Defination 1.

Deforestation:- Clearing of virgin forests, or intentional destruction or removal

Introduction;Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees in an areain conformance with sustainable forestry practicesis correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.

Causes
There are many causes of contemporary deforestation, including corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new ows of labor, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery. In 2000 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that "the role of population dynamics in a local setting may vary from decisive to negligible," and that deforestation can result from "a combination of population pressure and stagnating economic, social and technological conditions. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is agriculture. Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for

32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation. Some commentators have noted a shift in the drivers of deforestation over the past 30 years Whereas deforestation was primarily driven by subsistence activities and governmentsponsored development projects like transmigration in countries like Indonesia and colonization in Latin America, India, Java etc. during late 19th century and the earlier half of the 20th century. By the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.

Environmental problems
1. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change deforestation, mainly in tropical areas, could account for up to one-third of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions But recent calculations suggest that carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (excluding peatland emissions) contribute about 12% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions with a range from 6 to 17%. Forests are stores of carbon and can be either sinks or sources depending upon environmental circumstances. Mature forests alternate between being net sinks and net sources of carbon dioxide (see carbon dioxide sink and carbon cycle). In deforested areas, the land heats up faster and reaches a higher temperature, leading to localized upward motions that enhance the formation of clouds and ultimately produce more rainfall. Forests are also able to extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. 2.

Atmospheric:-

Hydrological

The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer evaporate away this water, resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue Forests enhance the recharge of aquifers in some locales, however, forests are a major source of aquifer depletion on most locales.

Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:

their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is then evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception); their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff; their roots create macropores - large conduits - in the soil that increase infiltration of water; they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via transpiration; their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the capacity of soil to store water. their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring. 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired.

Result:As a result, the presence or absence of trees can change the quantity of water on the surface, in the soil or groundwater, or in the atmosphere. This in turn changes erosion rates and the availability of water for either ecosystem functions or human services. The forest may have little impact on flooding in the case of large rainfall events, which overwhelm the storage capacity of forest soil if the soils are at or close to saturation. 3. Deforestation generally increases rates of soil erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. This can be an advantage in excessively leached tropical rain forest soils. Forestry operations themselves also increase erosion through the development of roads and the use of mechanized equipment Tree roots bind soil together, and if the soil is sufficiently shallow they act to keep the soil in place by also binding with underlying bedrock. Tree removal on steep slopes with shallow soil thus increases the risk of landslides, which can threaten people living nearby. However most deforestation only affects the trunks of trees, allowing for the roots to stay rooted, negating the landslide 4. Deforestation results in declines in biodiversity. The removal or destruction of areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation. With forest biotopes being irreplaceable source of new drugs (such as taxol), deforestation can destroy genetic variations (such as crop resistance) irretrievably The known extinction rates from deforestation rates are very low, approximately 1 species per year from mammals and birds which extrapolates to approximately 23,000 species per year for all species. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century

Soil:-

Ecological:-

Control
1. Reducing emissions:Major international organizations, including the United Nations and the World Bank, have begun to develop programs aimed at curbing deforestation. The blanket term Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) describes these sorts of programs, which use direct monetary or other incentives to encourage developing countries to limit and/or roll back deforestation. Funding has been an issue, but at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties-15 (COP15) in Copenhagen in December 2009, an accord was reached with a collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, that will approach USD 30 billion for the period 2010 2012. 2. Farming:greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and hydroponics. These methods are often dependent on chemical inputs to maintain necessary yields. In cyclic agriculture, cattle are grazed on farm land that is resting and rejuvenating. Cyclic agriculture actually increases the fertility of the soil. Intensive farming can also decrease New methods are being developed to farm more intensively, such as high-yield hybrid crops, soil nutrients by consuming at an accelerated rate the trace minerals needed for crop growth.[citation needed]The most promising approach, however, is the concept of food forests in permaculture, which consists of agroforestal systems carefully designed to mimic natural forests, with an emphasis on plant and animal species of interest for food, timber and other uses. These systems have low dependence on fossil fuels and agro-chemicals, are highly selfmaintaining, highly productive, and with strong positive impact on soil and water quality, and biodiversity. 3. Reducing and monitoring deforestation is a new chapter of this dense keywords lifetime. There are multiple methods that are appropriate and reliable for monitoring deforestation. One method is the visual interpretation of aerial photos or satellite imagery that is laborintensive but does not require high-level training in computer image processing or extensive computational resources.[137] Another method includes hot-spot analysis (i.e. locations of rapid change) using expert opinion or coarse resolution satellite data to identify locations for detailed digital analysis with high resolution satellite images.[138] Deforestation is typically assessed by quantifying the amount of area deforested, measured at the present time. From an environmental point of view, quantifying the damage and its possible consequences is a more important task, while conservation efforts are more focused on forested land protection and development of land-use alternatives to avoid continued deforestation

Monitoring Deforestation:-

4. To meet the world's demand for wood, it has been suggested by forestry writers Botkins and Sedjo that high-yielding forest plantations are suitable. It has been calculated that plantations yielding 10 cubic meters per hectare annually could supply all the timber

. Forest plantations:-

required for international trade on 5% of the world's existing forestland. By contrast, natural forests produce about 1-2 cubic meters per hectare; therefore, 5-10 times more forestland would be required to meet demand. Forester Chad Oliver has suggested a forest mosaic with high-yield forest lands interpersed with conservation land.

References
Notes

References
Notes

1. 2. 3.

^ http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/deforestation ^ http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/regeneration_cut%28ting%29 ^ Oliver, C.D. Forest Development in North America following major disturbances. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 3(1980):153-168 4. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079. 5. ^ "Use Energy, Get Rich and Save the Planet", The New York Times, April 20, 2009 6. ^ Burgonio, T.J. (January 3, 2008). "Corruption blamed for deforestation". Philippine Daily Inquirer. ^ "Global Deforestation". Global Change Curriculum. University of Michigan Global Change Program. January 4, 2006. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html. 7. ^ a b Alain Marcoux (August 2000). "Population and deforestation". SD Dimensions. Sustainable Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/sd/WPdirect/WPan0050.htm. 8. ^ resented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA, Aug 16, 2003. . p. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 9. ^ "The Double Edge of Globalization". YaleGlobal Online. Yale University Press. June 2007. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=9366.

10.

^ UNFCCC (2007). "Investment and financial flows to address climate change". unfccc.int. UNFCCC. p. 81. http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/pu b_07_financial_flows.pdf. 11. ^ a b Pearce, David W (December 2001). "The Economic Value of Forest Ecosystems". Ecosystem Health, Vol. 7, no. 4. pp. 284296. http://www.cbd.int/doc/external/academic/forest-es2003-en.pdf. 12. ^ Helmut J. Geist And Eric F. Lambin (February 2002). "Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation". BioScience, Vol. 52, No. 2. pp. 143150. http://www.freenetwork.org/resources/documents/2-5Deforestationtropical.pdf. 13. ^ Butler, Rhett A. and Laurance, William F. (August 2008). "New strategies for conserving tropical forests". Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 23, No. 9. pp. 469472. ^ Deforestation, ScienceDaily 14. ^ G.R.van der Werf, D.C.Morton, R.S.DeFries, J.G.J.Olivier, P.S.Kasibhatla, R.B.Jackson, G.J.Collatz and J.T.Randerson (2009). "CO2 emissions from forest loss". Nature Geoscience 2: 737 738. doi:10.1038/ngeo671. 15. ^ a b "How can you save the rain forest. October 8, 2006. Frank Field". The Times (London). October 8, 2006. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article664544.ece. Retrieved April 1, 2010.