constantes fı́sicas

2
dF� = dq(E � + �v × B); � K= 1
4π�0 c � 2, 997924 × 108 m/s; �0 � 8, 854188 × 10−12 F/m; µ0 = 4π × 10−7 N/A
ρ = dq/dv, σ = dq/ds, λ = dq/dl e � 1, 60218 × 10−19 C; me � 9, 1093837 × 10−31 kg
� �r−�r � � dq�
� =K
E �
� |3 dq ; V = K trigonometria et al:
� |�
r −�
r |� r �|
r −�
E� · d�s = qint /�0 ; ∇ � ·E� = ρ/�0 cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y; sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
� = −∇V
� ;∇
� ×E
� = 0; ∇2 V = −ρ/�0 �
+∞ �N
E log(1 + x) = (−1)n−1 xn /n; rn−1 = (1 − rN )/(1 − r)
n=1 n=1
�2 − E
n̂ · (E � 1 ) = σ/�0 coordenadas cartesianas �r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ x̂, ŷ, ẑ constantes
n̂ × (E�2 − E� 1) = 0 d�r = dx x̂ + dy ŷ + dz ẑ; dv = dx dy dz
�
U = 2 �ρ V dv; ue = �20 E
1 �2 � = ∂x f x̂ + ∂y f ŷ + ∂z f ẑ
grad: ∇f
� � �
U = �20 E 2 dv + V E� · d�s � ·A
div: ∇ � = ∂ x Ax + ∂ y Ay + ∂ z Az
�
1 qtot �·�
p r i ij j x Q x � ×A� = (∂y Az − ∂z Ay ) x̂ + (∂z Ax − ∂x Az ) ŷ + (∂x Ay − ∂y Ax ) ẑ
V = 4π� � 0 ( r + �r3 + 2r 5 + ...) rot: ∇
qtot = dq; p� = �r dq lap: ∇ f = ∂x2 f + ∂y2 f + ∂z2 f
2
� �
Qij = (3xi xj − δij r2 )dq coordenadas cilı́ndricas �r = ρ ρ̂ + z ẑ ρ = x2 + y 2 ; ϕ = tg−1 (y/x)
�τ = p� × E;� U = −� p·E� d�r = dρ ρ̂ + ρ dϕ ϕ̂ + dz ẑ; ρ̂ = cos ϕ x̂ + sin ϕ ŷ; ϕ̂ = − sin ϕ x̂ + cos ϕ ŷ; dv = ρ dρ dϕ dz
�
F = (� p · ∇)E; E = p ·r̂)r̂−�
� � � 3(�
3
p
4π�0 r
� = ∂ρ f ρ̂ + 1 ∂ϕ f ϕ̂ + ∂z f ẑ
grad: ∇f ρ
U= 1
p1 · p�2 − 3(�
p1 · r̂)(�p2 · � ·A
div: ∇ � = 1 ∂ρ (ρAρ ) + 1 ∂ϕ Aϕ + ∂z Az
4π�0 r 3 [� r̂)] ρ ρ
F� = 3K
r 4 [(�p2 · r̂)� p1 · r̂)�
p1 + (� p2 + � ×A
rot: ∇ � = ( 1 ∂ϕ Az − ∂z Aϕ ) ρ̂ + (∂z Aρ − ∂ρ Az ) ϕ̂ + 1 (∂ρ (ρAϕ ) − ∂ϕ Aρ ) ẑ
ρ ρ
−5(�
p1 · r̂)(�
p2 · r̂)r̂ + (�
p1 · p�2 )r̂] lap: ∇2 f = ρ1 ∂ρ (ρ∂ρ f ) + ρ12 ∂ϕ2 f + ∂z2 f
p
�
�rcc = qtot coordenadas esféricas �r = r r̂ d�r = dr r̂ + rdθ θ̂ + r sin θdϕ ϕ̂; dv = r2 sin θ dr dθ dϕ
� �
U = QV0 − p� · E � 0 − 1 � Qij (∂j Ei )0 r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; θ = tg−1 ( x2 + y 2 /z); ϕ = tg−1 (y/x)
6
q = CV ; U = CV 2 /2 r̂ = sθ(cϕ x̂ + sϕ ŷ) + cθ ẑ; θ̂ = cθ(cϕ x̂ + sϕ ŷ) − sθ ẑ; ϕ̂ = −sϕ x̂ + cϕ ŷ;
ρb = −∇ � · P� ; σb = P� · n̂; grad: ∇f � = ∂r f r̂ + 1 ∂θ f θ̂ + 1 ∂ϕ f ϕ̂
r r sin θ
D� = �0 E � + P� ; ∇ � ·D � = ρf div: ∇ � ·A � = 12 ∂r (r2 Ar ) + 1 ∂θ (Aθ sin θ) + 1 ∂ϕ Aϕ
r r sin θ r sin θ
� � �
P = �0 χe E; D = �E; � �r = �/�0 � A
rot � = 1 (∂θ (Aϕ sin θ) − ∂ϕ Aθ ) r̂ + 1 ( 1 ∂ϕ Ar − ∂r (rAϕ )) θ̂ + 1 (∂r (rAθ ) − ∂θ Ar ) ϕ̂
r sin θ r sin θ r
� �
n̂ · (D2 − D1 ) = σf lap: ∇2 f = r12 ∂r (r2 ∂r f ) + r2 sin 1 1 2
� θ ∂θ (sin θ∂θ f ) + r 2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ f
∇� ·B � = 0; ∇ � ×B � = µ0�; B � · d�� = µ0 i teoremas fundamentais
�
� �
n̂ · (B2 − B1 ) = 0; n̂ × (B2 − B � � 1 ) = µ0�k teorema do gradiente: (∇f � ) · d�� = f (�rf ) − f (�ri )
� � � �
� = ρ�vd ; i = S � · d�s, i = �k · d�� teorema de Gauss: (∇ � · A)dV
� = A � · d�s
� �
� = σ E;� id�� = �dv = �kds teorema do Stokes: (∇ � × A) � · d�s = A � · d��
� �
dP/dv = � · E � = σE �2 � �
corolário 1: ∇ × AdV = A × d�s �
� � �
∂t ρ + ∇� · � = 0; Φ = B
S
� · dS� corolário 2: f d�� = d�s × (∇f � )
Φ21 = M21 i1 ; Φ = Li identidades vetorais
�� d�r1 ·d�r2 �
M = 4π µ0
� = 12 �r × � dv � · (B� × C) � =C � · (A� × B)� =B � · (C� × A);� � × (B � × C)� = (A
� · C)
� B � − (A
� · B)
� C�
r21 ; m A A
� = µ0 3 m � = µ0 3 [3(m � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
A 4πr � × � r; B 4πr � · r̂)r̂ − m]
� ∇(A · B) = (A · ∇)B + (B · ∇)A + A × (∇ × B) + B × (∇ × A)
U = −m � · B,� �τ = m � ×B � � g) = f ∇g
∇(f � + g ∇f � ; ∇ � · (f A)
� =f ∇ � ·A �+A � · ∇f
�
� µ0 id��× r̂
F� = ∇(� m � B
� · B); � =
P 4π r 2
� � � � � �
∇ · (A × B) = B · (∇ × A) − A · (∇ × B) � � �
� µ0 J× � r̂
B� =
V 4π r 2
dv �
; d �
F = id�� × B � � × (f A)
∇ � =f ∇ � ×A �−A � × ∇f�
�
B =∇×A � � � � �
∇ × (A × B) = (B · ∇)A − (A� � � � · ∇)� B � + A(� ∇ � · B)
� − B( � ∇
� · A)
�
∇� ·A �=0⇒∇ � 2A � = −µ0� � � � � � � � �
∇ · (∇ × A) = 0; ∇ × (∇f ) = 0; ∇ × (∇ × A) = ∇(∇ · A) − ∇2 A � � � � �
� � �
A� = (µ0 /4π) � dv /|�r − �r � | múltiplos e submúltiplos
Um = Li2 /2; um = � · A/2; � k (quilo)≡ 103 ; M (mega)≡ 106 ; G (giga)≡ 109 ; T (tera)≡ 1012 m
�
um = B /2µ 2
(mili)≡ 10−3 ; µ (micro)≡ 10−6 ; n (nano)≡ 10−9 ; p (pico)≡ 10−12 ; f (fento)≡ 10−15
∇� ×M � = �b ; rotS M � = �kb delta de Dirac
� �
� � �
M = χm H; ∇ × H = �f � � · r̂2 = 4π δ 3 (�r); f (�r)δ 3 (�r − �r0 ) = f (�r0 )δ 3 (�r − �r0 ); δ(−x) = δ(x); H � (x) = δ(x)
∇ r
B� = µ0 ( H � +M � ); B � = µH � expansão geradora dos polinómios de Legendre
� ×E �
� = −∂t B 1
�
+∞
� = −dΦ/dt; ∇ √
1−2xt+t 2
= Pn (x)tn
n
� ×B
∇ � = µ0� + µ0 �0 ∂t E
� P0 = 1; P1 = x; P2 = 12 (3x2 − 1); P3 = 12 (5x3 − 3x); P4 = 18 (35x4 − 30x2 + 3)
2� 2�
∇ E − µ0 � 0 ∂ t E = 0 nPn = (2n − 1)xPn−1 − (n − 1)Pn−2
� =∇
B � × A;
� E � = −∇V � − ∂t A � circuitos DC e AC
� =A
A � � + ∇Λ;
� �
V � = V − ∂t Λ VR = Ri; VC = Cq ; VL = L dt
di
; P =Vi
� � �
� 2
∇ V + ∂ �
∇·A � =−ρ 1
ZR = R; ZC = jωC ; ZL = jωL; j 2 = −1; Zeq ser
= par
Zi ; 1/Zeq = 1/Zi
∂t �0
i i
� × (∇
� × A) �
� = µ0� − �0 µ0 ∂ 2 A �
∂ ∇V
∇ ∂t2 − �0 µ0 ∂t força, momento linear e momento angular
→
−
∇� ·A� = 0 (p. de Coul.) � ·−
Tij = �0 (Ei Ej − δij E 2 /2) + (1/µ0 )(Bi Bj − δij B 2 /2); f� = ∇
→ �
T − �0 µ0 ∂∂tS
∇� ·A� + µ0 �0 ∂t V = 0 (p. de Lor.) �=E
S � × B/µ
� 0; P � = �0 µ0 S;� L � = �r × P
�
∇2 V − µ0 �0 ∂t2 V = −ρ/�0 Primitivas:
√ √ √
� �
∇2 A� − µ0 �0 ∂ 2 A
� = −µ0� dx/ 1 + x2 = log(x + 1 + x2 ); dx/(1 + x2 )3/2 = x/ 1 + x2
t