Chemistry Laboratory Manual

For Grade 7

Table of Contents
Chapter Two: Substance Page

2.1. Determining the physical property of substance-------------------------------------------

10

2.2.Identifying unknown substance based on their physical properties -------------------

11

2.3 identification of metals on basis of physical properties Of physical properties--------------------

12

2.4distinguishing compound and mixtures -------------------------------------------------------------14

2.5 melting sulfur ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15-

2.6rusting of iron ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17-

2.7burning magnesium ribbon -------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

2.8separation of mixture using a magnet -------------------------------------------------------------------19

2.9Filtration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

2..1.0Evaporation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

2.1.1simple distillations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

Chapter Three :The Language Of Chemistry

3.1 simple chemical reactions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------23

Chapter Four: The Structure Of Substance

4.1 dissolving potassium permanganate in water------------------------------------------------------25
 Introduction

As to the curriculum text books are available for grade 7 chemistry

course. But there are no separate laboratory manuals. This manual is

prepared for primary school in order to assist the curriculum

implementation. The manual is condensed the student text. However,

some necessary points are made on it. i hope Teachers will find it

helpful in finding the laboratory activities easily because it is

organized as separate material.

 Laboratory Equipment’s And Their Uses

No Name of Apparatus Functions of apparatus

1 Beaker Used to hold and heat liquids
2 Bottle Can be used for storage ,for mixing and for displaying
3 Bunsen burner Used for heating and exposing items to flame
4 crucible Used to heat small quantities to very high temperature
5 Burette Used to titration to measure precisely how much liquid is
used to heat and store liquids
6 Erlenmeyer flask Advantage is that the button wider than tip so it will heat
because of the greater surface area exposed to the heat
7 Evaporating dish Used to heat and evaporates liquids
8 Funnel Is a piece of equipment that is used in the lab
It’s used to target liquids in to any containers so they will
note be lost or spilled
9 pipette Used for moving small amount of liquids from place to
place
10 spatula Used for moving small amount of solid from place to place
11 Florence flask Used for heating substance that needed to be heated
evenly
12 Mortar and pestle Used to crashed soil in the powders for experiments
13 Wash bottle Used to wash test tube during the experiments
14 Ring stand Used to hold items being heated to meet items may be
placed above the burners or other items
15 stirrer rod or glass rod Used to stirrer things
16 Test tube brush Is used to easily clean the inside of test tube
17 Test tube holder Used to hold test tubes when they are hot and untouchable
18 tongs Used to hold many different things such as flask, crucibles
and evaporated dishes when they are hot
19 Watch glass Used to hold solids when being weighted or means to
 pored
Never be heated
20 Test tube rack Used to hold test tube
21 Volumetric flask Used to measure one specific volume
Mostly used in mixing solutions where a one halt a litter is
need

22 Pneumatic trough Is a piece of laboratory a apparatus used to collecting

gases such as N2, H2, etc.
23 Triangle Used to hold crucibles when they are being heated
- Usually sit on and rind stand
24 Analytical balance Used to measure the weight of a substance in the reverent
instructions supplied together with the balance
25 Fume hoods Its instrument that collect unwanted materials it may be
poisonous or any other substances that is not important in
our experiment
26 Thistle funnel Is used to transfer substance in one container to another
27 Buchner funnel It is a piece of laboratory equipment used as filtration
process
28 Separator funnel It is used to separate the immiscible liquids
29 Distillation flask Used to separate miscible liquids
30 Filter funnel Used to separate solid from liquid particles
31 Droppers To add amount of liquid in the reaction containers
32 Thermometer Measure the amount of temperature
33 Pipette Used for the moving small amount of liquids from place to
place
 Some Laboratory Safety Rules

1. No running when enter in lab room

2. No moving laboratory chair from place to place
3. No gum chewing and eating food lab room
4. Wear a tie long cloth in lab classes and wear eye protection glass
5. Wear cover shoes not sandals and short cloth
6. Do not wear contact lenses in lab room
7. Never work or perform unauthorized experiment in lab room
8. No drinking beverages and soft drinks in lab room
9. No eating food in lab room
10. Using the laboratory materials or apparatus and chemicals in the lab careful
way
11. Known the location of now disclose water materials
12. Keep accessories clear as much as possible after any lab period
13. Never perform any experiment in the lab alone

Precautions while working With Acids

The most common acids used in school laboratory are HCL, HNO3, and H2SO4, .
There acids are poisonous and corrosive. The vapor of HCl and NHO3 are irritating
to skill ever and respiratory system. All the three acids (HCL, HNo3, H2SO4) cause
severe burn to both ever and skin if they are in contact. If taken by mouth, they will
cause severe irritation and damage.

If a concentrated acid is spilled or splashed on a person:

I. Wash the affected surface with a large quantity of running water. Continue
for at least minute.
II. Then wash the affected part with 10% NACO3 solution
 III. If the chemical has been swallowed give plentiful drink of water or milk to
dilute the acid in the stomach or give a weak base such as Mg(OH) or
Al(OHL3( Don’t induce vomiting)
IV. If the case is serious, arrange transport to hospital

Precaution While Working With Bases

The most common and strong bases used are sodium and potassium hydroxide.
They are caustic. They cause severe burns of the eye and skin if they are in contact
prevents contact with eye and skin. If they are taken by mouth three would be
severe internal irritation and damage.

If swallowed by accident it must be neutralized by drinking 1%-2% dilutes

solution of acetic acid. If a base is splashed on a person follow the procedure
mentioned for acids.
 DEMONSTRATE SAFE BEHAVIOUR
1. Obey all safety instruction given by your teacher or found in your experimental
procedure.
2. Clean up spills immediately if you know if you are uncertain how to clean up a
spill or a large spill occurs, notify your teacher immediately.
3. Before leaving the lab, be sure to replace the lids to all containers, return
equipment and chemicals to their proper places and clean up your work area.
4. Know how to dispose of waste according to your teacher's instructions.
5. Remember that the laboratory a place for serious work and avoid careless.
6. Know how to respond to an emergency.
7. Report any accident or unsafe a conditions immediately.
8. For some experiment’s, it may be helpful to anticipate data you should always
read the experiment in advance.

WRITING A LABORATORY REPORT

1. Title
2. Objective
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Materials /Equipment/
apparatus

6. Procedure
Chemicals

7. Data /Observations/
8. Result
9. Discussion
10. Conclusion
11. Reference materials
 12. Feedback Comments

Unit Two

Substance

 Experiment 2.1
 Tittle: Determining the Physical property of substance
 Objective To determine the density and conductive of substance
 Theory: Properties are classified in to two these are

1. Physical properties

2. Chemical properties

1. physical properties are those properties of substance that can be observed

without change the composition and the identity of the substance physical
properties can be classified in to there they are

A. Physical state of substance

B. Physical properties recognized by our sense organs example like
color ,taste ,odor
C. Physical properties with constant value density ,melting point ,electrical
conductivity

 Materials required፡ Three fifty cent coins, cell, and light bulb, two pieces
of connecting wires, wood and plastic.

 Part A: Determination of the density of a substance

 Procedure:
1. Using a beam balance, measure the mass of the three fifty cent coins.
Recorded the mass
 2. Take a measuring cylinder which is large enough for the coin to enter into it
and
A. Pour water into the measuring cylinder to the 50 Ml mark
B, drop the three coins into the measuring cylinder turn by turn and see
the change in the volume of the water after dropping Observation and
analysis
I. What is the total mass of the three coins?
II. What is the total volume of the three coins?
(Volume of coins = Volume reading after dropping the coins - cent coins)
III. What is the density of a single fifty cent?

Part B, conductive of a substance procedure:

1. Take a nail and connect it to the wire

2. Attach the wire to the positive and negative terminals of the dry cell as
shown in figure 2.2
3. Observe whether the bulb gives light or not.
 Observation and analysis:
I. Does the bulb give light? What does this indicate?
II. What will happen if the nail is replaced by wood or plastic in this
experiment?
 Experiment 2.2
 Title: identifying unknown substance based on their Physical
properties
 Objective: To investigate the Physical state color and solubility of
substance.
 Theory : identifying substance on the basis of their properties

Different substance can be identified on basis of their solubility, color, physical

state

Physical properties of different substance

Substance State Color Solubility Density gm./cm3

At 25c0
Iron Solid Brown Insoluble 7.86
Water Liquid colorless --- 1.o
 Sodium Solid White 36.5 0.065
chloride
Benzene Liquid - 0.07 0.879

 Material required፡ five unknown substance, water, five small beakers,

and spatula and glass rod.

Your teacher will provide you five small Beakers with substance: use following
procedure to identify the substance.

 Procedure:
1. Examine each of the substance and record Your observation regarding their
state and color
2. Take the five small beakers and add each 50ml water to each baker. Then
add a spatula full of each substance to each baker. Stir the mixtures in each
of five beakers with a glass rod and observe the results.
 Observation and analysis:

Copy the following table in your exercise book and record your observation.

substance state color Solubility in

water

Write a report about your observation and present it to the class

 Experiment 2.3
 Title: Identification of metals on the basis of Physical properties on the
basis of Physical properties
 Objective : To identify metals by observing their Physical properties
 Theory metals can be identified base on their physical properties by
observing their color, state, magnetic or non-magnetic
 Metals Color State Magnetic Non magnetic
Aluminum Bright grey Solid Non magnetic
Iron Brown Solid Magnetic

 Materials required ፡ Mercury, copper, iron, Aluminum, lead, sodium

metal, and a magnet
 Apparatus፡ magnet a sheet of paper
 Chemicals: Mercury, copper, iron, Aluminum, Lead, Sodium metal

 Procedure:
1. Take a magnet and check if the above metals are attracted by a magnet
2. Examine each metal carefully
3. Take a magnet and check if the above metals are attracted by a magnet
4. Examine each metal carefully
5. Take a magnet and check if the above metals are attracted by a magnet
6. Examine each metal carefully
 Observation and Analysis

Copy the following table in your exercise book and record your observation

Observed Physical properties

Metals Color State Magnetic Non
magnetic
Mercury
copper
Iron
Aluminum
Lead

I. Which metal is liquid and has a silvery-white color?

II. Which metal can be identified by its reddish- brown color?

III which metals is light, Silvery-white and not attracted by a magnate?

IV Which metals is grayish in color and has a high density

VI Which metal is the highest melting point

 Experiment 2.4
 Title: Distinguishing compounds and mixtures.
 Objective: To investigate the difference between compounds and mixtures
 Theory: the difference between compounds and mixtures

Compound Mixture
has a new set of properties The component retain their
properties
Heat or light is usual given out or No heat or light given out or
absorbed absorbed

Chemical change take place No chemical change

The component have definite The component have any ratio or
proportion proportions
The component can be separated by The component can be separated by
chemical or electrical means physical means

 Materials Required: magnet ,iron filings, powdered sulfur , test tube,

Bunsen burner, magnetizing glass, tong and beam balance
 Apparatus chemicals
 Magnet iron filing
 Magnetizing glass sulfur powder
 Tong
 Beam balance
 Test tube
 Part I: Procedure
1. Mix long of iron filings with 6 g of powder sulfur

2place half of this mixture on sheet of paper

3 Bring one end of a magnet close to the mixture

4 observe the components of the mixture with a magnifying glass

Questions:

I. What did you observe as you bring the magnet close to mixture?

II. What did you observe under the magnifying glass?

 Part I Procedure:
 Caution: Do not hold the hot test tube with your hand
1. Place the remaining half of the mixture in a test tube
2. Heat the test tube strongly for a few minutes
3. Put off the flame and remove the test tube
4. After the reaction stops, break the test tube by plunging the hot end into a
beaker of cold
5. Take the product formed and powder
6. Observe the product under a magnifying glass
 Questions
1. Under a magnifying glass are the iron filings and sulfur seen
2. Is it possible to attract the iron or sulfur by a magnet why?
Observation and analysis
I. Which part of the experiment (parts I or part II) indicates a compounds?
give your reason
II. Which part of the experiment (part I or Part II) indicate a mixture?
 Experiment 2.5
 Title: Melting sulfur
 Objective: - to determine whether the melding of sulfur is physical or a
chemical change
 Theory: physical change are change that do not alter the composition of
substance

Physical change classified in to three these are:

A. change of state
B. dissolving of substance
C mechanical changes
The main characteristics of physical change are

 no new substance are formed

 the change is easily reversible
 heat change is small
 no change in mass

Examples of physical change are: freezing of water, the melting of candle

wax, dissolving of sugar

 Materials required: Test tube watch glass, Bunsen, burns, tong, and
powdered sulfur
 Chemicals Apparatus powdered sulfur
tong
Test tube
Bunsen burner
Watch glass
 Procedure:
 Caution : Do not hold the hot test tube with your hand
1. Put powdered sulfur to half a test tube
2. Heat the tube gently until all the sulfur melts
3. Observe the color of the molten sulfur
4. Pour the molten sulfur on a watch glass and allow it to cool
5. Let the watch glass stay for some days and observe the change again

 Observation and Analysis:

I. Name all the color sulfur observed before and after the experiment
II. Is the change Physical or chemical

 Experiment 2.6
 Title: Rusting of iron
 Theory: Chemical changes are changes in which new substance with new
properties are formed

The main characteristics of chemical change are:

 new substance are formed

 the change is difficult to reversible
 heat is large
  there change in mass

Agents that bring about chemical changes are:

 heat energy
 light energy
 electrical energy
 water
 catalysts
 Examples of are heating of sugar, decaying of food, burning of magnesium
resting of iron
 Materials required፡ Iron nails, test tube

 Apparatus and chemical

 Test tube water
 Iron nail
 Procedure:
1. Pour some amount of tape water into the test tube
2. Put 3 or 4 clean and shiny iron nails into test tube
3. Let the test tube stay for a few days in open air
4. Record the change that occurred after a few days.

 Observation and Analysis:

I. What happened to the surface of the iron nails
II. What color do you observed on the iron nails
III. Is the change Physical or Chemical? Why

 Experiment 2.7

Title: Burning magnesium ribbon

Objective: to investigate the change that occurs during burning of magnesium

Theory: when chemical change takes place there is change incolor, composition
and identity of the substance
Materials required: crucible tong, magnesium ribbon, Bunsen burner, match

Apparatus Chemicals

Crucible - magnesium ribbon

Tong

Tripod

Match

 Procedure:
1. Take about 7 Cm magnesium ribbon
2. Notice the properties of magnesium
3. Hold the magnesium ribbon with tong
4. Burn it in the crucible
5. Collect the substance formed in the crucible
6. Examine the color
7. Compare the properties of magnesium and the product

 Observation and Analysis

Copy the following table in your exercise book and record your observation

properties Before burning After burning

Color
State
Appearance
Ductility
i. Is there a change in composition of the magnesium ribbon after burning?
ii. Will the product burn if it is heated? Explain
iii. What type of change does the experiment indicated?
iv. What is the color of the product
 v. What is the name of the new substance formed
vi. What is the color of the magnesium when it is burn?
 Experiment 2.8

Title: separation of mixture using a magnet

Objective: to separate a mixture of iron fillings and sulfur using a magnet

Theory: magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic materials from a

mixture containing magnetic and non-magnetic substance if the substance are
attracted by the magnet it is called magnetic: however, if the substance are not
attract by magnet it is called non magnetic
Materials required: magnet, iron fillings, powdered sulfur, beakers, sheet of
paper, spatulas

Apparatus Chemicals
Magnet Iron fillings
beakers powdered sulfur
sheet of paper
spatula
Mortals

 Procedure:
1. Take two spatulas each of iron fillings and powdered sulfur
2. Pace the mature in mortar and grind until it is well mixed
3. Fill in the beakers with iron filings and sulfur
4. Place some of this mixture on a sheet of paper
5. Bring a magnet close to the mixture

 Observation and Analysis

i. Which component of mixture is attracted to magnet?
ii. What can you concluded from the experiment?
iii. Which one do you see? Sulfur or iron?

 Experiment 2.9
Title: filtration

Objective: to separate a mixture of chalk and water by filtration

Theory: filtration is a method used for separating the component of mixture in

soluble solid from a liquid and soluble solid from insoluble solid

o Filtrate is the liquid collected in the filtration process

o Reside is the solid left on the filter paper

Materials required: Beakers, filter paper, funnel, flask, powder chalk

Apparatus Chemicals
Beakers chalk
Funnels water
Conical flask

 Procedure:
1. Dissolve some powder chalk in a beaker containing water
2. Stir the powder chalk in the beaker containing water
3. Pour the mixture into the funnel with a filter paper
4. Place the funnel in conical flask
5. Examine the result
 Observation and Analysis:
i. Does the powdered chalk dissolve in water?
ii. Which substance is collected in the conical flask?
iii. Which substance remains on filter paper?
iv. What did you observe in filter paper?
 Experiment 2.10

Title: Evaporation

Objective: To separate salt from salt solution

Theory: evaporation is use to separate a soluble solid from a liquid in solution

Example solution of salt can be separated by evaporation

Material Required: Bunsen, Burner, evaporating dish, wire gauze, salt, beaker,
watch glass, beam balance, measuring cylinders

Apparatus Chemicals

Bunsen burner salt

Evaporating dish water
wire gauze
beaker
Watch glass
beam balance
measuring cylinder

 Procedure:
1. Dissolve about log of common salt in 30ml of tap water in a beaker
2. Pour the salt solution in an evaporating dish
3. Boil the solution until all the liquid evaporates
4. Record the result

 Observation and Analysis:

i. What did you observe in the evaporating dish?
ii. What would happen to the level of the liquid if the evaporating dish is
covered with a watch glass? Is evaporation possible
iii. What is the ass of salt
iv. What is the mass of the salt
v. Which one of them are evaporated salt or water?
 Experiment 2.11

Title: simple distillation

Objective: To separate water from salt solution

Theory: distillation is method of separating the components of a mixture or a

soluble solid from a liquid in a solution it consists of the two basic
processes .boiling and condensation .for example to get pure water from sea
water .
Material required: distillation flask, condenser, wire gauze, buses burner,
conical flask, and beaker

Apparatus Chemicals
Bunsen burner salt
Wire gauze water
beaker
Conical flask
distillation flask
Condenser
thermometer

 Procedure
1. Dissolve abut 40g of common salt in 150ml of pure water
2. Arrange the apparatus properly
3. Connect the condenser with tap water
4. Add 100ml of salt solution in the distillation flask
5. Put a boiling chips in the flask
6. Heat the distillation flask gently place the thermometer in the distillation
7. Examine the results.
 Observation and Analysis:
i. What is collected in the conical flask( receiver)
ii. What is remains in the distillation flask
iii. Give the names of the apparatus used to the evaporation and
condensation process in the experiment
iv. Why the condenser is connected two tap water in a simple distillation set
up?
v. What is the use of boiling chips in the flask?

Unit Three
The Language of Chemistry
 Experiment 3.1

Title: simple chemical reaction

Objective: to study simple chemical reaction by burning magnesium in air

Theory: chemical reaction is a process in which a substance is changed in to one
or more new substance

The substance that take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants

The substance formed as result of chemical reaction are called products

Reactants products

Carbon +oxygen carbon dioxide

Material required: Bunsen burner, match tong, crucible and magnesium ribbon

Apparatus Chemicals
Tong magnesium
ribbon
Crucible
Bunsen burner
match

 Procedure:
1. Hold a magnesium ribbon with a tong
2. Heat on the Bunsen burner
3. Collect the product on the crucible
4. Record your observation
 Observation and Analysis
i. What is the importance of heat for the reaction
ii. What are the reaction and products
iii. Compare and contrast the properties of the reactants with the product
iv. What is seen when magnesium burn with air
 UNIT FOUR
THE STRUCTURE OF SUBSTANCE
 Experiment 4.1

Title: Dissolving potassium permanganate in water

Objective: to investigate the discrete nature of matter

Theory: Theory of matter is classified in two these are:

1. Discrete this idea was studied by Democritus he state that there is limit to which
matter is broken ,there is existence of atoms
2. Continuous this idea was studied by Aristotle he state that matter is infinitely
divisible , no atom is discover
Material required: beaker, stirring rod, potassium permanganate and spatula

Apparatus Chemicals

Beaker Potassium permanganate

Stirring rod

Spatula

 Procedures:
1. Dissolve a small crystal of potassium permanganate in 10ml water
2. Pour 5ml of the solution in to agar of a large beaker.
3. Add 20ml water to it.
4. Add more water to solution repeatedly till purple color disappears.
 Observation and Analysis
1. What happen to the crystals during dissolve?
 2. Do the particles disappear the color fader out?
3. Do you think that the chemical nature of potassium permanganate is changed
during the dissolve process?
4. Add more water to solution repeatedly fill purple color disappears.
 Observation and analysis
i. What happen to the crystals during dissolution?
ii. Do the particles disappear as the color fade-out?
iii. Do you think that the chemical not nature of potassium permanganate is
changed during the dissolution process?