shall be once every two years.
ECE Reg. No. 75: Conformity of Production (1)
ECE Reg. No. 75: Conformity of Production (2)
ECE Reg. No. 75: Penalty for Non-Conformity of Production

9. Penalties for non-conformity of production

9.1.The approval granted in respect of a type of pneumatic tyre pursuant to this Regulation
may be withdrawn if the requirements laid down in paragraph 8.1. above are not complied
with or if the tyres taken from the series have failed to pass the tests prescribed in that
paragraph.
9.2.If a Party to the Agreement applying this Regulation withdraws an approval it has
previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties applying this
Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in annex 1 to this
Regulation.
 ECE Reg. No. 75: Regulation No. 75 Uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tyres for motor cycles and mopeds
Date of entry into force of: Original version: 01.04.1988
Latest (XX) series of amendments: _________

Designated

Technical Services and ECE

symbol
Contracting

Parties
Date of

application
Administrative Designated Technical Service(s)

administrative departments E1 Germany 20.08.91

Department(s)

1/A 1/G; 1/H; 1/J; 1/K; 1/L; 1/S; 1/AD

E2 France 06.06.92 2/A 2/E

E3 Italy 01.04.88 3/A 3/B (a) to (m)

E4 Netherlands 27.01.89 4/A 4/A; 4/G; 4/H; 4/I; 4/M; 4/N; 4/P; 4/Q; 4/V; 4/W; 4/U

E5 Sweden 02.08.97 5/A …

E6 Belgium 07.08.90 6/A 6/D

E7 Hungary 07.09.97 7/A 7/G; 7/J

E8 Czech Republic 01.04.88 8/A 8/E

E9 Spain1 24.03.98 9/A 9/C

E 10 Serbia 13.07.04 10/A 10/A; 10/F

E 11 United Kingdom 28.11.89 11/A 11/A; 11/E; 11/F; 11/H; 11/L; 11/M; 11/N

E 12 Austria1 24.03.98 … …

E 13 Luxembourg 28.08.90 13/A 13/B (a), (b), (e), (d)

E 14 Switzerland

E 16 Norway 24.05.93 16/A 16/E

E 17 Finland 12.04.91 17/A 17/E; 17/U; 17/V

E 18 Denmark1 24.03.98 18/A …

E 19 Romania 06.05.96 19/A 19/B; 19/G; 19/K

E 20 Poland 01.12.01 20/A 20/E

1
E 21 Portugal 24.03.98 … …

E 22 Russian Federation 08.04.96 22/A 22/D

E 23 Greece1 24.03.98 … …

E 24 Ireland1 24.03.98 24/A 24/B; 24/C; 24/D; 24/E; 24/F; 24/G

E 25 Croatia 03.04.01 25/A …

E 26 Slovenia 15.07.96 26/A 26/A

E 27 Slovakia 01.04.88 27/A …

E 28 Belarus
1 By virtue of accession to the Agreement by the European Union. E 29 Estonia 25.07.99 29/A …
2 Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol.
3
E 31 Bosnia and Herzegovina
By virtue of accession to the European Union on 1 May 2004.
4 By virtue of accession to the European Union on 1 January 2007. E 32 Latvia 18.01.99 32/A …
Thank you for your
attention
APPENDIX Drum test machine

Laser profile
measuring machine

Machine layout (example)

 APPENDIX Practical tips

1. Test load for MC tyre is smaller than PC/LT/TB therefore

accuracy of load cell is important.

 To set up Drum test machine for only MC tyre is the best.

 If needed to use same drum test machine for MC and PC tyres,

the range of test load should be limited to use.

2. Test room temperature have to be controlled precisely.

 Set up of Air conditioner in test room (especially when drum

test machine is working) is very important.
APPENDIX UNECE Home Page

http://live.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs61-80.html
 ECE R28
Audible W arning Devices

Y . Shirahashi
N oise-sub committee

JASI C
Over view of pr esentation

The United Nation’s Organization

Certification Process
Contents of R28

Flat horn Trumpet horn

The United Nation ’s Or ganization

• ECE noise regulations are taken care by the group of

UN/WP29/GRB.

UN

ECE

Inland TRANS Committee

World Forum for Harmonization
WP29 of Vehicle Regulations

GRB GRE GRPE GRRF GRSG GRSP

Prolusion& Brake & General Passive

Noise Light
Running Gear
Energy Safety Safety
GRB : Wor king Par ty on Noise

Object ECE regulations of GRB

ECE R 9 Noise (Three-Wheeled Vehicles)

ECE R 28 Audible Warning Devices
ECE R 41 Noise (Motor Cycle)
ECE R 51 Noise (Motor Vehicles having at least four wheels)
ECE R 59 Replacement Silencing System
ECE R 63 Noise (Moped)
ECE R 92 Replacement Silencing System (Motor Cycle)
ECE R117 Tyres with regard to rolling sound emissions
Cer tification Pr ocess
Approval Authority & Technical Service are defined in
ECE/TRANS/WP.29/10

• "Appr oval Author ity"

ity means the authority of a Contracting
Party with competence for all aspects of the approval of wheeled
vehicles, equipment and parts, for issuing and, if appropriate,
withdrawing approval certificates, for acting as the contact point for
the Approval Authorities of other Contracting Parties, for designating
the Technical Services and for ensuring that the manufacturer meets
the obligations regarding the conformity of production.
• "Technical Ser vice"
vice means an organization or body
designated by the Approval Authority of a Contracting Party as a
testing laboratory to carry out tests, or as a conformity assessment
body to carry out the initial assessment and other tests or
inspections on behalf of the Approval Authority, it being possible for
the Approval Authority itself to carry out those functions.
R28 Cer tification Pr ocess for a Device
Administrative
Department Technical service
Test report
Approval
Job
Assignment
e nt
t
s sm t es
e l
ass ov a
t i al
p pr le
In i p e a p
Ty S am l t s
*Application e s t r es u
*Technical T st
Approval
sheet Te
Export
Certificate

Parts
Manufacturer

Vehicle
Manufacturer

Test record Marking COP

R28 Cer tification Pr ocess for a Vehicle
Administrative
Department Technical service
Test report
Approval
Job
Assignment

*Application
Approval *Technical
sheet
Export
Certificate

Parts
Manufacturer

Vehicle
Approval Manufacturer

Test record Marking Certificate

Contents of R28
1. Scope
AUDIBLE WARNING DEVICES
2. Definitions
3. Application for approval
4. Markings
5. Approval
6. Specifications
7. Modification and extension of approval of a vehicle type
8. Conformity of Production
9. Penalties for non-conformity of production
10. Production discontinued
AUDIBLE SIGNALS
11. Definitions
12. Application for approval
13. Approval
14. Specifications
15. Modification and extension of approval of a vehicle type
16. Conformity of Production
17. Penalties for non-conformity of production
18. Names and addresses of technical services responsible for conducting approval tests, and of administrative
departments
ANNEXES
Annex 1 - Communication concerning the approval (or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production
definitely discontinued) of a type of audible warning device for motor vehicles pursuant to Regulation No.28
Annex 2 – Communication concerning the approval (or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production
definitely discontinued ) of a vehicle with regard to its audible signals pursuant to Regulation No.28
Annex 3 - Arrangements of the approval mark of the audible warning device
Arrangements of the approval mark of a vehicle with regards to its audible signals
Contents of R28 (AUDIBLE WARNING DEVICES)

1. Scope
AUDIBLE WARNING DEVICES
2. Definitions
3. Application for approval
4. Markings
5. Approval
6. Specifications
7. Modification and extension of approval of a vehicle type
8. Conformity of Production
9. Penalties for non-conformity of production
10. Production discontinued

ANNEXES
Annex 1 - Communication concerning the approval (or extension or
refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely
discontinued) of a type of audible warning device for motor
vehicles pursuant to Regulation No.28
Annex 3 - Arrangements of the approval mark of the audible warning
device
1. Scope
Categories L3, L4, L5, M, and N, excluding mopeds (L1 and L2)
These are defined in the Consolidated Resolution (R.E.3)
(ECE/TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1)

Category Description Example

Motor vehicles with less than 4 wheels
L

Power-driven vehicles having at least 4

wheels and used for the carriage of
M passebers

Power-driven vehicles having at least 4

wheels and used for the carriage of
N goods
2. Definition
Audible warning devices (AWD) of different "types“ shall be understood
to mean devices essentially different from one another with respect to
such matters as:

2.1. trade name or mark;

2.2. principles of operation;
2.3. type of electrical supply (direct or alternating current);
2.4. outer shape of case;
2.5. shape and dimensions of diaphragm(s);
2.6. shape or kind of sound outlet(s);
2.7. rated sound frequency or frequencies;
2.8. rated supply voltage;
2.9. for devices supplied directly from an external compressed air
source, rated operating pressure.
2.10. The AWD is principally intended for:
Motor cycles of a power less than or equal to 7 kW Class I
Vehicles of categories M and N and motor cycles
of a power greater than 7 kW Class II
3. Appication for appr oval
3.1. The application for approval of a type of audible warning device
shall be submitted by the holder of the trade name or mark or by his
duly accredited representative.
3.2. It shall be accompanied by the following documents, in triplicate,
giving the following particulars:
3.2.1. a description of the type of audible warning device, paying
particular attention to the points mentioned in paragraph 2;
3.2.2. a drawing showing, inter alia, the warning device in cross
section;
3.2.3. a list of the components used in manufacture, duly identified,
with an indication of the materials used;
3.2.4. detailed drawings of all the components used in manufacture.
The drawings shall show the place provided for the approval
number in relation to the circle of the approval mark.
3.3. In addition, the application for approval shall be accompanied by
two samples of the type of warning device.
5. Appr oval
Annex 1
5.1. If the samples submitted for approval
conform to the provisions of
paragraphs 6. and 7. below, approval
for this type of warning device shall be
granted.
5.2. An approval number shall be
assigned to each type approved. The
same Contracting Party may not
assign this number to another type of
audible warning device.
5.4. Notice of approval or refusal or
extension or withdrawal of approval or
production definitely discontinued of a
type of warning device pursuant to
this Regulation shall be communicated
to the Parties to the Agreement
applying this Regulation by means of a
form conforming to the model in
annex1 to the Regulation
Comunication concer ning the appr oval of a type of AWD
(Annex1)
(or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely dicontinued)

Approval No............................ Extension No..........................

1. Trade name or mark
2. Type (electro-pneumatic, electro-magnetic with resonator disc, electro-magnetic horn, etc.) indicating
whether it is a single-tone or multiple-tone warning device
3. Manufacturer's name and address
4. If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative
5. Brief description of warning device
6. Supply voltage(s)........... volts*/
7. Rated operating pressure(s) kg/cm2
8. Rated frequency (or frequencies) . Hz*/
9. Geometrical characteristics (internal length and diameter) of connecting line between compressor or
control and the audible warning device
10. Submitted for approval on .....
11. Technical service responsible for approval tests
12. Date of report issued by that service
13. Number of report issued by that service
14. Approval granted/refused*/
15. Place..
16. Date
17. Signature ..................................................................
18. The following documents bearing the approval number shown above are annexed to this
communication:
....drawings, diagrams, and plans of the warning device;
....photographs
5. Appr oval (continued)

5.5. On every audible warning device which conforms to a type approved under
this Regulation, there shall be affixed conspicuously, in an easily accessible
place indicated on the approval form, an international approval mark
comprising:
5.5.1. a circle containing the letter " E" followed by the distinguishing
number of the country granting approval; 1/
5.5.2. an approval number
5.5.3. an additional symbol in the form of a figure in Roman numerals,
showing the class to which the AWD belongs.

5.6. The approval mark and the additional symbol must be clearly legible and
indelible.

See Annex 3
Appr oval Mar k (Annex 3)
Class I

00 version

The above approval mark affixed to a audible warning device shows that this
AWD of Class I has been approved in the Netherlands (E 4) under approval
number 002439. The first two digits of the approval number indicate that the
approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No.
28 in its original form.

Note The approval number must be placed close to the circle and must be in a
position either above or below the letter “E” or to left or right of that letter. The
digits of the approval number must be on the same side of the letter “E” and
face in the same direction.
4. Mar king
The samples of the audible warning devices submitted for
approval shall bear the manufacturer's trade name or
mark; this mark must be clearly legible and indelible.
Distinguishing number
1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden,
6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain,
10 for Yugoslavia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg,
14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark,
19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for
Greece,
24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia,
28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina,
32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35-36 (vacant), 37 for Turkey, 38-39 (vacant),
40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant),
42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their
respective ECE symbol),
43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine and 47 for South Africa.

Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological

order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement
Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles,
Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles
and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of
these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.
*ECE R28 adopted in contr acting par ty
(ECE/TRANS/WP.29/343/Rev.18)
• ECE R28 is adopted by 41 countries in 58 agreement contracting parties
*ECE R28 adopted in contr acting par ty
(ECE/TRANS/WP.29/343/Rev.18)
• ECE R28 is adopted by 41 countries in 58 agreement contracting parties
6. Specifications

Summary of requirements
SPL Microphone Endurance
Category
[dB(A)] Location Test
Motor Cycle 95-115 1s ON & 4s OFF
AUDIBLE Class I
(≤7kW) dB(A) 10,000 times
WARNING Height: 1.2m
DEVICES M and N, 105-118 Distance: 2m 1s ON & 4s OFF
(Devices) Class II
MC (>7kW) dB(A) 50,000 times
Motor Cycle 83-112
AUDIBLE Class I
(≤7kW) dB(A) Height: 0.5m-1.5m
SIGNALS -
M, N, and 93-112 Distance: 7m
(Vehicles) Class II
MC (>7kW) dB(A)
6-2. Measur ement of the sound char acter istics

Site
Preferably in an anechoic environment.
Alternatively in a semi-anechoic chamber or in an open space.
Compliance with the spherical divergence to a limit of 1 dB within a
hemisphere of not less than 5 m radius

Ambient temperarure: 20 5

Shall be mounted rigidly, on a

support whose mass is at least ten •Time constant "F".
times that of the warning device •Frequency weighting
under test and not less than 30 kg. "A“

2m 0.01m

1.15 ~ 1.25m
6-2. Measur ement of the sound char acter istics
Supply Voltage
in the case of AWDs supplied with direct current, at a voltage measured
at the terminal of the electric power source of 13/12 of the rated voltage.
(6.2.3.1 )
shall not be more than 0,1 volt, peak to peak. (6.2.4) 13V 0.1V
Sound Analysis
The spectrum of the sound emitted shall be measured according to
the Fourier transform of the acoustic signal.
Alternatively, one-third octave filters

Sound Requirements
A weighted over-all sound level shall not exceed 115 dB(A) for Class I or
118 dB(A) for Class II. (6.2.7)
The sound-pressure level in the frequency band 1,800 to 3,550 Hz shall
be equal to or greater than 95 dB(A) for Class I or 105 dB(A) for Class II.
The sound-pressure level in the frequency band 1,800 to 3,550 Hz shall
be greater than that of any component of a frequency above 3,550 Hz.
The time lapse between the moment when the device is actuated and the
moment when the sound reaches the minimum value prescribed in
paragraph 6.2.7. above shall not exceed 0.2 second. (6.2.9)
6-2. Measur ement of the sound char acter istics

Second requirement for sound

Class I 95-115 dB(A) [P.OV: Sum of sound pressures from 1800 to 3550Hz]
Class II 105-118 dB(A) [P.OV: Sum of sound pressures from 1800 to 3550Hz]
6-2. Measur ement of the sound char acter istics

Third requirement for sound

For both Class I and II, the sum of sound pressures from 1800 to 3550Hz
shall be greater than that above 3550Hz.
6-2. Measur ement of the sound char acter istics

Fourth requirement for sound

For both Class I and II, the time required for reaching the minimum sound
pressure (Class I 95dB(A), Class II 105dB(A)) shall be 0.2s or less.
6-2. Measur ement of the sound char acter istics

6.2.11.
In the case of multiple-tone devices in which each sound-emitting unit
is capable of functioning independently, the minimum values specified
above shall be obtained when each of the constituent units is
operated separately.

The maximum value of the over-all sound level shall not be

exceeded when all the constituent units are operated simultaneously.
6-3. Endur ance test

Supply Voltage
The supply voltage varying between 115% and 95% of its rated voltage
for AWDs supplied with direct current. (6.2.8)

Ambient Temperature:
15~30 ℃.
During the test, the AWD shall be ventilated by an air current having a
speed of approximately 10 m/sec

Test Cycle
Each time for one second followed by an interval of four seconds
10,000 times for Class I, 50,000 times for Class II
If, after the AWD has been operated for half the number of times
prescribed, the sound level characteristics are no longer the same as
before the test, the AWD may be adjusted.

Sound Requirements
After the endurance test, the sound requirements same as the initial
characteristics shall be satisfied.
Contents of R28 (AUDIBLE SIGNALS)
AUDIBLE SIGNALS
11. Definitions
12. Application for approval
13. Approval
14. Specifications
15. Modification and extension of approval of a vehicle type
16. Conformity of Production
17. Penalties for non-conformity of production
18. Names and addresses of technical services responsible for
conducting approval tests, and of administrative departments

ANNEXES
Annex 2 – Communication concerning the approval (or extension or
refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued )
of a vehicle with regard to its audible signals pursuant to Regulation
No.28
11. Definition

"Vehicle type" shall be understood to mean vehicles not essentially

different from one another with respect to such matters as:

11.2.1. the number and type(s) of warning devices fitted on the vehicle;
11.2.2. the mountings used to fit the warning devices to the vehicle;
11.2.3. the position of the warning devices on the vehicle;
11.2.4. the rigidity of the parts of the structure on which the warning
device(s) is (are) mounted;
11.2.5. the shape and materials of the bodywork at the front of the vehicle
which might affect the level of the sound emitted by the warning
device(s) and have a masking effect
12. Appication for appr oval

12.1. The application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to its
audible signals shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or
by his duly accredited representative.

12.2. It shall be accompanied by the following documents, in triplicate,

giving the following particulars:

12.2.1. a description of the vehicle type with regard to the items

mentioned in paragraph 11.2. above;
12.2.2. a list of the components required to identify the warning
device(s) that may be mounted on the vehicle;
12.2.3. drawings indicating the position on the vehicle of the warning
device(s) and of its (their) mountings.

12.3. A vehicle representative of the vehicle type to be approved shall

be submitted to the technical service responsible for the approval
tests.
13. Appr oval (same as 5. Appr oval)
Comunication concer ning the appr oval of a vehicle type (Annex2)
(or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely dicontinued)

Approval No............................ Extension No..........................

1. Trade name or mark of vehicle
2. Vehicle Type
3. Manufacturer's name and address
4. If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative
5. Type(s) of warning device(s)
6. Sound level values
7. Vehicle submitted for approval on
8. Technical service responsible for approval tests
9. Date of report issued by that service
10. Number of report issued by that service
11. Approval granted/refused*/
12. Place..
13. Date
14. Signature ..................................................................
15. The following documents bearing the approval number shown above are annexed to this
communication:
....drawings of the mountings of the warning device(s)
....drawings and diagrams giving the mounting positions and characteristics of the parts of the
structure on which the devices are fitted,
.... over-all views of the front of the vehicle and of the compartment in which the device is situated
and description of the component materials.
14. Specification
Measurement place: Outdoor space or semi-anechoic chamber
Background noise: Lower than the measured sound pressure by 10 dB(A)
Measurement voltage: 13 V 0.1V
Sound requirements: Class I 83-112 dB(A) Class II 93-112 dB(A)

The audible warning device(s) (or system) fitted on the vehicle shall be of a
type approved under this Regulation;

Audible warning devices of Class II approved under this Regulation in its

original form, and therefore not bearing the symbol II in their approval mark,
may continue to be fitted to vehicle types submitted for approval pursuant to
this Regulation.
•Time constant "F".
•Frequency weighting "A“
8., 16. COP : C ONFORMITY O F P RODUCTION
Basic Concept of COP
8.1. AWD (Vehicle) approved to this Regulation shall be so manufactured as
to conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set forth in
paragraph 6 and 14 above.
Thank you very much
for your attention
 Minutes of 27th Asia Expert Meeting in Philippines

1. Date: Wednesday, 22 July 2011, 13:00-17:00

2. Place: Bulwagan Edu Hall

Land Transportation Office, Manila

3. Organizers: Department of Transport and Communications (DOTC) and Land

Transportation Office (LTO)
Attendees from Philippines: A total of about 45 representatives of the government
agencies, industry, and related fields participated in the meeting, including DOTC, LTO,
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and
Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD), Motorcycle Development
Program Participants Association (MDPPA), Chamber of Automotive Manufacturers of
the Philippines (CAMPI), Suzuki, Honda, Kawasaki, Yamaha, Toyota, Nissan, Ford, etc.

4. Attendees from JASIC: Three members comprised of Mr. Yoshihiro Shirahashi from
Nissan, who presented the legal requirements, test method, approval method, and COP
for audible warning devices (R28); Mr. Jun Makino from Bridgestone who presented
pneumatic tyres (moped, motor cycle) (R75); and Mr. Yoshiaki Nanbu from the
secretariat.

5. Outline of the meeting

Representing the organizer, Ms. Virginia Torres, Assistant Secretary, LTO, gave an
opening address and Mr. Rolando F. Cruz from MDPPA made a report on the industry.

Presentations on the legal requirements, test method, approval method, and COP for
audible warning devices (R28) and the legal requirements, test method, approval
method, and COP for pneumatic tyres (moped, motor cycle) (R75) and Q&A sessions
followed. Through discussion held in an animated and friendly atmosphere, the meeting
deepened the understanding of the attendees from the Philippines and successfully
ended.

Presentation by JASIC
1. R75 (Pneumatic Tyres (Moped, Motor Cycle): Presentation by Mr. Makino from
Bridgestone

After presenting the outline of the regulation, Mr. Makino explained the details of
technical requirements, test requirements, approval method, and COP. The attendees
deepened their understanding on the details of approval of tyres under the regulation to
be reflected in future. The presentation was followed by a Q&A session and lively
exchange of views.

● Major Questions and Answers

Q1: How many times must a high-speed drum be tested?

A1: Only once if it’s a normal tyre, but twice if it’s a tyre of max 240 km/h, because an
additional test is necessary.

Q2: Isn’t there any spec about the surface roughness of a high-speed test drum?
A2: No, there’s no specific requirement. As long as you use a steel drum of normal,
smooth surface, there’s no problem.

Q3: Here I see 65% in two places. Are they the same figures?
A3: Yes, basically the same. As test load, you multiply each of the speed indexes H, V,
and W by 65%. For LI, you further multiply it by a coefficient.

Q4: Does JASIC have testing facilities?

A4: No. We aren’t a testing laboratory. JASIC is in charge of the internationalization of
approval under regulations. The official testing laboratory in Japan is NTSEL.

Q5: Can we ask the Japanese official testing laboratory to test our tyres?
A5: Certain arrangement will be necessary, but, yes, you can.

Q6: Under actual running conditions, the tyres incline while the motorcycle turns a
corner. But that’s not included in the test conditions, is it?
A6: That’s right. As to high-speed durability, the approval test only looks at
straight-course performance. Of course, we know that manufactures evaluate cornering
performance to meet the market's demand, but certifying a tyre isn't the same as
designing it.
Q7: Is PR (Ply Rating) marking not necessary for tyres?
A7: No, not for approval. It can be represented by LI (load index). For approval purposes,
however, there's no problem with indicating both PR and LI if your tyre has its PR
marked on it.

Q8: Isn’t there any requirement for testing under wet conditions?
A8: No, there isn’t any specific requirement for approval.

Q9: Why do you use 65% of LI as test load?

A9: I don’t know exactly how it's determined like this, but I hear it’s determined taking
account of actual conditions of use, the influence of drum curvature, etc., and I think
65% of LI is a reasonable level for evaluation purpose.

Q10: What are the test conditions used by manufacturers?

A10: Sorry, it's business secret.

Q11: Getting an E mark will cost us a lot. Why should we get it?
A11: Because an E mark is evidence that your tyres are of certified quality, that’s why.
What's more, if you don’t get it, you won’t be able to export your tyres to any of the 58
member countries that have adopted UNECE regulations.

Q12: Who implements the national regulation?

A12: In Japan, it's government. That is to say, the MLIT.

Q13: Are tyres imported from Japan in compliance with R75?

A13: Yes, there are in compliance.

Q14: Are tyre tubes included in the regulation?

Q14: No, they aren’t. The regulation regulates only tires.

Q15: What's necessary to export tyres to China?

A15: China hasn’t adopted UNECE yet. So you have to get your tyres certified under the
Chinese CCC regulations.

Q16: How much time does the test take?

A16: The test itself takes only a couple of hours, but, considering the time for leaving
the tyre for adjusting inner pressure, writing reports, and so on, you’ll need two to three
days at least.

Q17: Suppose the 01 series of R75 enters into force in future, then, how should a country
who has adopted the 00 series handle tyres certified under the 01 series?
A17: The 00 series was revised to the 01 series after satisfying the requirements of the
00 series, so you can think that tires that satisfy the 01 series satisfy the 00 series, too.

Q18: How many tyres will be necessary for the test?

A18: At least one tyre (but two tyres for high-speed tyres of 240 km/h or more). If you
use more than one tyre, it’s preferable they be of close date of manufacture.

Q19: You said for biased tyres, we can simply mark D or put no marking at all. Do you
mean that, if we don’t mark D, we don’t need to mark the rim code, either?
A19: You must put the rim code even if you don’t put D mark (e.g. 135/70-18 M/C).

2. R28 Audible Warning Devices: Presentation by Mr. Shirahashi from Nissan

After presenting the outline of the regulation, Mr. Shirahashi classified the subjects
roughly into two groups, systems and components on one hand and vehicle on the other
hand, and explained the details of technical requirements, test requirements, approval
method and COP for each group.

The presentation helped the attendees deepen their understanding of the details of
approval of audible warning devices under the regulation to be reflected in future. The
presentation was followed by a Q&A session and lively exchange of views.

● Major Questions and Answers

Q1: Are the type approval number and the certificate number different from each other
between AWD and signals?
A1: Yes they’re different. The number is granted to the device for AWD and to the
vehicle for signals.

Q2: Between a device for two-wheelers and that for four-wheelers, is the approval
number different even if the device is the same?
A2: As shown in the table of requirements, you cannot use the same number for them,
because the regulations are different between two wheelers of an engine power of 7 kW
or less and four-wheelers.

Q3: Isn’t there any requirement for current value?

A3: No, there isn’t. There’s only requirement for voltage.

Q4: I think there was a requirement that the sound pressure be between 92 and 115 dB,
wasn’t there?
A4: No. Such a value doesn’t satisfy R28. (The meaning of the question wasn’t clear.
Later, we learned that this question about altered spare mufflers for motorcycles, asked
by LTO, was actually about R92.)

Q5: Can I put two horns? Can I change frequencies?

A5: Yes, you can. Actually, there’re vehicles equipped with two or three horns, using one
to give a high frequency sound and the other to give a low frequency sound, and so on.
You can use any frequency between 1,800 and 3,550 Hz, as long as you satisfy the
regulatory values prescribed in 6-2 Second Requirement for Sound.

Q6: Isn’t there some difference of results depending on the place the test is done, i.e.
whether it's done in an acoustic chamber or outdoors?
A6: There's no such difference whether it’s indoors or outdoors, although there mustn’t
be barriers around. That said, I should say it's a measurement of 7 m, so it’s usually
done outdoors.

Q7: Here’s written “version” in the explanation of what the figures mean for E mark for
audible warning devices. Is it correct?
A7: No. Please read it “Series of amendments”. See WP29/1044 for definition.