HI

STORYREVI
SION
PAPER 2 KI
T

MrI
saboke
0705525657
 HISTORYPAPER2
i
sabokemicah@gmai
l.
com

KCSEHISTORYPAPER2 oflawandorder.
Government:Meansagroupofpeopl
e
REVI
SIONKIT withi
nas t
ate/Societ
ygivenaut
hori
tyt
o
ex
erci
sepowerovert
hats
tat
e/Soci
ety.
T0PI
C1INTRODUCTI
ONTOHI
STORY
&GOVERNMENT

Sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
iononpr
e-hi
stor
y
Char
act
eri
sti
csofGover
nment
.
1. Oraltradit
ions .
2.Ant hropology.
1. Ever
ygover nmenthasrules
.
3.Ar ti
facts/F ossil
s/Archaeol
ogy/
2.Legitimacyf rom t
hesubject
s.
Palaeontology.
3.Sover eignty.
4.Languageoft hepeople.
4.Jur i
sdicti
on.
5.Genet i
cs.
5.Leader ship
6.LawEnf orcement.
Typesoffos
sil
sfoundin
archaeol
ogi
calsi
tes. Ar
ms/Br
anchesofgover
nment
-
Executi
ve,Judi
ciar
y&legi
slat
ive/
1. Bas
kets. parl
iament/nati
onalas
sembly.
2.Carbonizedseeds.
3.Garment s(cl
othes) TYPES/F
ORMSOFGOVERNMENT
4.Charcoal
5.Bones 1
.Democr
ati
c
6.Remainsofani mals
7.Remainsofpl ant
stheyl
ivedon. Thi
sisbas edonthewi
llofthepeopl
e.
El
ecti
onsar efr
eeandf
air.
Hi
stor
ymeanst hest
udyofman’
spas
t 2.Ari
stocr
atic
i
mportantevent
s.
Agr oupofpeopl
efrom t
hehighestsoci
al
Br
anchesofHi
stor
y- classrul
eoverthesoci
ety.Kingorqueeni
s
Economic,whi
chdeal
swit
hmeansof theheadofgovernment.
l
ivel
ihoodofmanli
ke 3.Monarchi
cal-Therul
eristhequeenor
hunti
ng,growi
ngofcr
opsandt
radi
ng. king.

-Social
, whi chdealswithtradi
ti
ons, a)Absolute-Thi
siswher
ether
eis
valuesandcul
tural unr
est
rictedpoweroft
heheadofs
tat
e.
practi
cesofmanl i
kereli
gion,andrit
esof
b)Consti
tuti
onal
-Parli
amentissupreme
pas s
age.
butthemonar ch(ki
ng/Queen)isr etai
ned.
4.Dictat
ori
al
-
Pol
itical
, whichdeal
swi t
hcontr
ol
Ther ul
erhastotalpoweroverhi
ss ubject
s.
s
ystem inthes
ociet
ylike
Hemakest helawandexerci
sesit.
sys
t em ofgovernmentandmaintenance
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I
mpor
tanceofs
tudyi
ngHi
stor
y progr ammesar emadeandi mplement ed.
3.Itenabl esust olear nhowgover nment
1. Thes t
udyofHi stor yenabl est hel earner raisesands pendsr evenue.
toknowt heor iginofmanki nd,andhi s 4.Itenabl esust olear nt hef unctionsof
progres sanddevel opment . thevar iousor gansofgover nmente. g.
2.I tenablest hel ear nert oappr eci atethe Legi s
lature,Judi ciary&execut ive
achievement sandl ear nf rom the 5.Itmakesusappr eciateandunder stand
fai
luresofmanki nd. theneedf oragover nment .
3.I tenablest hel ear nert ounder stand 6.Ithelpsust oappr eciatet hecons ti
tuti
on
howhumanbei ngsdependandr elatet o &t hepr oces sofmaki ng&r eviewi ng
eachot her . laws .
4.I talsoenabl esust ounder st
andour 7.Wear eabl et oknowourr olesas
cultureandal s
ot heot herpeopl e’ s. cit
izensandt her olesofourl eader s.
5.I tinspirespat r
iotism andnat i
onal ism. 8.Ithelpsusunder standourr ights,
6.I tenablest hel ear nert oknowt he respons ibili
tiesandl imi t
at i
onwi thi
n
politi
cal,Social&economi cor gani zation whi chweneedt ooper ate.
/devel opmentofours ocieties. 9.Itinfl
uencescar eerchoi ces .
7.I tenablesust oi ncr eas eknowl edge/
Gainmor eknowl edge. SOURCEOFINFORMATI
ONONHI
STORY&
8.I tgivest i
me&s pacet opas t/hi storical GOVERNMENT
event s
9.I tenhancest heut i
lizationofhi storical TheseareOralt
raditi
ons,Anthr
opol
ogy,
recordsofevent ss uchasf ami ne,and Archaeol
ogy/Palaeontol
ogy,Genet
ics
,
tri
est oavoi drepeatoft hes ame. Resourceper
son,Linguis
tics
,El
ectr
onics
,
10.Itenhancest hedevel opmentofour Wr i
tt
en.
criti
calthinking/mi nd.
11.Itprovidei nt
ellect ualf ulfi
ll
mentt othe Theyarehowevergrouped/clas
sif
iedi
n
learner. threemainsour
ces:unwri
tt
en,writ
ten&
12.Itinfl
uencescar eerc hoi ces. elect
roni
cs

Hows
tudyofhi
stor
yins
pir
espat
ri
oti
sm Unwr
it
tens
our
ces

1.I
tenablesthelearnertobea Thesear
ethes our
ceswithnowr
it
ten
res
ponsibl
eciti
zen. recor
dsordocumentat
ion.
2.I
thelpsonet odevelopposit
ivevalues.
3.I
tenablesthelearnerstoacquir
ea 1
.Or
alt
radi
ti
ons
posi
ti
veatti
tudetowar dst
heircountry.
4.I
tenablesonet obecomel oyalt
ohi s/ Thisi st
hepas si
ngoverhi s
tori
cal
hercountr
y. informati
onbywor dofmout hfrom one
gener at
iontoanot her.
I
mpor
tanceofs
tudyi
nggover
nment
. Itisveryvitalamongt heill
iter
ate.Thi
s
includesStories/folkt
ales/myths/
1.I
thel
psustounderstandhowl
awsare Legends ,proverbs,songs,poems ,ri
ddl
es,
madeandenf
orced. tonguet wis
ter s
,etc.
2.I
tenabl
esustolear
nhowdevelopment

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Li
mit
ati
ons
/di
sadvant
ages
/demer
it
s 5.I
tenablesther esearchert
ogat her
i
nformati
onfrom varioussources.
1.Inf
ormat i
onmaybeexagger ated/ 6.I
tcanhelphi stori
anstodiscoverli
nks
dis
torted. betweendif
ferentpeoplewhi chwere
2.Somef actsmaybef orgot
ten,hence notknownbef ore.
omitt
edast imei sdynami
candchanges
mayoccur . Di
sadvant
ages/Demer
it
s/Li
mit
ati
ons
3.Somei nformat ionmaybedel iber
ately
conceal ed. 1. Lear ningal anguaget akesl ong.
4.Somei nformat ionmaynotgi vedates 2.Bor rowi ngofwor dsf rom onel anguage
andchr onologyofevent s. toanot herhasi nterfered/cor rupt ed
5.Iti
sexpens i
ve. thepar entl anguage.
6.Iti
stimecons uming. 3.I naccur at ei nformat i
onmaybepas sed
7.Itmayemphas izeondomi nantgr oups andhencedi ffi
cul ttounder st
and.
only/Maybebi asedonaf ewgr oupsof 4.Ther ei sapos sibil
ityofomi tt
ings ome
people. wor dswhent rans lati
ng.
8.Itmaybef al
s e. 5.Somewor dsmaybedi ff
icul tto
9.Theinf ormat iondependson under stand.
questionnai re. 6.Somel anguageshavebecomeol dand
i
r relevant/ar chai c,hencedi ffi
cul tto
Merits/advant ages trans l
at e.
7.Di fferentl anguagesmayhaves imi l
ar
1.Itisus edint heabs enceoft hewr i
tten. wor dsf ordi ff
er entmeani ngs .
2.Itcompl ement sot hers ources.
3.Itiscapt i
vatinges peci all
yi fi
ti s 3.Ant hropol ogy
narratedbyapar ti
cipant .
4.Itisaf orm ofent ertainment . Thisi st hes t udyofhumanbei ngs ,thei r
5.Event hei l
li
teratecanbenef i
t. origin,phys icalat tribute,s ocialact ivities
andi ns ti
tutionse. g.mus i
c,r eligi
ous
2.Linguistics pract iceset c.
Itgivesadeeperunder s t
andi ngofa
Thisisthes ci
ent i
fi
cs tudyofl anguages . peopl e’ scul tur e.
Languageschangewi tht ime.Peopl ewho
speakacommonl anguagemaybeas s
umed Li mi tation/di sadvant ages/demer its
tohaveacommonor i
gini nthepas t
.
1.I ti sexpens i
vet omoveandl ivei na
Advantages/Mer its foreignr egi on/ar ea.
2.I ti st i
mecons umi ngasi tt akest imet o
1.F actscanbeobt ainedaboutmov ement l
ear nf rom s tranger s.
ofpeopl eandt heirr elati
ons . 3.I ti sdi ff
icul tfort her esear chert oadapt
2.Ithel psust ounder s tandcombi nations tot henewenvi ronmentoft hepeopl ein
bett
er . ques t
ion.
3.Itisamedi um ofcommuni cati
on. 4.Ther es ear chermaymi s simpor tant
4.Ithel psi nthedat ingoft hemi grati
onof det ail
ss i
ncet hepeopl eunders tudy
people. maybehavedi ff
er entlyast heyar e

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obser
vedintheirowncul
tur
e. Ri
chardLeak
y,Jonat
hanLeaky,Meave
5.Iti
snotrel
iabl
eoni t
sown;ithast
obe Ri
chardLeak
y,DrM.Posnansky,DrH.N.N.
compli
mentedbyothersour
ces. Chi
tt
ick,DrD.W.Phil
ips
on

Advant
ages/mer
it
s Advant
ages/mer
it
s(Ar
chaeol
ogy)

1. Byl ivingamongt hepeopl e,the 1.I

tgi vesdet ail
edi nformati
onofvar ied
resear chmaybeabl et ounder stand, nature.
discoverandexpl ai
nt hes tructuresof 2.I tgi vesas ens eoft i
measar t
if
actscan
societ y&t hei
rcul t
ure. bedat ed.
2.Ithel pshistor
yt odetermi net hecul t
ural 3.I
tcompl ementsot herssources,this
pas toft hepeople. ensur esaut hentici
tyofthei nf
ormat i
on.
3.Itgi vesadeeperunder standingofa 4.I
tpr ovi desinformationoncul t
ureof
particularaspectofapeopl e’sc ultur
e. earlypeopl e.
5.I
tgi vesapi ct
ur eonhumanact ivi
ti
esi n
4.Genet i
cs/Bot any/Zool ogy/Bi ology thepas t.

Thi
sinvol
vesthest
udyofheredi
tar
y& Li
mit
ati
on/di
sadvant
ages/demer
it
s
var
iat
ionsofi
nher
it
edcharact
eri
sti
cs.
1.I tisexpens ivet oor gani zevi sitsto
mus eumsandar chaeologi cals it
esf or
Li
mit
ati
ons
/di
sadvant
ages
/demer
it
s inf
or mat i
on.
2.I tisdi f
fi
cul ttolocat es ites,ar tif
actsare
1.I
tisti
mecons umi ng buried.
2.I
tisnotaccur
at eespeci
all
yindates
. 3.I tist i
mecons umi ng.
3.I
tmaynotber el
iableaspeopl
elook 4.Somear ti
facts&f ossil
sar ef ragileand
al
ike. hencet heycanbr eakdur i
ngexcavat i
on
ort ranspor tat
ion.
Mer
it
s/Advant
ages 5.I tcannotbeus edt os tudyr ecent
history.
1.I
tiseas
ilyavai
labl
e 6.I tmaynotbeaccur ateasi tdependson
2.Ther
earenos kil
lsneeded concl usi
ons( i
nf erences )&
recons tructions.
5.Ar
chaeol
ogy&Pal
aeont
ology 7.Thedat i
ngi snotacc urat easi tcanonly
bees ti
mat ed.
Thisinvol
vesthes t
udyofman’spast 8.Ther ear ever yf ewar chaeol ogi sts.
thr
oughs cient
if
icanal
ysisofmat
eri
al 9.I tisdi f
fi
cul ttoi dentif
ypar ticularpeople
remainsofhiscult
uree.g.pot
ter
y, byname,l anguage,pl aceofor iginetc.
buil
dings,scul
ptur
eetc. 10.Itdependsonot herdis cipli
nesf or
analys i
s.
Allthesearer ef
err
edt oasar t
if
acts/
fossil
s.Fossi
lsareremnantsofmanwhi le Howar chaeologicalsi
tesarelocated.
arti
factsareremnantsofman’ stools
.
Someoft heearlyarchaeol
ogist
sinE. 1
. Archaeol
ogistslookforareaswher e
Afri
cai ncl
udeDrLoui sLeaky,MaryLeaky, tect
onicforces( f
ault
ing)orerosionhas

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takenpl aceexpos i
ngs urf
aceswhi ch typedt extthathasnotbeenpubl ished.
maygi ves omecl ues.  Publ i
shed/pr i
ntedar ethosethathave
2.Whenphys icalfeatures,wher ebyt he beent ypedandof f
ici
all
yreleas
edbyt he
areas’f eaturesmaybedi ff
erentfrom authorf orpubli
cus e.
theot her saroundt hem,thusvision.  Ther ewer etwot ypesofthem;s t
one
3.Histori
calr esear ch,especiall
ywhenan tablets&s crol
ls.
areaisment i
onedi nanor alnarr
at i
ves
e.g.Babyl on.  Otherwri
tt
ensourcesi
ncl
udePi
ctur
es
4.Longexper i
ence&s ki
ll
smaygui det he andParchment
s.
archaeol ogisttol ocateas it
e.
5.Duringcul t
ivati
on&bui ldi
ng Pr
int
eds
our
ces
cons t
ruct i
onanci entobjectscanbe
accident al
lyexpos ed. Theyi ncludebooks ,Char ts/maps ,Scr ol
ls,
pai
nt i
ngs ,clayl abel s,st onet ablets,
Thingsar chaeol ogistsus et oobt ainhi st
ory. j
our nals/per i
odi cals,News paper s/
Magazi nes ,Diaries/Bi ogr aphi es ,/Of fi
cial
1.Remai nsofWeapons .2.Remai nsofTool s
. Gover nmentr ecor ds ,cons titution,pi ctures.
3.Remai nsofBones .
4.Remai nsofPl ant s5.Remai nsofAr twork Advant agesofwr itt
ens our ces
/paint i
ng.6.Remai nsofBeads .7.Remai ns
ofCoi ns8. Remai nsofGar ment .9.Remai ns 1 . Theycanbes toredf orf ut urer eference.
ofChar coal1 0.Rockpai ntings.1 1
. 2.Theycanr eachal lli
t er at epeopl e.
Carboni zeds eeds .
12.Remai nsofdwel li
ngs . 3.Theypr omot el i
teracy.
13.Traditionalcr aftsl i
kepot ter yandbear ds.4.Theyar eles scos tl
yascompar edt ot he
other s.
6.Geol ogy 5.Theyar eaccur ateast hei nformat ioni s
pres ervedexact lyasi twasr ecor ded.
Thisist hes tudyoft heor igin,s t
ruct ure& 6.Theycanbet rans l
atedi ntomanyot her
compos iti
onoft heear t
h. languages ,whi chwi llenabl emany
peopl eofdi f
ferentl anguagesal lover
Wr i
ttenSour ces . thewor ldt olear nhi s tor y.
7.Theycont ainf ewerbi as es .
 Theyi ncl ude:books ,jour nals,novel s, 8.Theypr ovidedat esf orevent s.
plays ,news paper s,magazi nes,di aries,
annualr epor ts.
 Theyar ecl as si
fiedintot hree-Ar chives , Disadvant ages/l imitations/demer it
s
manus criptsandpr i
nted/publ i
s hed
sour ces . 1. Someaut hor somi tes s ent ialinformat ion
 Ar chivesar eacol l
ectionofhi storical foroner eas onoranot her ,hence
document sorr ecords,whi char e maki ngi tunr eliable.
acc ess iblet ot hepubl icaf ters omet ime. 2.I fther ecor dsar emi s placedor
Thi sist her eforeapl acewher e des troyed,onemaynotgetany
gover nment ,publ ic&ot herhi stor i
cal informat i
on.
informat ioni skept . 3.Somear enotr eadi l
yavai lablef or
 Manus cr iptisanaut hor’shandwr it
tenor referencee. g.whencont roll
edbyt he

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government. i
. Radi
o-car
bon1
4dat
ing
4.I
tmaybemi sunder
stoodor
misi
nterpr
etedbyr eaderforoner eason Thisisbymeas uri
ngt her ateof
oranother. decayofcar bon14i nfoss i
ls
.Car bon
5.Writ
ersmaybebi asedast heymay 14isfoundincar bondi oxidewhi chis
wri
tef r
om theirpar
ticul
arpointofview. presentintheat mos phere.
6.I
tisonl yl
imitedtothelit
erate. I
tsabs orpt
ionbypl antsandani mal s
7.Somemaynotber eadil
yavailabl
efor stopsatdeat handi nstead,itstarts
ref
erence. todecay.Thi scanthenbeus edt o
esti
mat ethedat eitexisted
El
ect
roni
csour
ces
i
i. Pot
ass
ium Ar
gonmet
hod.
Thesear e:micr
ofi
lms,radio,Audi
o-vi
sual
s
e.g.TV,fil
ms,Video,Databanks/ Thisisusedt odatevolcani
cas h
Databases/Comput ers &mi neral
scont ai
ningpotassi
um.
Potassi
um i semit
tedduring
Thesear
elar
gestoresofor
gani
zed vol
canicer upti
ons.Af
teriti
s
i
nfor
mati
onwhichcanbeaccess
ed. deposit
ed,i tbegi
nstodecayi nt
o
thegasor gan.
Advant
agesofel
ect
roni
cs
c) St ratigraphy
1.Itcapt ur esi nfor
mat i
onasi thappensat Thi sist hes tudyandi nter pretat i
onoft he
thes cenesar erecordedl i
ve. layer sofr ockss ucces sivelydepos itedat
2.Theymaket hepas tcomeal i
vet oday. onepl ace.Us edi ns edimentar eas .
3.Theygi vef actsaboutevent sonat opi
c. d) F ission-trackdat i
ng
4.Thedocument scanbes t
or edf orfutur
e I tisus edi nPl eistocenes ampl es ,wher e
us e. ur anium i spr es ent .
5.Theycaneas il
ybeacces siblewhen Itisdet ermi nedbyobs ervi ngt het r acks
needbe. madei nt hem byt hefi
ss ionf ragment sof
6.Theyar ef aster. theur anium nucl eithatt heycont ain.Thisis
Limitationsofel ect
ronics ources from t het imet heobj ects oli
dified.
1. Theymaybebi ased e)Lexi co–s tat isticsdating
2.Theymaybei naccurate. Thi sist hes tatisticalstudyoft he
3.Theymaybet ooexpens i
ve. vocabul aryofl anguagewi tht hei nt entionof
4.Theyar eunr eal
ist
ic,thuscont ain det ermi net hei rage&t hei rhis toricall i
nks
exagger at
edi nf
ormat i
on. wi thot herl anguages .
f) St atisticaldat ing
N/B:t hes ourcescanal sobes ummedupas Thr oughas ys tem ofaver aging,t hel ength
pri
mar y( unwr i
tten)secondar y( writt
en)and ofagener ati
oncanbedet ermi nedand
tert
iary( elect ronic) dat eses ti
mat edf orevent sas s ociatedwi t
h
MethodsofDat i
ngF ossil
s cer taingener at ions .
.
a) Geol ogi calper i
ods
Thes ear enamesofper iodsofpas t
ti
me.
b) Chemi cal

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from Britai
n-in1859.Thiswasapr oces sof
changei nl iv
ingorgani
smsoveral ong
per i
odoft ime.Hes tat
edthatalll
iving
thingsevol vedovermanyyear sfr
om
Simpl eli
vingcelltomor ecomplexpl ants&
animal s
.Manbel ongstothehomini dae
familywhi l
eapesbel ongtothepongi dae
family.

St
agesofevol
uti
onofear
lyman.

1. Mut
ation
2.Naturalsel
ect
ion
3.Isol
ati
on
4.Adaption

Composi
ti
on/f
eat
uresofDar
win’
snat
ural
sel
ect
ion
TOPI
C2.
EARLYMAN
1. Allcreat uresar euni quel ydi f
ferent
Or igi
nofman basedonher edit
ar yfact ors.
Ther ear et hree( 3)t heoriesconcer ni
ngt
he 2.F rom bi rth,fewyoungor ganisms
originofman:cr eat i
on( reli
gious ), managet odevel opt omat uri
ty.
traditional(myt hical)andevol ution/ 3.Thos ewhomanaget omat ureand
Sci entif
ic/Dar wi n’s. reproduc ear ethos et hatar eabl eto
adaptt ot heexi stingenvi ronment .
Cr eation/Rel i
gious 4.Onl yt hef ittestcoulds urvive( s
ur vi
valof
thefittes t
).
Thi sisr el
igious,andi tisfoundi nthe 5.Is ol
ation&adapt ioni st hef i
nals tagein
religiousbooksl iket heQur anf ort he evolution.Thi sisduet ot heincr easein
Mus l
ims ,theBi blef ortheChr is
t i
ansand numberandhences uchf orbas icneeds.
theBhagvat geetaf ortheHi ndus .I
t As peci esmaybei solatedbef oret aki
ng
emphas i
zest hatmanwascr eat edbyGod. onas igni f
icantl
ydi ff
er entphys icalform.

Myt
hical/t
radi
ti
onal  Smal lcreaturesgr aduall
ydeveloped
i
ntobi ggerones .
Thistheoryisfoundinthevari
ous  Cli
mat icchangest ookplace.
communi t
iesaroundthewor l
d.The  Hewass ecureont r
ees .
communi t
ieshavediffer
entbeli
efs  Hef edoni nsects,birds&leaves
concerni
ngt heorigi
nofman.Itisbas
edon  Afr
ica,es peciall
yEas ternwascr adl
eof
thei
rcus t
oms . manki nd.
 Thi
si sduet o:
Evolut
ionScienti
fi
ctheory
1
. Theexistence/Pr es
enceofmany
Thi
swasputf
orwar
dbyChar
lesDar
win archaeol
ogicals
itesaroundL-Vi
tor
ia
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andR/Val leyar ea. 9.Hehadabi
ggerbr
ain.
2.Thepr es enceofs avannagr asslands
foundi nKenyaf avoredhunt ingasa Di
ff
erencesbet
weenapes&pi
theci
nes
.
meansofs urvivalbymane. g.forests.
3.Exist
enceofper manentr iverswhi ch 1. Theear lymanhadabi ggers kull
,hence
providedwat erforus ebyman. biggerbr ain.
4.War mt ropi calclimatewhi chwasi deal 2.Mani supr ight/bi pedal .
forman’ sexi stence. 3.Theear lymanhads t
rongerj aws&
5.Geogr aphi cally,Afri
caofwhi chKenyai s teeth,ast heywer es mal leri nsize.
partwascent ral
lylocated,maki ngit 4.Thef orear msbecames hor terandmor e
possiblef ort heear lymant os preadto suitablef oranupr ightpos t
ure.
theot herpar tsast hecont inentswer e 5.Thet humbbecames trongerandmor e
drif
ti
ng. separ atef rom t hef ourf inger s.
6.Thel eg&f ootf ormat ionchanged- f
eet&
 Thi si sevi denti nar chaeol ogicals i
t esin toesbecomes hor ter.
Kenyae. g.Rus ingaI sl
and,El iyes pr ings, 7.Manhasadevel opeds peech.
Kanapoi ,Nai orokot ome,F ortTer nan 8 .M anh asle ssh a i
r.
(nearKer i
cho) ,Kar iandus i(near
Element aita),Gambl escave, Stagesofevol uti
onf rom apet oman
Olor ges ail
ie,KoobiF or a(nearL.
Turkana) ,Hyr axHi ll,Nj oror iverc ave, Pitheci nes
Kanj era,Gedi ,Lewa,Ches owanj aet c.
 I nTanzani awehaves itesl i
ke–Ol duvai 1 .Aegypt opithecus( Egypt i
anApe)
Gor ge,Cheke,Eyas i
,Ngor ongor o,
Isi
mi la,Api sRock,Kal ambo,Ki ses e, 1.I ti sbel ievedt obet heear l
iestancestor
Gar us i
,Ngal oba,Peni nj,Kondoa, of ma n.
Engar ukaandI ringa. 2.I twasdi scover edi nt heF ayum
 I nUgandawehaveNs ongezi ,Napak , D epres sioninE gy pt.
Magos i
,Par aa,Tencent sterrace, 3.I thadas tereos copi cvi sion/haddeep
Ishanga,Mweya,Nyer o,Nyabus or a, ey es ock ets.
SangoandLol ui 4.Thehands/f rontl egsenabl edhi mt o
 I nEt hiopi awehave–Omor i
verv al ley, j
u mps kill
full
yf rom o net re etoa nother.
Hadar ,Afar&Bodo. 5.I twasquadr upedal/wal kedonf ours.
6.I thadhad32t eet h.
Changesi near lyman/br eakof fpoi nt 7.I twass mal l/wei ghedabout4kgs .
betweenapes&man.
2.Dr yopithecusAf ricanus/Pr oconsul/
1. Manbecameupr ight/bi pedal . “Chi ef”
2.Hebecamel es shai ry.
3.Hi ss kul l
’ss i
zebecamel ar ge. 1.I twasf oundatRus ingabyLoui s&Many
4.Thej aws&t eet hbecomes mal ler . Le akyin1 9 48
5.Thehands&ar msbecames hor ter . 2.I thads moot hf or ehead.
6.Thel egsandt oesbecames hor ter. 3.I t ha dlo ngt eet h.
7.Hebecamet al
ler . 4.Someofhi sf os sil
swer eal sofoundi n
8.Hehadas lenderbody. Ea st
-A sia&E uro pe .

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5.Heat
emeat&f rui
ts. Tanzani
aandalsonearLakesTur
kana&
6.Heusedfor
eli
mbsasarms
. Bari
ngoinKenya.
7.Hewalkedonf
ours.
TypesofAus
tral
opi
thecus
3.Kenyapi
thecus/Ramapi
thecus
1.Australopi t
hecusAnamens i
s
1. Thefossilswer ef oundatF ortTer nanby
LouisLeakeyi n1961 .Thiswast he  Thi si st hel ates
tatKanapoi&Al li
aBay
Kenyapithecus . att heLTur kanabyDrMeaveLeaky,Dr
2.Ot herfos si
lswer ef oundatSi wal iki
s-i
n AllanWal ker&‘ HominidGang’(Ki meu
I
ndiaandot hersi nEur ope.Thi swas Kamoya,WambuaMangao,Nzube
ref
erredt oasRamapi thecus. Mut iwa&SamuelNgui )
3.Hehads mallercani net eethliket hose  Ot herwel l-knownar chaeologist
sinEas t
ofman. Africai ncludeDrLoui sLeaky,Mary
4.Hehadabi gjaw. Leaky,Jonat hanLeaky,MeaveLeaky,
5.Hehadbi ggerbr aint hanear l
ier Richar dLeaky,Al l
anWal ker,DrM.
pit
hecines . Pas nans ky,DrH.N.N.Chi ti
ckandDrD.
6.Hewasquadr upedal . W.Phi li
ps on.
7.Hewei ghed-1 8-36kg.
2.Aus tralopithecusAf arensis
.
4.Aus tral
opithecus/Sout hernApe/
Zinj
anthropus/Nut cracker  Thef ossil
swer efoundatAf arinEthiopi
a
man -s mal l&bi pedal.
 Someofi tsf ossi
lswer ealsofoundat
Thesewer et heear li
es thomi nidscl oserto Laet oli&Tugen( Bari
ngo).
man.
HemadeOl dowant ools . 3.Aus tralopithecusAf ri
canus/Gr acil
is.
1. Hewasupr i
ght/bi pedal.  Hewast hes maller-light&s l
ander.
2.Hehads mal l
erbr ain-450- 500cc.  Hehadas mallbrain.
3.Hehadal ar
gef ace.
 Hehadl argeteeth,Jaws&s kul
l.
4.Thebodi eswer ehai ry.
5.Hewass hor tbuts trong.
4.Aust
ral
opit
hecusRobus tus/Boisei
6.Hehadl owf oreheadwi t
hdeep- seteyes.
7.Hehadl ar get eeth&Jaws .
 Thiswasthebi gges tandthemos t
8.Hehadgr indingmol ars.
r
ecentt
ype.
9.Thes kul
landj awwer emuchl ar
gert han
moder nman’ s.  Hehadab raincapacityof500-800cc.
10.Thefos s
ilswer efoundatTaungi n  Hewasabout5f ttall
.
BotswanabyRaymondPar t i n1924.  Hewass t
rong,tallandheavy.
11.InE.Afri
c a,itwasf oundatOl duvai  Heweigheda bout 68kg.
GorgebyMar yl eakyi n1959.  Histeet
h&j awres embledmoder nman.
12.Itwasnic k-namednutcr acker
13.Itwasals ofoundatOmoRi vervalleyin Homi ni
ds
Ethi
opia,Laet oliandnearL.Nat ronin

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A.HomoHabi
li
s(manwi
thabi
li
ty) 5.Hehadal ongs kull
.
6.Hehadpr ot
rudingjaws .
 Thefos si
lswer ef oundatOlduvaiGorge 7.Hewasabout5f t
,6i nchest all
.
i
n1 964byJonat hanLeakey.
 I
twasal s
of oundatOmor i
vervaley& Howheat
l t
empt edt oimpr ovehi swayof
KoobiF ora. l
if
e.
 Thes tr
uct ur
eoft humbhadi mproved
andhecoul dhandl etools
. 1. Heimpr oveds tonetoolsbyLeval l
ois.
 Thes hapeofs kullres
emblesmoder n 2.Hei nventedf ir
eandus edi tforcooking.
man’s. 3.H eset t
ledinc avesfo rsec ur
ity.
 Hehads mal lt
eet hands mallj
aw. 4.Hemadecl othesfrom animals kins.
 Hewasaboutf ivefeettal
l. 5.H ed evelopedla nguagef oreffecti
ve
communi cati
on.
 Hehadabr aincapacityofbetween500
6.Hemi gratedtowar merar eas/r egions
-800cc.
C.HomoSapi
ens(
Thi
nki
ngman)
B.HomoEr
ect
us(
upr
ightman)
1. Hehadas t
eep&wel lroundedf or
ehead.
1. Hisfos si
lwasf oundatHadar&
2.Hehadabi gbr ai
ncapaci t
y- 1
000-
Olorgesaill
e.
1800cc.
2.Hei nventedf i
re.
3.Hewasabout5f t
,6i nchestall
.
3.Thef ossil
swer eal s of oundatNi okotone
4.Hewasupr ight.
RivernearL.Tur kana,Mor occo&S.
5.Hehadanadvanceds peech.
Afri
ca.
6.Hi sfossil
swer efoundatEl i
yes pri
ngs
4.HemadeAcheul iant oolse. g.handaxe,
nearLakeTur kana,Kanj er
a&Kanam i n
Spearheads ,Cleaver sandar r
owheads .
Kenya.
5.Hewasupr i
ght.
7.Thef ossi
lswer eal sofoundatBodo&
6.Hehadpr otrudingJaws .
OmoR. VinEt hiopia&Nyal obain
7.Hewasabout5f eet,6i nchestall/1.
2
Tanzania.
m.
8.Hehadal ongs kull.
Typess ub-speciesofHomos apiens
9.Hehaddevel opedat humb/handf or
grasping.
1.Rhodes i
anman
10.Hehadabi ggerbr ai
nbet ween700-
1250cc.  Hisfossil
swer ef oundi nNorthern
11
.Hehadamor edevel opeds peechthan Rhodes i
a( moder nZambi a)
theear l
iercreat ures.
2.Neander thalman
Hisdistinctcharacter i
s t
ics  Hisfossil
swer ef oundi nNeandervall
ey
–Ger many- 1
856
1. Hehadabi gbr aincapaci t
yofabout
700-1
250cc/Hi ght hinki
ngcapac i
ty 3.Cr
o-Magnonman
2.Hewal kedupr i
ght/bi pedal.  Hewast all
ert
hanmodernman,
3.Hehadabi l
it
yt ogr as pobjects
. st
rongerandbushyeye-br
ows
.
4.Hehadamor edevel opeds peechthan  Heli
vedi nW.Europe.
theearl
iercreatures .
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D.Homos
api
enss
api
ens 2)MiddleStoneAge(mid
Paleol
ithi
c)
1. Heevol vedf rom t heHomos apiens. - 50, 000–1 5,
000year s
2.Hewasmor eadvancedt hanHomo - Al socall
edMesol
ithi
c
sapiens . peri
od.
3.Hepl ansahead,makeaccur ate 3)New/ l
atestoneAge(upper
forecas t set c. Paleol
ithi
c)
4.Theymovedands et
tledi ndi f
ferent - 1 5,
000-1 ,
500years
regionsanddi ff
er entenvi ronment s. - Al socall
edNeol
it
hicperiod.
Thist henbr oughtaboutt hei deaof
races . OldSt oneAge/LowerPal eoli
thi c
5.Hemademor ecompl exweapons . (450, 000- 50, 000year s).
6.Hemadegar ment sfrom s kinsus i
ng
bones .  I tisconnect edt oHomohabi li
s.
7.Hebui lthut s.
st
1. HemadeOl dowant oolsi nt he1 halfof
theper iode. g.Chopper s ,Pebbl es,
Summar y Flakes .
Thes et ool swer efoundi npl acesl i
ke
1. Aegypt opi thecus/Egypt ianApe. OlduvaiGor ge,KoobiF or a,OmoRi ver
2.Dr yopithecus/Af ri
canus/Pr ocons ul/ Val l
ey,Kaf uval l
ey,Shabapr ovince,
Woodl andMan/“ Chi ef” Alger ia,Mor occoandTuni sia.
3.Kenyapi thecus/Ramapi thecus/Kenyan 2.Acheul ian/Pebbl et oolswer emadei n
Ape/Woodl andMan/As i
anApe the2nd hal fe.g.chopper s,handaxe,
4.Aus tralopi thecus/Sout her nApe/Man cleaver s,s craper s,arrowheads ,spear
Ape/Zi njant hr opus/NutCr ackerMan headset c.
5.HomoHabi li
s/HandyMan/Pr actical 3.Hecommuni catedus i
ngges t uresand
Man whi stling.
6.HomoEr ect us/Upr ightMan 4.Heus eds tonet oolsformanypur poses
7.Homos api ens/Thi nkingMan li
kes kinni ngani mals.
8.Homos api ensSapi ens/Moder nMan. 5.Hel i
vedi ns mal lgroupst oas s
isteach
other .
CULTURAL&ECONOMI CPRACTI CEOFTHE 6.Heat er awf oodasf i
rehadnotbeen
EARLYMAN invent ed.
7.Heobt ai nedf oodt hroughhunt ingand
 Thi st imei sr eferredt oas ‘ STONE gat her ing.
AGEper i
od. ’Thi si ssobecaus eman 8.Theyus eds impl ehunt ingmet hodsl i
ke
useds t onet omaket ools . trapsandt hrowi ngs tonesast hey
 Iti sal socal led“ Paleolit
hic”whi ch chas edaf tertheani mal.
means“ Ol dSt oneAge”i nGr eek. 9.Hehadnocl othes ,butt hehai rybodi es
 Iti sdi videdi ntoTHREEmai ns tages, keptt hem war m.
namel y. 10.Theyhadnos peci f
ic/per manent
1
) Ol ds toneAge( l
ower dwel l
ingpl aces ,andt her efor e cl i
mbed
Pal eolithic) ont reesandhi dei ncavesf or
-450, 000- 50, 000year sago prot ect ionf rom pr edators .

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1
1.Hel
ivednearl
akesandr
iver
s. they
hunted/Rockar t
.
Oldowantoolswerealsof
oundatKafu 1
2.Theydecoratedthems el
veswi th
vall
ey,Shabaprovi
nce,Al
geri
a,Morocco necklacesmadef r
om seedsandani mal
andTunisia. bones .
1
3.Fir
ewasmadedur i
ngthisperiodandit
Us
esofs
tonet
ool
sdur
ingt
hiss
tage wasus edfordif
ferentpurpos
esl i
ke
cooking
1.Itwasus edski
nningani malsaft
er f
ood.
hunting.
2.Itwasus edfordiggingupr oots. Ef
fect
sofdi
scover
yoff
ir
e
3.Itwasus edforcuttingmeat
4.Itwasus edf
orsharpeni ngbone/wood 1.I tpr ovidedwar mt hdur i
ngcol dt imes .
5.Itwasus edf
orsofteningors cr
aping 2.I tpr ovidedl ightdur i
ngdar knes s.
ani
mals kins. 3.I twasus edt oext r actpoi sonf r
om
6.I twasus edf
orprotection/defense plant sus edf orhunt ing.
4.Manus edf iretos oftenf oodbef or e
MiddleSt oneAge.( 50, 000- 1
5, 000year s) eating.Thi swasdonebyei t
herc ooki ng
orr oas ti
ng.
 Thi sper iodwasconnect edt ot heHomo 5.I twasus edt ohar denpot tery.
erect us . 6.Manus edt hef iref orhunt ing.
7.F irewasal sous edt hehar dent ipsof
1. Manmadei mprovedt oolsnamed weaponsf oref f
iciency.
Sangoan/LupembanbyLaval l
ois 8.I twasus edasameansof
met hod/Mous teri
ane. g.s craper s , communi cation.
chi selpi cks ,daggerpi ckskni ves ,spear 9 .Itw a sa l
sou sedt opr eservef ood.
poi nts ,chopper s ,dagger set c. 10.Firewasus edbymanf ors ecur i
ty
2.Mi crol i
thi ci ndustryal sodevel oped. ag ainst wilda nima lsa sit w ask e pt
3.Mancont inuedwi t
hhunt ingand bur ningatt he
gat her ingbuti nani mpr ovedway. e ntranc eo fthecavesandbel owt he
4.Theyl i
vedi ncampsf orpr otect ion treesdur ingt heni ghts.
pur pos es . 11
.I twasus edt ocl earbus hest of aci l
itate
5.Theyl i
vedi ncaves . settlement .
6.Theyf i
s hedonl akesandr iver s.
7.Theyus eds implehunt ingmet hodsof Duringt heMi ddl eSt oneAge,man
chas ingt heani mal sandt hr owi ng continuedhunt i
ngi ngr oups ,butus ed
stonesatt hem aswel lasus i
ngt raps. be t
ter me t
ho ds, wh i
c he n ableh im toki ll
8.Theys tar tedwear ingani mals kinsas evenl ar gerani mals .
clothi ng.
9.Theys tar tedpai ntingt hems el vesus ing 1 . Manl i
vednearLakesandr i
vers.
redochr eandoi l
. 2.Hemades i
mpl es tonet ools.
10.Dis tinctl anguagedevel opedt oenhance 3.Manhadnos pecificdwel l
ingplaces .
communi cation. 4.Hehi dehi ms elffrom pr edat orsby
11
.Rockpai nt i
ngwasdoneoncavewal ls climbi ngont reesandcaves .
wher et heydr ewpi ct
ur esoft heani mals 5.Hedevel opedal anguagebyges t ures

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andwhi st
li
ng. s
cenes
.
6.Hemadeor nament s.Paintedhimself
withredclayandoi l
. Ot
her
s
7.Rockpai nti
ngcamei nt oexistenc
e.
8.Hel i
vedins mallgroupsf orsecur
ity, 1. Heals ocont inuedimprovingonhunting
shari
ngofr esources,compani onship, &gat her i
ng.
andas s
isti
ngoneanot her. 2.Rockpai ntingbecamemor ecommon,
9.Hewor eanimals kins. i
ndicatingi ni
t i
als
tagesofwr i
ti
ng.
10.Hehunt edandgat hered. 3.F i
shingwasdoneal ongriversandlakes.
4.Hes tarteds omef or
m oftradeasthe
NEW /LATESTONEAGE/UPPER exchangedi temswithothers.
PALAEOLI
THIC/NEOLI
THI
CPERI
OD
–(
15,000-
1,
500years) Charact
eri
sti
csoftool
smadebyman
duri
ngthisstage.
 Thi
sisconnect
edt
othehomos
api
ens
1. Theywer esmal lins ize.
1. Manmadet ool swi ths killandpr eci si
on 2.T h eyw ereha ft
e d/ fi
x edwi t
hhandl es.
knownasmi crol i
thictool se. g.ar row 3.Theywer ecompos ite/madeofmor e
heads ,s i
ckles ,Spear s,bows ,ar rows , tha no nema teri
a l
.
sl
ings ,harpoons ,knives ,s awsand 4.Theywer emor eeffic
ient/s harper.
dagger s. 5.Theywer especi al
ized.
2.Manal somades helters/cave/s mall 6.Theywer eli
ght er.
hutsus ingbr anches ,gr ass&mudt o
protecthi ms elff rom has hweat her/wi d Howt
l heupr i
ghtpos turei mprovedt heear l
y
animal s. man’ swayofl if
e.
3.Manal sodomes t
icatedani mal s&pl ants
toens ur eregul arf oods uppl y. 1. Hewasabl et omove/ wal
k/runf aster
4.Hehadamor edevel opeds peechwhi ch w i
thlo ngs trides.
madecommuni cat i
oneas i
er . 2.Mancoul dus ethehandst ocar ryout
5.Gover nmentdevel opedwi t
hcus toms f
a rmin ga ct
iviti
es.
bec omingl awst oimpr ovehi ss oci alli
fe. 3.Mancoul dus ethehandst ogr asp
6.H.Sapi ensdevel opedr eligiousas i
temsconveni ently.
evidencebyt hepr acticeofbur yingt he 4.Mancoul ds pot /
sightwi ldfruitswhi ch
deadwi ththei rpos sess ions . heus edt ohunt /gatherf r
om f ar
7.Hehadt i
met oengagei ns peciali
zed distance.
si
mpl ear tandcr aftwor k/pot t
er y/ 5.Mancoul ds eet hei mpendi ngdanger
weavi ng. f
r om ad i
stan cea ndt akea ppropriate
8.Manl i
vedas ettledl i
fewher ethey meas ur es.
establishedvi l
lages . 6.Ma nu se dh andst omake
9.Manmadecl othi ngus ingt reebar ksand tools/weaponswhi chwer eus edfor
animals kins. diff
erentpur poses.
10.Theydecor at edt heirbodi eswi t hr ed 7.Manus edt hehandt odef end/ at
tack
ochr e/wor eor nament s. theenemi es .
11
.Hedecor atedwal lsoft hei rshelter s/ 8.Manus edt hehandst operform /car r
y
hutswi thani malpai ntings/ ani mal outdomes t
icchor es/car ryingyoung

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ones
. l
oot.
9.Manusedthehandst
oreachf
orf
rui
ts 3.Ther
ewouldbei
nadequat
epr
eyf
or
hi
gherabove. ever
yone.

Hunt
ingmet
hods
. Typesofdwell
ingsus
edbytheear
lyman
duri
ngtheStoneAgeperi
od.
1. Chas i
ngaf t
ertheanimalsandt hrowing
stonesatt hem. 1. Rocks hel
ter
s.
2.Us i
ngot hertr
aps/s nares. 2.Tr eetrunks.
3.Di ggingpi t
sanddrivingtheani mal 3.Ont r
ees .
towardsi t
. 4.Caves
4.Chas i
ngt heanimal
st owardscliff
swhere 5.Inf or
es t
s.
theyfallandevenbr eaktheirlegs.
5.Chas i
ngt heanimaltowardss wampy Usesofs
tonet
ool
sbyt
heEar
lyMani
nthi
s
areas. st
age.

Ot
her
s 1. Protect i
onagai ns tenemi es/weapons
2.Di ggi ngr oot s
1. Us ingf i
re,s urroundi ngt hehi di
ngpoint 3.Cons tructings hel ters/caves .
oft heani malwi t
hf ire. 4.Ski nni ng/s cr api ng/peel i
ng
2.Wai ti
ngf orthem att heirwat eri
ngpoint
s.5.Cut ting/choppi ng.
3.Us eofot herani malsl i
ket hedog. 6.Maki ngcont ainer s .
7.Sewi ng.
Howear lymanobt ainedf ood. 8.Shar peni ng.
9.Maki ngot hert ool s.
1. Hunt ing
2.Gat her i
ng Aspectsofl i
fewhi chhavet heirori
ginin
3.Gr owingcr ops theLat eSt oneAge.
4.Li ves tockkeepi ng/Rear ing
5.F ishing 1. Growi ngofcr opsandkeepi ngofanimals
/Agr i
cul t
ur e.
Disadvant agesofhunt i
ngbyt heear l
yman. 2.Es tabl ishmentofper manents ett
lements
.
3.Maki ngmi crolithics t
onet ool
se.g.spear.
1.I twasdi ffi
culttol ocat eors potprey. 4.Cr aftinge. g.Pot ter yandbas ketr
y.
2.Ani mal swer edanger oust ohunt. 5.Begi nni ngofgover nment
3.I trequi redmanypeopl e. 6.Rel igion
4.Hunt ingwast i
resome.
5.Hunt ingwast i
mecons umi ng. Charact er i
s t
icst hatdi stinguis
hmanf r
om
6.Ani mal sranf astert hanman. pri
mat es .
7.I twasunr eli
able.
Disadvant agesofhunt i
ngi ngr oupsbythe 1 . Uprightpos ture.
earlyman. 2.Mani sas ocialbei ng.
3.Mani sar eligiousbei ng.
1.I tencour agedl azines samongot hers
. 4.Devel opeds peech/l anguage.
2.Conf l
ictmayar iseov ers har i
ngofthe 5.Hi ghbr ai
ncapaci ty/abi l
it
ytothink.

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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6.Mani
sles
shai
ry

Benef
it
sofset
tl
ingi
nvi
ll
agesdur
ingt
he
Lat
estoneAge. T0PI
C3
DEVELOPMENTOFAGRI
CULTURE.
1.Fors ecurit
yr eas onsagai nstenemi es .
2.I
tenhancedt eamwor k/wor king Fact
orsthatfavor
edt hedevelopmentof
together. earl
yagricul
ture(domesti
cati
onofcrops
3.I
tens ur
edmanofper manentdwel l
ing, andanimals)
therebyr educi ngmovement .
4.Manbegangr owi ngcr opsens uring 1.I ncr eas edhumanpopul ationwhi chcoul d
regularfoods uppl y. nol ongerbes us t
ai nedbyt hehunt ing&
5.Manwasabl et okeepl ivestockwhi ch gat her ings our ceoff ood.
providedani malpr oduct s
,thusr educing2.Cl imat i
cchangeswhi chmadeani mal s&
hishunt i
ngact iviti
es . plantr eliabil
it
yunpr edictableasi twas
6.I
tpr omot edi nter action,thuss hari
ngof somet i
mesaf fect ed/Mi grationof
i
deasandr esour ces. ani mal smademant os eekan
7.Peopl ewer eabl et oexchangegoods alter nat i
ves our ce/Reduct ioninani mal
ands ervices,henceget ti
ngwhatt hey popul ation.
didnothave. 3.Over hunt ingdepl eteds tocksofani mal s
8.I
tenabl edt hem t obui ldbet ters helter
s, onwhi chhumanbei ngsr eli
edf orf ood.
therebypr otect ingt hems el
vesf rom 4.Somet i
mes ,cal ami tiesl i
kebus hf i
res
harshweat hercondi tions. des troyedveget ation,whi chwasa
thr eatt opl ants&ani mals .
Reas onswhyt heear lymanl i
vedi ngr oups 5.Somecr opsandani mal shadeconomi c
duringtheSt oneAge. val ue.
6.Hunt ing&gat her i
nghadbecomemor e
1.F orcompani ons hip. tires omeaspeopl ehadt owanderl ong
2.F ors ecurit
y. dis tance.
3.Tohel poneanot her. 7.Someani mal swer edomes ti
catedt o
4.Tos harer esour ces. provi des ecuritye. g.t hedog.
8.Ashumanpopul ati
oni ncreas ed,ani mal
Whyt heear lymanhunt edi ngr oupsdur i
ng popul ationdi dt hes ame,andt hisi nt ur
n
theSt oneAgeper i
od. broughtabouts ti
ffcompet i
tionforf ood
wi thhumans .
1. Wildani mal sar edanger ous /
couldkill 9.Real i
zat i
ont hats omeani mal swer e
people. soci ale. g.cat
2.Theycoul ds urroundt heani mal. 10.Pr es enceofi ndi genouscr ops .
3.Spot ting/locatingt heanimalwas 11.Devel opmentofi mpr ovedt oolswhi ch
easier. enabl edef f
ectivecul ti
vationofl andf or
4.Les st imewasus edtocat cht he crops .
animal /l
esst ir
es ome. 12.Leadi ngas edent ary/per manent/
5.Togi vemor alencour agement /t
eam set tledl if
e.
spi
rit.
6.Theycoul dcat chmor eani mal s. Reas onswhyt heear lymandomes ticated

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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sabokemicah@gmai
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ani
malsandcr
opsdur
ingt
heneo-
li
thi
c Afr
icae.g.Nil
evalley,Alger i
a,W.
per
iod. Afr
ica,Kenya,Tanzania,Et hi
opi
a.
Someoft heearlycent er
sof
1.Duei ncr eas ei nhumanpopul at i
on, Agrari
ans ys
tem are:Yel lowRiver,
henceneedf ormor ef ood. Vall
eysofRiversTigri
sand
2.Ther ewascompet iti
onf orf oodbet ween Euphrat
es,Nilevall
ey,Danuber i
ver
animal sandhuman inEurope,GangesVal l
ey,I ndus
beings . val
leyandTr opi
calAmer ica.
3.Over hunt i
ngdepl et eds tocksofani mals
onwhi chhumanbei ngsr eliedf orf ood. Howear l
yagr icultures preadi nAf rica.
4.Hunt ingandgat her inghadbecome
ti
res ome/i ns ecur e. 1. Thr ought rade
5.Cal ami tiess uchasbus hf i
res/f l
oods 2.Thr oughmi gr ati
onands ettlement .
des troyedveget ati
on/dr oveawayani mals. 3.Thr oughi nter mar riage.
6.Somecr opsandani mal shadeconomi c 4.Thr oughwar s.
value.
7.Ani mal swer edomes t
icat edt opr ovide Met hodsus edt opr oducecr ops&ani mals
secur ity. beforet heagr arianr evol ution.
8.Ther ewasachangei ncl imat ewhi ch
caus edar idity/Weat hers omet imes 1. Diggi ngs ti
cks
hinder edgat hering& hunt i
ng. 2.I rri
gat ion.
3.F allowi ng
Theor iesaboutor i
ginofagr icul ture. 4.Nomadi sm.
5.Smal lgar dens .
1. Cent rif
ugalt heor y/Onear eat heor y/ 6.Openf i
elds ys t
em.
Di ff
usi on
Benef it
sofdomes ti
cani mal s
Thi shol dst hatagr icultur ebegani n
onear eaandt hens preadt oot her 1. Provi dedr egul arfoods uppl yi nf orm of
places . meatandmi l
k .
2.Ani mals kinwasus edf orcl ot hingand
2.I ndependentt heor y. beddi ng.
3.Hoovesandhor nswer eus edas
Thi sonehol dst hatagr icul ture cont ainer sanddr ink i
ngves sels .The
devel opedi ndependent lyi ndi ff
erent hor nwasal s ous edf orcommuni cation.
par tsoft hewor ld. 4.Boneswer eal sous edf ormaki nga
Someoft hes epl acesi ncl udedSout h var i
et yofpr oduct se. g.or nament s,
Wes tAs iae. g.Ir aq/Per s i
a,I ran/ needl es,weaponset c.
Mes opot amia,Syr ia,Tur key, 5.Someoft hem l i
ket hecamelwer eus ed
Lebanon. fort rans por tpur pos e,enabl ingpeopl e
As iae. g.Gangesval ley,HuangHo/ tot ravell ongdi stanceswi thheav yload.
Yel lowr iver,Thai l
and,Mal aysiaand 6.Ot her sliket heoxenwer eus edi n
Indones i
a. s l
oughi ng,t husi ncr eas edcr opyi elds.
Tr opi calAmer icae. g.Sout hern 7.Pr ot ect i
onf rom wi ldani mal se. g.dog.
Amer ica,Cent ralAmer ica,Mexi co. 8.Somepr oducedmanur ewhi chgr eatly

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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i
mpr ovedagricul
tur
e. wor ki nt hef arms .
9.Somecoul dbeus edforhunti
ngother 2.Exi stenceoft rans ports ystemsl iket he
wil
dani mal
slikethedog. wheel ,canoesandani mals .
1
0.Animalscouldbeus edasas our
ceof 3.Set tl
ementofpeopl ei nMes opot ami a
wealth. from Ir anpl at eauwhohadt he
1
1.Couldbeus edass acr
if
icesduri
ng knowl edgeofagr iculture
ri
tuals. 4.Cons tr uct i
onofdykest ocont rolf looding
whi chenabl edt hem t ocont inuewi th
Eff
ectsofdomes ti
cati
onofani mal s. farmingt hroughoutt heyear .
5.Hi ghdemandf orf oodf ort hegr owi ng
1.F oods ecur i
ty. popul at ion.
2.Speci al
izat i
on. 6.Avai l
abi lityofwat erf rom t her iver s
3.Labourpr oduct i
vit
yi ncr eased. TigrisandEuphr at esandr ainsf or
4.Devel opment&ut ili
zationofs kil
ls. irri
gat ion.
5.Reducedchancesoff ami neoccur ri
ng. 7.Pol iti
cals t
abi l
ityenabl edt hepeopl et o
6.Popul ationgr ew. cont i
nuewi thagr iculturewi thout
7.F oodpl antsunder wentgenet i
cchanges . interrupt i
on.
8.Humans ettlementsgr ew,hence 8.Avai l
abi lityofs uitabl es oilwhi chwas
developmentofur bancent ers
. depos itedar oundt her iversdur ing
9.I ncr
eas ei ns ci
enti
ficknowl edge. fl
oodi ng.
10.Developmentofi rrigation( better) 9.I nvent ionandus eoff armt ool sl i
kehoes
11
.I ncr
eas ei ntrade&weal th. andpl oughsenabl edeas ierf ar mi ng.
10.Buildingofs tor agef acilit
ies/gr anar ies.
Earli
estcrops&ani malst obedomes t
icat
ed.1 1.Knowl edgeofi rr i
gat ionl i
kes hadoof .
12.Thear eawasendowedwi thi ndigenous
- Dogs -Bai ley cropsl ikewheat&ani malsl ikes heep.
- Yams -Mai ze
- Goats -wheat Methodsus edbyt heSumer iansi n
- Sheep -s orghum Mes opot ami ator ecl aiml and.
- Camel -mi ll
et
- Cattl
e -Ri ce 1. Theycons truct eddykesal ongr i
vers
tos topf loodi ng.
EARLYAGRI CULTUREI NMESOPOTAMI A 2.Theydugdi tchest odr ai nwat erfrom
(Ir
an) sw amp s.
3.Theyus edi rrigationont hel andeg
Mes opotami ameansl andbet weent wo can a l
s( bu ck et )an ds ha d oo f.
ri
vers,andi nthiscas ethet woriversare
EuphratesandTi gris. Ef
fects/i mpactsofear l
yagr i
cult
urein
 Cr opsgowni ncluded:Bar l
ey,wheat , Me sopo t
amia.
Grapes,Oni ons,Figs,Vines ,Date
c1 .I tenabledthepeopl et osettl
edownand
Palm,Ol i
ves,Mel ons ,Cucumber set
concent r
ateonf ar
mi ng.
2.P opul
a t
ionincr
ea s
e d,duet othe
Factor
st hatfavored:
increaseinfoodpr oducti
on.
3.F oo dp r
oducti
oni ncr
e ased,hence
1. Avail
abil
ityofcheaps lavelabourt o
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improveds tandar dsofl iving. 8.Exter
nali nf
luencef
rom SouthWes tAsi
a
4.Ur bancent resdevel opegUr ,Uruk, wheref arminghadalreadystar
ted.
BabylonandNi ppur. 9.Naturalprotecti
onfr
om theenemi es
.
5.Tr adebet weencommuni ti
esemer ged 1
0.Avail
abili
tyofcheaps l
avelabour.
andi ncreas ed,duet ot hepr oduct ionof 1
1.Egyptianshadt heknowledgeofweather
surplusf ood. for
ecas ti
ng.
6.Speci alizat ioni ncr af
tact ivi
tiesfollowed
7.I nfl
uencedt hedevel opmentofwr iting Ef
fect
sofear
lyagr
icul
tur
einEgypt
.
(cuneiform)&ar it
hmet ict okeep
records . 1. Pr oduct i
onofmor efood.
8.Thei nvent i
onoft hewheelf oll
owedt o 2.TheEgypt i
anss t
artedl ivingas et tledlif
e.
facil
it
atet het r
ans porti
ngpr ocessdur i
ng3.Devel opmentofnewadmi nistr
at i
ve
farming. sys tems
9.Thecons tr uct i
onofs t
or agef aci
lit
ies . 4.Di ffer ents ocialclassesofpeopl e
10.Itledt ot headvancementofr el
igioni n devel opede. g.Soldiers ,pr i
es t
set c.
Mes opot ami a,byconnect i
ngt heirmany 5.Tr adei ntens i
fi
edwi ths urplus
gods product i
on.
toagr icul tureinaway. 6.F ar mer sengagedi not heract i
vitiesl i
ke
11
.Gover nmentwass trengt henedwi tht he pot ter y/Speci al
ization.
compi l
ingofcodesofl aw. 7.Devel opmentofnewr eligiousbel iefs.
8.I ncr eas ei npopul ati
on.
9.Mor eadvancedt ool swer edevel opedf or
farmi ng.
EARLYAGRI CULTUREI NEGYPT 10.Devel opmentofAr chi t
ect uree. g.
Pyr ami ds.
 Itdevel opedal ongR.Ni l
evalleyi n 11.Devel opmentofHi erogl yphicwr iti
ng,
Fayum depr ession. Cal endar ,Geomet ry&Ar it
hmet i
cf or
count ing
Factorst hatf avored. ofs eas onsandr ecor dingagr icul t
ural
product i
on.
1. TheNi lepr ovidedwat erforcommer al 1
ci 2.Impr oveds tandardsofl iving.
us e.e.g.Shadoof ,Bas inandCanal 13.Ur bancent resdevel oped.
i
r r
igation. 14.Enhancedt ransportwi ths ail
ingal ong
2.Someoft hecr ops&ani malswer eeas i
ly RiverNi l
e.
availabl east heyal readyexi st
edt here.
3.Si ltdepos it
edal ongt heNi l
er iverbanks Si milar i
tiesbet weenear lyagr i
culturei n
madet hes oilfer ti
le. Eg ypt an dMe so potamia.
4.Devel opmentoff armingt oolslikehoes
andpl oughs . 1.I nbot hi twaspr actisedal ongr iver
5.Devel opmentandus eofs t
orage val l
eys .
facil
iti
es . 2.F ar mer sdependedonf loodwat erf or
6.Suppor tfrom thel eader sli
keMenes/ farmi ng.
Stablegover nment sunderPhar aohs. 3.Devel opeds ystemsofi rri
gation.
7.Invent ionandus eofShadoofandot her 4.Us edf armi mpl ement smadeofs tone,
formsofi rr
igation. woodandl atermet al.

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5.Devel
opedas ystem ofstor
ageand
pr
eservati
onoff ood. 1. Abol iti
onoff al lows .
6.Usedbothani malandhumanl abour
. 2.Newcr opsl ikepot atoeswer e
7.Pl
antedindigenouscr ops
. int roduced.
8.Tr
adedi nfarm produce. 3.Appl icat ionofnewmet hodsoff armi ng
e. g.us eoff er tili
zer
Reas onswhyear l
yagr iculturewasdone 4.Pl annedi nter cr oppi ng.
alongr iver s. 5.Appl icat ionofs ci ent if
icpr inci plesof
far mi nge. g.s elect i
vebr eedi ng.
1. Exi stenceoff er t
iles oi l
sdepos it
edby 6.Pr ivat el andowner shi p.
river s. 7.Bet ters tor agef aci l
itieswer ei ntroduced.
2.Avai l
abi l
ityofwat erf ori rrigation. 8.I mpr ovedt rans por t.
3.Tr ans por tbyus eofr ivers . 9.Landwascons ol idat edandt hepeopl e
wer ef or cedt of encei t.
AGRARI ANREVOLUTI ONI NBRI TAI N. 10.F armswer ef enced/Landencl os ure.
11.Es tabl ishmentofRoyalAgr icul tural
Di scover ies/i nvent ionsmadei nBr itai
nat Soci etyi n1 838whi chpubl icizedt he
thist imei ncludedus eoff er t
ili
zer ,Cr op newi deas&t echni quesoff armi ng.
rot ati
on/Nor f
olks ystem,I nter croppi ng, 12.Int roduct ionofmechani zation.
sel ectivebr eedi ng,s eeddr il
l,ironhoe,i ron
plough,mec hani calr eaper ,mechani cal I
nvent ionst hatl edt oagr arianr evolut i
oni n
thr esher ,tractor ,combi nehar ves ter,Royal Br itain.
agr icultur als ociet yet c.
1. Thes eeddr il
l.
Far mi ngact iviti
esi nEur opebef oreAgr ar
ian 2.Thehor sedr awnhoe.
revol ut ion. 3.Sel ect i
v ebr eedi ngofl ives tock.
4.I nt roduct i
on.
1.Us eofs impl e/pr imi t
ivet ools. 5.I nt roduct i
onoff er tili
zer .
2.Br oadcas t
ingmet hodofpl anting. 6.Mechani calt hr es her .
3.Landbel ongedt ot heF eudalLor ds. 7.Mechani calr eaper /Combi nehar vester
.
4.Landwasuncons olidat ed.
5.I nt er croppi ngwaspr act i
ced. FACTORSTHATF AVOUREDTHE
6.Mi xedf armi ngwaspr act i
s ed. DEVELOPMENTOFAGRARI ANREVOLUTI ON
7.Poorbr eedsofani mal sandcr opswer e I
NBRI TAI N.
us ed.
8.Heavi lyreliedonhumanl abour . 1. Thei nvent ionofmachi nes .
9.Openf ields ys tem /St r
ipf armi ng 2.Di scover yoff er til
izer swhi chl edt o
12.Shi ft
ingcul tivation/F all
owi ngofl and. highyi el ds .
13.Subs istencef armi ng/Smal lscal e 3.Di scover yofpes ticidesandf ungi cides
farmi ng. whi chf aci l
itat edcont rolofcr op
15.Commongr azing. diseas es .
16.Nous eofmachi nes/us eofani mal 4.Devel opmentofnewbr eedsofcr opsas
andhumanl abour . ar es ultofr es ear chi nagr icul ture.
5.Recl amat i
onofwas telandwhi chgave
Changest hatt ookpl ace. ri
s et omor ear abl el and.

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6.Theencl osures ystem pushedpeopl e 1
2.I
tfaci
li
tat
edt hegrowt
hoft
rade.
outoft her ur
alareas&cr eatedr oom 1
3.I
tledtoprivatel
andowner
ship.
f
orpl antati
onagr i
c.
7.Di scover yofcanningandr ef
rigeration Di
sadvant
agesofopenf
iel
ds yst
em i
n
madei tpos si
bleforf armerstopr oduce Br
it
ainbefor
eagrar
ianr
evoluti
on
perishablegoodsi nlargequant i
ties.
8.Es tabli
shmentofRoyalAgr i
cultural 1. Landwasunder ut il
izedasi twasl ef
t
Society. fall
ow.
9.Demandf oragriculturalr
awmat er i
als
. 2.Theexi s tenceofs t
ripspr event ed
10.Highdemandf orf oodbyt hehi ghur ban mechani zat ion.
population. 3.Car tt racksandf ootpat hst hatwent
11
.Impr ovementi nt ransportsystem e. g. throughunf encedf ieldswas tedl and.
rai
lways . 4.Longdi s tanceswer ecover edbef or e
reachi ngs cat ter edpi ecesofl and,t hus
Effect s/
advant agesofl andTenur esystem in was ti
ngt ime.
Br i
tain. 5.Spr eadofani maldi s eas esduet o
commongr azi ng.
1.I tl edt odevel opmentofl ar ges cale 6.Bet terf ar mi ngpr act i
cesl i
kes el ect i
ve
farmi ng,t husbr ingingmor el andunder breedi ngcoul dnotbeconduct ed.
product ion. 7.Thef ar mer swer ef or cedt os laught er
2.I tl edt oi ncr eas edf oodpr oduct ion someoft hei rani mal sdur ingt he
sincemor el andwasbr oughtunderus e. seas onofaut umnt henpr es ervet he
3.I tl edt oi ncr eas ei npopul ation. meatbys altings incet heywer enot
4.F acilitatedmechani zationofagr i
cult
ure abl et opr ovi deenoughhay.
e.g.us eds eeddr il
l.
5.I tl edt oes tablishmentof Effect sofagr arianr evol ut i
oni nBr itain.
i
ndus tr i
alizationwhi chpr ovi ded
empl oymentf ort hedi splaced. 1. Popul at i
onexpans ionast her ewas
6.I tenhancedcont rolofs preadofpes ts r egul arf oods uppl y.
&di s eas es&l edt ot hepr oduct i
onof 2. I mpr ovedf ar mi ngmet hodsl edt o
highqual itypr oduce. increas edf oodpr oduct ion.
7.I tl edt ot heappr eciat i
onoft hevalueof 3. Ledt odi ver sificationofagr i
cul tureas
l
and. newcr opsandbr eedi ng
8.I ti mpr ovedt rans por tandt ransportof met hodsi nani mal swer ei ntroduced.
agr i
cul tur alpr oducet ot hemar ket. 4. F armer sabandoneds mal ls cale&
9.I nvent i
onofnewmet hodsof subs istencef armi ngt olarges cale
mai nt ainings oilfer ti
li
tye. g.us eof whi chf aci litated
manur e. mechani zat ion.
10.Es tabl ishmentofor ganizat ionst hat 5. Rur al-ur banmi grationbyf ar mer swho
dissemi nat ei nfor mat i
onaboutnew wer er ender edl andl es s.
agr i
cul tur al 6. Agr o- bas edi ndus triesdevel oped.
invent ionse. g.RoyalAgr i
cultural 7. Localandi nt er nationalt r ade
Soci et y. intens ifiedandboos tedt heeconomy.
11
.Newmet hodsofani malhus bandry 8. I mpr ovementi nt het rans por ts ystem.
wer epr act i
cede. g.Sel ectivebr eeding. 9. Enhancedr es ear chands cient ific

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innovat
ions. 5.Di scoveryofpes t i
cideswhi chfacili
tated
10. Ot herlandl
essmigr
atedt
oot
her thecontrolofdi seas es.
countri
eslikeCanada. 6.Mi grati
onofpeopl et ot ownscreat ed
11. Thepr ic
eoflandwentup. room forplantationf arminginther ural
areas/Landcons olidati
on.
Methodsofagri
cult
urei
nBr
it
aindur
ing 7.Impr ovementoft rans portespeciall
yt he
agr
arianr
evolut
ion. rai
lways ystem.
8.Devel opmentofnewbr eedsofcr ops
1. Mechani zationofagr i
culture. throughres earch.
2.Us eofpes ticides . 9.Di scoveryofr efr
iger ati
onandcanni ng.
3.Moder ni r
rigat i
onandl andr eclamation 10.Demandf oragr i
culturalandindus trial
met hods . rawmat er i
als.
4.Sel ectivebr eedingi nli
ves tock. 11
.Hi ghdemandf orf oodbyt heincreas ing
5.Cr opzoni ng. urbanpopul ati
on.
6.Wi des pr eadr esearchonani mal sand
crops. AGRARI ANREVOLUTI ONI NUSA
7.Us eoff ertil
izers .
8.Cr opr ot ati
on. Inventi
ons/di scoveriesmadeher e
9.Landcons olidation. incl
udedus eoff erti
li
zer,cropr ot
ati
on,
10.Larges calef armi ng. steelplough,reaper sfact
ory,cottonpi
cker
,
11
.Newandi mpr ovedagr iculturalmethods. cottongin,tractor,combinehar vest
er,
refr
igerati
on,telegraphandt elephone,
Reasonsf ormovementofEur opean electr
icit
y,oiletc
i
mmi grant st oAmer icaduringagr arian
revol
ution. Factorsthatfavored

1. Rel
igiousdiff
erences. 1.Introduct ionofl andencl os ur esystem i n
2.Politi
caldif
ferences. Br i
tai nforcedt hel andl esst omi grat eto
3.Thel andencl osuresyst
em i
nBr
it
ain. N.Amer i
cawher etheyi ntroducednew
4.Labour ersandcr aft
smenwhowere farmi ngmet hods .
l
ookingforbet t
erlif
e. 2.Avai labili
tyoffer ti
lel andf orgr owi ng
di f
ferentt ypesofcr opsl ikewheat ,
Factorsthatpromot edplantation cot tonandt obacco.
agricul
tureinEuropedur ingt heagr arian 3.Mor el andwasr eclaimedandi rri
gat ed,
revoluti
on. thusmor efertil
el andf orfar mingmade
avai lable.
1.I nventi
onofmachi nesforext ens i
ve 4.Gover nmentr ecogni tionofi ndi
vidual
farming. owner s hip(Homes teadAct1 860)
2.Abol iti
onoffall
owsens urednol ossof encour ageds ett l
erst of arm.
production. 5.Avai labili
tyofs uitablecl imat ewi th
3.Di scoveryoffertil
izer
swhi chl edt ohigh enoughandr eliabler ainfall.
yiel
ds . 6.Gover nments uppor tt hroughgr ant i
ngof
4.Encl osuresystem pus hedpeopl eoutof financi alaidtof armer s/Cr editfacili
ty.
ther ur
alareas,thuscr eatingr oom for 7.I ntroduct ionofs l
avesf orlabourens ured
plantat
ionfarming. adequat esupplyofl abourf orf armi ng.

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8.Deter mi nat i
onofEur opeani mmi grant s beansetc/inter
croppi
ng.
tos ucceedi nAgr icultur east her ewas 6.Cropzoning.
noot hers ourceofl ivel ihood.
9.Increas ei ndemandf oragr icul turalr aw
mat er i
al sbyEur opeanI ndus triali
s ts
encour agedexpans ionofagr iculture/
Availabi lityoff or eignmar ket . Cr
opsgr
own
1
0.Mechani z ati
onofAgr icul t
ur e
encour agedagr icul tur alpr oduct i
oneg 1. Tobacco
thei nvent i
onof 2.Cot t
on
Cot tonGi ni n1 793byEl yWhi tneyl ed 3.Cor n/Maize
toincr eas edcot tonacr eageandt he 4.Wheat
steelpl ough
byJohnDeeri n1 837. Ef
fect
sofagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nUSA.
1
1.Devel opmentoff oodpr eser vation
encour agedf ar mer st opr oducemor e 1. Diver si
f icationofagr icul t
urethrough
e.g. i
nt roduct ionofnewcr opsandani mals.
Ref riger ation. 2.Newi nvent ionsi nf arm machi neryand
1
2.Devel opmentofgoodt rans por t& othernewf ar mingmet hods.
communi cationnet wor k,enabl edf oodt o 3.Popul at ionexpans i
on.
reach 4.Manypar tsofAmer icawer eopenedup
f
ar mer sont i
me. forf armi ngands ett l
ement/
1
3.Applicat ionofSci entificr es ear cht o Mechani z at
ionenabl edmor elandtobe
Agricul tur ee. g.Bi otechnol ogyandus e broughtundercul tivation/devel opment
of ofpl ant ationagr i
cul t
ur e.
f
er tilizerandpes tici des . 5.Incr eas edf oodpr oduct ion.
1
4.Increas ei npopul at i
oncr eat eddemand 6.Expans ionofagr o-bas edi ndustri
es.
formor ef oodwhi chl edt ot he 7.Sur plusf oodwasgi venashumani tari
an
expans ionof aid.
agr icul ture. 8.Incr eas edl ocalandi nt ernati
onaltrade
1
5.Discover yofcont rolli
ngofani mal bet weenUSAandWes ternEurope.
diseas esl edt oincr eas ei npr oduct ion. 9.Impr ovedt ranspor tandcommuni cation
1
6.Teachi ngofagr icul t
ur aleconomi cand net wor k.
extens ions ervices . 10.I
tl edt oenhancementofr esearchand
Scient i
ficdi scover i
esi nt he
Char
act
eri
sti
csofagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
n fieldofagr icult
ure.
USA. 11
.Mechani z at
ionr eleas edpeopl et o
sear chf orempl oymenti ntowns .
1.I
ntensivemechani zati
on/Us eof
machines . FOODSITUATI
ONINAFRI
CAANDTHE
2.Growingofhybr i
ds eedst hrough OTHERTHIRDWORLDCOUNTRI
ES
research.
3.Larges cal
efarmingact i
vit
ies. Caus
esoff
oods
hor
tage
4.I
ntensiveus eofferti
li
zers.
5.Growingofs ever
alcr opslikemaize, 1
. Manypar
tsofAf
ri
caexper
iencel
it
tl
eor

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nor ainatal lovers ever alyear s ,leadi ng shor t
ages .
tocr opf ailur eandhencef oods hor tage 1
3.HIV/AI DSpandemi chasi mpact ed
/nat uralhazar ds . negat ivel yonl abourf orcei nf ood
2.Ther api dpopul ationgr owt hhas pr oduct ionas
over takent hef oodpr oduct ionr ate i
nmai nl
yaf fectst heener get i
cpeopl e.
res ulti
ngi nf oods hor tage. 1
4.Poorl andt enur es ystem /l and
3.I nadequat ef oods toragef aci l
itieshave fragment ati
onhasr educedt heac reage
cont ribut edt of oodwas tagesasf armer s thatwoul dhave
cannots tor ef oodf oral ongt i
me. beenus edf orfoodpr oduct ion,hence
4.Poors tateofr oadsi nmanycount ri
es foods hor tages .
hinder st rans por tat i
onoff oodf rom 1
5.Manyf armer shaveabandonedt he
areasofs urpl ust oar easofdef icit. gr owingofdr oughtr esistantcr ops
5.Lowpr icesoff oods tuffshave whi chwoul dbe
discour agedf ar mer swhomayhave usedi nt i
mesoff oods car ci
ty.
inves teds omuchcapi t
all eadi ngt of ood 1
6.Over -
rel i
ance/dependenceonf amine
shor tages . relieffoodandot herf ormsofai dhave
6.Manyf armer si nAf rical ackenough made
capi talt opur chas et her equi redf arm peopl enott ol ookf orper manent
input s. sol uti
onst of oods hortages .
7.Duet ocr opdi seas eandpes ts,al otof 1
7.Lackofmoder nf armingmet hodshasl ed
foodi sdes troyedei t
heront hef armsor tol owf oodpr oduct i
on.
int hes tor esl eadi ngt of oods hor tages .
8.Theemphas isoncas hcr opf armi ngat Ef
fect
soff
oods
hor
tage.
theexpens eoff oodcr opshasl edt ol ow
foodpr oduct i
on,t huss hor tagesoff ood. 1. Lossofhumanl ives .
9.Envi ronment aldegr adat iont hr ough 2.Manypeopl esuf ferfrom mal nutri
ti
on/
def ores tation/over gr azi ngofani mal s defi
ciencydi s
eas es.
hasl edt os oiler os i
onl eadi ngt o 3.I thasf orcedpeopl etodependenceon
was t
el and,hencel owf oodpr oduct i
on. foodai d/r eli
eff ood.
10.Civ i
lwar sf rom Af r
icahavedi s placed 4.I thasl edt opooreconomi c
peopl ef rom t hei rf armsandt her efor e devel opmentasmoneymeantf ori ti
s
diver ti
ng usedt obuyf ood.
thei rat tent ionf rom f ar mi ng,r es ulti
ng 5.I thasl edt oins ecur i
ty/r aids/pol i
ti
cal
ins hor tagesoff ood. unres taspeopl es t
ealfoodandl ose
11.Poorf oodpol icieshavedi s cour aged confidencei nt hei rgovernment .
farmer sast heyar enotgi venenough 6.St agnantofAgr o- basedindus tr
iesand
incent ivesi n henceunempl oyment .
cas eoff oodf ailure/pooreconomi c 7.Di sruptionofchi ldren’seducat i
on
planni ng. chil
dr endr opoutofs chool.
12.Theyoungabl e- bodi edyoungper sons 8.I ncr
eas edfoodpr icesfort helit
tlethat
mi grat et our bancent res ,t husl eavi ng isavai l
able.
farmi ngt o 9.Ref ugeepr oblem aspeopl emovet o
theagedwhoar enotabl et o otherpl acest ol ookf orfood.
cont ribut emucht owar dsf ood
product ion,hencef ood Remedi
es/s
olut
ions

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mini mum amountofcer ealsi n
1. Newf ar mi ngmet hodsneedt obe gover nments iloshasbeens et.
i
nt roduc edbyt hegover nment s. 6.F oodi mpor tsdur ingdr oughts easont o
2.Landr ecl amat i
onneedst obeadopt ed all
evi at ethes hor t
age.
toi ncr eas ef armi ngl and. 7.Genet icall
yengi neer edcr opsand
3.Int roduc egoodf oods tor agef acil
iti
esto animal shavebeenpr oduced.
reducewas t
age. 8.Encour ager ur alindus triali
zat ionto
4.Soundnat ionalf oodpol icyt obe cont rolr ural-Ur banmi gr ationbyt he
adopt edbyt her espectivegover nments. ener get icyout hs .
5.Thegover nment sneedt os topci vilwars.9.Re- affores tationhasbeenencour aged
6.Pr ovisionofext ens ions er vicest o tor educet heef fectofdr ought .
educat ef armer sont heirl and.
7.Re- affores tationneedst obe Howpoort rans por thasl edt of ood
encour agedt or educet heef fectof shortagei nAf r i
ca.
droughtonagr icul t
ure.
8.Thegover nment sneedt omakef unds 1. Hight rans por tcos t
,t hushi ghf ood
avai l
abl ef ormachi neryandi nput . prices .
9.Thegover nment sneedt or educe 2.Poordi str
ibut ionoff ood.
taxat i
ononf armi nputst oencour age 3.Del aysi nthet rans por toff ood,hence
farmer st oi ncreas etheirpr oduce. was t
esandl os ses
10.Thegover nment sneedt oi mpr ove 4.Di scour agef ar mer s,hencel ow
trans por tandcommuni cat ionnet workt
o agr i
cul turalpr oduct i
on.
facili
tat e 5.Under mi nesef fectivenes sofagr i
culture
movementandcommuni cat i
onof extens ionof fices .
skillsandi deas . 6.Agr iculturali nputdel ays ,hencel eadi ng
11
.Thegover nment sneedt oencour age topoorpr oduct i
on.
Fami lypl anni ngs oast ohaves mal land
manageabl ef ami l
iesf ort hef ood
avai l
abl e.

St
epstakenbyKenyat
osol
vef
ood T0PI
C4:
TRADE.
pr
obl
em.
Tradeist hel
egalexchangeofgoodand/
1. Enhancedr esearchini nstitutionslike ors er
vices.
KARI .
2.Agr icult
uraltrai
ningins ti
tutionshave Met
hodsoft
rade
beenes t
abli
shedt otrainexper ts.
3.I nt
roduc ti
onofagr i
cultureasas ubject 1. Barter-exchangeofgoodsforgoods
.
inschool stoeducatel earner sonnew - Nomoneyi nvolved.
andbet tertechniquesoff ar mingt hat 2.Cur rency-Moneyi sthemedi
um of
couldincreasepr oductionoff oodint he exchange.
country.
4.Educat ingthepubl i
cont hei mportance Di
sadvant
agesofBar
ter
offamilyplanning.
5.F ormulationoffoods ecur it
ypol i
cye.g.a 1
. Somegoodswer
enoteas
ilyhandl
edas

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theywerebul ky.
2.Itwasnoteas yt oagreeont hevalue/ 1.Its
houl
dbedi vis
iblet
oall
oweas yuse
exchangerate. insmal
luni
ts.
3.Incasethet r
ader slackeddouble 2.Its
houl
dbeaccept abl
ebyt hesoci
ety.
coinci
denceitwasapr obl
em. 3.Its
houl
dremai nstabl
etogiveas t
able
4.Someoft het radegoodswer enoteasi
ly val
ueoveryears.
orneverdivisibl
e. 4.Its
houl
dbedur abletoret
ainquali
ty
5.Lackofstorageval ueforperi
shable
goods. Types
/cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionoft
rade

Advant
ages Thi sclas si
fi
cat i
oni sbas edont hes cale,
volumeofgoodsands ervicesi nvolved,
1. Poorcount r
ieswi thoutadequat eforeign di stancecover edandmer chantsinvol ved.
cur r
enci esbenef itsbyexchangi ngwhat
theyhavewi thwhatt heydon’ thave. 1.Local
2.Encour agess elf
-r eli
ancei ndeveloping
count ries . -Iti sconduct edwi thinal ocali
tye. g.
3.Humanwant sares ati
s f
ied. Count ry.
4.I tcanhel pt opr omot el i
vings t
andards .
5.I tbenef itswher emoneyi snon- exist
ent .I tsfeat ures.
6.I tavoi dswas t
ageasdemandands upply
tendt oequat e. 1.I tinvolvest heexchangeofgoodsi nthe
7.I tpromot esi nteract i
onhencegood samegeogr aphi calar ea.
relation,peaceands tabil
ity. 2.I thasf ewmer chant s .
3.Var i
etyofgoodsi sl i
mi ted.
Advant agesofcur rency. 4.I tinvolvest heexchangeofgoodsi n
smal lvolume.
1. Eas i
lys tor edasweal t
hf oral ongper iod.
2.Eas i
lydi vis i
bleint os mal l
eruni t
s. Fact orst hatfavor edi tsor i
gin
3.I tislight ert ot r
ans por tcur r
encyas
compar edt ogoods/I tisconveni ent, 1. Sur pl
uspr oduct i
on.
sincei ti snotbul ky. 2.Cl imat eandenvi ronment alcondi ti
ons .
4.I tcanbeus edt omeas uret hevalueof 3.Nat uralcalami ti
es .
goodsands ervi
ces . 4.Popul ati
oni ncr eas e.
5.I tisconver t
ibleint oelectronicdevices
forpayment sunl ikegoods . Effectsofl ocalt rade.
6.I tisuni ver sallyaccept ed.
1. Peacef ulco- existenceamongpeopl e/
Disadvant ages . communi ties.
2.Devel opmentofur bancent ersf r
om
1.I tcanbeeas i
lylos t. tradingcent r
es .
2.F akecur renci escancomeup. 3.I tsatisfi
edt her equi rement sofal ocali
ty.
3.Deval uat ionoft hecur rency. 4.Newpr oduct swer emadeavai lableto
thepeopl e.
Char acteris ticsofcur rency. 5.I tledt oimpr ovedt rans por
ts ys t
em.

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tradingact ivi
ties.
7.Exi stenceoft radegoodses peci all
ygol d
ands al
t.
8.Act iviti
esbet weenNor thAf ricaand
Sout hernEur opeandMi ddleEas t.
9.Exi stenceofOas iswhi chpr ovi dedwat er
2.Regionalt r
ade. andact edasr esti
ngar eaf ort rader s
.
10.Demandf orcommodi tiesbot hi nNor th
Characteris
ticsofr egionaltrade. andWes tAf r
ica res pect ivel y.
11.Existenceofr ichandent erpr ising
1. I
tinvolvesmor egoods . mer chant sinN.Af ri
c awhopr ovi dedt he
2. Hadmor emer chant s. neededcapi t
al.
3. Wasbet t
eror ganizedwi thmar kets. 12.Agr i
culturei nW.Af ri
capr ovi deda
4. Peopl es peciali
zedi nt r
adeast heir s t
rongeconomyonwhi ch, wi dert rade
meansoft heirli
velihood. wasbas ed.
5. Pr esenceofmi ddlemeni nthetrade.
Goodsi nvol ved.
 Thi stradebet weent wor egionse.g.
l
ongdi stancet r
adeandTr ans-Sahara From theNor th–Sal t,Hor s es ,gl as swar e,
tr
ade. beads ,Mi r
r ors,needl es,per fumes ,s pi
ces ,
 Thel ongdi stancet radet ookplace d r
iedfru i
ts, f
ir
ea rms, dag g ersa n dc owri
e
betweent heEas tcoas tofAf ri
caandt he shells.
i
nteri
or . From South-Gol d,Sl aves ,kol anut s,
 Someoft hecommuni t
iesincludedt he f eathers,Hi desands kins ,Ivor y,Gum,Dyed
Arabs,Swahi li
,andMi j
ikendaet c. clothesa ndp eppe r.

Tr
ans
-Sahar
ant
rade Themai
nit
emswer
eGOLDands
alt
.

F
act
orst
hatf
avor
ed. Whyt
hecamelr
epl
acedt
hehor
se.

1. Existenceofl ocaltradei nW.Sudan& 1.Iti sstr

ongerandcar r
iesheavi
ergoods .
amongt heBer ber swhi chprovidedt he 2.I tcant ravelforsever
aldayswithout
bas efort rade. wat erorfood.
2.Exi stenceoft rader outesacr ossthe 3.I tsbroadf eetenablesitt
owalkwi thout
des ertmadet r
ans portati
oneas ier. sinkinginthes and.
3.Theexi s t
enceoft hecamelwhi ch 4.I thasar eservoi
roffoodandwat erin
providedt r ansportacros sthedes er
t. theirs t
omachandhump.
(Packani mal s )
4.Tuar egspr ovidedgui dancet othe Rol
esofTuar
egs
.
caravansacr os stheSahar a.
5.Exi stenceofpower fulleaderswho 1. Theyactedasguidest othetraders.
providedpol it
icalstabili
tyencour aged 2.Theypr ovi
deds ecuri
tyforthet r
aders.
tradee. g.Mans aMus aofMal i. 3.Theypr ovi
dethet raderswithbasic
6.Conques tands ettl
ementofAr absi n needsli
kefood.
Nor thAfrical edtot hei ncreaseof 4.Theyact edasinterpret
ers/Tr ansl
ator
s.

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5.Theymaintai
nedtheOas
isandwater
well
s. NB-Theser
out
esar
eclassi
fi
edas
6.Theyprovi
dedaccommodat
ion/shel
ter
. Pri
mary/
mai
nandSecondar
y.

Tr
ans
-Sahar
ant
rade Chal
lenges/Pr
obl
emsencount
ered

Or
gani
zat
ion 1. Longands t
res sfulj our ney.
2.Danger si nt her out ese. g.coul dbe
1.I twasbet weent hepeopl ef r
om Sout hof attackedbywi ldani mal sandot her
theSahar a,mai nlyWes ternSudanand des ertcr eat ur es .
theAr absf rom t heNor thofAf rica. 3.Ext remeweat hercondi ti
onsoft he
2.Theweal thymer chant sf rom t heNor t
h des ert,e. g.ver yhotdur ingt hedayver y
providedt hef undsf ort hecar avans . colddur ingt heni ght.
3.TheCar avanl eader sas sembl edt he 4.Tr ader sof t
enl os tthei rwayi nt he
goodst hatwer ei ndemandi nWes tern des ertduet of r equents hiftingofr outs.
Sudan/Sal t
,clot hesHor s esguns ,and 5.Scar cityofbas icneedse. g.wat erand
weapons . food.
4.Thecar avanscol lect edt hebas ic 6.At t
acksbyhos tiledes ertcommuni ti
es.
requirement sf ort hej our ney. 7.Manywer eki l
ledbyt hef requents and
5.Thet rader stravel l
edi naconvoy/ storms .
caravansf ors ecur ity. 8.Di srupt ionoft hei rj ourneydur ingi nter
-
6.Thenomads/Tuar egsgui dedt he communi tywar s/I ns ecur ityduet o
caravanst hrought hedes er t
. decliningandf al li
ngofki ngdoms .
7.Thegui deschar gedt hecar avansa 9.Languagebar rier/Lackofcommon
minimalf eef ort hes er vicesr ender ed. languagef ort rans actingt rade.
8.Localagent sinWes ter nSudanact edas 1 0.Exhaus ti
onoft radegoodses peci al
ly
int
er medi ar i
esf oref f
ect ive gold.
communi cat ion. 11
.Theywer er obbedbydes ertpeopl e.
9.Thet rader sgavegi f
ts/t ributet othe
rul
er sinWes t
ernSudan. Decline
10.Goodsf r om Wes ternSudani ncl uded
Kolanut s ,s l
aves&gol d. Reas ons
11.Thet radewasmai nl ybar tertypes il
ent.
12.Therewer et hreet rader out esl inki
ng 1. Themai nt radi nggoodsgotexhaus t
ed
theNor thandWes ternSudan. e.g.s altandgol d.
13.TheCamelwasus edt ot rans por tgoods. 2.Ast heBer ber sandTuar egsabdi cated
theirr ole,i ns ecur it
ygr eat l
yi ncr eased,
Trans-Sahar anTr adeRout es . thusexpos ingt hecar avanst oal otof
robber y/Al mor avi dsandTuar egs
1.F ez-Mar rkes h- Wadan- Wal ata invadedt her egi onofSonghai ,thus
2.Saj i
lmas a- Tuat -Gao- Ti mbukt u caus ingi ns ecur i
t ywhi chdi s cour aged
3.Tuni sia-Ghadames -Agades -Haus aland thecar avans .
4.Tr i
pol i
-Fezzan- Bor nu 3.WhenPor tugalandSpai ni nvaded
5.Cai ro-Mur zuk-Bilma- Kono Mor occopor t sal ongAt lanticand
6.Saj i
lmas a- Wal ata-Taghaza- Andaghos t Medi ter ranean,s hecoul dnotacces s

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goods ,hencet het radewasdi s rupt ed. andhor s e.
4.TheOt t
omanTur ksi nvadedNor thAf r
ica 2.Shar ial awwasi nt roducedi nt her egi on.
caus edmanywar swhi chaf fectedt he 3.I slami candAr abi ccul turess pr eadt o
tradi ngact i
vities . Wes ter nSudan.
5.I ns ecur ityandanar chyi nt heWes tern 4.I ntr oduct ionofAr abi car chitect ur al
Sudanar eawheni twasi nvadedby des igns .
Mor occo/Pol iticali ns tabi lityint he 5.I slami cs ys tem ofeducat i
onwas
regi onwasat hreatt ocar avan. intr oducedi nt her egion.
6.Thedevel opmentandgr owt hofTr ans- 6.F aci litatedt hes pr eadofI slam i nt he
Atlant i
ct rade/Es t
abl is hmentof regi onofWes ter nSudan.
commer cialpor t
satt heWes tAf rican 7.Ledt oi nt er act ionbet weent heNor th
coas tr ender edcar avanst rade Af ricaandSudanbel t.
unpopul arasi twass lowandr isky. 8.I ront ool swer ei nt roducedi nt her egion.
7.Ant i-s l
aver ymovements tar t
edi n 9.St imul at edt hegr owt hofs mi thi ng
Br i
t ainpavedat hreatt ot rade. technol ogy.
8.Res our cesi nt het wor egi ons( Nor t
hand 1 0.Acl as sofweal thymer chant semer ged
Sout h)cameundert hecont roloft he asar es ultofweal thear nedf r om t he
Eur opeansf ollowi ngt hei rcol onizat ionof trade.
thear eas . 11.Gr owt hofs t r
ongempi resandki ngdoms .
9.WhenEur opeansent er edt hei nt er i
or, 1 2.Tr adi ngcent resl at ergr ewi nt our ban
theys tateddeal ingwi tht hepr oducer s cent resegQi dar ,Lagos ,Por tNor vo,
direct l
y,t husr ender ingt heBar bar sand Elmi na,Komenda,Gor eeandDakar .
Tuar egsus eles s/Col oni zat i
onofNor t
h 1 3.Agr icultur ewasboos tedwi tht he
andWes tAfricat ookovert her es ources, i ntr oduct ionofnewcr opsi nt her egi on.
thusweakeni ngi t. HowWes tAf ri
canCommuni ti
esbenef ited
10.Incr eas edpos ses sionoff i
rear ms from t het rade( Tr ans–Sahar an)
intens if
iedwar f
ar ebet weent radi ng
cent res . 1.
Theywer eabl et oacqui renewes s ent i
al
commodi tiese. g.cl ot h.
Eff
ectsofTr ans-Sahar aTr ade.
2.Commer ci alcent resdevel opedal ongt he
Negat ive trader out es ,andt hiswasaneconomi c
boos tt ot heWes tAf r icaneconomy.
1.I ncr eas ewar far ei nt her egi on. 3.SomeAf rical eader ses tablisheds trong
2.Manypeopl ei nt her egi onwer e armi esus i
ngt heweal t handar msf rom t he
capt uredass laves/depopul ati
onoft he trade/Revenuef rom t het radewasus edt o
regi on. strengt hent heempi res .
3.Decl ineofs omeki ngdoms . 5.Itenhancedl ocalt rade.
4.Des tructionofwi ldlifeduet odemandi n 6.Itf aci li
tat edt hes pr eadofI slam /I tl edto
Ivor y. thei ntr oduct ionofI s lami ccul turei nt he
regi on.
Positive 7.ItopenedupWes tAf ri
cat ot heout side
wor ld,hencees tabl ishmentofdi plomat i
c
1.I mpr ovedmodeoft rans por tint he relat i
onswi thNor t hAf rica.
regi onwi t
ht hei ntroduct ionofcamel s 8. Itboos tedagr icul tur alpr oducewi thi ron

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tool
sacquir
edt hrought
hetr
ade. 1. Clothes
9.UseofShari
al awtoadmi
nis
terst
atesi
n 2.Or nament s
WestAfri
ca. 3.Al coholi
cbever
ages
4.Ut ensil
s
Howthetrans
-Saharant
radel
edtothe 5.F oods tuf
fs
devel
opmentofki
ngdomsinWestAf
rica. 6.Gunandgunpowder
7.Met al
s
1.I twasas our ceofr evenuet hr ough
i
mpor tsandexpor tt axpai dbyt rader s
. NB/From Af
ri
ca,wehadslaves,tobacco,
2.Ki ngdomsacqui r edf irear ms,hor s eand gol
d,I
vory,gum,ti
mber,pepper,skinsand
ot herweaponsf rom Nor thAfricawhi ch hi
des
theyus edt oes tabl ishs tr
ongar miest o andbeewax.
bui l
dempi resandKi ngdoms
3.I s lami cShar ia,( Isl
ami cl aw)whi chwas Factor
sthatf
avouredthegr
owt
hoft
he
i
nt r
oduc edbyt het rader swasus edi n Trans-
Atl
anti
ctrade.
admi ni strationoft heKi ngdoms
4.I s lami cr el i
gionwasus edasauni f
ying 1. Afri
cas laveswer es trongerand
factor . resistantt othet ropicaldi seas esand
5.I ts timul atedl ocalt radewhi chwasa couldcopewi t
hs tr
ainands tr ess.
sour ceofr evenuef ort hes t
at et ogr ow. 2.Demandf orWes tAf ricangoodsby
6.Thet rader smot ivatedt heki ngst o Europeans .
acqui ret hebenef i
ts . 3.Eur opeanexpans iont oWes tAf ri
ca
7.I tenabl edt heki ngst oes tablish 1490’s .
diplomat icl inkswi thNor t
hAf ricaand 4.Thei ntroductionoff irear msf aci
li
tated
ot hercount riesf orf orei gnexchangef or thecapt ureofs l
avesandhencet heir
weal th. supply.
Inter nat ionalt rade 5.I ncreas eddemandf ors lavesl abouri n
Itinvol vesdi fferentcount riesei theri none Europeancount ries.
cont inentoff ur ther . 6.Af ri
cachi efshaddev elopedat ast
ef or
Trans -At lant i
ct rade Europeangoods .
-Thi st radei nvol vedAf ri
ca( mainlywes t), 7.Af ri
cans l
avelabourwascheapert han
EuropeandAmer ica. Europeanl aborersandAmer icanIndi an.
-Thepeopl ei nvol vedi ncl udedEur opeans , 8.Expl oitationofmi ner alsand
Africanmi ddl emenandchi efs,Amer ican establishmentofcr oppl antat ionint he
mi ddlemenandpl antationowner s. Amer icas .
-Thes peci ficcount r i
eswer ePor t
ugal , 9.Thei ncr easeddemandofr awmat erials
Spai n,Hol land( Net her l
ands ),Britainand forthegr owingindus tri
es .
France, 10.Thei ncr easedr i
valryamongEur opean
andAf rican- wer eNi ger i
a,Ghanaand power sf orcont r
olof over s eas
Senegal ,Whi leAmer i
canwer ethe count ri
es .
Car ibbean 11.Thel ucr ati
venat ureoft rade.
IslandsandU. S.A. 12.Thecons tr
ucti
onofgr eatercapac ity
ships.
I
temsi
nvol
vedt
oAf
ri
ca 13.Ther eex i
stedwel ldef i
nedr out es.

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Waysofobt
aini
ngs
laves
. goodse. g.cl ot hest oW.Af ricaand
exchangedwi ths laves .
1. Raidsor gani zedbyi ndi vi
dual sorchi efs. 3.Moneyt of inancet het r adecamef rom
2.War f
ar eands ellofwarcapt i
ves/ Eur ope.
capt i
vesofwar . 4.Sl aveswer ecapt ur edi nt hei nter i
or ,
3.Abus eofpowerbyl eader s ,thuss ell
ing yokedt oget herandmar chedt ot he
theirs ubject sfors elf-
inter ests. coas tsi ncar avans .
4.Thr oughki dnappi ng/abduct ion-l onely 5.Sl aveswer eobt ai nedt hr oughr aiding.
travel ers. 6.Sl aveswer es ol datpar ticul arcent res
5.Ent icement/t r
icker y. alongt heW.Af r i
cancoas tl i
keLagos .
6.Sel lingof fdebt ors/Panyar ri
ng. 7.Theywer es tor edi n“ war ehous es ”/
7.Cr i
mi nal sors ocialmi sfi
ts. Bar accoonswhi lewai tingt obe
trans por ted.
RolesofAf ri
cansi nt heTr ans -Atlantict r
ade.8.Thes l
aveswer et ightl
ypackedi ns hips
andwer es hippedacr os st heAt lant ic
6. Theyact edasmi ddlemenbet ween underpat het iccondi ti
onswhi chmade
Eur opeanmer chant sandi nt erior manyt odi ebef or er eachi ngt hei r
communi ti
es. des t
inat ion.
7. Theyacqui r
ed/r aidedf ors laves . 9.I twasabar t
erf or m oft rade.
8. Rul erss ol dthei rowns ubject s/t hey 1 0.Thepr icesdependedons ex,s izeand
wer es oldass l
aves . age.
9. Theymar cheds lavest othec oas t. 1 1.Int heAmer i
cas ,t hes l
aveswer es old
10. Theyt rans por tedt radei t
emst othe thr oughauct ioni ng.
coas t. 12.Oncet heyhadbeenbought ,t heywer e
brandedwi tht hemar koft heir
pur chas er st hent akent opl ant at i
ons
andot herpl aces
WhyAf ricans laveswer epr efer r
ed. 13.Pr oduct sf rom t hepl ant at ions/r aw
mat erialswer et henexpor tedt o
1. Theywer eavai labl ei nlargenumber s. Eur opeani ndus t ri
es .
2.Theywer ef oundt obecheapert ous e
thanEur opeanl abor er sandAmer ican
Indians .
3.Af ricans laveswer et houghtt obe Reas onsf ori tsdecl ine
immunet obot hEur opeanandt ropical
diseas es. 1. Devel opmentofi ndus trialr evol utioni n
4.Theyappear eds trongerandt her efore Eur opeans hifteddemandf ors lavest o
suitabl ef ormanualwor k. demandf oragr icul turalpr oduce.
2.At tainmentofi ndependencebyU. S. A
Organizat i
onoft het rade. leftBr itainwi thoutcol oni eswher es he
coul dt akes lavest owor k/Cl os ureof
1.I toper atedal ongt hr eet riangul arr outes
, s lavemar keti nAmer i
ca.
namel yEur ope,Wes tAfricaand 3.Ri s ei nhumani tarianse. g.mi ssionar ies
Amer icas . inBr it
ai nf orcedhert oabandons l
ave
2.TheEur opeansbr oughtmanuf ac t
ur ed tradeands laver y/Phi l
ant hr opi s ts.

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4.Thedevel opmentofl egiti
mat etrade Soci
al
whi chwasmor epr ofi
tableandl es s
cos tl
y. 1. SomeAf r
icancul turess pr eadt oUSA.
5.Br i
tainabol i
s heds l
avet radeand 2.Depopul ationasmanypeopl ewer e
infl
uencedot hercount r i
esinEur opean shippedawayass l
avesandot her sdi ed.
tos tops lavet radeands l
averyby 3.F orcedemi grat i
ont ot heAmer icas/
signingt reaties. Mul latopopul ationemer gedi nWes t
6.Leadi ngeconomi st
sar guedthatf ree Africa.
peopl ewer emor eproductivethan 4.Manys lavesdi edbef or eandaf ter
slaves .Eg.Adam Smi th. reachi ngAmer icas .
7.Frenchr evolutionin1789ands pr eadof
5.Ledt ot hechangesi ns oci alroles/
itsideasofl i
ber t
y. separ at i
onoff ami li
es .
6.Thet radel edt ot heor iginofNegr os
Ot hers (BlackAmer ica)
7.I texpos edWes tAf ri
cat omanyt ypesof
8.Res ult
soft heAmer i
cancivilwarof1865 diseas escameupf ollowi ngt he
whi chwaswor nbyt hos eopposedt o condi tionsunderwhi cht hes laveswer e
slavery. capt uredandkept .
9.Us eofmachi nesonf armsrender ed 8.I tals oledt otheemer genceofacl ass
slavesunneces sary. ofweal thymer chant swhoaccumul ated
1
0.Res is
tancebyAf ricansi nW.Africaand alotofweal thf rom t het r ade.
thenewwor l
dmadet heEuropeanst o 9.Someoft het radingcent resl atergr ew
abandons l
avet r
ade. intour bancent res.
1
1.Needt oretainAfr
icansi ntheir 10.Itbr oughtaboutf earandi nsecur it
y
homel andt oproducer aw material
sfor amongt hecommuni t
ies .
thedevel opingindus tri
es.
Economi c

1. Decl i
neoft heeconomi cand
agr i
culturaldevelopmenti nAf rica.
2. Br i
tai
nexpandedi tsindus t
ryandot her
I
mpactoft hetrade Eur opeancount ries.
3. Decl i
neoft heTr ans -Sahar ant radeas
Poli
ti
cal manyt radersfoundt heTr ans -Atlanti
c
trademor e
1. Warfarewasr evoluti
onizedbythe profit
able.
i
mpor tati
onoff ir
ear ms. 4.Pr opertywasdes troyedascommuni ti
es
2.Gr owthanddecl ineofs omeempi r
es raidedeachot herf ort radei tems .
andKi ngdoms 5.SomeAf ri
caleader saccumul atedweal t
h
3.ManyAf r
icacommuni ti
eswer el
eftweak andhenceacl as sofr ichmer chant s
andunabl etor es i
stthes cr
ambleand devel oped.
part
iti
onofAf ricawhi chfoll
owed. 6.Expans ionofpl antationsagr iculturein
4.Ledt ofoundingofLi beriaandSierr
a USAast herewascheapl abourbyt he
Leone. slaves .

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TOPIC5.
DEVELOPMENTOF Ot
her
s
TRANSPORT
7.Theycanonlybeusedforshort
Transpor
tisthemovementofgoodsand dis
tances.
/orpeoplef
rom onepl
acetoanother
. 8.Theyrequir
efoodandwater.

Tr
adi
ti
onalf
ormsoft
rans
por
t.  Aft
erthewheelwasdevel opedbythe
Sumerians,itfaci
li
tat
edt r
anspor
t.
1. Human  Chart
swer enowdevel opedtomake
2.Animal-Donkeys,Horses,Oxen,Mules: ani
malt ransporteasi
er.
Camels,Ll
amaandAl paca,Elephant
s,
waterbuff
alo,Rei
ndeer,Dogs. Advant
agesofus
ingadonkey.

Di
sadvant
agesofhumant
rans
por
t. 1
.I tshoovesar emores uit
ableforwalki
ng
onsandy,rockyormount ainouster
rai
n.
1.I
tisslow/t i
mecons uming. 2.Itcouldg olongeri
nd ryc ondi
ti
ons
2.I
tistir
esome/t ir
ing wi
thoutwat erandfood.
3.I
tisli
mi t
edinquantit
yofgoodscarri
ed 3.Itcouldca r
ryb i
ggerload.
atago.
4.I
tcanonl ycoverashortdis
tanceswi
th MODERNMEANSOFTRANSPORT
goods.
5.I
tiscumber some Roadtransport

Advant
agesofani
malt
rans
por
t.  Cr edi t
edt oPi erreTr esagues t(France)
JohnMet calf( Br itain)ThomasTel ford
1. Theycanbeus edi ninacces sibleareas
. (Brit
a i
n) andJ o hnM cA da m.
2.I ti
scheapt omai ntainani malsegdog.  Thi swasenhancedwi tht he
3.Theyar es afes incet heyar enotpr one de velopme nt o ft hew hee l
.
toaccident s
.  Ther omans oldier si nvent edt he
4.Theyar eenvi ronment alfri
endly. mur ram (Roman)r oads
5.Someani mal scans ensedanger .  Lat erint he1 9th c,t heBr itishdevel oped
thet armacr oads .
Disadvant
ages  Br idgesanddr ainagewer edonebef ore
highwayswer edevel oped.
1. Theys l
owandt imecons uming/s l
ow.
2.Ani malsar eaf f
ect edbypoorheal th/ Ef
fectsoft hei nvent ionoft hewheel .
inj
uri
es/at tackedbywi ldanimal s
.
3.Ruggedt errain/ext remeweat her 1.I tmader oadt rans portfas ter,easierand
condit
ionshampert hemovementof comf ortabl
e.
animals. 2.Bi ggerl oadscoul dbe car ried
4.I thaslimitedcar r
yingcapaci t
y. 3.I tfacil
it
atedi nter actionamongpeopl e.
5.Somear es t
ubbor nwhent ired. 4.I tenhancedt rade.
6.Ani maltrans porti slimitedtodayt ime 5.I tledt othedevel opmentofr oads .
andnotni ghtt ime. 6.I tfacil
it
atedt raveloverl ongdi st
ances .
7.I tass i
stedt hes pr eadofs erviceslike
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pos t
ali nRome. i
ntr
ans
por
ti
ngoi
l.
8.I
ti mpr ovedands trengthenedar miesas
theyus edchariot
st otransports ol
diers
. 1.Pipeli
nedeliversoilfast
ert hanvehicl
es.
9.I
tai dedmovementofadmi ni
strators 2.Itiss af
erthanus ingvehicles.
betweenpl acesinRome. 3.Itens ur
esr egular/continuouss uppl
yof
1
0.I
twasus edforleis
ur eacti
viti
ese. g.in oilt
or equi
redar eas/
Racing. depots.
1
1.I
nChi na,itwasus edt omakehi gh 4.Itiseas i
ertomai ntainthepi pel
inethan
qualit
ypot s . vehicl
es.

Howt heinvent
ionofthewheel Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heRomanr
oads
.
revol
uti
onali
zedtrans
porti
nEuropei
nthe
t
h
1
9 Cent ury. 1
1. Theywerebui l
ts t
rai
ght.
1
2. Theywereofhi ghs t
andar d.
1. Peoplecouldtr
avelfas
terthanbefore. 1
3. Theywereslightl
ycur ved.
2.Theycoul dcoverlongdist
ances. 1
4. Theywerehighways ,builthigh
3.TheChar i
ots/Wheelcartsmadet ravel abovethel
andt opreventf l
oodi
ng.
comfort
able. 1
5. Theyconsi
stedofnet wor koftunnel
s
4.Heavyl oadscouldbecarri
edov erlong andbri
dges.
dist
ances.
5.Tr avel
li
ngbecamemor esecur
e. Char
act
eri
sti
coft
armac/
moder
nroads

Devel
opmentofbi
cycl
e. 1. Theyar edur able.
2. Theyar eal l-weatherr oads .
 Cr editedt oKi rkpatri
cMacmi ll
an 3.Wat erdr ai
nseas il
y/havegood
(Scot l
and–1 839,Er nes sMi chaux drainage.
(France)–1 860,JamesSt anley( Brit
ain) 4.Theyar ewi de.
-1870,JohnDunl op-1 888,1 893– 5.T he yh avele s ssharpcor ner s/theyar
e
moder nbi cycl e. straight.
6.Theyhaveas mooths ur f
ace,thus
VEHICLE providinggoodmot ori
ngs urf
ace.
7.Theyar echeapandqui ckt obuil
d.
 1 760Homer( Germany)cr edi t
edt he
manuf actur eoft hevehi cle. Ef
fectsofr oadt ransport.
 Leanar dodaVi nci(Italy)
- 1 740-JacquesdeVanCans on,1 760J. H. Thecons tr
uctionoft hemoder nroadsi
s
Gener ios,1 769-Jos ephCugnot( Fr
ance),cr edi
tedt oThomasTel for
d( 1
757-1834)
,
1799-Wi l
liam Mehr us t(Airengi ne),1807
-Is aacdeRi vas ,1832-SamuelWr i
ght, Geor geWade( 1673-1749),JohnMacadam
Chr ist
ianHuygens ,1859-Et ienne (1
756- 1836),JohnMet calf
e( 1717-1
810)
Lennoi r,1884–Edwar dBut ter,Daimul er
Got tl
ieb, Car lBenz ,Mur dock ,Trevithi
ck
andWal terHai nwell.

Advant
agesofus
ingpi
pel
ineovervehi
cles

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Thefol
lowingar
etheeff
ect
soft
he successf
ullocomot
ivewhi chr anoncast
cons
truct
ionofther
oads. -ironrail
s.
 I
mpr ovementwasmadel ater.
1. Tradehasbeenpr omot ed.  Dieselengineswer
et heni nventedand
2.I ndus tr i
al izat ionhasbeenenhanced. l
aterreplacedbyelectr
icengi nes.
3.Ur bancent er shaves pr ungup.
4.I tear nscount rieswi thf or eignex change.HowRai ltrans por thass peededup
5.I tpr ovi desempl oymentt omany. indus tri
al i
zationi nEur ope.
6.I thaspr omot edot hermeansof
trans por t. 1.I tf acili
tatedt het rans por t
ationofbul ky
7.I thasopenedupnewar easf or rawmat erialst oi ndus tr i
es .
devel opment . 2.I tf acili
tatedt hef as ttrans por tationof
8.I thaspr omot edi nteract ionandbet ter bul kymanuf acturedgoodst omar ket .
inter nat ionalunder standi ng. 3.I tf acili
tatedt het rans por t
ationoff uel,
9.Ti meandmoneyhavebeens aved. es peci allycoalt ot hei ndus tries .
10.Hass avedl ives . 4.I tf acili
tatedt het rans por t
ationof
wor kerst ot hei ndus tries .
Advant agesofr oadt rans por t 5.I tpr omot edi nteract i
onbet weent owns
andpeopl e,hencepr omot edi nves tment
1.I tr educest hecos toft rans port/i tis ini ndus t
ries .
cheaperascompar edt ot heot herforms 6.I tpr omot edt hemi grat ion&s ettlement
oft r ans por t. ofpeopl et onewar easwhi chwer e
2.I tisf as terascompar edt owat erand sour cesofr awmat erials.
railwayt rans por t. 7.I topenedupmi ningandf ar mingi nt he
3.I tisf lexi bleascompar edt heot her inter iorofmos tcount ries.
formsoft rans por t. 8.I tf acili
tatest het rans por tationofbul ky
goodsandmachi ner yf ori ns t
allationi n
Disadvant ages indus tr
ies .
9.Revenuef rom t her ail
wayswasus edi n
1. Los sofl ivesduet omanyacci dents. set tingupi ndus tries.
2. Envi ronment alunf riendl y.
3.Tr af ficconges tion. Eff
ect sofr ail
wayt rans por tint he1 9th
4.Wheni mpos s i
ble,t heyi nconveni ence Cent ur y
theus er s.
5.Li mi tedt ocer tainar eas .egi tcannotgo 1 . Rai lwayt rans por thaspr omot edt he
beyondl ands . movementofpeopl e,t husencour aging
6.Cons truct i
onofal l-weat herr oadi s Soci al&cul turali nteract ion.
expens ive. 2.Tr adehasbeeni ntens i
fied.
3.I thasboos tedi ndus trialdevel opment ,
Railtrans por t thuscr eat ingempl oyment .
4.Townsandur bancent er shaves pr ung
 I ts tar tedi n1 804wi thRi char dTr evit
hic up.
maki ngMaj ori mpr ov ement sont he 5.I thasopenedupr emot ear east ot he
locomot ives . out s idewor ld.
st
 I n1 81 2,JohnBl enkins onbui l
tt he1 . I tf acili
tatedEur opeanpaci ficationof

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theirover seascoloni es. moder npas sengerl i
ner s,freightvessel
s,
7.I tfacil
it
atedt ranspor t
ationofbulky mili
taryves sels,f
er r
ies.
goods .  Lat er,thePor tugues einvent edthe
8.I tfacil
it
atedt ranspor t
ationofindust
rial CaravelsandCar racksasmoder ns hi
ps.
wor kers/l abour.
9.I tl
edt owi des pr
eadmi grat
ionand Resultsoft hecons tr
uctionofcanal s.
settlementofpeopl e.
10.Ithasf acili
tatedotherf ormsoft r
ansport
.1 . Theyl i
nk edexisti
ngwat erways .
11.Smokef rom t hetrainsledtopol l
uti
onof 2.I ts hortenedr outesandhel pedi nthe
theenvi ronment . tr
ans portat
ionofBul kygoods .
12.Itwasas ourceofr evenuef orthe 3.Theywer eus edfors upplyings ome
count r
iest hatusedi t
. areaswi thwat er.
4.Theywer eus edfori r
rigati
on.
5.Itwasus edtocont rolflooding/f or
Disadvantages drainage.

1.Iti sexpens ivet ocons t

ructsand
mai nt
ai n. Ai
rtranspor t
2.Iti sles sfl
exible-nodi vergi
ngor
revers e.  Thiss pacepos sibl
ewi thLeanadoDa
3.Itcancaus efatalaccidents. Vinciin1 452-1
519whenhei nventedan
4.Itpol lutestheenvi ronment . ornit
hopt er.
5.Iti snots elf-suff
ici
ents i
ncei thastobe  The1 s
t
reali
nvent i
onwasi n1903-05
supplement edbyr oadt ransport. whent heAmer icanWr ightbrothers
(Orvi
leandWi lbur)inventedan
Problemsas sociatedwi t
hr ailt
ransport
. aeroplane.

1. Railsdonotof ferdoortodoors ervices

. Di
sadvant
agesofAi
rTr
ans
por
t.
2.Theyar ecos tl
ytobui l
dandmai ntain
3.Di f
ferentrailgaugesus edbydi ff
erent1.I
tisexpens ivet opr ocur e/mai ntainan
countriesrequiretrans-
s hipment,thus air
craft.
delays. 2.Cons tructionofai r
stripsr equiresal ot
4.St eepgr adientsareuns uit
ablefor ofres ources .
rai
lwaysasi tr
equireslevel i
ng, 3.Theai rcraftscanonl yl and&t akeof fi
n
embar kment sandcons tructi
onsof specific/des ignatedar eas,thus
bridges. i
nconveni enci ngtheus ers.
4.Air
cr aftscannotcar ryheavy/bul ky
Wat
ert ransport goodsascompar edt ot heot herf orms
oftrans por t
.
 Themeansofwat ertranspor
tinancient 5.I
tcanonl ybeus edbyt hewel ltodo
ti
mesi ncl
udedRaft
s,Logs/t r
eetrunks, member soft hes ociet y,thusmaki ngi
t
Sail
ings hips
,Boats/Oardr i
venboats, i
nacces siblet omany.
Canoes 6.I
tsoper ationsar eaf fect edby
 Thiswasmadepos sibl
ebyus eofcanal unfavor ableweat hercondi t
ions.
vessels,boat s
,motor-dr
ivenshi
ps, 7.Air
cr aftsemi tgaseswhi chcont r
ibuteto

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thepollutionoft heenvironment. oppor tuni t
ies .
8.Theus eofai rcraft
sinmi li
tar
ywar fare 6.Itisus edt os pr aypes t
icides ,hence
hasr esultedindes tr
ucti
onofpr oper t
y. promot ingagr i
cultur e.
9.Accident sbyai r
craft
saref at
al/ 7.Theyar eus edt odes troymar auding
chancesofs urvi
valaremi nimal
. i
ns ect sl ikel ocus ts.
1
0.Itr
equir esal otofexpertise/skil
led 8.Itear nst hecount ryf or eignexchange.
personnelt omanagei t
soper at
ions . 9.Ithaspr omot edi nt ernat ionalco-
oper ation.
Challengesencount eredi nspace 10.I
thasf aci l
itatedaer i
als urveys ,
exploration. phot ogr aphyandmappi ng.
11.I
thaspr omot edt het our i
stindus try
1.Iti sacos tl
yvent ureasi trequi
reshigh especi allyi ndevel opi ngcount r
ies.
technol ogy. 12.I
thasi ntens i
fiedmi litarywar fare.
2.Hos ti
leanduns uitablespace 13.I
thasl edt owi despr eadi nternat i
onal
environmentf orhumanl i
fe. terroris mt hroughhi jacki ng.
3.Pr es enceofs olarandcos micradiat
ion 14.I
thascont r i
but edt oenvi ronment al
andmi crometeor i
tiesthatcanaffect pollution.
spacecr aftsandas t
ronauts. 15.I
ncas eofacci dent s ,itl eadst omas si
ve
4.Ext remet emper aturesli
kebr i
ght l
os sofl ives .
sunlightanddar knes s.
Resultsofs paceexpl or ation.

1. Aircr
aftsunl i
ket hes hut tl
eandot her
Advant agesofs paceexpl orati
on. gadget sf orj
ourneyingi nt hes pace
havebeendevel oped.
1.Ithasf acili
tatedourunder standingof 2.Ithasenhancednewdi scover iest hat
theuni ver se. havei ncr eas
edourunder standingoft he
2.Ithasl edt oi mpr ovedmanuf actureof universe.
aircr af
tsandt elescopes . 3.Ithasl edt othepr oduct ionofadvanced
3.Ithasl edt oi mpr ovedai rforceweapons . ai r
forceweapons yst emst hatar e
4.Ithasi mpr ovednavi gation. danger oust otheent irehumanr ace.
5.Ithasi mpr ovedweat herforecas t
ing. 4.Ithaspr omotedSci ent i
ficr esearch
parti
cul arlyi
nAmer icaandEur ope.
Ef
fect sofai rtrans port. NASAandESAhavet akent hel eadi n
thi
sf i
eld.
1.Itf aci l
itateds paceexpl orati
onf or
speci f
icandmi li
tarypur poses. Ef
fectsofmoder nmeansoft rans port.
2.Theyhavemadeevacuat i
onofpeopl e
from di s ast
erar easeas ier. 1.Ithasencour agedmi grationand
3.Theymaket hedel iveryofval uableand settl
ement
per ishabl egoodsandpeopl ef asterand 2.Ithascaus edmor eacci dent s.
efficient . 3.Ithasl edt othedi scover yofot herlands .
4.Ithasl edt oexpans i
onoft rading 4.Tr adehasexpanded.
act ivit
ies . 5.Spacehasbeencont roll
edandexpl oited.
5.Theyhavepr ovidedempl oyment 6.Smuggl i
nghasi ntens i
fi
ed.

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7.Ithasl edtopolluti
onofenvi ronment . Bell
s.1
1.Fl
ags.
8.Ithasf aci
li
tat
edexchangedofi deas. 9.Whistl
es.1
2.Semaphore(Towerson
9.Ithasenhancedexpl oitat
ionofnat ural hil
lt
opswithmovablear
ms ).
resour
ces . 13.Writ
ten (
scrol
lsandtabl
ets)
.14.Bi
rds
10.I
thasenhanceds ocialdevelopmentl ike
school
s . Di
sadvant
agesoff
ir
e.
11.I
thasl edtogrowt hofur bancent ers.
12.I
thaspr omotedempl oyment. 1. Smokes ignal scoul dbeeas i
ly
13.I
thascaus edfinancialconstrai
nst o mi si
nt erpr et
ed.
users. 2.I tsef f
ect i
venes sdependsonweat her .
14.I
thasopenedupmanypar t
soft he 3.Themes s agecoul dbemi ssedifther e
world. wasnooneont hel ookout .
15.I
thaspr omotedi nt
er nati
onalterrori
sm. 4.I tcanonl ybeus edt ocoveras hor t
distance.
Howpoort rans porthindersindus tri
ali
zati
on 5.Ther angeofmes s ageconveyedwas
i
nt he3rd wor dcount ri
es . li
mi ted.
6.I tisaf fectedbyt errain.
1.I thascaus eddelaysi nmar ketinggoods 7.I tcannotbeus edt oconvey
/product s. confident ialmes sages .
2.I thascaus eddelaysi ndeliveringraw
mat er
ials. Advant agesoft radit
ionalf ormsof
3.I thasledt ohighs upplycos tofr aw communi cat i
on.
mat er
ials.
4.I thasledt ohightr ansportcos ts
. 1. Theywer evi s i
ble,f asterandcheaper .eg
Fireands mock.
2.Someoft hem coul dover comet heodds
ofweat here. g.Dr um beat s.
3.Somewer ever ys peci f
ici ns endingt he
mes sagese. g.Sel ec ti
vedr ummi ng.
4.Somecoul dgi veaf eedbacke. g.
Mes s enger s .
5.Somecoul dal soexpl aincer tainissues
TOPI C6.DEVELOPMENTOF e.g.Mes senger s.
COMMUNI CATI ON 6.S omec o uldk eept hemes sage
conf i
dent ialtot hei rc ommuni t
yast he
out si
der scoul dnotunder standt heir
Communi cat i
oni sthepas si
ngofames sage
languagee. g.Mes senger s.
fr
om onepoi ntt oanother .
7.Somecoul dbeus edt oconveyr elayed
mes sagese. g.Dr um beat sandt rumpet .
Tradit
ionalfor msofcommuni cat i
on
8.Somecoul dbeus edatanyt i
meoft he
daye. g.Dr um beat sandt rumpet s.
1. Verbal/l anguage.2.Ges ture-onbody.3.
Signal
s -e. g.bananas .
Disadvant ages
4.F ir
eands moke.5.Dr um beat s.
6.
Mes sengers/r unners.
1. Somecoul dbemi sinter pretede. g.
7.Hor nblowi ng.8.Scr eams andcr ies.
10.
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Gestur es .
2.Somecoul donl ybeus edt opas sa  Ear lywr iti
ngwasdoneons cr olland
mes saget os hor t
erdi s
tancese. g.F ir
e& stonet ablets.
smock ,&mes senger s.  Theear l
iestfor mswr itingwer e
3.Ther angeofmes s agesconveyedwas pict ogr aphi c(s ymbol sf orobj ect s)idea
li
mitede. g.Smokeandf i
re. graphi c( symbol sf ori deas )exampl e-
4.Somewer er es tri
ct edtocer tainweat her cunei for m bySumer iansand
conditions ,likeF i
r eandSmoke. hier ogl yphicsbyEgypt ians .
5.Somewer eenvi ronment alunfriendl y,
thustheydes troyedwi ldli
fee. g.F i
reand Advant ages
smoke.
6.Somewer es lowe. g.Mes senger s . 1. Theycoul dbes tor edf orf utureus e.
7.Somewer eunr eliablee. g.birds . 2.Theyconveyedaccur atemes s ages .
8.Somecoul ddi stortt hemes sagee. g. 3.Theycoul dbet rans l
atedi ntomany
Mes senger s. languagesf oreas i
erunder standi ngby
9. Somei nvol veddanger se. g.Mes senger manypeopl e.
couldbeat tackedonway. 4.Theypr ovidedr eliablei nformat i
ons i
nce
itcoul dnotbef or gotten.
Disadvantagesofhor nbl owingasameans
ofcommuni cation. Factorst ocons iderwhens endinga
mes sage.
1. Theywer enotef f
ectivein
mount ainousr egions . 1. Theur gency/Ti me/Speed.
2.St rongwi ndsaf fectedt hemes sage. 2.Thecl ar it
y/Compl exity/Si mpl ici
ty.
3.I twasl imi tedt ot hos ewhocoul d 3.Thedi stancebet weent hes enderand
hear . ther ecei ver.
4.I trequi reds ki
lledper sons . 4.Avai labi l
ityoff acilit
ies/Met hod/
5.Mi s interpr etationoft hemes sage Means .
coul doccur . 5.Theconf i
dent ialityoft hemes sage.
6.I twasnots ens iti
vet oconf identiali
ty. 6.Thecos toft hemeanst obeus ed.
7.I tcoul dnotcoverawi der ange.
Moder nmeansofCommuni cation.
Typesofmes sagest hatcoul dbes entby
useofdr um beat s . 1.Tel ephone/cel lphone.2.Emai l.3.Radi o.
4.Pager .5.TV.
1. Announcementofcer emoni esor 6.Tel egr aph.7.I nt ernet .
8.Sat ellit
e9.F ax.
f
estival s
. 10.Tel ex
2.Deat hormour ning 11
.Pr i
ntmedi a e. g.News paper s ,interest
3.Decl ar ati
onofwar . news paper s,magazi nes ,
4.Ar ri
valofs t
r anger . per iodi cals( atr egul ari nterval s).
5.I mpendi ngdanger .
Moder nmeansofpr intmedi a.

1. News
papers.
WRI
TTENMESSAGES 2.Magazines
.

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3.Journals. number
s,l
ett
ers
,andpunct
uat
ions
.
4.Peri
odicals.
5.Books .
6.Pamphl et
s. F
acs
imi
let
ransr
ecei
ver(
fax)
7.Posters.
8.Brai
lle. - I
ttrans
mi t
stext
,notsound
9.Brochures. - I
tcanalsotransmi
timagesorcopi
es
pl
uspictur
es,phot
osetc.
Advant
ages
Telex - Pointtopointsystem t
hatus
es
1. Somearepot abl
ee. g.Cellphone. keyboardt otransmi
tt yped
2.SomeconveyPi ctur
emes sage,t hus textovertelephoneli
nesat
moreofreal
itye.g.TV. indivi
dualcompanyl ocati
ons .
3.Someconveyl i
vemes sagese. g.TV.
4.Somear eent ert
aini
nge. g.Radi o. Satell
it
e-Ar tifi
ci aldevi cegoi ngr oundt he
5.Theyareeducat ivee.g.TV,r adio, earth,moonandot her
i
nter
net. pl anet ,trans mi t
tingbackt othe
6.Onecans er
vemanye. g.TV,Radi o. earthscientifi
ci nfor mat ion
pager-I tus es aphonet ocal lt hepager
Disadvant ages number .
- Theper sont hendi alst he
1. Theyhaveas hor tli
fes pan. numberofvoi cemes sage,and
2.Theyar enoteas ilyavai lable. withi nmoment s,thepager
3.Theycanbeus edast oolf or carri
ersaler t
edbyanaudi ble
propaganda. “beep”ors ilentvi br ation.Hi s
4.Theycangi vemi s l
eadi ngi nformat i
onor nocanber eadont hes creen.
adver t
s .
5.Theyar ecostl
yascompar edt ot he Impactoft elecommuni cat ion.
traditi
onalmeans .
6.Theypr omotes ocialcr imeegf r
aud, 1. Communi cat ionhasbeengr eat l
y
drugabus eandt er r
oris m. changedf ort hebet ter .
7.Theypol l
utetheenv i
ronment . 2.Managementf ort hei nformat ionhas
8.Theyhavepoorr ecept ionnet wor k/ beenenhanced.
fr
equency. 3.I thaspr ovi dedent er tainment .
9.Theycan’ tbeus edwi t houts our ceof 4.I thelpst obr ingr eal ityt ovi ewer s.
power . 5.I thaspr omot edcul tur alexchangeand
10.Theycaus eradio-activity,hencehar mful under st
andi ng.
toheal th. 6.I thaspr omot edai randwat ert ransport
.
11
.Theyhaveer odedcul tur alvalues/ 7.Tr adeandbus ines shasbeenenhanced.
cont ai
n/caus eddevi antbehavi or/ 8.I thasmadeacces st oi nformat ioneas y.
Por nography. 9.Secur i
tys ys temshavebeeni mpr oved.
10.Promot edai r/s paceexpl or ation.
Telegraph-us eofr adios ignal sorcoded 11.Ithasal sopr ovi dedandf acilitated
electri
cals i
gnals. employment .
- Dot sanddas hesar eus edt or epresent 1 2.Ithaspr omot edeconomi cdevel opment.

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1
3.Liveshavebeens aved. 1. Theycanonl yoperatewithi
nacert
ain
1
4.Ithasfacil
it
ateds t
orageofinf
ormati
on range.
mor econvenientl
yt hr
oughtheus eof 2.Ther ecei
vercannotreplybackt
he
comput ersystem. mes sage.
1
5.Ithaspr omotedfasttrans
missi
onof 3.Theyar eexpensi
ve.
ideas. 4.Theydependonhi ghtechnol
ogy
1
6.Ithasfacil
it
atedthedut yofweather
forecas
t i
ng. Advant
agesofus
ingE-
Mai
l.

1. Comput ersmakewor keas ier

.
Negat
ive 2.Itcans toreinformati
onef fecti
vely.
3.Itcanbeus edf orentertai
nment .
1.Ithaspr omotedi
nternat i
onalsocial 4.Itcanbeus edf oreducat i
on.
crime. 5.Itcanbeus edf orbusinessact i
viti
es,
2.Ithaspr omotedi
mmor ali
ty. thusE-commer ce.
3.War far
ehasbeenr evolutional
ized. 6.Itcant ransmitinfor
mat i
onwor l
dwide.
4.Itisaddicti
vetosomepeopl e. 7.Iti scheaptos endames sage.
5.Ithascaus ednoi
sepol luti
on.
6.Liveshavebeenl ostthrough Advant
agesofTV
radioacti
vit
y.
1. Theyconveyi nf
or mat i
onmor evividl
y
Fact orst hatunder minet heef fectivenessof thanot herf orms .
telecommuni cationss ervice. 2.Theyar eus edforent ert
ainment .
3.Theyar eus edtopas seducat ional
1. Por nogr aphi cmat er i
alsruint hemor al progr ammes .
fi
beroft hes ociety. 4.Theyar eus edinadv erti
sement s.
2.Mi sleadingadver tisement sand 5.Theyar eef fecti
vei ntransmi t
ti
ngi deas
i
nf ormat ion. sincei tcommandsat tention.
3.Thes ervicesar eexpens ive. 6.Theyhavecr eatedj oboppor t
uniti
es.
4.Hass hor tlif
e. 7.I tbridgest hel i
mit ati
onofr eal-ti
me
5.I ti sdi f
ficultt os t
or e. communi cation.
6.I lliteratemaynotbenef i
t.
7.I tmaynotbedet ail
ed,hencedoesnot
givef ullinformat ion.
8.I r respons ibler epor ti
ngcaus esdi sunit
y
andchaos . TOPI C7. DEVELOPMENTOFI NDUSTRY
9.I thasf aci li
tateddr ug-t raffi
cking
act i
viti
es . Indus trys tarteddur ingt het i
meoft heear l
y
10.Itcaneas il
ypor t
rayabi asedvi ew. man.
11.Itcanbedes t r
uctivewhenus edasa
propagandat ool. Ear l
ys our cesofener gy
12.Net wor kf ail
ur eaffectsthei roper ati
ons.
Wood
Limi tationsofapager Us es
1.I twasus edf ormaki ngf i
ref orheatf or

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 HISTORYPAPER2
i
sabokemicah@gmai
l.
com
warmi ngpeopl edur i
ngcol dspell
s. Uses
2.Itwasus edi nmaki ng/cooki ngfood.
3.Itprovi dedl i
ghtatni ghtorduring 1.Itwasus edtopr opelboat s/s ai
li
ng
dar
knes s. shi
ps.
4.Char coalf orheatf orf i
ringpott
eryand 2.I twasal sousedt odr i
ve/t urnwindmil
ls
smeltingi ron. t
ogr indgr ai
n.
Advantagesofwood 3.Itwasus edtodr ivewat erpumps .
1.Itischeap. 4.Itwasus edinwi nnowinggr ains.
2.Itiseas il
yavai l
abl
e. 5.Itwasus edtodr ygr ai
ns .
3.Itisr enewabl e.
4.Itencour agesmas spr oducti
onofgoods. Advantagesofwi nd.
Dis
advant ages
1.Itisaf fectedbyr ain. 1.Itischeap/r eadilyavail
able.
2.Itpollut est heenvironment/Chocki ng. 2.I tsavest i
meandhumanener gy.
3.Defor es tat
ion/Scar cit
yofcoal. 3.Itencour agesmas sproductionofgoods.
4.Itiscumber somet ous e. 4.Itiscl ean.

Wat
er Di
sadvant
ages

1.I
twasus edt oturnwat erwheel s/ 1.I
trel
iesonnatur
e,hencenotr
eli
abl
e.
gri
ndingstonesinflourmi l
ls. 2.I
tcannotbecontr
oll
ed.
2.I
twasal sous edtowas h/cl ean
machines/Mai nt
aincleanliness. Sun
3.I
twasus edt ocoolthemachi nes.
4.I
twasus edt oturns pi
nningmachi nesin I
twasus
edf
ordr
yinggr
ains
.
tex
til
eindus t
ry.
5.I
twasus edt oproduces team powert o Advant
ages
.
dri
vemachi nes.
1.I
tiscl
eanandavai
labl
ewheret
her
eis
Advant
agesofwat
er. s
unli
ght.
2.I
tisfr
eel
yavai
labl
e.
1.I
tcanber eli
ables ol
ongast her
eis 3.I
tiscl
eanandnon-pol
lut
ant
.
enoughr ainf
all
.
2.I
ts avestimeandhumanener gy. Usesofmetal
sinAf
rica.
3.I
tencour agesmas sproduct
ionofgoods
.
4.I
tenhancesi mpr ovementofqual
ity Metalsus
edascurr
encyinpr
e-col
oni
al
producti
on. Af
rica.

Di
sadvant
ages
. 1. Gold
2.Copper
 Whenwaterl
eveli
sl tcannotbe 3.Br
ow,i onze
r
eli
abl
e. 4.Iron
5.Silver
Wi
nd
Advantagesofmet
als
.

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com
a.I
twasus edtomakeweapons .
1. Theywer edurableascompar edtothe b.I
twasalsous edtomakes culptures/
stonet hatwasus edbef ore. stat
uesanddecorati
ons .
2.Thecut ti
ngedgecoul dbes harpened. c.I
twasus edasameas ureofweal th.
3.Itcoul dbemadei ndi f
ferentshapes d.I
twasalsotomaket oolsli
kes hields
af
t erheating. andchari
ots
.
4.Itwasnotwas teds i
ncei tcouldbe e.I
twasus edtomakeor nament s
.
smel t
edandr ewor ked. f.I
twasus edasat r
adei tem.
g.Tomakemas ks.
1
.Gol
d h.Tomakecont ai
ners
,kni ves,Pans ,vases
,
etc.
a.Itwasus edtomakeornament sand
decorati
ons. Dis
advantagesofbr onze.
b.Ther i
chinEgyptusedittomakes word
andknifehandl
es. 1.Itlos
ess harpnes seasi
lyandbecomes
c.Itwasus edascurr
ency(coin). bl
untasthemet alissof
t.
d.Itwasus edasatradei
tem. 2.Itisexpensive.
e.Itwasalsousedtomakeweaponsand 3.I tisdif
fi
culttoget .
knif
eblades. 4.Itisnoteas ytogett heri
ght
f.Itwasalsousedasameas ureofweal
th. pr
oporti
onsoft hemet al
sused.

2.Copper

a.Itwasus edt omakeut ensil

sand 4.I
ron
cont ai
nerslikepot s.
b.Itwasus edt omaket ool se.g.chisels F
act
orst
hatf
avor
edi
tss
pread.
andaxes .
c.Itcouldal sobeus edt omake 1. TradebetweenAf r
icaandMes opotami a-
ornament slikeringsandbangl es. hadexistedevenbef ore.
d.Itwasus edi nmaki ngweaponse. g. 2.Bant usintheCongoBas i
nandt he
dagger sands wor ds . SouthernCushit
ess preadt hes kil
lsto
e.Itwasmi xedwi t
hot hermet al
sf or otherofAfri
ca.
variouspur pos ese. g.Ti nforbr onze 3.Tr avel
ersandmes senger sr ecei
vedi ron
All
oysl ik
ebr onze&br ass. gif
tswhichtheytookt ot heirhomes .
f.Itwasus edasamedi um ofexchange/ 4.Thoughwar f
areasHi tt
itesinvaded
usedascur r encyinf orofcopperbar s. Egypt.
g.Itwasus edasat radei t
em. 5.Devel opmentofagr i
culture,asbet ter
h.Itwasus edasmedi ci
nei .e.anoi ntment toolsweremade.
forwoundses peciallyi nCent ralAfri
ca.
i.Itwasus edt omakeKi ng’splaquesand I
tsus
es.
artwork/St atues/Hel met s
.
1.I
twasmedi
um ofexchange/Currency.
2.I
twasus
edasat radeit
em.
3.Br
onze. 3.I
twasus
edformar ki
ngagri
cul
tur
et ool
s.
4.I
twasus
edasameas ureofweal
th.

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5.I twasus edf ormaki ngweaponsf or I
NDUSTRI ALREVOLUTI ON I NEUROPE.
def ence.
6.I twasus edasappar atusf orus edur i
ng I t schar act er istics
cer emoni es .
1. Theus eofmachi nest or eplacehuman
NB/I ron,Gol d,Copper ,Si l
verandBr onze andani mall abour .
wer eus edascur rencyi npr e- col onialAf rica.2.Theus eofs team powerasnews our ce
ofener gyt or epl acewat er ,wi ndand
Dis advant agesofus ingi ron ani malpower .
3.I ncr eas edexpl oi t
at i
onandus eofcoal ,
1.I tt ooheavyf ort rans por t
at ion. ands teel .
2.I tisnots tr ongenoughf ormaki ngheavy 4.Ri s eoff act or ys ys tem i nt ownsi ns tead
machi ner y. ofcot tagei ndus triesi nhomes .
3.I teas ilyr us ts . 5.Thedevel opmentofbet terf or msof
trans por te. g.wat er ,roadet c.
Effect sofi ronwor kingi npr e- col oni alAf ri
ca.6.I mpr ovedl i
vi ngs tandar dsandan
incr eas ei nt hehumanpopul ation.
1.I mpr ovedagr icultur east het ool swer e 7.Langes cal epr oduct ionofgoodsby
us edt ocl earmor el andf orcul tivat i
on. machi nes .
2.Us eofi ront ool sl edt oincr eas edf ood 8.Devel opmentofs cient if
icr es earchand
pr oduct ion. us eofs c i
ent i
ficknowl edgei n
3.I ncr eas edf oodpr oduct ionl edt o pr oduct ion.
popul ationexpans ion. 9.Expans i
onoft r adebot hl ocallyand
4.Us eofi ronweaponsl edt oi ncreas ed inter nat ional ly.
war f
ar eandot herconf l
icts . 10.Ris eofmoder ncapi talis
mf ormor e
5.Expans ionoft radi ngact ivitiesbet ween weal thwhi chwasi nves tedbacki nt he
communi ties. indus try.
6.Pos ses s i
onofi ronweaponsand 11.Thegr owt hoft radeuni onmovementt o
impl ement sf acili
tat edmi gr at ionsof cat erf ort her ight sofwor kers .
somecommuni ti
es . 12.Incr eas ehumanpopul ationwho
7.Speci alizat iondevel opedass ome requi r
edmor emanuf act uredgoods .
peopl ewer ebl acks mi t
hsandcul t i
vator s
.1 3.Changei npol iticalcl imat ewhi chl edt o
8.I roni temswer eus edasmedi um of theacqui sitionofcol oniest o pr ovi de
exchange. rawmat er ialsandmar ketf ort he
9.Des truct ionoff ores tsi nfluencedchange indus tries .
ofc l
imat eandenvi ronment . 14.Impr ovementi nagr icul t
ur et opr ovi de
10.Emer genceofs trongki ngdomsl ike wor ker swi thf oodandr awmat eri
als .
BugandaandBunyor o.
11.Newcul tur esas sociat edwi thi ron Factor st hatf avor edi ndus trialrevol ution
wor kingdevel opedi nAf rica e. g.t he
Leopar dCopj ei nCent ralAf rica&Nok& 1 .I ncr eas eds cient ificandt echnol ogi cal
Tar ungai nNi ger ia. knowl edgeands kills.
12.I tledt ot hedevel opmentofur ban 2.Sci ent ifi
cdi s cover i
esi nmanyf i
elds .
cent resegMer oe. 3.Expans ionofTr ans por tand
communi cat ionf aci lit
ies .

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4.Popul ationexpans i
onandneedf or
mor ef oodandl abour .
5.I ncr eas eddemandf orgoodsand Social
ser vi cesbyEur opeanandi nt ernat i
onal
mar ket . 1. Rur al–ur banmi gr ationf orempl oyment .
6.Avai labi l
ityofenoughval uabl emi nerals.2.Sani tationandr ef us edi spos albecamea
7.Devel opmentofs uppor ts ect orse. g. probl em.
Bankandi ns urance. 3.Pol l
ut i
oni ncr eas ed.
8.Peaceandi nt ernat i
onalpol i
t i
cal 4.Li vingcondi t
ionsbecomebadduet o
st abi li
ty. increas eunempl oymente. g.Soci alevil
s
9.Thegover nment ’sencour agement , li
kepr os titution.
suppor tanddes iret oappeargr eat. 5.Mor edemandf ors er vicespr ovidedby
10.Ar msr aceandi nt er nat ionals piritof hot els,banks ,pos tof ficeset cincr eased.
compet iti
on. 6.Ri sei ns oci alclas sesi nEur ope.
11
.Ri chmer chant swhoi nves t
edi n 7.Genderi nequal ityi ncr eas ed.
indus t
r y. 8.Over cr owdi ng
9.Spr eadofdi seas es .
Effect sofi ndus t r
ialr evol utioni nEur ope. 10.Poorwor kingcondi ti
ons .
11.Longwor kinghour s
1. Mechani zat ionf orpr oduct i
on. 12.Increas eofi ndus trialacci dentsand
2.I ncr eas edpr oduct ionofgoodsand injuries .
ser vi ces . 13.Empl oymentofwomenandchi l
dr en.
3.Expandedbot hl ocalandi nter nat ional 1 4.Inadequat es oci alameni t
iesl i
kehous i
ng.
trade. 15.Popul at ioni ncr eas ed.
4.Boos tt ot rans por tandcommuni c ati
on
forr awmat erialsandmar ket. Poli
tical
5.Ur bani zationt oaccommodat et hehi gh
numberofr ur al-ur banmi grat ions . 1.I tfacilitatedgr owt hofs crambl eand
6.Eur opeannat ionsamas sedweal th. par ti
tionofAf rica.
7.Eur opeaneconomi esbecomedi ver si
fied,2.I tledt ot hegr owt hofMar xism
andhence,j obs peci alizat i
on. (communi tyt hroughs ocialism)
8.Joboppor tuni tieswer ecr eat ed.
9.Expl oi tat i
onofnat ur alr es our cesand Problemsf acedbyf act or ywor ksinEur ope
devel opmentofnews our cesofener gy dur ingt hei ndus tr
ialr evol uti
on
e.g.El ect ricity.
10.Impr ovementanddi scover yofnewand 1 . Theywer epai dl owwages .
bet t
ermet hodsoff ar mi ngduet o 2.Theywor kedf orl onghour s.
i
ncr eas eddemandf oragr icultur al 3.Theywer eexpos edt oacci dents.
pr oduct s . 4.I nadequat ehous ingmadet hem tol i
ve
11.Poorwor kingcondi tionsl edt ot he ins lums .
i
nt r oduc tionofl egi s l
at ionf ors oci al 5.Poors ani tat i
onl edt oout breakof
ref ormsbyt heBr iti
s hgover nmente. g. diseas es .
Tr adeuni ons . 6.Acci dentvi ctimswer el ai
dof fwithout
12.Pr omot edr edevel opmenti ns cienceand compens ation.
tec hnol ogy.

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i
sabokemicah@gmai
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com
bec
omeus el
esswhenoi
lisexhaus
ted.
Us
esofvar
iouss
our
cesofener
gy 5.I
tmaycauseoutbr
eakofdanger
ousfi
re.
6.I
tdest
roysmari
ne.
Dur ingindus trialrevol
uti
oni nEurope,
variouss our cesofener gys uchascoal,oil
, Steam
steam andel ectri
citywereus ed.
1.I twasus edtoopendoor softemplesin
Coal Egypt.
Us es 2.I twasus edfors pi
nni
ngintexti
le
1. Todr i
ves team engines. industri
es( dri
vingheavymachinesin
2.I twasus edt oheatwat er. factor
ies)
3.I tpr ovidedl ighti
ng. 3.I twasus edtopumpwat eroutofcoal
4.I twasus edt odr i
velocomot i
ves. mi nes.
5.I twasus edasr awmat eri
alto 4.I tpower edlocomot i
vesandships.
manuf acturedyeandphar maceuti
cal
products. Disadvantages ofs team

Di
sadvant
ageofcoal 1.I
tisnoteas il
ycontr
ollabl
e.
2.I
tisenvironmentalunfri
endl
y.
1.I
tisbulky,hencedi f
fi
cul
ttotranspor
t. 3.I
tisexpens i
ve.
2.I
tcausesairpollut
ion. 4.I
tisnotr el
iabl
easi tdependson
3.Mini
ngofcoalcanl eadt oi
njuri
es / avai
labi
li
tyofcoal.
deat
h.
4.I
tisanon- renewalsourceofenergy. El
ect
ri
cit
y.
5.I
tisexpensivetomi neandtransport
.
I
twasdis
cover
edbyaBr
it
oncal
ledMi
chael
Oi
l/Pet
rol
eum F
aradayi
n1831
.

1.Itwasus edasfuelintrans port. 1.Itwasus edforli

ghti
ng.
2.Itwasus edinindustr
yf orpr oducti
onof 2.I twasalsous edforheati
ngandcooki ng.
synt
heti
cfiber
. 3.Itpowerfactorymachines.
3.Itwasus edtogenerateel ectrici
ty. 4.Itwasus edincommuni cati
on–t hough
4.Itwasus edforli
ghti
nge. g.Par aff
in electr
icsignal
singadgets.
(
kerosene)
. 5.Itwasus edinpoweringtransport
5.Itwasus edtorunengi nesi nindus t
ri
es. vehicl
es.
6.Itwasus edtotarmar kr oads . 6.Itwasus edinpoweringenginesus edin
7.Itwasus edasgr eas
emet alsinindus t
ry. i rr
igat
ion.
7.Itwasalsous edinpower i
ngs at
ell
it
esin
Dis
advantagesofoil space.

1.I
tisexpensivetotranspor
t. Advantages
.
2.Pr
ospecti
ngf oroi
lisexpens i
ve.
3.I
taff
ectslandorenvironmentast he 1.Itcouldberegul
ated/contr
oll
ed/
ar
eaoflandmays i
nk . Couldbeswit
chedonandof f
.
4.I
tisexpensivetobuildref
ineri
es,which 2.Itcouldbeputtomanyus esli
ke

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i
sabokemicah@gmai
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com
l
ighti
ng.
3.I
tcoul dbeus edfarfr
om t hesour
ce/
I
ndus t
riescouldbees tabli
shed
anywher e. Sol
ar
4.I
tiscleanwor kingenvironment/Non
poll
utant. 1.I tisus edf ordryingagr icul turalproducts.
5.Thecos tofproducti
onofgoodswas 2.I tisus edf ordisti
ll
ingofs altwat erto
madecheaper . obtains altcrystals.
3.I tisus edf orheat i
ngwat er .
Disadvant ages 4.I tisus edf orcookingbys olarcooker s.
5.I tisus edi nirri
gationbys olarwat er
1.I tcannotbes t
oredl i
kecoalandoi l
. pumps .
2.HEPdependsonl evelofwat erinrivers
, 6.I tisus edi nheat i
ngandl ighting
damset c. buildings .
3.Powerf ailureinconv eniences 7.I tisal sous edforpower ings atelli
tesin
cons umer s. space.
4.I tcanbedanger ousi fnotpr operly
handl ed. Disdvantage
5.Demandi svar iable,hencenoteas yto
satisf
ycons umer sal ltimes . Itdependsonnat ure,t herefor enotver y
rel
iable.
Atomi candNucl ear
Usesofi r ondur i
ngi ndus t
rialr evolut i
onin
I
twasi nvent edbyF r
enchcal ledAnt oine Europe.
Henr iBeckquer elin1 896( ur anium
producesr adiationorener gyi nwaves ). 1.I twasus edf ormaki ngmachi nesf or
Radio-act i
vi ty. textil
ei ndus t
ry.
2.I twasus edf ormaki ngwat erpipes .
1.I tisus edt oprovidel ighthomes . 3.I twasus edf ormaki ngpl oughs .
2.I tisus edt ogener at eel ect r
ici
ty. 4.I twasus edf ormaki ngs team engi nes
.
3.Dr i
vel ocomot i
vesandpl anes . 5.I twasus edf orbuildingt rains ,rail
way
4.I tisus edt odrives ubmar ines. li
nes ,s hips ,wheels,br idges .
5.Radi o- act iveel ement swer epr oduced 6.I twasus edf ormaki ngf ar m machi nery.
byat omi cener gyf or2nd wor ldwar ,on 7.I twasus edf ormaki ngs urgicalt oolse.g.
Nagas aki&Hi r
os hima. Needl es .
6.I tisus edt owas hdi shesandkeepf ood
fresh. Usesofs teel

Di
sadvant
ages 1.I
twasus edincons tructi
onofr ai
lway
l
ines,bri
dgesetc.
1.I
nwar ,i
tisfat
altopeopl
e. 2.I
twasus edformaki ngcar sands hips.
2.Poll
utionenvir
onment–air. 3.I
twasus edformaki ngmachi nes.
3.Radioacti
vit
ycausesdamagetocr
ops
, 4.I
twasus edinreinforcingconcretei n
ani
malandhumanbei ngs. buil
dingandroofi
ngbui l
ding.
4.Acci
dent sarefat
al. 5.I
twasus edformaki ngf oodcontainers

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i
sabokemicah@gmai
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com
andut ens ils. 2.TheSpi nningj enny.
6.I twasus edf ormaki ngs ur gicaltool se.g.3.TheWat erfr ame.
Blades . 4.TheSpi nningmul e.
7.I twasus edt omakef arm machi ner y. 5.ThePowerl oom.
6.TheCot tongi n.
7.TheCyl i
ndr icalcal ico/ThePr i
nting
machi ne.
I
NDUSTRI ALI ZATI ONI NBRI TAI N
SCIENTIFICREVOLUTI ON
Factorsf or.
Thi
swast het imewhenmanydi scover ies
1. Ther ewashi ghpopul ationwhi ch weremadei nthef ieldofs cience.
provi dedmar ket
2.Tr adi ngact ivities ,duet oher 1. NicholusCoper nicus- 1473- 1543( Pol and)
relations hi p/accumul atedweal thf rom - Ear thandot herpl anet smovedar ound
trade. thes unonceayear .
3.Ther ewasgoodt rans por tnet wor k.
4.Ther ewer emer chant sandmi ddlemen 2.Gal il
eoGal ilei-1 546- 1642-( I
taly)
st
classpr es s urizedt hegover nmentt o - Bui ltthe1 t el escopet oobs ervet he
adoptmeas ur est of avor universe.
indus t
ri
al izat ion.
5.Avai labil
ityofmi ner alr es ourcescoal 3.Si rIsaacNewt on- 1642- 1727
andI ronor esr es erv es ,coalet c. - Lawofmot i
onandgr avity.
6.Someoft hei nvent i
one. g.St eam engi ne
wer edonei nBr itain. 4.Ant oineLavoi sier-1 743- 1
794( France)
7.Avai labil
ityofr awmat erials. - Di scover edhydr ogenandoxygen
8.Landencl os ur eens ur edl abouri n element sinai r.
indus t
ri
es .
9.Avai labil
ityofcapi t
al( weal th) 5.JohnDal ton–1 766- 1844( Br)
10.Scient if
icknowl edgeands kill
s. - Di scoverAt omi cTheor y(At oms )
11.Politicals t abi l
ityandpeace/Br itainhad
as trongnavy/mi l
itar y. 6.Benj ami nF rankl i
ne- 1706- 1790( USA)
12.Avai labil
ityofnewsandi nformat ion - St atedt hatl ight eningi saf orm of
throught hedevel opedmedi a. electri
city.
13.Wel les tabl i
s hedbanki ngandi nsur ance
sys tem. 7.Mi chaelF araday-( 1791 -1867)
14.Noi nt ernalcus tom bar ri
er( freet rade - I nventedel ect ri
city.
policy) .
15.Existenceofcot tagei ndus t
ries . 8.JamesMaxwel l1831 -1879
16.Gover nments uppor tsandgoodwi ll.
- Showedt hataccel er ationofel ect ric
chargesemi t eel ectromagnet icr adiation.
I
nvent ionst hatr evol utional izedt extile
i
ndus tryi nBr itain.
9.ThomasEdi s on-1 879
Inventedt heel ectricl amp.
1. TheF l
yings hut tle.

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1
0.Gugl
iemoMar
coni 5.CyrusMcComi c1
837
- I
nventedt
her
adio. - Establ
ishedaf
act
oryt
opr
oducet
he
reaper.
1
1.HeinnahHertz1857-1
894
- Showedt hataccel
erat
edel
ectri
c
chargesproducewavesofl
ightand 6.Andr
ewMeikl
es1786
otherfor
msofener gy. - Madethemechani
calt
hreas
her
.

1
2.Charl
esDar
win–1 809-1
882 7.Ni
cholasApper
t.–Fr
ance–1 81
0
- Devel
opedtheEvolut
iontheor
y. - Devel
opedthecanni
ngprocess.

1
3.Charl
esLyall–Br 8.Car
olusLinnaeus–Sweden.
- Saidthatt
heeart
h’ssurf
acehas - Cl
assif
iedandnamedanimal
sandpl
ant
s.
changedandtheproces
sconti
nues
.
I
nvent
ionsi
nindus
try.
1
4.Al
exanderGraham Bel
l-1
877
- I
nventedthetel
ephone 1
. JamesJoul
e–England-
1852
- Provedt
hatheati
safor
m ofener
gy.
1
5.GeorgeSt
ephens
on–1 781-
1848
- I
nventedr
ail
waylocomoti
ve. 2.James Wat
t–1769
- I
mprovedst
eam engi
ne.
1
6.Got
tli
ebDaiml
er-1887.
- I
nventedt
hepetrolvehi
cle. 3.JohnKay–1733
- I
nvent
edtheflyi
ngs
hut
tl
e.
1
7.TheWrightbr
others–WilbourandOvi
le
–1903 4.JamesHar
greaves–1764
- I
nvent
edt heaeropl
ane. - I
nvent
edthespinni
ngjenny.

I
nvent
ionsi
nagr
icul
tur
e. 5.Ri
char
dAr
kwr
ight-1
769
- I
nvent
edt
hewaterf
rame.
1
. LordTownshed–1 674-1
738
- Recommendedt heus eofmanur
eto 6.SamuelCr
ompton-1
779
i
mpr ovesoi
lfer
til
it
y. - I
nventedt
hespinni
ngmul
e.

2.SirJohnBannetLaws1 843 7.ThomasBell

-1785
- Setups uperphosphat
ef act
oryin - I
nventedt
hepr i
nti
ngmachi
ne.
Londontomanuf act
ureferti
li
zer
.
8.EdwardCart
wri
ght
-1789
3.Just
usVonLi
eBig-Ger many–1 803- - Invent
edthest
eam powerl
oom.
1873
- Setupamodernf
ert
il
izerindus
try. 9.El
iWhitney–1
793
- Invent
edthecot
tongi
n.
4.Jet
hroTul
l1702
- I
nvent
edthes eeddr
il
l. 1
0.Ot
toHahnandSt
res
sman(
Ger
many)-

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1
831 - Devisedt hebl
oodgroupingt
echni
ques
- Di
scover
ednucl
earener
gy. i
n1 900.
- Facil
itat
edbloodtr
ansfus
ionandthe
I
nvent
ionsi
nmedi
cine. storage,egbloodi
nbloodbanksforlat
e
use.
1
. AdreasVaesal
uis–151
4-1
564
- Pioneer
edanatomy(di
ssect
ionand 1
3.Al
exanderFl
emmi ng–set–1954
examinat
ionofhumancorps
es) - Di
scoveredpeni
cil
li
nin1928.

2.Wi
ll
iam Harvey–Engl
and1578-
1657 1
4.1943-Li
fesupport
ingmachine/Ki
dney
- Di
scoveredtheci
rcul
ati
onofbl
ood. dial
ysismachinehasprol
ongedli
vesof
kidneypat
ients.
3.Edwar
dJenner-Engl
and-1
749-1823
- Dis
cover
edvacci
neforsmallpox.
1
5.JonasEdwar dSalk–1 961
.
4.Wil
liam Mort
on-Am –1 81
9-1
868 - Discoveredvacci
nef orpol
io&ot
her
- Usedetheranaest
hesiaongumsto vaccines
,nots mallpox.
rel
ievepaindur
ingfi
ll
ingoft
eet
h.
1
6.DrChr i
stianBer
nar
d( S.
A)–1967
5.JamesSimps
on - Discoveredhear
t,l
iver&ki
dney
- Dis
cover
edchlor
ofor
m. tr
ans pl
ant.

6.LouisPasteurF
rance-1
822-1
895 1
7.1
961
-Hear
t–Valverepl
acementwas
- Discover
edbacteri
aandpas
teur
izat
ion. t
est
edonhumans.

7.JosephLis
ter-1827-1
912 1
8.1
965–Softcont
actl
ens
eswer
e
- Dis
coveredant
isepti
cforsur
ger
y. i
nvent
ed.
s
t
8.RobertKoch–Germany1843 1
9.1978–1 t
estt
ubebabi
escamei
nto
- Dif
fer
enti
atedbet
weenbacter
iaf
or being.
anthr
ax,TBandCholer
a.
20.
1943–Kidneydi
agnos
ismachi
newas
9.SirRonaldRoss–1857-1932 invent
ed.
- Discoveredt
hatanophel
esmosqui
toes st
tr
ans mitmal
ari
a. 21
.2006–1 tes
ttubebabi
esi
nKenya.

1
0.Wi
lhelm Ront
gen –1894–1923 22.
Researchoncur
eforHI
V/AI
DS
- Di
scoveredX-raysi
n1895. conti
nues.

1
1.HideyoNoguchiJP–1 876–1 928 23.
SirHenryBes smer–(
1813-1898)
- Discoveredvacci
neagai nstyel
lowf
ever
. - P uri
fi
edsteelbyuseofblastofai
r.
- Researchedoncur efors yphi
li
s.
24.
EtinneLenoir
-1859
1
2.Landstei
ner–1 881
-1955 - Inventedthecombust
ionengine.

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FACTORSTHATF
ACI
LITATEDSCI
ENTI
FIC producegoodsonl ar ges cale.
REVOLUTI
ON 2.Al ter nat ives our cesofener gyhavebeen
devel opedf orus ei ni ndus tries .
1. Per iodf orr enai s sancel edt olongi ngf or 3.I nvent ionofs team engi nehasi mpr oved
knowl edge,hence,peopl edevel opedan trans por tationofr awmat erialst ot he
inter es tinr es ear ch. indus tries/ pr oduct st ot hemar ket.
2.Di scover yofpr i
nt ingl edt os preadof 4.Thedevel opmentoft hepr intingpr ess
ideas . hasenabl edpeopl et or eadandacqui re
3.Peopl ewer ef acedwi thmanypr obl ems knowl edge/i nfor mat ionabout
in heal th,f ood & ot herbas ics,hence indus trializat ion.
theyhadt of i
nds olut ions . 5.Ther ehasbeenl os sofl ivest hrough
4.Suppor tf ors ciencebygover nment si n indus trialacci dent s.
Eur ope. 6.Dat apr oces s ing/s tor agehasbeen
5.Over seast ravel sanddi scover yofnew impr ovedbyus eofc omput er s.
landss timul at edl ear ni ng. 7.Robot shavebeendevel opedwhi ch
6.Rel igi onhadf ailedt oans wermos tof haver educedoverr elianceonhuman
theques tions ,hencepeopl er esor tedt o labour/r educedl abourcos t
s .
scienceasanal ter nat ive. 8.Devel opmentoft elecommuni cat ionhas
ledt obuyi ng/s el li
ngofgoodsont he
I
mpactofs cient ificr evol utiononagr icul ture. i nter net/e- commer ce
9.Res ear chhasenabl edi ndus triest o
1.I ncreas edf oodpr oduct ion. recycl ewas tepr oduct si nmanuf actur i
ng
2.Eur opeans ci ent if
icr es ear chi n us abl egoods .
agr i
cul tur e.
3.Pr es er vat ionoff oodt hr oughcanni ng Ot her s
andr ef riger at ion.
4.I tledt oi ncr eas edpopul ation. 10.Revol ut i
onal isedmi litar yt echnol ogy-by
5.Agr icult urehasbeendi ver si
fi
edwi th manuf act ureofdanger ousweapons .
newf armi ngmet hods . 11
.Devel opmentofs atel liteshasenhanced
6.F armi nghasbeenr evol utionalisedwi th expl or at i
oni ns pace.
thees tabl ishmentofpl ant ati
on
agr i
cul tur e/ larges cal e. I
tsimpactonmedi cine
7.F oodr elat eddi seas esduet o
cons umpt ionofchemi callyt reatedand 1 . Thr oughmedi cal
stor edf oods . res ear ches /exper iment s,t ermi nal
8.Ri seofpes ts trainswhi char er esis tant dis eas eswhi chus edt oki ll/di s f
igur e
topes ti
ci desduet ocont i
nuousus eof peopl ehavebeenr educed/ er adicat ed.
thes ame. 2.Advancementi nmedi calSci encehas
9.Soi lf er til
ityhasi mpover i
s hed. hel pedt or educeds uf fer i
ng/ tor eli
eve
10.Biot echnol ogyi sat hr eatt otradit
ional peopl ef rom pai n.
crops . 3.I thasmades urgi caloper ationss aferby
reduci ngt henumberofpeopl ewhodi e
I
tsimpactoni ndus try. dur ingandaf teroper at ions .
4.Thei nvent i
onofvacci neshashel pedt o
1. Machi neshavebeeni mpr ovedwhi ch prevent/cont rolt hes pr eadofdi seas es

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leadi ngt oi ncr eas edl i
feexpect ancy. I
NDUSTRI ALPOWERS
5.Thet echnol ogyofdevel opi ngt es tt ube
babi eshashel pedchi ldles scoupl est o U.
S. A
havechi ldr en.
6.I thasl edt ol os sofl i
vest hr ough -Shewascol oni zedbyBr it
ai nunt il04/07
Geot her mal . /1776wheni ndependencewasgai ned.
7.Thei nvent ionshavemadei tpos s iblefor
trans plant sofbodypar t
ss uchast he Factst hatf avor edi ndus t
r i
alization
hear t,l i
verandki dneys ,t her eby
sus tai ninghumanl i
fe. 1. Abundantnat uralr esour cese. g.iron.
8.Advancement /sophi sti
cat edmedi cal 2.Avai labi li
t yofs our cesofener gye. g.
equi pmentwhi chper form comput er Coal .
as sis teds ur ger yhavebeendevel oped. 3.Ent er pr i
singci tizense. g.Banker s.
9.I thasl edt oj obcr eat i
onf or 4.Devel opmentoft r anspor tand
medi cs /otherwor ker swhoper form communi cat ion.
var iousdut iesi nt heheal thi nstitut ions. 5.Avai labi li
t yofr awmat erials.
10.Ithasl edt odi scover y/ manuf act ureof 6.Pol i
t icals tabi l
ity.
drugsf ort reat i
ng/cur ingdi fferent 7.Gover nments uppor tencour aged
dis eas es . res ear chatuni ver s i
ti
es .
11.Car el es sdi sper salofmedi calpr oduct s 8.Avai labi li
t yofl abourf rom t hehi gh
tol os sofacci dent sandl os sofl ives . popul at i
on( Ski ll
edandUns kill
ed).
st nd
12.Cont racept i
veshavel edt oi mmor al i
ty. 9.1 and2 wor ldwar s.
10.For ei gni nves tment s,duet ocapi tali
s m
Factor sunder mi nings cientifi
cr evol ut ioni n phi l
os ophy.
developi ngcount ries.
Germany
1. Shor tageoff undst oi nves ti n
indus trializat i
on. Factor st hatf avor ed.
2.Hi ghl evelofi gnor anceandi l
lit
er acy.
3.Educat ions ys tem doesnotputmor e 1. Avai labi li
t yofi ndus t
rialener gyf rom
emphas isonSci enceandr es earch. sour cesl ikecoalandH. E.P.
4.Br aindr ain. 2.Avai labi li
t yofi nt er nalandext ernal
5.Over dependenceondonors uppor t . mar ket .
6.Lackofadequat es uppor tf rom 3.Avai labi li
t yofi ndus t
rialrawmat erials
gover nment s. li
kei r onor e.
7.Shor tageoff acili
ties . 4.Avai labi li
t yofcapi talfori ndus tri
alization.
8.Hugef orei gndebtwhi chcons umesmos t 5.Pol i
t icaluni tyofal lGer mans tatesunder
oft hecount ry’sr es ources . thel eader shipofBi smar ck.
9.HI V/AI DSasi tweakenst hel abour 6.Acqui s it
ionofAl s aceandLor rainef rom
force. Francei n1 871boos tedhermi neral
10.Pover tywhi chaf fect sthemar ket . res our ces .
11.Pol iticali ns tabi l
ityhencenot imef or 7.Avai labi li
t yofs killedanduns kil
led
indus trializat i
on labourf rom t hel ar gepopul ation.
8.Gr owt hofBanki ngandi ns urancei nt he
EMERGENCEOFSELECTEDWORLD count r y.

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9.Availabil
it
yofwat erf orindus
t r
ialuse. 1
3.Avail
abil
it
yofrawmat erial
s.
1
0.Goodt r
ans portandcommuni cati
onin 1
4.Japanesegoodsar eofhighqualit
y,
form ofroadsandr ail
way. hencemar ket
able.
1
1.Availabil
it
yoft hegover nments upport
ed 1
5.Exi
stenceofcottage/localindust
ri
es
indus t
ryandencour agedGer man whichwer enotcompletelydestr
oyedby
entrepreneurs. WW’ s.
1
2.Enterprisi
ngnat ureoft heGer mans.
1
3.Thees t
ablishmentoft heZollverei
n, I
NDUSTRI
ALI
ZATI NTHE3RD WORD
ONI
removedt radebarriersandledt ofree COUNTRI
ES.
tradeand
economi ctrade. Pr
obl
emsencount
ered.

JAPAN 1. Longper iodsofcol onizati

on.
2.Poort rans por tandcommuni cat i
on.
Fact or st hatf avor ed. 3.Shor t
ageofcapi tal.
4.Poort echnol ogy.
1. Longper i
odsofpol iti
cals t ability. 5.Lowl iter acyl evel.
2.Af terWW2,Amer icans t
eppedi nwi t
h 6.Toughcompet it
ion,evenf r
om
financi al&t echni calknow-howt os top devel opedcount ries
herf rom f all
ingt ocommuni sm. 7.Pr ot ect ionis tpolicies,adoptedpr event
3.Japanes ewor kforl if
e/Cul tureofhar d privat eent er pri
sesandf oreign
wor k/Ent er prisingc it
izenswhower e i
nves tment .
wi lli
ngt oinves tini ndus t
r y. 8.Pover tyhences mal ldomes ti
cmar ket.
4.Suppor tfrom t hegov er nmentbyi nviti
ng 9.Pol iticali ns tabili
ty.
for eignexpat ri
at es . 10.Poordi sas termanagements tr at
egi es.
5.Hi ghlydevel opedr enewabl ehydr o- 11.Lackofs kill
edper sonnel/Br aindr ain.
el ectricpowerf rom l arger iver s. 12.Poorener gys upply.
6.Avai l
abi l
it
yofSki lledanduns kill
ed 13.Mos tr es our cesar eunder -expl oited.
labour . 14.Peopl es ’pr eferencet oi mpor tedgoods .
7.Goodst r
ans por tandcommuni cat ion
net wor k. BRAZIL
8.Japanes egover nmenti nvit edf or eign
inves t
or st oi nves tint hecount r y.  She’ st he5th l arges tcourtl
yi nt hewor l
d
aft
erCanada,Chi na,USAandRus sia.
Ot her s  Sheat tainedheri ndependencef rom
Por tugali n1 882.
9.Geogr aphicalf act or sass hehadaver y  Shet henpr ogr essedi npet r
ol eum,
smal lpar ts uitabl ef oragr icul tur e. mot orvehi cle,ai rcraftelectricit
y
10.Gover nmentmadeeducat ion i
ndus tries .
compul soryandencour agedr es earch
aft ert heWW2 Problemsf aced.
11.Peopl ewer eencour agedt os tudy
abr oad,hencet echnol ogical 1. Highpover tyl evel,hencel ow
devel opment . pur chas i
ngpower .
12.F inanci als uppor tf ori ndus t ri
alizat i
on 2.Inabi l
ityt oexpl oitnat ur
alres our cesdue

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tolesspopul at i
oni ns omear ease. g. 9.Appli
cat i
onofs ound5yearpl anwhi ch
Souther nr egion. improvedt hei ndustr
ialsector.
3.Compet iti
onf rom t heal r
eady 1
0.Obtainedf orei
gnai dfrom other
industrializedcount ries. countriesandor gani
zati
on.
4.Monopol yofr es our cesbymul ti
nat ional 1
1.Improvedf armingmet hods ,hence
compani esi nBr azil,thust he rel
iablefood.
gover nmenti snotabl etout il
izet hem 1
2.Poli
ticalstabil
itybythegoodl eader
s .
forindus trialus e.
5.Hugef oreigndebt ,thuss pendi ngal ot Sout
hAf
ri
ca
ofmoneypayi ng/s er vici
ngt hef or eign
dept.  Shegai
nedindependencefr
om t
he
6.Poort echnol ogywhi chhi nder sef f
ect ive Sout
hAfri
canBoersin1994.
exploitationofr es our cesf or
industrialization. F
act
orst
hatf
avor
edheri
ndus
tri
ali
zat
ion.
7.Mos toft hei nves torsar efrom t he
Wes ter ncount ries&t heyr epatriateal l 1. Avai l
abi li
tyofmi ner al/nat ural
thepr ofitbackt ot hei rcountries . resour cese. g.I r
onwhi chpr ovi dedr aw
8.HIV/Ai dswhi chcl ear stheener get ic mat erialsf ori ndus t
riali
zat i
on.
people,t huss pendi ngal otofr es our ces 2.Avai l
abi li
tyofbot hi nternalandext ernal
onmanagi ngt heaf fect ed. mar ketf orhergoods .
3.I ndus tri
algoodsf rom Sout hAf ricaareof
Factorst hatf avor ed. goodqual i
ty,hencecancompet ewi th
thos eoft hedevel opedcount ries.
1. Availabi li
tyofbot hs kil
ledanduns kil
led 4.Thehi ghpopul at i
onpr ovidedbot h
labourf rom t hel argepopul ation. skil
ledanduns kil
ledl abour .
2.F reet r adebet weenBr azilandot her 5.Devel opmentofmanys ourcesofener gy
count riespr ovi dedherwi thext ernal topr ovi depowerf ori ndus tr
ializati
one. g.
mar ketwhi chenabl edhert o HEP.Andt hes uppl yofcoal .
suppl ementherl ocalr awmat er ialswi th 6.Goodt rans por tnet wor kboos tedt he
thei mpor t
ed,f oreignexchange/mar ket. t ranspor tationofr awmat eri
alsand
3.Avai labi li
tyofenoughnat uralr esour ces product s,incl udingAi r.
e.g.Coalwhi chpr ovi dedr awmat erials 7.Avai l
abi li
tyofcapi talfrom t r
adeofot her
forindus tr
ialization. mat erialsl ikemi ner als.
4.I mpr ovedt rans por tandcommuni cation 8.Pol iti
cals tabi l
ity,es peci all
yaf ter
facil
itatedt r
ans por tact ivi
ties-r aw Apar thei d.
mat erialsandpr oduct s. 9.Gover nments uppor tthrought he
5.Es tabl i
s hmentofbankswhi chf aci l
it
ated adopt ionofs ound/f avor abl
epol i
cies
thepr ovisionofl oanst opeopl ewho whi chpr omot ei ndus tri
alizati
one. g.
inves tedi ni ndus try. Tariff
soni mpor t
s.
6.Theheavyi nfluxoff or eignersbr oughti n
foreigncapi talwhi chwasi nves tedi n Challenges/Pr obl ems .
indus tries.
7.Gover nments uppor t. 1. Longper iodofApar theidr ul
e.
8.Readi lyavai lableHEPandcoalf or 2.Compet i
t i
onf rom mor edevel oped
ener gyi nindus t
ries. count ries .

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3.Rampanti ndustr
ialstr
ikes. 4.Emphasisonindus
tri
ali
zat
ioninthe5
4.Highpover t
ylevels. yearpl
ans.
5.Highlevelofinsecurit
y. 5.Encour
agementofforei
gninvest
mentin
6.HIV/AI DS/s hortageoflabour
. thecountr
y.
7.Discr
iminatoryapartheidrul
e.
Chal
lenges/Pr
obl
ems
.
I
NDI
A
1. Compet i
tionf rom al r
eadydevel oped
 Shewascol onizedbyBr i
tai nfrom 1750- countries.
1947. 2 .H i
ghp o pulations tr
ainst hegover nment
all
ocationst ot heagr i
cultur alsect or.
Factorst hatfavor ed 3.Hi ghpover tyl evel s.
4.I nadequat et rans por tand
1. Shehadgoodi ndus tri
albas edand communi cat i
oni nfrastr
uct ure.
cottagei ndus t
r y. 5.Nat uralc alami tiese. g.Dr oughtand
2.Avai labili
tyofr awmat erialse. g. fl
oods .
Miner alslikecoal . 6.Pol it
icalconf l
ictswi t
hPaki s tanandci vi
l
3.Avai labili
tyofener gyf r
om var ious unres t
.
sourcesl ikecoalandHEP. 7.H I
V/ AI
DS.
4.Goodt rans portandcommuni cation
networ k.
5.Avai labili
tyoff undsf rom t rade.
6.F avor ablet echni calands cient i
fi
c
educat ionwhi chpr oduceds cientif
ic TOPI C8. URBANI ZATI ON:
exper ts.
7.Es tablishmentofbankswhi chpr ovided Thi smeans–t hepr oces sbywhi chpeopl e
loanst opr os pect i
vei nves tors. areat t
ractedt ol ivei nt ownsorl arge
8.Suppor tf
rom t hegov ernmentt hrough sett
lement .
goodpol i
ci ese. g.5yearpl anandal so
protect i
vet ar i
ffswer eappl i
edt oprotect Earl
yur banizat ion–i nAf ri
ca
homei ndus tr
ies .
9.Pol iti
cals tabi l
itywhi chhascr eated/ Someoft heear l
yur bancent resi nAf ri
ca
providedaf avour abl
eenvi ronmentf or i ncl
udeCai r
o,Mer oe/Mer oweandKi lwa.
invest menti nindus t
ry.
10.Largepopul ati
onwhi chpr ovidedmar ket Factorsthatf avor edear lyurbancent resi n
andl abor . Afri
ca.

Gover
nmentpol i
cieswhichf
aci
li
tat
ed 1. Al
ongr iv
ervall
eysf orwater,hence
i
ndust
rial
izat
ioninIndi
a. l
arges et
tlements.
2.Ar easwithfert
il
es oil
s/Agr icult
ural
1. Promotionoft
echnicalandScient
if
ic ar
eas
educati
on. 3.Ar easwithgoods helter
ed/Pr otect
ed
2.Res tr
icti
ononimpor t
edgoods. ar
eas.
3.Devel opmentofheavyindust
ri
esby 4.Ar easwithavar i
etyoftradingact i
vit
ies
st
ategovernmentplans. 5.Ot herswer eest
ablishedalongmai n

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communi cat
ion/Transportr
out
es.
6.Othercentresst
artedaround 1. Plent yofwat erf ordomes ticus e.
adminis
trati
veareas. 2.F er ti
les oilsal ongt her i
verval l
eywas
7.Somecent resal
sodevelopedaround neces sar yf orf armi ng.
miningarea. 3.Eas yt rans por tal ongt her iver .
4.I rri
gat ionf orf armi ngwaseas ywi th
Factor sthatl edt oear lyur banizat ioni npr e wat erf rom t her i
ver s.
-col
oni alAf ri
ca 5.Pl ent yofwat erf rom t her i
ver sfor
indus trialpur pos e.
1. Tradi ngact ivit
iesbet weendi f
fer ent
communi ti
esl edt ot hedevel opmentof F actorst hatcaus eddecl ineofur ban
tradingcent reswhi chl aterbecame center sinpr e-col onialAf rica
towns .
2.Di s cover yofcr opf armi ngl edt ot he 1. Collaps eofs tat eki ngdomse. g.Kus h
devel opmentoff armi ngcent r eswhi ch 2. Col laps eoft radewhi chevent ually
attractedl argepopul ationandl at er deni edt hem r evenue.
bec amet owns . 3. Out br eakofdi seas eswhi chaf fected
3.Cent rest hatwer eus edf orr el i
gi ous bothpeopl eandl i
ves tock.
act i
viti
esl aterdevel opedi nt ot owns . 4. St if
fc ompet i
tionf rom ot hert owns .
4.Regi onst hathadadequat es ecur ity 5. Exhaus t
ionofmi ner alslikegol di n
attractedpopul ationconcent r ation Sofal a.
leadingt odevel opmentoft owns/ 6. Changei nt rans por tr out esast he
secur epl aces . newonesby- pas sedt heol dt owns
5.Pl acest hatwer eus edf oradmi nis t
rat
ive anddi vertedt rade
funct i
onsdevel opedi nt otowns . t
oot hert owns .
6.Pl acesal ongt hecoas twher es hips 7. Shor tageofwat er/dr oughti ns ome
stoppedf ors uppl i
esdevel opedi nt o townsmadepeopl et omi gratet o
towns/habour s. otherar eas .
7.Mi ningact iviti
esat tract eds et tlement s 8. Eur opeancol oni zationofAf ri
cawhi ch
whi chl aterbecamet owns . crus heds omet ownsdur ingwar sof
8.Pl aceswher ewat erwasavai l
abl ef or resis tance.
us eat t
r acteds ettlement sandl ater 9. Warofconques tsal sol edt ot he
bec amet owns . collaps eofs omecent resl ikeGedi .
9.Exi s t
enceoft r
ader out esacces s i
ng
manypl aces/s omet ownsdevel opedat Mer owe/Mer oe
cros sroads .
10.Cent resofl earningl ikeAl exandr iaand - Wasont hebanksofRi verNi leinSudan
Timbukt udevel opedi nt our bancent res - Wasf oundedi n650BC.
/educat ionalcent res .
11.Individuali nterestsofs omel eader s Factorsf ort hegr owt hofMer owe
12.Ar easwi t
hf erti
les oilsat tract ed
set tl
ement ,hencegr ewi ntot owns . 1.Avai labilityofnat uralr es our ces
especi all
yi ronor e/I rons mel ting.( MAI N)
Whyear l
yur bancent er si nAf ri
cawer e 2.Itwasl ocat eds trategical lyatt he
l
ocat edal ongr i
ver s. int
ers ectionofdi fferentt rans por t&

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communicationrout
es.
3.Itwasforested,henceabundantwood 1. Availabi l
ityofwat erf rom Ni lefor
f
uel. domes ticus eandt r
ans port.
4.F er
ti
lesoil
s,henceagri
cult
ural 2.I twass i
tuatedi naf airlyflatareat hat
pr
oductionwashi gh. all
owedt erritorialex pans i
onoft het own.
3.Thef er ti
les oi lalongt heNi l
eval l
eyl ed
5.Tr adi ngact iviti
esar oundt hearea topr oduct ionofenoughf oodf orthe
att
ract edl arges et t
lement s
. popul ation.
4.Rel iablet rans portbyr ail
wayandr oad.
6.Rel i
giouscent r
e,hencet empleswer e 5.Cul t
ure- whi chat tract edmi grantsfrom
cons tr
uct ed. ther uralar eas .
6.Heri ndus trywhi chwasexpandedwhen
Eff
ect sofi tsgr owt h foodpr oces s i
ngpl ant s&cons t
ructi
on
wor kswer ees t
abl i
shed.
1. Mer oit
iclanguagedevel oped. 7.Wasacent reofeducat i
on&medi cine,
2.Newar chitecturaldevelopment s. andt hisat t
r actedpopul ationf r
om al l
3.I ronandot heri ndustri
esdevel oped. d i
rection s.
It
sfunct i
ons 8.Theopeni ngoft heAs wanhi ghdam
encour agedi ndus triali
zat i
oni nthet own,
1.I twasani ron- working,hencei ndus t
ri
al thusexpans ion.
cent re 9 .O penin go f S uezCanali n1 869openeda
2.I twasami ningcent refori r
onor e. newt rader out ewhi chwasus edby
3.I twasal soar eligi
onscent re. thous andsofEur opeans .
4.I twasat radingcent r
e. 10.Internat i
onalt rade,ast heot her
5.I twasanadmi nist
rati
veandpol i
tical count rieswer edi srupt edbyt hewor ld
cent re. w ars.
6.I twasat rans portcentre.
Functions

1.Itisthecapi t alofEgyptandpol i
tical
Problemss heexper i
enced centreofAr abwor ld.
2.Itisat rans por tandcommuni cation
1. RiseofAxum Ki ngdom inEthiopiawhich centref orNor thAf rica,Mi ddleEas tand
deniedheracces st oRedSea. Centr alAfrica.
2.Increasingdes ert
ifi
cat
ionoft her on 3.I
egi tisat radecent re.
whichaffectedagricul
turalacti
vit
ies. 4.Itisar ecr eat ionalcent re-stadium and
3.Itwasf ac edwithexternalattacksegby e nt
er t
a i
n me n t ha l
lsa reb ase dther e.
Axum. 5.Itisahi s t
or icalandt ouristcent re,
4.Ther ewasdepl et
ionofmi neralsegiron. h ousingE g yp ti
a nc ivil
izati
o n.
6.Itisthecount ry’sadmi nis
t r
ativecent re.
Cairo 7.Itisar e side n t
ia ltow nw it
hma nyp e opl
e
stayingar ound.
Wasf oundedi n969AD 8.Itisani ndus trialcent reasmany
indus tr
iesl i
ket exti
le,foodpr oces s
ing
Factorsforhergr owth etcar el ocat edt here.

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9.I
tisacul t uralcentr
e,withtheatres 2.Tr adees peci allyi ngol df r om Sof alaas
wher eplaysar eper f
ormed. theywer ecl ose( MAIN) .
1
0.I
tisaneducat i
onalcentrewith 3.I nfl
uencef rom t hePer sianswi thur ban
univers
itiesar oundthet own. cultur es .
1
1.I
tisar eligiouscent r
ewi threli
gious 4.At tract iveandgr eatbui ldi ngse. g.the
off
icesandbui ldi
ngslikemos ques. greatMos que.
5.Goodl eader s hipbyt hes ult
ansof
Problemsf aced Shi r
azidi nas ity.
Functions
1. Over crowdi ngr es ulti
ngf rom hi gh 1.Itwasat radi ngcent reasmany
popul ation. commer ci alact ivitiestookpl acei nand
2.I ncreas edcr imer ateduet o aroundt het own.
unempl oyment . 2.I twasadef ens ecent reass ever al
3.Tr affi
cconges t
ions . hidi
ngpl aceswer econs truct edf orus e
4.Unempl oymentduet ohi ghpopul ati
on. dur ingwar .
5.I nadequat ef oods upply. 3.Itwasar eligionscent r
easmos ques
6.Pol lutionofwat er ,Airandnoi se. werecons t
ruct edar oundt het own.
7.Poorhous i
ngwi tht hecons tr
uct ionof 4.I twasanadmi ni s
trativecent r
e,hous ing
slumst ocat terfort hel owear ner sand s omeadmi nis t
rat i
veof f
ices .
theunempl oyed.
EARLYURBANI ZATI ONI NEUROPE
Whyear lyur bancent er sinEgyptwer e
establi
s hedal ongRi verNi l
e. Factorst hatf avor edr apidur banizationi n
th
Europei nt he1 9 cent ury.
1. Availabi li
tyofwat erfort ranspor t.
2.Wat erf rom t her iverf ordomes ti
c/ 1. Rapi di ndus tri
al i
zationwhi chat tracted
indus trialus e. largenumber sofpeopl e.
3.TheVal leyhadf ertil
es oilforfar ming/ 2.I ncreas edmi ningact iviti
eswhi ch
availabi l
ityoff ood. attract edpeopl et os ettlear ound.
4.Ni leval leyhadcoolt emper at
ur eswhi ch 3.Avai l
abi li
tyofcapi talfori nvestment/
encour ageds ettlement . Existenceofr ichpeopl ewhower e
5.Veget at ional ongt her i
verpr ovi ded willi
ngt oi nves t.
buildingmat erials. 4.Encl os urecr eat edthel andl essnes st hat
mi grat edt our bancent r esf or
set t
lement .
5.Expans ionoft ranspor tand
Kil
wa communi cat ion.
6.Expans ionoft radingact iviti
eswhi ch
I
twasf oundedi n1 0th century. attract edpeopl et os ettleandi nves t.

F
act
orsf
orhergr
owt
h Res ul
tsofur
bani
zat
ioni
nEur
opedur
ingt
he
t
h
1
9 C.
1
. St
rategi
cposit
ionwhi
chattr
act
ed
merchant
sasitwasconveni
ent 1
. Overcrowdi
nginurbancentr
esasmany
st
oppingther
e. peoplecameforj
obsands ervi
ces
.

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2.Li mi teds oci alameni ti
ese. g.s chool s 8.Avai l
abi l
ityofwat erf ordomes ticand
whi chcoul dnotaccommodat et he commer cialus e.
gr owi ngur banpopul ation. 9.Cr eat ionandmai ntenanceofs trong
3.Envi ronment alpol lut i
onf rom gas esand cav alr
y,i nfant ryandnavypr ovided
noi sef rom t hei ndus tri
es . secur ityanddef encet ot heci ty.
4.Rapi di ndus trializat i
onasmanyr i
ch
peopl emovedi nt oi nves t
. Funct ionsofAt hens .
5.I ncr eas edcr imer ateduet oj obl es s
nes s
andpover ty. 1.I ti sacent reofcul tureaspl aysar e
6.Expans ionofcommer cialact ivitiese. g. per f
or medt her e.
banki ng. 2.I ti sacent reofeducat i
onasi nhous es
7.Expans ionofagr icul tureasf ar mer st ri
ed col legesanduni ver si
ti
es
tot akec areoft hei ncr eas i
ngpopul ati
on.3.I ti sar eligionscent rehous i
ngs ome
8.I ncr eas ei nmi ningac ti
vit i
eswi t
hnew chur chesandr eli
giousof fices.
mi ner alsondemand. 4.I ti sas por tscent reands omegames
9.Soc iali nter actionbet weendi fferent compet itionsar econduct edt her eeg
communi ties ,es peci all
yi nur banar eas . Ol ympi cgames .
10.Mi gr at i
onofpeopl et ot heur banf or
empl oymentandot hers ervices . Probl ems
11.Expans ionoft rans por tand
communi cat i
ont of aci l
itatemov ementof 1 . Hi ghcr i
mer ateduet ounempl oyment
goodsandpeopl e. andpover t
y.
12.Expans ionoft radeasdemandand 2.Shor tageofs ocialameni tiesduet o
suppl yi ncreas ed. incr eas ingpopul at i
oni nthet own.
3.Conges tionduet or ural-
ur banmi grati
on.
Athens 4.F as tspr eadofdi s easesduet o
over crowdi ng/conges t
ion.
Oneoft heear lies tci tiesi nGr eece. 5.Unempl oymentduet ouncont rolledr ural
-ur banmi grat i
on.
Factor sf ort hegr owt hofAt hens
Reas onsf ori tsdecl ine.
1.I twass urroundedbymount ai nsandt he
sea,hencemaki ngi ts ecur e. 1. Out breakofwarbet weenSpar taand
2.Educat i
on/Cent r eofl ear ning. At hens .
3.Tr adi ngandcommer cialact ivities . 2.Pl agueout breaki n429BCwhi chl edt o
4.Rel i
gi on/Cul t
ur alcent reast empl es los eofl ives .
wer ebui l
tar ound,t husat tract i
ng 3.Theci tywasbur ntdownbySpar ta.
set tlement s. 4.I twasconquer ed byMacedoni aunder
5.F er tileval l
eyspr ovi dedenoughf ood thel eader shipofPhi l
ipandhi ss on
from t hef ertiles oils. Al exandert heGr eat.
6.I thadgoodpor tf aciliti
eswhi ch
facilitateddocki ngofwat erves sels. Char act eristicsofGr eekci tys tates
7.Wasanadmi nistrat ivecent r
e.I twas
als oanadmi ni strat i
v ecent re,t hus 1. Bui ltofhi ll
sf ors ecurity
attract i
ngl ar ges et tlement sofpeopl e. 2.Hi ghl ypopul ated

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3.Eachcityhadapal ace. universit
iesandcolleges.
4.Hadr es
identi
alhous es 6. I
tisat ouri
stcentrewithsome
5.Poli
ti
call
yindependentofeachot her
. prominentbui l
dingsandactivi
ti
es.
6.Hadacommonr eli
gion,l
anguageand 7. I
tishi stori
calcentr
ewi t
hs t
ored
cult
ure mat er
ialcultur
ei nmuseums .
7.Hadmanyt emples .
8.Hadopenai rmar ket
s Pr
obl
emsencount
ered.

London 1
. Poverty- asthepoorwer eexploited
byther i
ch.
Capi
talci
tyofEngl
and 2. Rural
-ur banmi gr
ationasthepeopl e
wentt os eekempl oyment.
F
act
orsf
ori
tsgr
owt
h 3. Poorhous i
ngwi t
ht hegrowthof
sl
umsf orthepoor .
1. Locat i
on–att hebanksofRi verThames 4. Highcr imerateast hepoorandt he
–t huseas yacces s. unempl oyeds oughtanalter
native.
2.Indus tr
iali
zatione. g.t
ext i
les. 5. Unempl oymentduet ohighrateof
3.Tr adingact i
viti
es . populationgrowth.
4.Influxofpeopl efrom r
ur alBr it
ainand 6. Poll
utionofenvi r
onmentbyt hehi gh
otherpar tsofEur ope. populationandhumanact i
vit
ies.
5.Ear lyes tabli
s hmentofcul tur alactivi
ti
es
l
iket heat res portswhichat tracted MODERNURBANCENTRESI
NAF
RICA
peopl e.
6.Act i
viti
esoft heRomanswhent heys et Nai
robi
upadmi nistrati
veandcommer cial
activi
tiest here. Fact
orsbehinditgr
owt
h/ whyitwaspi
cked
t
h
7. Goodt ranspor tandcommuni cat i
on asar ai
lwaydepoti
n19 Century.
networ k.
8.Avai l
abilit
yoff inancefrom t hebanks . 1. Adequat eandr eli
ablewat erf r
om
9.Cent reofgover nmentbus ines ses/ Nairobiriver .
admi nistrati
ve. 2.Levelgr oundf oreas ycons t
r ucti
onwor k.
3.Locat ionatt hemi ddleofMombas aand
F
unct
ions LakeVi ctoriafort rans port.
4.Coolt emper atur eswhi chf avor ed
1
. ItisaI tisat r
ans portand Europeans ettlement
communi cationcent re-roads, 5.I dealtoacces st hewes tacr osst he
airport
set c
, Rivervalley.
2. Politi
calandadmi nis
trativecentr
e 6.Tr adingact ivit
iesat tractedmanypeopl e
withadmi ni
st r
ationof f
ices. inthear ea.
3. Itisacommer cial/t r
adingcent r
e 7.Tr ansferofcol onialgover nment
withmar ket sands hops . Headquar ter sin1 907.
4. Itisani ndus tri
alcent r
ewi t
h 8.Pol it
icalstabi l
ityint hecount ryat t
racted
industri
esbas edi nandar oundthe forei
gni nves tors.
town. 9.Coolcl i
mat es uitablef orfarmi ngand
5. Itisaneducat ionalcent rewi t
h Europeans ettlementi nthes urrounding

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ar
eas
. 2.Socialf acil
iti
esarebei ngincreas ed.
3.Railtrans porthasbeenr e-i
ntroduced
F
unct
ions 4.Expans ionofi nf
ormals ectore.g.
empl oymenti nJuakal i
.
1.Ithast hegover nment ’
sadmi nist
rat
ive 5.Rehabi lit
ationofstreetfamili
es .
headquar ter. 6.Newwat erpr oj
ectshavebeen
2.Iti
sacommer ci
alandt radingcentr
e. devel oped.
3.Iti
sal soaf inanci
alcentr e,wit
hthe 7.Wat ercompanyhasbeenpr i
vatized.
centralbankhous edther e. 8.Organi zationsarebei ngformedt o
4.Iti
sat ransportandcommuni cati
on addr essHI V/AI DS.
centre. 9.Civi
ceducat i
onisbeingpr ovidedon
5.Iti
st heheadquar terfori nter
nati
onal AIDS/HI V.
bodiese. g.KQ,UNEPet c
6.Iti
sat ouristcentre. Johannes
bur
g

I
tpr
obl
ems F
act
orsi
nfl
uenci
ng

1. Unempl oymentduet ohi ghr at eof 1.F oodf r om t heagr i

culturallyrich
populationgr owt h. nei ghbor hood.
2.Poorhous i
ng/Sl umsf ort hepoorand 2.I tsl ocat ion-onpl ai
n( veld)whi chmade
theunempl oyed. cons truct ionver yeas y.
3.I nadequat es ocials ervicesandf acil
iti
es. 3.Avai labi l
ityofcoalwhi chpr ovi ded
4.Conges tiononr oads/t raffi
cj am duet o ener gyf ormi nes ,industriesandhomes .
highnumberofvehi cleswi thpoors tate 4.Ot hermi ner alsl ikeironor eand
ofroads . diamond.
5.Poort ownpl anning,hencepoor 5.Wat erf rom VaalRi ver/Cl eanwat er
drainageandf l
oodi ngdur ingr ain. suppl yf orbui ldingandt rans por t
6.Pol luti
onf rom indus tr
iesandvehi cles 6.Di s cover yofGol di nWi twat ersr and.
andot herhumanact i
vities .
7.Hi ghnumberofs treetf ami l
ies. Function
8.Wat ershor tageduet ohi ghpopul ation
growt handi l
legalconnect ionsofpi pes . 1.I tisat rans por tandcommuni cat i
on
9.Hi ghr ateofHI V/AI DSi nfecti
on cent r
ewi thr oadsandr ailways .
resulti
ngf rom i mmor alact ivit
ieslike 2.I tisani ndus trialandmanuf act uring
pros t
it
utionandhomos exual it
y. cent r
ewi ths omei ndus triesi nt het own
10.Highcr i
mer at e/i nsecur i
tyduet o 3.I tisaf inanci alcent re–wi t
hmany
unempl oymentandpover ty. banks .
11
.Hi ghpopul at i
onduet oi ncreas edrural- 4.I tisaneducat ioncent rewi ths everal
urbanmi grationins ear chf or j obsand uni ver sitiesi nt het own.
others ervices .
Problems
Soluti
ons .
1. Lar gegapbet weent her ichEur opeans
1. Newhous i
ngpr ojectsar ebei ng andt hepoorBl acks .
developed. 2.I ndus t
r i
alpol lut ioni shighi nt het own.

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3.HI V/AI DS hasaf flictedmanypeopl ein 8.Somet ownsgr ewasf oodpr oces sing
town. cent res .
4.Poorhous ing/Shant ies/Sl umsi nt he 9.Pr oducedr awmat er ial
sf ori ndus t
ries,
townduet os hor tageofhous i
ng. thusf urtherexpans ionoft owns .
5.Hi ghr at eofunempl oymentwi thint he T0PI C9. ORGANI ZATI ONOFAF RICAN
city. SOCI ETIESI NTHE1 9TH C
6.Hi ghes tc rimer at ewi thi nt het own.
7.Hi ghr at eofpover tyamongt hepeopl e BAGANDA
int het own. Factor sofgr owt h
8.Conges ti
oni nt heci tyduet or ural- 1. Abundantr ainfal lands uit ables oil
s ,thus
urbanmi gr ation. soundeconomybas edonAgr ic.
9.Ther ei ss ti
lldis cr i
mi nat ionagai ns tthe 2.Thei rconques tsear nedt hem t err
itory,
blacksbyt heEur opeanst husconf l
icts. human,ani malandnat ur alres ources .
10.Expens ive/i nadequat emedi calfaci l
iti
es.3.Abl el eader swhower eabl et ouni tethe
11.Negat iveat t
itudet owar dsadher encet o peopl e.
gover nmentpol i
ci es . 4.Cent ral isedgover nmentwhi chr educed
12.Inefficientadmi nis trat i
ves ystem. chancesofconf lictofi nt er est.
5.St andi ngar myandnavywhi chwas
Solutions strongandl oyalf ordef ens eand
ter r
itor i
alexpans ion.
1. Bet terhous inges tat es 6.Decl ineofBunyor oKi t
ar aki ngdom
2.Cr eat ionofAI DSawar enes s. creat edapol iticalvacuum t obef il
ledby
3.Cr eat ionofmor ej oboppor t
uni ti
es . Buganda.
7.TheKi ngdom wass mal l&uni ted,thus
I
mpactofagr arianandi ndus t r
ial eas yt ohol dt oget herf oreas y
development sonur bani zat i
on. admi ni s t
ration&s t abil
ity.
8.Cont actwi tht hecoas t
alt rading
1. Enabl edpeopl et ol eadas ettledl i
fe. communi ti
ese. g.Ar absandSwahi liin
2.I tcr eat edl andl es snes s ,t husmi grat i
on longdi s t
ancet radewhi chenabl edt hem
ofpeopl et our bancent rest owor ki n togai ngunsf ordef ens e.
indus tries . 9.Gandat r
adi t
ionwhi chdi videdl abour
3.Devel opmentofmi nesat tract edmor e madeever yonet ober es pons i
ble.
humans et t
lement . 10.Highpopul at i
onpr ovidedenoughl abour
4.I ncreas edf oodpr oduct i
on,and ands ol diers.
cons equent l
yt radedevel opedand 11.Annexat i
onofBi ddu,Kyagweand
mar ketcent resat tr act edmanypeopl e. Bus ogabyBugandai ncr eas edher
5.F inanci ali ndus trydevel opedi nur ban sour cesofs laves ,i ron,i vor yand
cent resduet oagr ar ianandi ndus trial li
ves tock,t huss t rengt heni ngt he
act i
vit ies ,whi chat tract edmanypeopl e. economy.
6.Somepor t
sdevel opedast ownst o 12.Thenei ghbor ingKi ngdomseg.Tor o,
expor tagr icultur alandmi ner alpr oduct s. Ankol e&Bus ogawer eweak,andhence
7.F ar m mechani zat ioni nt heagr i
cultur al offerednochal l
enge
sect ordi s placedl abour er swhot hen 13.Theywel comet heBr it
is hi nt he1 9th
mi grat edt our bancent rest ol ookf or Cent ur y,whohel pedt hem t oexpand.
jobs .

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Pol
it
icalor
gani
zat
ion 2.Hebes towedhonor st opeopl ewho
gaveexcept ionals er vicet oKi ngdom
1.TheKi ngdom washi ghl ycent ralized 3.Hewast hes upr emej udge/headoft he
underKabaka. judiciary/f inalcour tofappeal .
2.Kabakawasal sot hecommanderi n-chief 4.Heappoi nt edandf i
reds eni orof f
icials
oft hear medf or ces . egSazachi efs .
3.Kabakahadt hepowert ohi reandf ire
seni orgover nmentof fi
c ials. Other s
4.Kabakaappoi nt edacounci lofmi nisters
whoas s i
s tedhi m,t husKat iki
ro/Mugema 1 . Hewast hecommander -in-chiefoft he
(Pr imeMi nis ter),Omul amuzi( Chi ef armedf orces .
Jus tice)andOmuwani ka( Treas urer) . 2.Hecont rolledt rade
5.Ther ewasLuki iko( Par li
ament )whi ch 3.Hewast heheadofgover nment .
advi sedt heKabaka. 4.Hewast hechi efpr ies tashepr es ided
6.TheKi ngdom wasdi videdi nt oCount ies overal lrel i
gi ousact ivities .
/s azasr uled/headedbys azachi efs .Thei r
of f
iceswer ei niti
al l
yi nher ited,butl ater Howcent rali
zat ionofaut hor it
ycont ri
but ed
appoi nt edbyt heKabaka. tothegr owt hofBugandaki ngdom.
7.Sazaswer ef ur thers ub- dividedi nto
Gombol olaunderGombol olachi efs . 1.I tenhancedef f
ect i
vecont roloft he
8.TheGombol olaswer es ubdividedi nt o kingdom.
divisionscal l
edMi lukaunderMi lukachi efs
. 2.I tpromot edt hecont rolofot her
9.Kabaka’ spos iti
onwasher edi tary. traditionall eader se. g.cl anheads ,t hus
10.Ther ewer emi norchi ef sinchar geof broughtuni ty.
clans( Bat aka)whos echi ldr enwer e 3.I tenhancedl oyal tytoones inglel eader.
rewar ded 4.I tledt oemer genceofabl eKabakas ,
bys er vingt heKabaka. whopr opel ledt heki ngdom f rom
11.Ther ewer egover nor swhower eal so strengt ht os trengt h.
appoi nt edbyt heKabakaf ort hevas s al 5.Mi nimals ucces siondi s putes .
states ,
c alledBat angol e
12.TheKi ngdom hadas tandingar myf or
defens eandexpans ionoft heki ngdom. RolesofLuki iko

Rol
esofBat
aka. 1.I
tadvisedKabaka.
2.I
trepres entpeople’sneedst oKabaka.
1. Guardingthecl an’sl
and. 3.I
tactedascour tofAppeal/I tadvi
sedon
2.Collectingtax. disputes .
3.Mai ntaini
ngl awandor deri
nthecl
an. 4.I
tdir
ect edt hecoll
ectionoft axes/how
4.Set t
li
ngmi nordisput
es. theweal t
hoft hekingdom woul dbe
spent .
Rol
esofKabaka 5.I
thelpKabakai nadmi ni
stration.
6.I
tmadel awsf ort
heki ngdom.
1
. Hewast heheadoft
het
radi
ti
onal 7.I
tcheckedt heactivi
ti
esoft he
rel
igi
on-
Lubaal
e. gover nment/checki ngont he

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execut
ive. anduncles,whil
ethegir
lsbythei
r
8.I
tdebatedonissuest
hataf
fect
edt
he mothersandaunts.
ki
ngdom. 9.Kabakaheadedt radi
ti
onalr
eli
gion–
l
ubaale.
F
unct
ionsofSazachi
efs
. 9. Theybel i
evedi nmanygodse.g.
Katonda –cr eat
or
1.Theymai ntainedlawandor der.
2.Theycollectt axes
. Ki
buuka –godofwarort
hunder
3.Theyrecruitedmenf ormil
it
arys er
vice.
4.Theys et
tledi sput
es/Theyt ri
edcas esin Mukas
a –godoff
ert
il
it
y
cour
ts.
5.Theywer emember soft
heLukiiko/They Ki
wanuka –godofl
ight
eni
ng
advi
sedt heKabaka.
Nawagenyi–godofdr ought
Economi
cor
gani
zat
ion 10.Theyhadr eligiousl eader se. g.Kabaka
11.Shr i
neswer econs tructedandpr eserved
1
. TheKi ngdom economywasbas edon forwor shi
p.
agricult
urewi th 12.Ther ewer es orcer er s(Bal opo)
t
hegr owi ngofbananasass taplefood. 13.Hi stori
anskeptl iveact ivitiesandevent s
2. Theymadecanoes/boat sforfishi
ng oft her oyalfami l
yatt heRoyalcour t
.
andf orus ebyt henavy. 14.Theyadopt edI sl
am l aterandot hersto
3. TheKi ngdom Par ticipatedi nl ong Chr isti
anity.
dist
ancet r
ade. 15.TheKabakawasatt het opoft hes oci
al
4. Theypr acticediron- wor king. or ganizati
onwi t
hr el i
gious
5. Theymadecr aft
se. g.bas kets/They andjudici alpor tfolios.
manuf acturedbar kcl othes . 14.TheKabakawast heweal thi estperson
6. Ther ewass al
tmi ningandi ronat andhi spr oper t
yi ncl udedl andandl ar
ge
Biddu. herdsofcat tle.
7. Theyf ishedonLakeVi ctoria 17.Thepeas ant swhower et hemaj ori
ty
8. Theykeptl i
ves t
ocke. g.cat t
le. clear edlandands ervedi nt he
9. Ther ewasal s
ohunt ingand armedf or ces .
gathering. 18.Ther ewasdi vis i
onofl abourasmen
clear edlandwhi l
el adi espl ant edand
Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion weeded.

1
. Theywer ebas edoncl an,each Shona
havingitst radit
ionsfrom generati
on
togener ation. TheyareBant usf r
om Zi
mbabwe
2. Theyf el
lincl assese. g.Royalclas
s
(KingandRoyalchi ef
s )andBakopi Poli
ti
calorganizati
on
(peasants).Therewasl it
tl
econtact
betweent het woclass es. 1. Theywer eruledbyaKi ng(Mwene
3. Theybel ievedi nbot hgoodandbad Mutapa)whohadabs olut
eauthor
ity
spiri
ts. overthes ubjects.
4. Boyswer eeducat edbyt hefat
hers 2.TheKi ng’spos it
ionwasheredi
tar
ys oas

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tor educes ucces siondi sputes .
3.TheKi ngwasas si
s tedbys ever alpeople Soci alOr gani zati on.
egt hecour tstewar d.
4.Ther ewasanadvi sor ycounci lwhos e 1. Mwenemut apawast heChi efpr i
es tand
wor kwast oadvi s et heki ng. hewasr egar dedasas emi-divineki ng.
5.TheKi ngdom wasdi videdi ntopr ovinces 2.Theybel ievedi nas upr emecr eatorGod
underpr ovi ncial/l es serchi efswho whom t heycal l
edMwar i.
wer edi rectlyans wer abl et otheki ng. 3.Theybel ievedi nbot hgoodandbad
6.Thepr ovinceswer edi vi dedi nt o spir
its:Vadzi mu( fami l
ys pir
its)
chiefdomsr uledbychi ef s. Mhondor o( Cl ans pirits)andChami ruka
7.Undert hechi efst her ewer eheadmen (NationalSpi r it
).
whower ei nchar geoft hevillages . 4.Theyhadi nt er medi aries( Svikiro)who
8.Theyhadas tandingar mywhos emai n wasadepar tedf ami lyorcl anmember .
dutywast odef end/expandt heempi re. 5.Chami r ukas et t
ledcl andi sputesand
9.Theki ngwasas imbolofuni tyashe protect edt hecl ans( communi t
y)
wass emi -divine. 6.Rozwicl anpr ovi dedpr iestswho
10.Ther eex i
stedpr i
es tswhoact edas presidedoverr eligiouscer emoni esand
spiesf ort heki ng. sacrifi
ces .
7.Theywer edi videdi nt oclanswhos e
King’sas s i
stant s nameswer ecoi nedf rom ani mal slike
monkeys ,whos emeatwasnever
1. Headcook cons umed.
2.HeadDr ummer 8.Theyl ivedi nci r culars tonebui ldings .
3.Seni ors oni n-law 9.Theyr espect edt heel der sforpeace
4.Ki ng’ ssister/Emper or ’ss i
ster/Queen whent heydi e.
si
s ter 10.Theyhads acr edpl acesf orwor shipeg
5.Gat ekeeper/Chancel lor/Doork eeper Shrines ,wher es acr i
ficeswer eof fered.
6.Queenmot her 11
.Theyhadar oyalf i
ret hatkeptbur ning
7.HeadofAr my intheki ng’scour t.Thi sfires ymbol ized
8.Ni nepr i
nci palwi ves/Wi vesoft heking unit
yamongt hepeopl eandaut hor ityof
9.Tr eas urer theki ng.

Economi
cor
gani
zat
ion As
ant
e /As
hant
i

1. Theycultivatedlandandgr ewcr opse.g.  Theyar eAkan-speakingpeopl efrom

mil
letandCas sava. SouthernGhana.
2.TheyKeptl ivestocklikecattl
e.
3.Theyf i
s hedal ongriversandl akes. Factorsf
orgr owth
4.Theymi nedgol d.
5.Theyi ron-wor kedforweaponsandt ool
s.1 . Supportfrom theot hercommuni t
iesas
6.Theypar t
icipatedint helongdistance theywer erelated/uni t
yamongt he
tr
ade. severalstat
est hatemer gedar ound
7.Theymadecr af
tse.g.barkclothes. Kumas i
.
8.Theyhunt edandgat heredforwi l
d 2.Theypar t
ici
patedi ninternat
ionaland
ani
malsandf ruit
s. l
ocaltradewhi chbr oughtthem weal t
h.

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3.Theyhadabl el eader se. g.Os eiTut u 3.Theconquer eds tateswer er uledby
4.Theyhadas trongagr icul tur albas e thei rki ngsbutt reat edaspr ovincesof
whi chens ur edt hem f oodt hr oughout As ant e.As anteheneappoi nt ed
theyear/Ther egi oni nwhi chi twas repr es ent ati
vei neac hconquer eds t
ate.
situatedwasgoodf orf ar ming,hence 4.TheAs ant ehener uledwi tht hehel pofa
reliablef oods uppl y. conf eder acyofki ngs( Omanhene) ,
5.Theyhadacent ralizedgover nment Conf eder acycounci l.
whi chens ur ednopol iticalconf l
ic t
s . Theyt ookanoat hofal l
egi ancet o
6.Odwi raf estivalwasus edt ocr eat e ens ur el oyaltyt ot heAs antehene.
har monyi nt heki ngdom. 5.TheOmanhener epr es ent edt he
7.Theyhadal ar geSt andi ngar my/ As ant ehenei nt heconquer eds tates/
Mi l
itarys trengt hbas edonacqui s i
tionof Omanhenewer eaut onomousbutwer e
gunsandgunpowder . expect edt opayt ribut et ot he
8.Theyhadacommoncul turewi thi nt he As ant eheneandcont r
ibut es oldier sin
kingdom andt heGol denSt oolwhi ch ti
mesofwar .
ens ureduni t y. 6.Theyhadas tandi ngar myf orext ernal
9.Needt of reet hems el vesf r
om Denkyr a def ens e.
rule. 7.TheyhadaGol denSt ooli ntroduc edt o
10.Theywer ebr aveandpr oud,andr eady thebyAs anteheneOs eiTut ui nt he1 8th
todoanyt hi ngt okeept heirki ngdom Cent ury,andi ts ymbol izeduni ty.
strong. 8.Theyhadawel l-es tablishedj udi cial/
cour ts ys t
em bas edatKumas i
,headed
Howt radel edt ot hegr owt hoft heAs ant e byAs ant ehene.
Kingdom TheOmanheneswer egi venpowert o
trymi norcas esi nt hepr ovinces .
1.F rom t het rade,t heyacqui r edr evenue 9.TheannualOdwi raf es ti
vals trengt hened
tos ustaint hear my. solidar ityandnat ional i
smi nt he
2.Weaponswer eobt ai nedf rom t het rade kingdom.
toexpandt heki ngdom.
3.Theweal t
hf rom t het radeboos tedt he Rol esofAs antehene.
fameoft heki ng.
4.Needf orgoodst oex por tencour aged 1. Hewast heheadoft heki ngdom.
theki ngt oconquermor et er ritor i
es . 2.Hewast hechi efpr ies t/wi tnes s edt he
5.Theki ngus edt heweal thf rom t het r ade swear ingi nofappoi ntedof f
icials .
tor ewar dl oyalpr ovi nci alr uler s. 3.Hes atont heGol dens t
oolwhi chwasa
symbolofuni ty.
Poli
ticalOr gani zat ion 4.Heappoi ntedgover nor sofves sels tates .
5.Hechai redt heOdwi rafes tival.
1. Theywer eacent r alizeds t
at el edby 6.Hewast hes upr emej udge.
As antehene;andwer egr oupedi nto
threedi visions :nucl ear( Kumas i), FunctionsofOmanhene.
Amat oo( out s ides tat es )andt he
conquer eds t ates . 1. Hehadt her i
ghtt odecl arewaragai ns t
2.As antehenewast hecommanderi n- anot herOmanhene.
chiefoft hear medf or ces . 2.Her ecogni zedt her ightofAs ant ehene

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toimpos el evies .
3.Heat tendedOdwi raf est
ival. I
mportanceoft heGol denSt ool.
4.Hegr ant edci t i
zenst herighttoappeal
tot hehighes tcour tinKumas i
. 1. Its ymbol i
zed/pr omot eduni t
y.
2. I ts ymbol i
zedt hepoweroft heki ng.
NB/TheOmanheneus edBlackSt oolasa 3. I tcont ai
nedt hes oulors piri
toft he
symbolofaut hority. As antepeopl e.
4. I twasas ymbolofadmi nis t
rati
onand
Economi cOr ganizat ion royalr egali
a.
5. I twasus edbyt heAs antehenet o
1. Theyt radedwi tht hei rneighbours. wi eldmuchr espec tamongt heOyoko
2.Theymi nedgol d. clan.
3.Theygr ewcr opsl ikeyams .
4.Theykeptl i
ves tockt hecat tl
e. I
mportanceofOdwi rafes t
ival
5.Theyhunt edandgat heredf orwild
animalsandf ruits . 1.I
tpr omot eduni tyamongt hepeopl e.
6.Theywer ebl acks mi t
hsandt heymade 2.I tpr ovidedanoppor tunityfort heki ngs
toolsandweapons .. t
os ettl
edi sputes.
7.Theymadecr aftsl ikebas ketryand 3.I
tbr oughtt heki ngst oget hert opledge
pottery l
oyal ty/t r
ibutet otheAs ant ehene.
8.Theypr act i
cedf i
s hingalongr i
versand 4.Itpr ovidedanoppor tunityfort heki ngs
l
ak es. t
ohonourt hedead.
Socialorgani zation

1. Theki ngdom compos edofmany

communi t i
eswhos poket heAkan
language.
2.Theywer eor gani zedi nclansmadeup
ofr el
at edf ami l
ies.
3.Mar ri
agewasexogamous .
4.I nheritanceofpr oper tywasmat ril
ineal.
5.Thecommuni tywasboundt oget herby
theGol denSt ool.
6.Theyhadanannualf estival(Odwi ra)
hel datKumas it ohonourt heances tors
.
7.Theywer edi videdi nt os ocialcl asses/
strati
fi
cat ion.
8.Theki ngswer er egar dedass emi -
divine
/r eli
giousl eader s .
9.Theywer epol ytheis ts/wor s hipped
manygods .
10.Theances torsmedi at edbet weent he
peopl eandt hegods .
11
.Theybel ievedi nas upr emeGodcal led
Onyame.

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Updat ed * I
CT, IT,ACCA,CFA*notes
Forext radi nggui dance
*CCTV*i ns tallati
on&Networking
ser
vices
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i
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existi
nginAf r
ica.
4.Mos tpartsofAf ricahadgoodcl i
mat e
andf ert
il
es oilss uit
ableforfarmi ngand
othereconomi cact ivi
ti
es.
5.Europeant rader sinAf ri
caas kedf or
protecti
onf rom thei rmothercount r
ies
uponf aci
ngcompet iti
onfrom t heAfrican
mer chantsandt hos efrom other
TOPI
C10.EUROPEANI
NVASI
ONOF Europeancount ries.
6.Theywant edt os tops l
avet r
adeand
AFRI
CAANDTHEPROCESSOF
int
roducel egitimat etrade.
COLONI
ZATION.
 Pol
it
ical
SCRAMBLEANDPARTI
TIONOFAF
RICA
1. Bismar ckandt her iseofGer manywhi ch
- Thi
smeanst heper
iodwhent he changedt hebal anceofpoweri nEurope,
Europeanpower
srushedforanddi
vided ascount ri
esr ushedf orcol oniest o
Afr
icaamongstt
hems el
ves. redress .
2.Af terFr ance’sdef eati nt heF ranco-
Methodsus ed Prus s
ianwarof1 870,s hedeci dedto
lookforcol oniesf orcompens ati
on,as
1. Divi
deandr ulepolicy,thusAf r
icans Ger manywant edt omakeherf orgetthe
weret ri
ckedt ot ur
nagai ns
teachot her defeat/mi l
itari
sm.
i
nor dert oweakent hem. 3.Publ icopi nioninEur opewasf or
2.Decept ion/Tr eacher y/LuringAf ri
cans acquisitionofcol oniese. g.Thr ough
withEur opeangoods . press.
3.Mi li
tar yforce/conques t/expedi t
ions. 4.Nat i
onal i
sm/ I
mper iali
s m,ascount ri
es
4.Si gningoft r
eatiesandagr eement s/ compet edt oacqui remanycol oni
est o
Collabor at
ions. provet hatt heywer epower f
ul.
Ther ewer et wot ypes:Parti
tionand 5.F renchact i
viti
esi nWes tAfricat o
Protect i
onisttreati
es . acquirecol oniesencour agedot her
5.Char teredt r
adingCompani es . countriest ojoint hes crambl e.
Caus
es.  St
rat
egi
c
 Economi
c 1. Cont rolofRi verNil
eandi tssources
coul dfacili
tateEuropeanacti
viti
esin
1. Tol ookf ormar ketfort heirproducts Africa/Egypt i
anques t
ion.
fol
lowingi ndus tr i
ali
zati
on. 2.Ri verCongowasal soatt
ract
ive,asit
2.F ol
lowi ngt hei ndus tri
ali
zat i
on,they wasbel ievedt hattheareahadmi neral
s.
gener atedal otofweal t handt herewas (Frenchact i
viti
esintheCongoandWes t
needf orapl acet oinves tthei
rs ur
plus Africa).
capital. 3.Por tugal,Belgium andF r
anceclaimed
3.Theywer el ooki ngformi neral
sor forCongo,Br i
tain&Ger manydes i
red
met als,whi chwer ebel i
evedt obe forcol oniesint heregion/King

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Leopol
d’sact
ivi
ti
esi
ntheCongo. Afri
cahadmi nerals ,butduet o
fr
equentci vilwar s,diseases
,t hey
 Soci
al wereweak.
Thegoodnat uralhar bors.
1. Campai gnagai nsts l
avet rade/ Thenavi gabler iver s.
Humani tarianf act or . Well-developedt radewi thtrade
2.Chr istianr evivali nEur opei n1 8th routesandcent r esi ntheinterior
.
Cent ury-ast heChr isti
ansf eltitwas Disunit
yamongAf ricancommuni t
ies
.
thei rres pons ibili
tyt os pr eadt hef ai
thto Weaknes sofAf ricancommuni ties
otherpar t
soft hewor ld/t opr ot ect duet olackofs ophi sti
catedweapons ,
mi ss i
onar i
es . skil
ledfighters,anddi seases,
3.Raci als uper ior ityf eltbyt heEur opeans , drought&f amine.
thust heywant edt os pr eadt heir
civili
zat ion/Pat er nal i
sm. Rolesofexpl orers
4.TheEur opeanpower swant edt os et
tl
e
thes ur pluspopul at i
on. 1. Theyar guedt hatAf ri
cawasdar k,and
5.Rol eofi nfluent iali ndividual si n h encen ee dedl i
gh t.
Eur opeane. g.Wi lli
am Macki nnonandDr 2.Theyi ncreas edt heGeogr aphical
Davi dLi vings tone. kn owle dgeo fA f
ricani nter
iorinEur ope.
3.Theymadeknownt oEur opewhatt he
Ot her s Africai nteriorcoul dof f
ere.g.labor ,
mi nerals.
6.Thechal l
engeoft hes preadofI slam 4.Theyopenedupt hei nteri
orofAf ri
caf or
whi cht heEur opeanmi s sionar i
eswant ed othergr oups .
tos t
op. 5.Theyappeal edt ot heirgover nmentt o
7.Ther ewasneedt os preads oci al takeu pc o ntr
o lof thein t
eri
or of Af
rica.
refor msi nAf r i
ca,ast heEur opeans
cons i
der eds omepr act i
cesi nAf ricaas Rol esofmi ssionaries
inhuman e. g.humans acr if
ice.
8.Soc ialmi sfit
si nEur opewer et obe 1. Theypac ifi
edt heAf ri
cans .
res ettledi nAf rica. 2.Theycal ledupont heirmot hercount ri
es
9.Mas smedi aal s oinf luencedby forpr otect i
on.
publ ishi ngs uppor tivei nf ormat ion.
Rolesoft rader s

Reas
onswhyEgyptwasofs
trat
egi
c 1. Theys i
gnedt r
eatieswi t
hAf ri
car uler
s.
i
mportancet
oBri
tai
n. 2.Theys etupcol onialadmi nis
trati
on.
3.Theypr ovidedcheapadmi ni
strati
ve
1. Duet otheopeningoftheSuezcanal capital.
thatopenedtoIndianOceanfort
rade. 4.Theyi nterferedwi thlocalpolit
ics.
2.Pr ovi
dedas hortroutetoI
ndi
aandt he 5.Theyappeal edf orhelpfrom ot her
FarEast. count r
ies.
6.Theyi nves tedheavi l
y,hencemade
 Pul
lfact
or: colonizationinevitable.

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Eur
opeanact
ivi
ti
esi
nAf
ri
cai
nt 9th
he1 ageogr aphi calconf erenceonAf r i
cai n
Centur
y. Brus sels .
 Theconf er encebor et heAf rican
1. Theywer ei
nvolvedi ntrade. internat ionalAs soci ationpr es ided by
2.Theywer espreadi
ngChr isti
anit
y. Leopol dI I.
3.Theywer ei
nvolvedi nexpl orati
on.  TheAs soci at ions etupt radi ngand
4.Theywer eestabl
ishings ettl
ement s. Scient if
iccent ersi ncent ralAf r
ica,f or
5.Theywer esi
gningi mperialt r
eaties/ thepur pos eofs uppr es sings lavet rade.
establis
hingcolonialrul
e.  Thecent er swer et obegi venmi li
tary
6.Theywer emining. prot ection
7.Theywer ei
nvolvedi nfarmi ng.  Ther ewasr ivalrybet weenBr i
tainand
8.Theywer ei
nvolvedi nstampi ngout FranceoverEgypt ,whi chwasf ort he
sl
avet r
ade. lat
er ,s i
nce1 798.
9.Theywer ei
nvolvedi nspr eading  In1882,Br itai nsuppor tedt he
l
egitimatetrade. gover nment( British)agai nstUr abi
10.Theywer ei
nvolvedi nes tabli
shing Pas haandhi sr ebelgr oup-s ingle
medi cal/healthcentres. handedl y.
 Thet wohadagr eedt odos o,j oi ntly.
Howindus
tri
ali
zati
oni
nEuropecontr
ibut
ed
 Britaint henmovedandoccupi edEgypt .
tos
crambleforcol
oni
esi
nAf r
ica.
 Francewast henf or cedt odi ver ther
attent i
ont oCongo.
1
. Europeancountr
iesneededmar
ket
sfor
 In1880,F rances entexpedi tiont o
thei
rmanufactur
edgoods
Congo.
2.Eur
opeancountr
iesneededraw  Thegr oup/expedi tionl edby
Sar vorgonanDeBr azzas ignedt heDe
mater
ial
stofeedthei
rindus
tri
es
Brazza-Mokokot r eat ywi thchi ef
3.Europeancountr
iesneededar
east
o MakokoofTeke.
 Thet reat ywast henr atif
iedbyt he
investt
hei
rs ur
pluscapi
tal
Frenchpar li
amenti n1 882.
4.Eur
opeancountri
esneededagr i
cul
t al 
ur Leopol dI It hendeci dedt os endhi s
agentt odot hes amei nt her egi on.
l
andinAfri
catogr owfoodcrops
 Por tugalgotal armedandappr oached
5.Eur
opeancountri
esneededcheap Britainf oranagr eementwhi chgave
l
abourfr
om Afr
icanstoproduceraw Por tugalt her i
ghtovert hemont hoft he
CongoRi ver .
mater
ial
s
 Topr eventwarbet weenEur opean
6.Europeancountr
iesdevel
opedahigh power s,Bi smar ckpr opos edf ora
conf erenceatBer lini n1 884.
demandofmi neral
sspecul
atedt
obe
avail
ablei
nAfri
ca
Ber
li
nconf
erence–1
884-1
885
Courseoft
hes
crambl
eandpar
ti
ti
onof
Af
rica
- I
twasattendedbyr
epres
ent
ati
vesf
rom
al
lEur
opeanpowerandAmeri
can–fr
om
 I
n1876,Leopol
dIIofBel
gium convened
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15/
11/
1884to16/
02/1
885. ascompar edt ot heEur opeans .
- I
twasmai nl
yaimedatlayi
ngr
ulesand 6.TheAf ricansl ackedmoder nweapons .
gui
delinef
ortheEur
opeanpar
ti
tionof 7.Eur opeansr ecei vedr einforcement sor
Afr
ica. mi l
itarybackupf rom homeandf r om
othercol oni es .
Resol uti
onspas s ed( TERMS) 8.Somecommuni tieswer edemor alized
aftert hei rleader swer ecapt ur edand
1. Anypowert hatl aidcl aim onanyAf r i
can evenki ll
ed.
count rywast ooccupyt hel aterf ully. 9.Eur opeanpower sus edr uthl es stact ics
2.Anypowerl ayingcl aimsonanyAf rica li
kes cor che de a rthp olicyw hich
ter r
itorywast oinf ormt heot her sf or des troyedt heeconomi cbas eofmos t
rat i
fi
cat ion. communi ti
est husweakeni ngt hem.
3.Ri ver sCongo,Ni gerandZambezibas i
n
woul dbef reef ort rade. Eff
ectsoft hepar ti
tion
4.Congobas inwasgi vent oLeopol dI Iand
itwasopenf orf reet rade.I tlater 1. Eur opeansgai nedf ameandpr estigef or
bec ameCongoF reeSt ate. h avingc o lon i
a lpo s ses sions.
5.I facount rycl aimedt heCoas t,the 2.I tspeededupeconomi cdevel opmentof
immedi atehi nter landbecamet hei r Eu rop ea nn a t
ion s.
spher eofi nf l
uence. 3.I tledt ot hei ntroduct ionEur opean
6.Sl avet radewast obes t
oppedi nf avour admi nistr atives ys temsi nAf ricae. g.us e
ofl egitimat et rade. ofChar ter edCompani es .
7.Eur opeanpower sr eas ser t
edt heir 4.Newboundar iesi nAf ricawer edr awn.
occupat ionandcont roloft heAf rican 5.I ntroduct ionofEur opeanl anguagesi n
ter r
itories . Africa.
8.Peacef uls olvingofconf l
icts. 6.Thes ettingupofboundar iesl edt ot he
9.Af r i
cant erritorieswer epar t i
tioned,t hus splitofs omecommuni ti
ese. g.Somal i.
effectives pher esofi nfl
uence. 7.A f
ricac o n ti
n uedt oma i
n t
a i
nc lose r l
in ks
10.Eur opeannat ionsvowedt opr otect withEur opeancount riest hrought rade,
mi ssionar i
es&t rader si nt heir ar eas e duc ationa n dd ip loma ti
cr ela ti
o ns/
regar dles soft heirnat i
onaliti
es . Neocol oni al
ism.
8.Expl oitativemeas ur esl ikef orcedl abor ,
FACTORSWHI CHF ACI LITATEDEUROPEAN taxat ionandl andal ienat i
on.
COLONI ZATI ONOFAF RICAI NTHE1 9TH 9.Af ricancul tureswer eunder mi ned/
CENTURY. Eur opeanci vilizat i
onwass pr ead.
10.Itledt ot hef allofs omeAf rican
1. Weakpol i
ticalor gani zati
onamong Kingdomse. g.As ant e.
Af r
icacommuni ty/Lackeds trong
leader s hipe. g.Smal lpol i
ticaluni ts . Economi ci mpact soft hes crambl eand
2.Lackonuni tyamongAf ricans . partit
ionofAf ri
ca.
3.Nat uralcal ami tiesandepi demi cse. g.
Dr oughtanddi seas eshadweakened 1. Africabecameas our ceofr awmat erials
Af r
icans andmar ket sonEur opeanmanuf actur e
4.Col l
abor ati
onbys omeAf rical eader s. goods .
5.Af r
icanwar riorswer enotwel lt r
ained

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2.Devel
opmentofi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure 5.Moder nAf ri
cans tateswer ecr eatedby
theboundar iesdrawndur ingt he
3.Disr
upti
onofAfri
cant
radi
ti
onal par ti
tion.
economicact
ivi
ti
es 6.Af ricanl andwasal ienatedasEur opeans
establ ishedper manents ettlement s.
4.Recruit
mentofAfr
icalabourf
or 7.Af ricansl os tt hei
rlives/pr oper t
yas
Europeaneconomicgain theyt ri
edt or esi
stEur opeanoccupat i
on.
8.Af ricancul turewasunder mi nedwi th
5.Its
peededupeconomi
cgr
owt
hof introduct ionofWes terneducat i
on/
Europeancount
ri
es spreadofChr i
sti
anity/heal thf acil
iti
es
establ ished.
6.Afr
icawasunderdevel
opedduet
o 9.Cl os ert iewer eforgedbet weent he
exploi
tat
ionofherres
ources Africansandt heEur opeanswhi ch
creat edover dependenceonEur ope.
7.I
ntr
oduc
tionofl
arge-
scal
eagr
icul
tur
e 10.Intens if
icat i
onofwar f
areamongAf rican
communi ties .
8.I
tcreatedover-
dependenceonEurope 11.Infrastruct urewasdevel opedt ol i
nk
byAfri
caonfinanci
alandtechni
cal agr i
cul t
ur eandmaj ormi ningcent r
es .
suppor
t 12.Introduct ionofnewpol i
ciesl i
kef orced
labourandt axati
onwhi chwer e
9.Afr
icanswereint
roducedonthe unpopul aramongAf ri
cans .
i
nternati
onals
ystem oft
radeand
f
inance Posit
iveef
fect
sofEur
opeancol
oni
zat
ionof
Afr
ica.
1
0.Gr
owt
hofi
ndus
tri
es
1.Thei nhumans lavet radewass t opped
11.Economi cexpl oi
tationt hr
ought axaton andr
i eplacedbyl egi t
imat etrade.
andl andalienation. 2 .T h eyin tr
o ducedn ewc r
op swhi chwer e
grownonl arges cale.
12.Therewasi ntroduct i
onofwagel abour 3 .M odernme t
h od sw ereoff armingwer e
toAf ri
ca introducedwhi chi ncreas edyields.
4.F armingandt radingact ivit
iesby
Eur opeansl edt ogr owt hoft owns.
5.Newmeansoft rans port&
I
t sef
fectsonAf r
icancommuni t
ies . communi cationintr oduc edbyt hecol onists
whi cheas ed
1. Afr
icansl ostindependenceas movementofpeopl e.
Europeanses t
abl i
shedcol onies. 6.Chr i
stianmi ss i
onar iesintroduced
2.Af r
icaneconomi esweakenedbyt he Wes terneducat i
onwhi chenabl edAf r
icans
Europeanexpl oitati
onoft her esources. tor ead
3.TheAf ric
ans ys t
emsofgover nment andwr ite.
wer ereplacedbyEur opeans ystems . 7.Theyi nt r
oducedmoneyasamedi um of
4.Af r
icansadopt edEur opeanl anguages ex changewhi chwasamor eef fi
cient
whichbecameof fi
ciallanguagesi nthe met hod
colonies. oft r
ade.

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8.SomeAf ri
cant raditi
onalpracticeswer e  TherewasAr medandpas
sive
abandonedduet omi s s
ionaryinfl
uence. resi
stance.
9.Manuf acturedgoodswer eint roducedt o
theAfricanswhi chchangedt heirl i
fe-st
yle/ Maj
iMaj
iup-
ris
ing(
1905-
1907)
Establishmentofi ndustr
ieswhi ch
improvedt heeconomy. - ThisoccurredinSout
hEas t
ern
10.Thei nteriorwasopenedupandbecame Tanganyika,l
edbyKinjeki
ti
leNgwal
e,
knownt ot heres toft he Abdall
aMpandaandNgameya.
wor l
d.
11.Moder nheal thfacili
tieswerei ntroduced Thecommuni
ti
esi
nvol
ved:
inAfri
cawhi chl edt oef f
ecti
vecont rolof
tr
opi caldiseas es. 1.Pogor
o.2.Ngindo.3.Mbunga.4.Ngoni
.5.
12.Socialinteractionwasenhancedt hr
ough Zaramo.6.Luguru.7.Wamakonde
thes t
udyofAf ricanl anguages. 8.Wamwer a.9.Ndendeul
e.10.Bena.1
1.
13.Europeansi ntr
oducednews ourcesof Matumbi.1
2.Sangu
energyegHEP.
Caus
es

Eur
opeanact
ivi
ti
esi
nAf
ri
cabef
ore1
850. 1. TheAf ricansr es entedt hef orcedlabour
i
nt roducedbyt heGer mans .
1. Theywer ei nvolvedi nt r
adingact i
vi t
ies
. 2.TheAf ricansdi slikedt hehar shruleby
2.Theys pr eadChr i
stianit
y. theAki daswhower eforei gner sand
3.Theywer ei nvolvedi nexpl or
ation. br utal.
4.Theywer ei nvolvedi ns preadoft he 3.TheAf ricanswer ef orcedt ogr owcot ton
Wes ter
neducat i
on. oni nf
er ti
leland.
4.Ger mansmi streat edAf ricanr ulers/
AFRICANREACTI ONTOEUROPEAN har shGer manr ule/whi ppi ngt hem in
COLONI ZATI ON publ ic/f l
oggi ngt hem
5.TheAf ricanswer eagai ns tthet axati
on
- TheAf r
ic acount riesr eactedint het wo i
nt roducedbyt heGer mans .
ways :somer esistedasot hers 6.Ger manof fi
cialss exuallyabus edAf r
ican
coll
aborat ed women.
- Someoft her esistanceswer eact ive 7.Ins pir
ationbyt hepr ophecyofKi njekit
il
e
whileother swer epas sive Ngwal e.
8.Theywant edt or eposs es st heirl
and
Resist
ance: from t heGer mans .
9.TheNgonif oughtt oseekr evengeover
causes theBomamas sacr eof1 897.
10.Theywant edt or egaint hei rlost
1. Pri
de/hos til
it
y. i
ndependence.
2.Pat ri
otism andnat ionalism 11
.TheGer mansdes pised/l ookeddown
3.F earedl os sofpowerandweal th. upont heAf ricans ’wayof l if
e/
4.Tomai nt aintheirt erri
tori
alintegrity. Chr isti
ani t
yVsTr aditi
onal .
5.Val uedt hei rf
reedom.
Cour seoft her ebel l
ion.

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12.Thepeopl et ur nedt oeducat i
ont olear n
 AKol elopr ies tcal ledKi njekit
ile whi teman’ scul tur eandt odef eathi m.
Ngwal emobi l
izedpeopl ei n1904-f or 13.Theeconomi cact iviti
eswer edi s
rupt ed.
trainingands prinkl edt hem wi th
‘magi cwat er ’-whi cht heybel ieved Reas onsf ort hedef eat
hadpowert ot urnr endert hebul lets
us eles s. 1.I nfer i
or ityofAf ricanweaponswhi ch
 I tthenbegani nJul y1 905,whent he coul dnotmat cht heGer mans .
Pogor oofKi loper ef us edt opick 2.Ger mans ol
di er swer ewel ltrainedas
cot t
on. oppos edt ot heAf ricans oldier swho
 Ther ebel sat tackgover nment us edt het radi tionalmet hodsoff ight i
ng.
mi ssions ,pos tsands hops . 3.Di s uni ty/Hat redt hatexi stedamong
 TheGer manshi redZul u,Sudanes e Africancommuni tiesmadet heGer mans
andSomal imer cenar ies . def eatt hem eas il
y.
 Af tert heUwer ekabat tlei ns ept -1905,4.TheGer manus eoft heScor chedEar th
they( Africans )r es or tedt oguer il
la met hodoff ight ingwhi chl edt ofami ne,
tactics . henceweakenedt heAf ricans/Af ri
cans
 I tdr aggedonupt o1 907whent he wer eweakenedbyf ami newhi chmade
Africanswer ef or cedt or etreat ,wi th them t owi t
hdr awf rom t hewar .
mos toft hei rleader sar restedand 5.Themagi cwat erofKi njeki ti
lef ai
ledt o
other sexecut ed. prot ectt heAf r i
cansagai nstt heGer man
 Mat umbiwar ri
or supr oot edc ot tont o bul l
et s .
provoket hechi efs . 6.Capt ure/I mpr is onment/Execut ionof
Africanl eader sdemor alizedt heAf ricans.
Resultsoft heMaj iMaj i 7.Ger manadmi nis trator sr ecei ved
reinf orcement .
1. Des truct ionandl oot ingofpr opert y. 8.Thel ar gepower fulcommuni ti
eswho
2.Los sofhumanl ivesdur ingt hewar . hadbeendef eat edbyt heGer mans
3.ManyPeopl ewer edi splaced. bef or e,di dnotj oint hewar .
4.Ther ewaswi des pr eadf ami neand 9.Af ricansl ackedcoor dinat ion/
starvat ion. organi zat ioni nt hei rfightagai nstthe
5.Ther ewass ufferingasmanyAf ricans Ger mans .
wer ear res tedandi mpr isoned.
6.I tcr eatedf earandi ns ecur ity. Whyt heAf ricansi nTanganyi kawer e
7.I tbr oughtaboutdi visionbet weent hos e agai ns tt heus eofAki das .
whor esistedandt hos ewho
collabor at ed. 1. Aki daswer ef or eigner s .
8.Ger mancol oni algover nmentchanged 2.TheAki dast ookt heAf ricans ’chancesof
itspol iciese. g.abol itionoff orcedl abour . admi nis trationi nt heircount ry.
9.I tlaidf oundat i
onf orf ut ur eofAf rican 3.TheAki daswer ebr utal/Har sht ot he
national ism. Africans/Whi ppi ngAf r i
canse. g.
10.Reject i
onofcul tureandt r us tinAf rica fl
oggi ng.
medi cinemen. 4.Aki dass exual lyhar ass edt heirwomen.
11
.F ear ,hence noar medr es istancet il
lt he
riseofnat ional ism af terwor ldwart wo

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Refor
msintr
oducedbyt
heGer
mansaf
ter Bisandugut reatywi tht heF rench,
theMajiMaj
i. defini
ngt heboundar iesoft hes pher es
ofinfl
uence.
1. Communalcot tongr owi ngwass topped.  Samor ius edt het reatyasat ri
ckt o
2.F orcedl abourf ors et tl
erf armswas enablehibui ldhi sempi re.
stopped.  Dur i
ngt hispeacef ultime,t heF rench
3.Cor por alpuni shmentwasf or bi
ddenand suppliedTi ebaofSi kas so,Tour e’s
settler swhomi s tr
eat edt hei rwor kers tradit
ionalenemywi t
hweapons .
wer epuni s
hed.  Theyal s oincitedt hepeopl eagai ns thim,
4.Bet tereducat ionandmedi cals ervi
ces thusleadi ngt ot heGr eat erRevol tof
forAf r i
canswer eint roduced. 1888-1890.
5.Af ricanswer ei nvol vedi nt he  I
n1 890,warbr okeoutbet weent he
admi nistrati
onoft her egionasAki das FrenchandMandi ka.
andJumbes .  Theyaccus edeachot herofvi olat
ingt he
6.Acol onialdepar tmentofGer man Bisandugut reaty.
gover nmentwasf or medi n1 907t o  Hedi videdhi sar myi nt ot hree( 3)
clos elyi nves t
igat ei ntheaf fair
si f groups :onear medwi thModer nrif
les ,
Ger manEas tAfrica. the2nd onehel pedi nevacuat ingt he
7.Ext rat axationont heAf r
icanswas peopleandt he3rd conquer edt henew
reject ed. areasf ors ettl
ement .
8.Ki swahi l
iwasaccept edasanof fi
cial
 Heexpandedhi sempi ret ooccupy
language.
areasf rom Mal i,IvoryCoas tandGhana
9.Anewgover nor ,Lor dRechenbur gwho
withthenewcapi talatDabakal a.
wass ympat het ictot heAf ricanswas
 However ,hewast hendef eat edaf ter
broughtandhecens or ednews papers
7yrs.
thats uppor tedEur opeansagai nst
Africans .

Samor
iTour
eoft
heMandi
nka
Caus
esoft
her
esi
stance.
 Hewasbor nin1830i nGui nea-ofDyula
clan.
1. Topr eser vetheindependenceofhi s
 Hismot herwascapt uredin1 853asa empire/Tos topFrenchcol onizationof
slavebyal ocalrul
er. hisempi re( MAIN).
 Het hens ervedi nt
her ul
er’sarmyfor 2.Topr otec ti
mpor t
antpl acesandar eas
7yr stobuyhi smot her’srelease. l
ikeBur agol dmi nes
 Thisi swher eheear nedmi li
tarytr
aini
ng 3.Hewant edt oexpandhi sterr
it
or yand
andexper ience. hedi dnotwantt owi ths t
andany
 Het henes tabli
shedhi sempi re obstaclei nhisway.
Mandi nkawi ththecapitalatBisandugu 4.Hedi dnotl iketheF renchcol l
abor at
ion
in1881. withhisenemi esast heygavet he
enemi esweaponsegTi ebbaofSi kasso.
Cour
se: 5.Hadconf idencei nhisl argewel lt
rained
anddi scipli
nedar mywi thmoder n
he28th mar
 Ont ch1
886,hes
ignedt
he fi
rearms .
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6.Hewant edt omai ntainhi ss oci als t
atus peopl et hatt heywer ef ight i
ngaj i
had
asal eaderi easAl -I
mam,at itl
ehe agai ns tt heF rench.
adopt edi n1 874. 4.Heal s ous edguer i
llawar f
ar eand
7.Hewant edt opr otec thist radewhi ch scor chedear thpol icy whi chpr oved
ear nedhi mr evenuet opur chas ear ms effect i
veagai ns tt heF rench.
andammuni tion. 5.Someofhi ss older shads er vedi nt hei r
8.Hewant edt os afeguar dI sl
am f rom Frenchcol oni alar myandhencewer e
Chr isti
ani nfluence/Hewasf ightinga fami liarwi tht hei rfight ingt actics.
hol ywar( Jihad) . 6.Hewasacompet entmi litaryl eaderwho
9.Hewant edt opr es erveMandi nk acul ture. i ns pi r edhi ss oldier sdemocr aticallyin
10.Hewant edt opr otec ttheMandi nkal and theas signmentofdut ies .
fr
om t heEur opeanoccupat ion. 7.Heus eddi plomacyeghes i
gnedt he
11
.Hepl ayedof ftheBr iti
shagai nstthe treat yofBi s sandugu( 1
886)t ogetmor e
French. timet oor gani zehi ms el f/Hepl ayedt he
Br i
tis hagai ns tt heF rench.
Disadvant ages/chal l
engesoft he2nd 8.Hewasabl et opayhi ss oldierswel l
.
empir e. 9.Hes hi ft
edhi sempi reandcapi t
alf urt
her
i
nl andt ogi vehi ms elfmor et i
met or e-
1. Hewascutof ffrom t heBur aand organi zehi sf orces .
Wangar agol dmi nesandt rader outes 1 0.Hiss oldi er swer ef ami l
iarwi tht he
andhencecoul dnotobt ainr evenue terr ain,t hef actwhi chenabl edt hem t o
topur chas ear ms . beef fect ive.
2. Hewascutof ffrom F reet ownwher e 1 1.Hehadadequat ef oods uppl yt os ustain
heus edt oobt ainar ms . hisar my.
3. Thes outher nboundar ywasopent o 1 2.Us eofhor s esbyhi ss oldier s,enhanced
attacksf rom I vor yCoas t
. thei ref f
ect ivenes s.
4. TheBr it
ishoccupat ionoft heAs ante
in1886madehi mt oadvancei nt hat Whyhel os t
direction.Thi smeantt hathewas
surroundedbyenemi esf rom al l 1. Dis uni tyashi sAf r i
cannei ghbor s
directions( t
heF r
enchandt heBr it
ish). r efus edt oal lyduet oj eal ous y.
5. Thel ocalpeopl edi dnots uppor thi m 2.Hef ai ledt oconvi ncet heBr i
tishagai ns t
ashewass eenasanal ien. theF renchast hey( Br iti
s h)s awi tas
agai ns tt heBer linconf er enceof1 884.
Whyt her es i
stancepr otracted( lastedf or Hispol icyofnon- i
nt er f
er ence.
l
ong) 3.Det er mi nat ionbyt heF rencht o
es tabl ishanover s easempi remade
1. Hisar mywasequi ppedwi thmoder n them t ous et hei rs uper i
orweapons .
weaponswhi chhepur chas edf rom 4.Cons tantmovementofhi sar myand
Eur opeans ,andot her sfrom l ocal peopl edeni edt hem t i
met oconcent rate
blacks mi t
hs . onmeani ngf ulact ivities ,hencel acked
2.Hehadal arge,s trongandwel ltrained food.
army,di sciplinedandor gani zedar my. 5.Thenewl yconquer edr egi onsr es ented
3.Heus edMandi nkanat i
onal ism andI sl
am him andal liedwi tht heF rench,ast hey
touni f
yt hes oldiers/Heconvi ncedhi s felthewasi ns ens i
tivet ohuman

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suffer i
ng. 10.Thewarcr eat eds uf fer ing/mi sery
6.Ashemoveds out hwar d,hel ost amongt hepeopl el eadi ngt oa s t
ate
valuabl ear easl ikeBur agol dmi nes . ofdes pair .
Thispar al ysaedhi mt ot heext entofnot
beingabl et opayhi ss ol dier sand Lobengul aandt heNdebel e- 1893
mer cenar ies.
7.TheF renchempi r ebes i
egedhi sCapi tal
,  Theyor igi nat edf rom Tr ans vaalt o
blocki nghi sr etreatt her ebyf orci nghi m Mat ebel elandi nModer nZi mbabwe.
tos ur render .  Theymi gr at edduet ot heMf ecane
st
8.Hi spol icyofdi plomacy ofpl ayingof f (Shaka’ sWar s )int he1 hal foft he1 9th c.
theBr iti
s hagai ns tt heF renchf ailedas  Theywer el edbyMz ilikaziwhodi edin
theBr iti
s hr efus edt os uppor thi m when 1868.
theF renc hat tackedhi m  Hewass ucceededbyhi ss onLobengul a.
9.TheScor chedEar thpol icyheus ed  TheEur opeanscamef orgol dwhi chhad
madehi speopl ei mpover i
s hedand beendi s cover edi nTr ans vaal ,ast hey
turnedagai ns thi m. ext endedt ot hel andi nNor th.
10.TheBr i
tishs t
oppedt hes uppl yofguns  Lobengul ahads ucces s full
yavoi deda
toTour ei n1893. conf ront at ionbydi pl omacy,butnowhe
hadt or es istf or ceful ly.
Eff
ects
 Lobengul as ignedt wot reaties :Mof fat
andRuddConces sion.
1. Mandi nkadi sintegr atedast heF rench
establ ishedt hems elvesi nt hear ea/
Externalpr obl emst hatf acedLobengul a’s
Los sofi ndependence.
kingdom.
2.Pr oper tywasl oot edanddes troyedas
theMandi nkaappl i
edt hes cor ched
1. TheBr itishwer ei nt eres tedi nt heGol d
ear thpol icy.
mi nesi nMat ebel eland.
3.Manyl i
veswer el os tduet ot he
2.Mat ebel elandof f
er edgoodgr azingl and
prot ractedwarbet weent het wogr oups.
tof or eigner s .
4.Thet radit i
onali ns t
itut i
onsoft he
3.TheBr itishbel ievedt hatoccupyi ng
Mandi nkawer edi srupt ed/ weakened,
Mat ebel el andwoul dbeawayofout -
thusr ender i
ngt hem i nef fect ivei n
fl
anki ngt heBoer s.
dischar gi ngt hei rdut ies /f
unct ions/Los s
4.Ext er nalat tacks .
oft raditionall eader ship.
5.Landal i
enat ion.
5.I tlaiddownt hef oundat i
on/ growt hf or
Africannat i
onal ism.
Reas onf orEur opeani nt er es t
6.SomeMandi nkaf ledt oot herar ease. g.
Ghanat oavoi dF renchcol oni alr ule.
1. TheBr itishSout hAf ricacompany
7.Tour ewascapt uredandexi ledi nGabon
want edt oexpl oitther egi onbet ween
in1 898andl aterdi edi n1 900.
LimpopoandZambeziofmi ner alweal t
h.
8.Economi cact ivitieswer edi s rupt edby
2.Cl imat eofMat ebel el andand
thewar /t herewasdecl i
nei nt radeand
Mas honal andwass ui tabl eforEur opean
mini ngbyMandi nka.
set tl
ement .
9.Ther ewasanout br eakoff ami neduet o
3.Mat ebel elandl ayt hedi rectr out ef r
om
negl ectoff armi ngac tivities .
thecapei nSout hAf r i
cat oCai ro,wher e
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Ceci lRhodeswant edt oextendedhi Mat ebelelandandMas honaland.
Br i
ti
s haut hor i
tyt o. 2.Lobengul awoul dnotent erany
4.Mat ebel elandwasnotr eadyt o agreementwi t
hot herEur opeanpower
surrenderi ndependencewi t
houtf i
ghting. wi thoutt hecons entofCeci lRodes .
3.Lobengul awaspr omi sedt hatnomor e
Caus es: than1 0( t
en)Eur opeanwoul dbes entt o
hiscount ryatonce.
1. Thecont rover sialRuddconces sionof 4.Lobengul awaspr omi sed1 ,000br eech-
1888. l
oadi ngr i
fleswi t
h1 00, 000r oundsof
2.TheNdebel el os tt heircontrolover ammuni t i
onandagunboatt opat rolthe
theirs ubj ectst heShona,owi ngt othe Zambezi .
Briti
s hc ont rol. 5.Lobengul aandhi shei rswer et obepai d
Theywer epr event edf rom raidingt hem. 1 00poundpermont h.
3.TheBr itishi ncitedt heShonat or ebel
agains tt hem. o I n1890,200whi tesmar chedf rom S.
4.Los sofl andt ot heWhi tes ett
ler s. Afri
cai nt oMas honal andandhoi sted
5.Los sofl ives tockt ot hecompany theUni onJack( Br it
ishF lag)at
off
icials. Sali
s but y( Harar e)on1 2th September .
6.I mpos itionoft axesont hem e. g.hutt ax o Eur opeans et t
ler sincitedt hes hona
whichwer ecol lect edwi thal otof agains tt heNdebel e.
ruthless nes s. o WhenLobengul as enthi st roops
7.Af ri
canswer ef or cedt owor kont he agains tt hes hona,t heEur opeans
Europeanf armsandmi nes. gotanoppor tuni t
yt oi nvade
8.TheBr itishwant edt os t
artthewari n Matebel eland.
ordert opor tr
ayt heNdebel east he o Hewasdef eat ed,anddi edonhi s
aggr ess orsandt her efor econquerand wayt oZambezi .
impos et heirr uleont hem. o Hi scommander s(Indunas )
Surrender ed.
Cour se/ event s/pr oces s
Reas
onsf
orhi
sdef
eat
 1887,Lobengul as ignedat reat
ywith
PietGr obler. 1. Smallpoxweakenedt heNdebel e.
 Hes ignedanot heroneon1 1/02/1888 2.TheBr i
tis
har mywasbet t
ertrainedand
withJohnMof fat. wellorganized.
 Accor di
ngt othel ater,Lobengulawas 3.TheShonas upportedt heBriti
shagains
t
nottoent eranyagr eementwi thany theNdebel e.
otherEur opeanpowerwi t
houtthe 4.TheBr i
tis
har mygotr einf
orcementfrom
author i
tyofBr i
ti
sh. S.Afri
ca.
 On30t hOct1 888,t heRuddConces si
on 5.TheBr i
tis
hhads uperiorweaponsas
wass igned. compar edtot heNdebel e.

I
tst
erms Ef
fect
s

1
. TheBri
ti
s hSout
hAfri
canCompanywas 1. Deat
hs/Massi
vel
ossofli
ves.
gi
venabsolut
eri
ght
sformini
ngin 2.Therewaslos
sofi
ndependencebyt
he
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Ndebel e. 9.Rel igiousbel iefi n1 859,t herewas
3.TheNdebel el os tt hei rlandt othe outbr eakofdr ought ,f ami neandl ocus t
Br i
ti
s h/Landal ienat ion,ast heywer e invas ion.Thi swasi nt er pretedt omean
pus hedi nt or es er ves . thatGodwasnothappywi tht he
4.St arvationamongt heNdebel east heir pres enceoft hewhi teman.Sohehadt o
economi cact ivitieswer edi srupt ed. ber es i
stedt ogoaway.
5.Ther ewasl oot inganddes tructionof 10.Policebr ut ali
ty,ast hechi efnol onger
proper ty. hadpowert opuni sh.
6.Bul awayo,t hecapi talci tyofNdebel e 11
.Thecompanyr efus edt or ecogni zet he
wasdes troyed. powerofI ndunas .
7.Ther ewaswi des pr eadf earand
i
ns ecur i
t y. Eff
ect s
8.Itpr ovokedant i-Br itishf eeli
ngswhi ch
partlycont ribut edt ot heChi mur enga 1. Los sofShonaandNdebel e
war sof1 896- 1
897. independence.
9.TheNdebel emi litar ypowerwas 2.Los soft hei rlandast heNdebel ewer e
weakened. relocat edt onewl andatl owl ands .
10.TheNdebel ewer es ubj ectedt ot axat ion. 3.Thecompanyappoi nt eds omeNdebel e
11.TheNdebel ecat tlewer econf i
scat ed. Indunaasheadmen.
12.TheNdebel ewer es ubj ectedt of or ced 4.Sever efami neduet odes truct i
onof
l
abor . proper t
y.
5.I tledt ogr eatl os sofl ives .Itledt o
Chimur enga–1 896- 97 init
iat i
onofpol iti
calandeconomi c
refor ms .
(Ndebel eands hona)–l eader si ncl
uded 6.I tledt oannexat i
onofmor el andand
Sigi
nyamat s he,NehandaandKakubi cattleascompens ation.
7.Thef ail
ur eofMwar iCul tmademanyt o
Caus es conver ttoChr is t
iani ty.
8.I tuni tedt heShonaandt heNdebel e
1. TheNdebel ewer enothappyf orl os ing whohadbeent raditionalenemi es .
theirindependence. 9.Lobengul af l
edt oBul awayoonr eali
zing
2.Los sofl andbyNdebel e. thatdef eatwasemi nent .
3.Ndebel ecat tlewer econf i
scat edbyt he
Br i
ti
s hSout hAf ricac ompany. Reforms
4.In1 859,t herewasout breakofRi nder
pes t.TheBSACor der edf ort hes hoot ing 1. Taxat ionwasr ef usedf r
om pound2t o
ofal lcatt l
e. pound1 .
5.F orcedt axat ion. 2.Af ricanswer eal lowedt opar ticipatei n
6.F orcedl abor . agr i
cul t
ur alact ivit
ies .
7.Companyof ficialshadi nterf
er edwi th 3.Bet tereducat ionandf aciliti
esf orAf r i
ca
tradebet weent hes honaand wer ei ntroduced.
Por tugues e,andt hei niti
alwer enot 4.Col oni aladmi nis tr
at ionwast ail
or edt o
happy. suitt heAf ricans .
8.Shonat radi tionall eader swer eleftout 5.Mi s sionar iesgott heoppor t
uni t
yt o
ofthenewBr i
tishadmi nistr
at i
on. spreadt hei rf aithaspeopl el ostf ai
thi n

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theirtradit
ional
. Li
tunga( king)
6.Indunaswer erecognizedasheadmen& Hecol labor atedbys i
gningtr
eat
ies
noShonapol icewer etobes tat
ionedin wit
ht heBr i
t i
shwhi chincl
uded:
Ndebel earea. TheHar ry-War eConcess i
onof1
888,
7.Companyr ulewasdi scredi
tedbyt he TheLochnerTr eatyof1890,
colonialoff
iceduet opoor CoryndonTr eatyof1900andThe
admi nist
rati
on. Lewanika-Lawl eyt reat
yof1898.

Reas
onf
ort
hei
rdef
eat(
Ndebel
eandShona)Reas
onsf
orcol
labor
ati
on

1. Disuni tyamongt heAf r

icans. 1. Lewani kahadcomet opoweraf tera
2. Super iorityofBr iti
s hweapon. toughandbi tters truggl ewi t
ht heKol olo.
3.Wel ltrainedandor gani zedBr itishar my. Het henwant edt ocons olidatehi s
4.I ndunasl ackedmi litarypr acticeast heir positi
onandwant edt ocons olidatehi s
regiment shadbeenbr oughtdown positi
onandpoweragai ns tinter nal
earlier. enemi es .
5.Br iti
s hgotr einforcement sfrom 2.Hewasi nfl
uencedbymi ssionar iesashe
Bots wanaandSAf rica. thoughthewoul dbenef itfrom t hem.
6.Ar res tandexecut ionoft heircul t 3.Hewant edt opr omot et radebet ween
leader s. hispeopl eandt heBr it
is h.
7.St rongbel i
efinMwar icultwor k ed 4.Chi efKhamaofBamangwat o( Bot swana)
agains tt hem ati tpr ovedf utile. urgedLewani kat oacceptt heBr it
ishas
8.Det er mi nat i
onbyRhodest os uppr es s hehaddonet hes amei n1 883.
ther es istanceandes tabli
shef fective 5.Lewani kawast hreat enedbyt he
occupat i
oni nfluencedhi mt onegot iate Portugues e,Boer sandGer manswho
forpeacewi t
hI ndunas . surroundedhi m pr es s i
ngf orcont rol
overLozi/Pr otect ionagai ns text ernal
Rolesofr eligioninChi mur enga. enemi ese. g.Ndebel e.
6.Her ealizedf ut i
li
tyofr es isti
ng.
1.I tprovi deduni ty/i tmobi li
zedf i
ghters. 7.Lewani ka’sdes ir
ef orWes terneducat ion
2.I tprovi dedl eader shi p. andci vili
zat i
on.
3.I tprovi dedcour aget ot hef i
ght ers. 8.Topr es erveeconomi cs tructur eofhi s
people.Ther ewaspr ess uref rom
COLLABORATI ON mineralconces sions eeker shencehe
wasf orcedt oal l
ywi that l
eas toneof
 Somecommuni tyco- oper at edwi th them forpr otection.
theEur opeans .E. g.Baganda,Lozi 9.Hi scouns elorss uppor tedhi mi nhi s
(Luyi ) decisiont ocol l
abor ate.
10.Hewant edpr otect ionf r om ot herAf ri
can
Lozi communi tiesl i
ket heNdebel eandt he
Shona.
 Theywer es it
uat edi nmoder n
Zambi a. - I n1890,hes i
gnedt heLochnerTr eaty.
 Theywer er ul
edbyLewani ka,when
theEur opeansar rived.Theyr edby Ter
ul ms :

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7.Thecompanymai ntai nedi tsr ight sto
1. Br i
tishSout hAf r i
caCompany( BSAC) miningi nBul ozi.
wasgi vent heexecut i
ver ightstomi ne 8.Lewani kawast os tops lavet r adeand
i
nal lar easi nBul ozi ,exceptf orcertain witchcr aftinhi sar ea.
traditionalmi nes . 9.Lewani kawasmadechi efofBar otse.
2.Thecompanywoul dpayLewani kapound 1 0.TheBr iti
s hwoul dpr ot ectLewani ka’s
2,000peryear sandr oyal tyof4%of Kingdom.
anymi neralf oundandmi ned.
3.Thecompanywoul dbui l
ts choolsand HowLobengul acol labor at edwi tht he
promot et rade. British.
4.Lewani kawasr educedf rom abs olute
monar chyt ocons titut i
onalmonar chy. 1. Heal lowedmi s sionar iest os ettle/
5.Thecompanywoul dappoi ntar esident oper atei nhist er ritor y.
toLeal uit os uper viset hecompany 2.Heal lowedt heBr itisht oexpl oit
i
nt eres tsandt oadvi seLewani kaon mi ner alsi nhi st er ritor y.
foreignaf f
airs . 3.Heaccept edt heBr it
is hpr ot ect orate
6.Bul oziwoul dbepr ot ect edagai nst overhi sterritory.
exter nalat tack. 4.Heal lowedaBr itis hr es i
dentt o
per for m admi ni strat ivedut i
esi nt he
 In1 898,t heLawl eyTr eatywass i
gned ar ea.
bet weenLewani kaandRober tCor yndon
(Britishr es i
dent ). Effectsoft hecol labor at ion
 Thi st reat yr educedt hes izeoft hear ea
ruledbyLewani ka. 1. Lewani kar eceivedpaymentof2000
 In1 900,anot hert reat ywass i
gned– Po und sy e arl
y.
Cor yndonTr eaty. 2.Hel os thi saut hor ityast he
admi nis t
rationwast akenoverbyt he
Briti
shSout hAf ricaCompany.
3.TheBr iti
s hSout hAf ricaCompanyt ook
overt hecont r
oloft hemi ner als .
4.Lozil andwasal ienat edandgi vent ot he
TermsofCor yndont reat yof1 900. Briti
shs ettlers.
5.TheLoziwer ef orcedt opayt axess oas
1. Br i
tishgover nmentwoul dbe toma in t
aint hea d mi n i
s tr ati
o n.
res pons iblef oradmi ni s t
rationofBul ozi. 6.TheLoziwer et opr ovi def orcedl abor
2.Thecompanywoul dappoi ntof f
ici
alsand forthes e t
tlers.
payf ort headmi ni strationoft hear ea. 7.TheLoziwer eempl oyedi nt heci vil
3.Thecompanywoul dpr ovi des chools, service.
i
ndus tries,pos t
als ervi ceset c. 8 .T heB riti
s hSout hAf ricaCompany
4.Lewani kawoul donl yr ecei ve850pound developedi nfr
as truc tur ei nBar otseland
peryr . /E duc ation/ Spr ea dC h risti
an ity.
5.Loziwoul dhaver ight sovergame,i on 9.TheBr
r iti
s hes tabl i
s hedt heirr ulei nN.
wor kingandt r
ee–cut t i
ng. Rh ode siap e acefu l
ly .
6.Thecompanywasal lowedt oacqui re 10.Lewani kawashonor edwi tht het it
leof
l
andont heBat okapl ateau. Para mo unt Chief u n tilh isd eat h.

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11.TheBr iti
shus edBar otsel andasabas e Highnes s’
toconquert henei ghbor i
ngcommuni ti
es.3.TheKabakawast oexer cis edi rectr ul
e,
12.TheLoziwer epr otectedbyt heBr iti
sh unlikeot herl ocalr uler s.
from ext ernalat tacks . 4.Hewast obeas sistedby3mi nist
er s:
Katikiro,Omul amuziandOmuwani ka.
Bagandacol l
aborat ion 5.Luki ko,(traditi
onall egi slatur e)was
f
or mal lycons tit
utedast hecount ry’s
- Reas onsf orMut es a’scol labor at i
on parliament&cour tofAppeal .
6.TheCompos i
ti
onoft hel egi slaturewas
1. Hewant edhi speopl et oacqui re f
ixe d :89me mbe rs=6 0n o t
a bles,6
Wes ter neducat ion,medi cineet c. Kabaka’ snomi nees ,20Sazachi efsand
2.Hewant edtor educet hepoweroft he mini sters.
Islam andt r
adi ti
onal i
stbyes t ablishinga 7.F reehol dt itl
eswer egr ant edt othe
cent ralizedaut hor ity. Kabaka,member soft heRoyalf ami ly,
3.Hewant edpr otect ionagai nstMukamaof 1,
000mi norchi ef s.
Bunyor o. 8.About½ ofBuganda’ sbecomeCr own
4.Hewant edtopr ot ec ti
onagai ns tKhedi ve l
a nd
IsmaelofEgyptwhowant edt oex tend 9.Conf irmat i
onBuganda’ sr ightwi t
h
hiski ngdom t oBunganda. territori
e sa cquiredd u ri
ngw a r
sw ith
5.Hewant edtot radewi thEur opeans . Bunyor o.
6.TheBagandawer ehos pi tablepeopl e 10.Hut -taxof3r upeeswast obecol lected
whowel comes tr anger s . byt hechi efstohel pr aise
7.Hewant edtechnol ogicalexper t
sand revenuef oradmi ni str
at ion.
skillst obegi vent ohi speopl e.
N/B-Fact orscons i
der eddur ingt his
Reas onsf orMwanga’ scol labor at ion. agreeme n tthe r
eforew e reB o u nd ari
es ,
Gover nment ,LandandF inances .
1. Hewant edpr otect ionf r om int er nal
enemi eses peci allyt her eli
giousgr oups Res ultsofAf ricancol l
abor ation
li
ket het r
aditional ist,Mus l
ims ,Cat hol
ics
andPr otestant s. 1. Collabor ationcommuni ti
esl os ttheir
2.Hewant edpr otect ionf r om hi sex ternal i
ndependence.
enemi esl ikeBunyor o,Khedi veI smaelof 2.I nt roduct i
onofChr i
s tianandEur opean
Egypt ,Ankol e,Tor o. i
nfluencei nBuganda.
3.Tos afeguar dhi ss upr emacyovert he 3.Is l
ami ci nfl
uencei nBugandadecl i
ned
nei ghbor i
ngcommuni tiese. g.Bunyor o 4.Bugandagotpr otect ionbyt heBr i
t i
sh
Kitara,Ankol eandTor o. aga inst t
h eirtraditi
o n ale n emi eslike
4.Hewant edtos ecur ehi spos itionasa Bunyor o.
leader . 5.K ab a ka’spower swer er educedi nt he
f
aceoft hegr owi ngeducat edmember s
Termsoft heBugandaagr eement- 1900 oft heLuki iko.
6.Kabakagai nedr ecogni ti
onandwas
1. Br it
ishaut horityoverBugandawas refer r
edt oasHi sHi ghnes s .
conf i
r med. 7.Bugandawasgi venanadvant ageous
2.TheKabakawast ober ef erredt oas‘ His pos iti
oni nt hecol oni aladmi ni str
ation

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andwasus edtoconquerother Rol
esofEmi
rs
communi ti
es.
8.Bugandaadvancedmor eeconomicall
y 1. Collectedt axes.
thanothercommuni t
iesasitacquired 2.Sol vedmi nordisputes
.
manufacturedgoodslikecl
othes. 3.Or gani zedcommunalwor k.
9.Bugandabenefitedf
rom Wes ter
n 4.Recr uit
edl abourforEuropeanf
arms
.
educati
onandmedi cine. 5.Mai nt ainedlawandor der.

Reas
onsf
ori
tsadopt
ion.

HowAfricancol laborati
onwi ththe 1. Theyhadas hort
ageofmanpowert o
Eur
opeanshas tenedcol onizationinAf ri
ca. rul
eovert hewhol eregion.
2.TheBr i
ti
shhadas hortageoff undsto
1.Itencour agedEur opeanst os ett
leon payfortheadmi nistr
ati
on.
Afri
canl and/Los sofAf ricanland. 3.Theyal sowant edt oprevent/avoid
2.Itcreateddi sunityamongt heAfricans. resi
stancef r
om t heAfricans.
3.ItassistedtheEur opeansi nconquer i
ng 4.Theyhads ucceededel s ewheree.g.
othercommuni ti
es . I
ndiaandUganda.
4.Itassisted/enabl edEur opeanst o 5.Theywant edt or educeexpens es/cos t
establi
sht hei rcontrol/ent rench eff
ecti
ve.
thems elves. 6.Theywant edt opr epareAf r
icaself
-rul
e.
7.Theywant edt os avetime.
TOPIC11.
COLONI ALADMI NISTRATI ON TheBr i
ti
s hinNi geri
a.

Thecompani
esi
nvol
ved. Whyi
twasus
edi
ntheNor
th.

1. RoyalNi gerCompany. -
GEORGEGORDI E 1. Lugar dwant edtomai nt
ainandr etain
2.Imper ialBrit
ishEastAfrica Africaadmi nis
trati
ves ystem t omi nimize
Company. WILLIAM MACKNON resis tance.
3.Ger manEas tAfri
caCompany. KARL 2.Ther ewasal readyawel l-
es tabl
ished
PETERS sys tem ofgover nmentbas edonI slamic
4.Bri
ti
shSout hAfri
caCompany. CECIL l
aw( Shar i
a) .
RHODES 3.I thads ucceededi nIndi
a,Ugandaand
- Eur opeanpower susedDi rect,i
ndirect
, Ghanaands otheyhadapoi ntof
assimil
at i
onandas sociati
on. refer ence.
I
ndirectrule 4.Poort rans portandcommuni cat
ion
networ kwasuns uitabl
et ot heBr i
tish.
- Wasus edbyBr itaini
nGambi a,Si err
a 5.I twascos t-eff
ectiveasAf ricanswoul d
Leone,GhanaandNi geri
a. bel ef ttodomos toft hewor kasf ew
- Afr
icancommuni tieswerer ul
edby Europeanswoul dbeempl oyed.
powerfulchi
efs. 6.Br itishl ackedenought rai
nedmanpower
- Thiswasputf orwardbySi rFredrick fort hevas tterrit
ory.
Lugard,aBr i
ti
shHi ghcommi ssionerin 7.Languagebar ri
er/Communi cat
ion
NorthernNigeri
a. barr ierast heEur opeanswer eignor ant
oftheAf ri
canl anguages .

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8.Theadopti
onofdualmandatepoli
cyby f
orm ofr
esist
ancepr
ovokedr
esent
ment
theBri
ti
shgover
nmentencouragedthe e.
g.theshooti
ngofwomenduri
ng
devel
opmentoft
hecolonyforit
sown demonst
rati
onagai
nstt
heBri
tis
h.
goodandthegoodofthepeople.
I
tsef
fect
s
I
tsbenef
it
s/mer
it
s(i
ndi
rect
)
1. TheBr itishmodi fiedt hepr evious
1. Nigeri
awasr uledwi t
houtempl oyi
ng sys tem ofadmi ni stration,t husmaki ng
manypeopl e. theAf ricant radi ti
onalr ulerslos etheir
2.I tgavethel ocalpeopleaf eelingthat i
ndependence.
theywer erulingt hemselves. 2.Ithel pedt opr es er veAf r
icancul turein
3.I tmadeNi geriansnat i
onalis
ticast he ther egi onast heBr i
tishdi dnotwantt o
developedapos i
ti
veatti
tudet owar ds i
nt er f
er ewi tht heAf r
icanwayofl i
fe.
thei
rcount ry. 3.Itl edt oabol i
tionofs laveryands l
ave
4.I tneverinterf
er edwiththeAf rica trade.
cult
ure. 4.TheBr itishabol ishedF ul
anis ys t
em of
5.I nf
rastr
ucturewasdevel oped. taxat ionandr epl acedi twit has ingletax
oneachvi llage.
I
tsdemer
it
s/pr
obl
ems/whyi
tfai
led(
in 5.Ret ent ionofMus li
ml aw/Shar i
amade
Sout
h) ther egi ont ol agbehi nd.
6.TheAf ricanchi efsbecameweal t
hier
1. Didnothaveacent r al
izedi ndi genous thant her es toft hepeopl ebecaus e
sys tem ofadmi ni
s trati
on. theywer epai df ort hei rser vi
ces .
2.Lackofhomogenei tyint heSout h 7.Tr adi tionalr ulersbecameunpopul ar
bec aus ether ewer emanyt ribesand amongt hepeopl eduet ot hei
rnew
hencemanyl anguages . rolesofcol lect ingt axes/F orceful
3.TheBr iti
shi ntroducednewi dease. g. recr uitmentoff ellowAf ri
cansas
forcedl abourandt axat i
onf orwhi ch l
abour ersf orEur opeans/ass oldiersto
theywer eoppos ed. fi
ghti nt hewor l
dWar s .
4.Thef ailureoft heBr iti
s hadmi nistrators
tounder standt hes ocio-economi cand DI RECTRULE
politicals ystem ofSout her nNi geria
whi chwasbas edont heof f
iceoft he - Thi swasus edbyBr i
tai
ni nZimbabwe
Obamadet hem gi veupeas ily. (SouthernRhodes i
a).
5.Oppos i
tionf rom t heeducat edel i
tewho - I ti
nvolvedcompl etereplacementof
fel
tl ef toutofadmi nistrationoft heir Afri
canl eadersbythewhi tes.
owncount ry/Leader ship.
6.Oba’ sofSout hernNi ger i
ahaddef ined I
tschar acteri
sti
cs
power s ,sowhent heywer egi venwi de
rangi ng,t hepeopl ebecamedi sunited/ 1 . LargenumberofEur opeans ett
ler
s.
Exces sivepower smadet hem unpopul ar
. 2.TheBr iti
shs et
tl
ersbeli
evedt hatthe
7.Mi s us eofpowerbyt hewar rantchi efs terri
torywast obeawhi tesett
ler
whor aisedt axesf ort heirownbenef i
t. colony.
Theyal sos exual l
yhar assedwomen. 3.F oral ongt i
me,itwasr uledbya
8.Us eofex ces sivef orc et os uppr essany commer ci
alcompany–( BSAC) .

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4.Thecompanywasheadedby Briti
shdomi nions et tl
ement .
admini st
r atorsas sist
edbychai r
menof 8.TheBr i
ti
shf oundt heZi mbabweans
Europeanci vilservant s. uncooper ative.
5.Ther ewasaLegi sl
ativeCounci l
compr i
singf ourcompanynomi neesand Ot hers
electedcompanyr epr esentati
ves .
6.I twasappl iedt oAf r
icanswhos e 9.Mi ningandpr ospect iveoper ationswer e
resis
t ancehadbeenbr okenby bes texecut edt hroughdi r
ectr ule.
Europeans . 1
0.Theyai medates tabl i
shingZi mbabwea
7.Eur opeansacqui redlar get r
actsofl and Briti
shdomi nions et tl
ement .
andt heref oreadopt edmeas uresto 1
1.1 896- 97Shona- Ndebel euprisinghad
compelAf r
icanst opr ovidef or
cedl abour. er odedEur opeanconf i
dencei nl ocal
8.Af ri
cansdi dnotpar ti
ci pateintheir admi nist
ration.
gover nance. 1
2.Theexi stenceoft heBr it
ishSout hAf r
ica
9.Ther ewaswi des preadofs uff
eringand Companyper sonnelont hes potwho
oppres sionofAf ri
cansi nthehandsof wer efami l
iarwi tht hear eaaswel las
settl
err egi me. theBr it
ishs ys t
em of admi nistration.
10.Therewasr aci
als egregat i
onegus eof 1 3.TheBr i
ti
shf oundt heZi mbabweans
parall
eldevel opmentpol i
cy. uncooper ative.
11
.Ther ewasr est
ricti
vevot i
ng
quali
fications . Hi
er archyofcompanyr ule

1. Admi
nist
rator
.
2.Legis
lati
veCounci
l.
Whyi
twasus
edi
nZi
mbabwe. 3.Overseer.

1. Theyhadenoughper sonnelont hes portF uncti

onsoft hechi efs.
whower ef ami l
iarwit
ht hear eaaswel l
ast heBr i
t i
s hadminist
r atives ystem. 1. Collectt axesonbehal fofthecolonizers
.
2.TheBr it
ishSout hAfri
caCompanyhad 2.Recr uitlabourf ort heEuropeans
enoughf inancet opayt he 3.Super visecommunalwor k.
admi ni
strator s. 4.Sol vedmi nordis putesamongAf r
icans.
3.Theyai medatcont r
oll
ingt heec onomy 5.I nt
er pretedgover nmentpol i
ciestothe
ofZimbabwet omaxi mizepr ofit
. peopl e.
4.Theywant edt oensurecompl etecont rol
oftheAf ricanst oavoidr esist
ance. Landappor tionmentact- 1930
5.Zi mbabwel ackedacent rali
zeds yst
em
ofgover nment/Thet radi ti
onals ystem 1 . NativeRes erveAr ea-setasidefor
andi ndi
genouspol it
icali nsti
tutions Afr
icanpopul ati
on.
sincetheyhadbeendes tr
oyeddur ing 2.Nat ivePur chas eAr ea-Als
of orAfri
can
theBr i
ti
s hwar sofconques t. couldbuyl andt here.
6.The1 896- 1897Shona- Ndebel eupr i
sing 3.Eur opeanAr ea-exclusivel
yf orEuropeans.
shookEur opeanconf i
dencei nloc al 4.Unas signedAr ea–s etas i
def or
admi ni
strator s. expans i
onofgover nmentbui l
dings.
7.TheBr it
ishai medates t abli
shinga

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I
tsef
fect
s uni
ons .
- Whitesett
ler
sagit
atedf
orfor
mat i
onofa
1. Landal ienat ion,asmanyAf ricanswer e f
ederati
onforthe3cent
ralAf
rican
displaced/pus hedi ntor eserves . ter
rit
ori
es,toover
powertheAfri
cans
.
2.Af ricanshadl imitedr ightss i
ncet heday
-to-dayr unni ngwasi nt hehandsoft he Cent r
alAf ricanF eder ati
on
Br i
tishwi thoutmuchr eferencet othe
Africani nter es ts. - I tcompr is edSout hernRhodes ia
3.Af ricanswer es ubj ectedt of orcedl abour (Zimbabwe)Nor thernRhodes i
a( Zambi a)
/heavyt axat ion. andNyas aland( Malawi ).
4.TheBr itishSout hAf ri
caCompanywas
givent oomuchpoweri nt he Terms/F eat ures .
admi nis tr
at ionoft hecol ony
5.Itunder mi nedt heAf ricaneconomyas 1 . Eacht er ritor yhadi tsowngover nment
somewor kedi nt heWhi tefar ms . respons iblef orl ocaladmi nistrati
on.
6.Itl edt ot hedevel opmentoft rans port 2.TheBr itishwer edi rectlyinvolvedi nthe
net worki nt hecount ry. admi ni str ationoft het wonor ther n
7.Int roduc tionofnewcr ops/Lar ge protect or ates .
plantationf arms . 3.Af ri
canAf fairsBoar dwasf ormedt o
8.Itunder mi nedt heAf ricancul ture/ ens ur et hatnor acistr ulesagai ns t
I
nt roduc tionofWes terneducat i
onint o Afri
canwer epas sed.
thecount ry/Spr eadofChr istianit
yi n 4.TheF eder alpar liamentdeal twi th
thecount ry. mat ter si nvol vingmor et hanone
9.Af ricanswer edeni edf reedom of territor yandf or eignaf fair
s .
movementbybei ngconf i
nedi n  I n11/11/1965,whi tes et t
lersrebel led
reser vesandr equi redt ocar r
y succes s fullyagai nstt hecol onial
i
dent ifi
cat ioncar ds . gover nmentunderUDI( Unil
ateral
10.Ledt ot her i
s eofAf ri
canNat i
onal is
mi n Decl ar ationofi ndependence)l edbyI an
thecount ry. smi th.
11
.Af ricant radi tionalr ulerslostt heir  I n1970,UDIr egimedecl ared
politi
calaut onomyands ervedas thems el vesar epubl icandchangedt he
puppet soft heBr itish/Los sof cons titut ion:vot ingf orAf ri
canswasnow
i
ndependence. bas edoni ncomeandEur opeanscoul d
purchas el andf rom t hegover nment .
Dutiesoft heNat iveAf f
airsDepar tmenti n
Zimbabwe. Ef
fectsofBr itishr ule

1. Al
locat
ionofl
andt oAfri
cans. 1. Afri
canswer edispl
acedast heirl
and
2. Coll
ecti
onoft
axes . wasalienated.
3. Recrui
ti
ngofAfr
icanlabour 2.Af ri
cansleaderslostthei
rpowerand
i
ndependence.
I
ndus
tri
alconci
li
ati
onAct(
1934) 3.Af ri
canswer eexploi
tedast heypaid
taxes.
- I
twastoprot
ectwhi
teworkersf
rom 4.Af ri
canscultur
ewasunder minedin
Af
ri
cacompeti
ti
one.
g.Set
tinguptrade f
avourofEur opeanChr i
sti
anit
y.

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5.Tr ans por t,t radeandi ndus tr
ywer e 6.Ber eas onabl yr ich.
impr ovedi nt hes ettlerar eas . 7.Showl oyal tyt ot heF renchgover nment .
6.Dayt o-day,r unni ngoft hecol onywas 8.Pr act isemonogamy.
ves tedi nt hehandsoft heBr iti
sh
wi t
houtmuchr efer encet ot heAf r i
can Fact or st hatf aci l
itat ed.
inter es t
s .
7.TheBr iti
s hSout hAf ricaCompanywas 1 . Hi ghper cent ageofMul latosi nt he
givent oomuchpoweri nt he popul at i
onoft hecommuneswho
admi nistr ationoft hecol ony. appr eci atedt heEur opeancul turemade
8.Under minedt heAf ricant raditi
onal iteas yf ort heF rencht oappl yi t
.
economy. 2.Thepeopl eoft hecommuneshadhada
9.I ntroduc tionofnewcr opsi nther egi on. longi nt eract i
onwi ththeF rencht raders,
10.Africanswer es ubject edt of orcedl abour. admi ni strat orsandmi ss ionar ies;and
11.Introduc tionofWes ter neducat ioni nt he thismadet hem appr eciat eEur opean
count ry. cul tur e.
12.Africanswer edeni edf r
eedom of 3.Ahi ghper cent ageoft hei nhabi t
antsof
movementast heywer econf inedt o thecommuneshadbeenconver tedt o
res er vesandwer er equi redt ocar ry Chr i
s tianityandt hismadei tpos si
bleto
Ident ifi
cat ionCar ds. appl yt hepol icy.
13.Ledt other iseofAf ricannat i
onal ismi n
thecount ry.
ASSI MILATI ON
Privilegesoft heas s i
mi l
atedAf ricansi nthe
Thiswaspr act icedbyF r ancei nt he4 fourcommunesofSenegal .
communes-St -Loui s,Dakar ,Ruf isqueand
Goreei nSenegal .F ranceal socol onized 1. Theywer eal l
owedt ovot edur i
ng
Algeria,Tuni sia,Mor occoandMaur itani a. elect ions .
Itwasal s opr actis edbyPor tugaland 2.Theywer eal l
owedt ovi ef orpos i
ti
onsi n
Belgium. theF renchpar liament( chamberof
deput i
es )
.
- I tinvol vesacompl et eabs orptionof 3.Theywer eal l
owedt owor kandl i
vei n
peopl ei nt oanot hercommuni ty. France.
- I twaspr act isedbyt heF renchi nWes t 4.Theyr ecei vedF rencheducat ion.
Africa( Senegal ). 5 .T he yh adf ree do m o fmo ve me ntwi t
hin
Condi tions theF renchempi r e.
6.Theywer eexempt edf rom payi ngt axes.
1. Abl et os peaki nF r
ench. 7.T he yw erea ll
o w e dt ob e co meF rench
2.Adi stingui s hedr ecor di nt hemi litary citizens .
ser vice. 8 .T he yw ereexempt edf rom ar bi tr
ary
3.Adi stingui s hedr ecor di nt hecol oni al ar res t.
ser viceadmi nis trationf oratl eas t1 0
year s. Char act er isti
csofas si
mi l
ationpol i
cy.
4.Acqui siti
onofas ets tandar dof
educat ion. 1. Admi nis tr
at iveas simil
at ion.
5.Showgoodconduct . -Thecol oni eswer eregar dedas

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provincesofF r
ench. 5.Thei deasoft heF r
enchr evolutionof
2.Politi
calassi
milation 1789mot ivat
edt heFrenchtos preadthe
-F renchcolonieswer erepres
ent edin i
deasofl iber
ty.
theF renchchamberofdeput i
es( Lower 6.Touphol dtheidealsofther epubl i
can
hous e) gover nmentegequal ity,l
ibertyand
3.Economi cassimilation. frater
nity.
-Frenchcur r
encywasus edinthe 7.I
twaspar tofthepoli
cyofdi videand
colonies. rule.
4.Per sonalassi
mi l
ation.Afri
canswer e 8.I
twaseas ytor ul
eass i
milat
edpeopl e.
givenF renchciti
zens hipandot her
privil
egesenjoyedbyF r
enchci ti
zens Howi
twasdone

-
TheF renchr egardedt heiroverseas  Senegalwasdi videdi nto4communes .
provincesasF r
enchpr ovinces.  DakarwasHQ.
-
Afr i
canswer emeantt obecomeBl ack  Cent ralgover nmentwasheadedby
French. Gover norGener al,undert heF r
ench
-
Lawsus edi nt hecol onieswer emade mi nisterofcol oni esi nPar i
s .
inPar isbyt heF rench.  Lieut enantGover nor simpl ement ed
-
Col onieswer et oel ectdeput i
est o cent ralpol icies .
repres entthem i ntheF rench  Thegover norcoor dinatedact i
viti
esin
nat i
onalAs sembl y. var i
ouscol oni esands ettl
eddi sputeof
-
Theyemphas i
zedF renchcul t
ureand thef eder alcol oni esanddi s tr
ibuted
educat ion. expens esamongt hecol onies .
-
Thr ougheducat i
on,l anguageand  Thecol oni eshadadvi sorycounci lto
reli
gion,peopl ebecame advi set heGover norGener al.
as si
milatedandacqui redF r
ench
 Mos tadmi nistrat or swer efor mer
cit
izens hip.
mi l
itaryof ficer s.
-
TheF renchcur rencywasus edin
 Thel owes twasF r enchadmi nistrat
or.
coloniest oenhanceeconomi c
relati
onship.  Africanswer ei nvol vedinover all
-
Tr adewascont r
olledbyF rance. admi ni s
trat ion.
-
Elect i
onswer edoneonuni versal  Lawswer emadei nPar i
s.
suff
rage.  Africanswer eempl oyedi ni ndus t
ri
es.
 SomeAf ricansbecomeChr ist
ianswhi l
e
Reas
onswhyi
twasus
edi
nSenegal other sbecomeMus l
ims.
 Frenchl anguagewass poken.
1. Many‘ Mul att
os’(childrenofmi xed
parentage) . I
tsbenef
it
stoAf
ri
cans
.
2.Af r
icanswer efamili
arwi thEuropean
tr
ade,col onialadmi nist
r at
orsand 1. Af
ricanscouldbecomemember sof
missionaries. Fr
enchpar l
iament.(LowerChamber).
3.Mos toftheAf ri
canshadal r
eadybeen 2.As simil
atedAfr
icanswererespect
edlike
convertedt oChr i
s t
ianity. Fr
ench.
4.TheF renchcons ider edt hei
rcul t
ureand 3.Theywer eprot
ectedunderF r
enchlaw.
ci
vili
zati
ont obet hebes tinthewor l
d. 4.Africansrecei
vedhighereducati
on.

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5.Creat
edenli
ght
enmentwhich  Thepol icywasof ficiallyabandonedi n
spear
headedNati
onal
ism. 1945,t henr epl acedbyas soci at i
on.
 Accor dingt ot heas s ociat iont heAf ri
can
It
spr obl ems/f ai l
ur es/Whyi tf ai
ledi n wer eal lowedt or etai nt hei rcul tur e.
areasout sidet hecommunes .  Theywer et reat edass ubj ect sor2nd
citizens .
1. Communi cat ion/ l
anguagebar r
iermade  Theyal socomeundert hel awof
itdifficultf ort headmi nis trat orst obe ‘Indi genous ’accor dingt owhi cht hey
effective. coul ds ufferar bitrar yar r es tort hei r
2.Poort rans por tnet wor khamper edt hei r ser vi cei nar mybeext ended.
mobi l
ityt her ebymaki ngi tdi ff
icul tto
reachcer tainar eas . Diff
er encesbet weent heBr itishpol icyof
3.Res istancebyAf ri
cant radi tionalr ulers i ndi
r ectandt heF renchpol i
cyof
whof ear edl os soft heirpos iti
ons . assimi lat i
on.
4.Thepol i
cyofas simi lat
ionr equi red
pat i
ence/ wast i
mecons umi ngs ince 1. TheF r
enchus edt heas s imi lated
Africanswer enotr eadyt of ors aket heir Af ri
cansi nt headmi nistr at i
on,whi let he
waysofl ife/cul ture. Br iti
s hus edt het r adi t
ionalchi ef s .
5.Theyf acedoppos itionf rom Mus limswho 2.Af ri
cant raditionalr uler sundert he
wer eoppos edt ot heF renchval ues Br iti
s hr uler etainedmos toft hei r
whi chembr acedChr is
tiani ty. power swher east hechi ef sundert he
6.Theappoi nt edchi ef swer eunder mined Fr enchr ulehadl imi tedpower s .
byt hei rfel lowAf r
icansast heywer e 3.TheBr itishcol oni eswer eadmi ni s tered
viewedascol oni alagent s. ass epar at eter rit
or ieswhi l
et heF rench
7.Res istancebyt heF rench col oni eswer eadmi ni ster edas
trader s/bus ines smenwhof ear ed pr ovi ncesofF r ance.
compet i
tionf rom t heAf ricans . 4.Mos tF renchadmi nis trator swer e
8.Theyl ack edadequat efundst os ust
ai n mi litaryof fi
cer swhi let heBr it
is h
theiroper at ions . admi nistrator swer ebot hpr of
es s ionals
9.Res istancef rom t heF rench andnon- profes sional s.
par l
iament arianswhof ear edbei ngout - 5.TheF r
enchcol oni esel ect edt hei r
number edi nt heChamberofDeput ies . repr es ent ati
vest ot hechamberof
deput i
esi nF rance,whi let heBr itish
Eff
ects col oni eswer enotr epr es ent edi nt he
Hous eofCommonsast heyhadt heir
1. Raci aldi scr i
mi nat ionwasmi nimali nt he localcounci ls.
coloni es . 6.Lawsus edi nt heF r
enchcol oni eswer e
2.I tunder mi nedAf ricancul tur e. madei nt heChamberofDeput iesi n
3.F renchgoodsandmoder nwayss pread Fr ance,whi l
ei nBr itishcol oniest he
inWes tAf rica. lawswer emadebyt heCol onial
4.Educat edAf ricanss pearheaded Legi slativeAs s embl ies.
nat i
onal ismi nAf ri
ca. 7.I nt heF renchcol oni es ,as simi lated
5.Af ricanswer er epr es ent edbydeput ies Af ri
cansbecameF renchci t
izenswi thf ul
l
int heNat ionalAs s embl y. right s ,whi l
et hos ei nt heBr i
tish
col oni esr emai neds ubj ect s .

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8.Bri
tishi
ndirectr
ulepreser
vedthe Ext
ernalf
act
orsf
orAf
ri
cannat
ional
ism.
Afr
icancult
ureswhil
eAs si
mil
ati
on
underminedAfri
cancult
ures. 1. Exi stenceofs omei ndependentAf rican
stat es .
Si
mi l
ariti
esbet weent heF renchandt he 2.I nter nat i
onalopinionagai nstcolonialism,
Bri
tishs tr
uctureofadmi nistrat
ioninAf r
ica. es peci all
ybyt hecommuni sts.
Col oni ali
s m wasadvocat edbycapi talis
ts.
1. Bothhadagover norast hec hief 3.Af r i
canss t
udyingabr oadf ormedgr oups .
execut i
veoft hecol ony. 4.I nter nat i
onalactivit
iese. g.Pan-
2.Theybot hhadpr ovincesas Afr i
cani sm.
admi ni
strativeuni ts
. 5.Labourpar t
yinBr it
ainands oci
alistand
3.Bot hhaddi s t
ri
ctsasadmi nis
trat i
ve communi stparti
esi nEur opecr iti
cized
units. col oni al
ism.
st
4.Bot hhadl ocationsasadmi ni
s t
r ati
ve 6.1 and2nd wor ldwar sencour agedt he
units. Afr i
cans .
5.Theybot hhads ub-locat
ionsas 7.Uni tedNat ionemphas izedt heneedf or
admi ni
strativeuni ts
. pol it
icali ndependence.
T0PI C1 2.EMERGENCEOFNATI ONALI SM I N
AFRICA. Methodsus edbyAf r
icanst oai rtheir
gri
evances .
- Thi sist hefeelingofpr i
deforone’ sown
country/nat i
on,pat rioti
sm and 1. Secr etmeet i
ngsandpubl icrall
ies.
belonging 2.S t
r i
k esa n db oycott
s /g o-slows/ sit-i
ns
- Compl eteloyaltyanddevot iontoone’ s /pr otes ts.
nation/country. 3.N ew s p apersandmagazi nes .
4.Pet itionsanddel egationst o
Reasonsf oremer genceofnat i
onali
s mi n inter nat i
onalmeet ings .
Afr
ica 5.A rme ds truggl
e .

1. Europeaninvas i
onofAfrica. Rolesplayedbyex- wars ol
diersint he
2.Es tabli
shmentofcol oni
alr ule. growt hofAfricanNational i
sm after1945.
3.Eur opeanalienationofthef erti
leAfri
can
l
and. 1. Theyappl i
edmi lit
arys kil
ls/t actics
4.Raci aldis
criminationbyEur opeans . acqui
redt of i
ght coloni
a l
ist
s .
5.Af ri
canculturewasunder mi nedby 2.Theyt rainedAf r
icanNat i
onalistsi n
Europeans. mil
it
ary/ f
ighti
ngs ki
ll
s.
6.Eur opeaneconomi cpol
iciesonl y 3.Theyj oined/f ormedNat ionalist
favouredthem. movement s.
7.Eur opeansinterferedwitht heAf r
ican 4 .T heyo r
g anized/mobi l
izedAf rican
polit
icali
nsti
tuti
ons . Nati
onalists.
8.Ur banenvi r
onment . 5 .T heyma d e/ servicedweaponsus ed
9.Wes terneducation. bytheNat i
onali
sts .
10.Lackofempl oymentbys chooll eavers
ands ervi
cemen. National
ismi nGhana( Gol dCoas t)

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- Itst
art
edin1860’
swhentheFant
e Nkrumahandot herl eader suni tedt he
conf
ederat
ionwasfor
medagai
nstthe peopl ei nt hei rs truggl eagai ns tcol onial
Bri
ti
sh. domi nat i
on.( pol i
t i
cal)
13.Thes elect i
vegr ant i
ngoft radi ng
Factorst hatcaus ed. li
cens est oEur opeant r
ader swhi le
denyi ngt hes amet otheAf ricans
1.I nadequat eAf ricanr epr es ent ationi nt he createddi scont ent .(economi c)
Legis l
at i
v eCounci lcaus eddi scont ent 14.S harpi ncr eas ei nf oo dp ri
c es .
amongt heGhanai ans .( pol i
t i
cal ) (economi c)
2.Los sofpowerbyt het radi t
ionalAf r ican
Chiefscr eat eddi scont entagai ns tthe - I twasl edbyt hebi gs i
x( Kwame
colonialgover nment .( pol i
tical ) Nkrumah,Danquah,Wi lli
am Of or i,Addo,
3.Theneedt oguar dagai ns tpos siblel and AdjeiandObet sebiLampt ey) .
ali
enat i
onbyt heBr itishuni t edt he - Par tiesi nvol vedUni tedGol dCoas t
Afri
cans .( economi c) Convent ion( UGCC)–1 946,Convent i
on
4.I ntr
oduc tionoft axat ionbyt hec oloni al Peopl e’sPar ty( CPP)–1 949,Nat ional
gover nmentmadet heGhanai anst o LeagueofGol dCoas t(NLGC)–1 941and
resent .( economi c) NationalLi ber ationmovement( NLM) .
5.Themeagerear ningsbyAf r icansf r om
thes al eofcocoat oEur opeansc reat ed CPP,UGCCandNLM f oughtf ornat i
onal i
sm
discont entamongt hem.( economi c)
6.Theor derbyt hecol oni algover nment
thatt hef armer supr oott hei rcocoadue Rol esofKwameNkr umahi nt hes truggl efor
topr eval enceoft he“ Swol lens hoot ” i
ndependencei nGhana.
diseas eups ett hem.( economi c)
7.Thei nvol vementofex- s ervi cemeni n 1. Hef or medt heCPPwhi chi nvol vedt he
the2nd Wor ldWari ns piredt hem t of i
ght commonmani nt hes truggl ef or
forthei ri ndependence.( pol itical) independence.
8.Theat tainmentofi ndependenceby 2.Hewasar res tedwi thot her si n1 950
India/Paki stani n1 947encour agedt he beforehi sr eleas eandbecomel eaderof
Ghanai anst odemandort hei rr i
ghtt o gover nmentbus ines sint henewcabi net.
gover nt hems el ves.( pol it
ical ) 3.Hi spar tywonel ect i
onsi n1 954and
9.Theexi st enceoft heyoungeducat ed 1956,andgai nedi ndependencef or
Ghanai answhohadunder st oodt he Ghanai n1 957.
ideasofdemocr acy/f reedom,who 4.Hewr ot enews paper slikeTheAccr a
inspiredt hemas sest owar dsawor thy Eveni ngNewsandmagazi nesexpandi ng
caus e.( soci al) hisvi ewsoni ndependencef orAf ri
cans
10.Highr ateofunempl oymentamongt he inGhana.
Afri
canscr eat edr es ent ment/ 5.Hel eddel egat i
onsabr oad.
discont ent .( economi c) 6.Heor gani zedpeopl etopr otes tagai ns t
11.TheUNOChar ter’sdecl ar ationoft he inj
us ticesbyt hecol onialgover nment .
impor tanceofpol i
ticali ndependenceof 7.Hehel dr allieswher eheeducat edt he
allpeopl ei ns piredt heGhanai ans . peopl eont hei mpor tanceof
(polit
ical ) independence.
12.Thechar ismat icleader s hipbyKwame 8.Hemadepet i
tionsandr epres ent ed

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peopl
e’sgr
ievancest
othecol
oni
al 5.Des truct ionofcocoaandi nflation,
gover
nment. hences hor tageoff unds .
6.Decl arat i
onofs tat eofemer gency,
Howat tainmentofi ndependencef orGhana hencenomovementandas soci ationby
mot ivat edl iber ationofot herAf ri
can nat ional is ts.
count ries .
Mozambi que
1. Nkr umahbecamevocali nadvocat i
ngfor
liber ationofAf ri
canc ount ries. Caus esf oremer genceofAf rican
2.Ghanagavef i
nanci alhel pt oot her nati
onal ismi nMozambi que.
Af ricancount ries .
3.I tmot i
vat edot herAf ricancount r
iesto 1. Por tugues eadmi ni stratorsr epl aced
s trengt hent hei rs truggl e. tradi tionalchi efs.
4.Heal l
oweds omeAf ricannat ionalis
tsto 2.Por tugues edi splacedAf ri
cans i nt heir
es tabl ishmi l
itarybas esi nGhana. land.
3.Af ricanswer ef or cedt opayt axes .
Met hodsus edi nGhanat os t
r ugglef or 4.Por tugues edi sres pectedAf r
icancul tur
e.
independence. 5.F or cedl abour .
6.Soci aldi s crimi nat ionagai ns tAf ricans .
1.F or mat ionofpol i
ticalpar ti
es . 7.Res t rictiont oAf ri canf reedom ofs peech
2.Wr iti
ngpr otes tl etter stonews paper s andi nt ellect ualadvancement .
andmagazi nes . 8.Cr uel tyt oAf r
icansbys ecur i
typol ice.
3.Mas spr ot es t
s/demons tration/ 9.Mul ti-nat ionalcompani esexpl oi tedt he
boycot ts/St r i
kes /Go- sl
ows . res our cesi nMozambi que.
4.Vi olentr iotsandr ebel li
onse. g.1948. 10.Mozambi cansl ear nedabout
5.Hol di ngpol iticalr alliest oeducat e li
ber alizat ionel sewher ei nAf ricaand
mas ses . gotencour aged.
6.Us edl egi slativeCounci l. 11.Mozambi canswer ef orcedt ogr owcas h
7.Theycompos eds ongs/poemst oat t
ack cropsatt heexpens eoff oodcr ops ,and
col oni alism. theywer ef orcedt os elltos peci fi
c
8.Madei nter nat i
onalcont act s/f oraf or Por tugues ecompani esatl i
ttlepay.
s ympat hy. 12.Africanshadnochannelt hroughwhi ch
theycoul dvoi cet hei rgrievances .

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbynat
ional
ist
sinGhana. How Port
ugalbenef
it
edf
rom Mozambi
que
bef
ore1900.
1. Wranglesbetweenl eader sli
keNkr umah
andDanquar. 1. Acquiredmineralresourcese.g.gold.
2.F ormati
onofot herpol i
ticalpar t
iesin 2.Sheenj oyedthes t
atusofpr esti
ge
theNorthvizNationalLi berati
on duet oowner s
hipofcoloniesi n
Movement( NLM) ,thusr ival
rybet ween Afr
ica.
part
ies. 3.Shegotcot tonandot hercas hcrops
3.Somechi ef
sandt heirsuppor ters f
rom Mozambi que.
opposednationali
s m,thusdi suni t
y. 4.Shef orcedAfr
icanstopayt axes.
4.Har assmentbycol onialaut horit
y.

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HowNyer er eas s i
s tedl iber ationmovement Sout hAf rica.
i
nMozambi que. 7.ThePor tugues egover nmentr uthlessly
s uppr es s edt henat i
onal istmovement .
1. Heof feredt hem achancet oopen 8.Por tugalout lawedpol iticalmovement s.
thei rof fi
cesi nTanzani a.
2. Li ber ati
onmovementgr oupswer e Whyt hemovementbecomesvi olent
allowedt oes tablis hbas eson
Tanzani as oil. 1. Thenat i
onal istswer es uppor tedand
3. F RELI MOf ight erswer eal l
owedt o encour agedbycommuni stcount ri
es.
trainonTanzani as oil/Nyer er e 2.Li ber ationcommi tteeofOAUs upported
uni fied thenat ional is t
swi thf inanceand
diff
er entf actionsofl iber at i
on weapons .
movementt omer ge,whi ches tablis hed 3.Por tugalr efus edt ol i
s tent ot he
f
rontf ort he gr ievancesoft heAf ricans .
li
ber at ionofMozambi que ( F RELIMO) . 4.Thecount rywasf ores tedandconduci ve
4. Heopenedt hebor derf oras ylum forguer rillawar f
ar e.
seeker sfrom Moz ambi que. 5.Succes soft heMauMauf ightersin
5. Hewasvocali ncondemni ng Kenyai ns piredt hem.
col oni ali
smi nMozambi queashe 6.UNOdenouncedcol oni ali
s m,thus
spokei n boos t
ingt hemor aloft henat ionalis
ts.
Var iousf ormse. g.Uni tedNat i
ons
Organi zat ion.
6. Hes uppl i
edt hes older swi thar ms& Met hodsus ed
mi litaryai d.
1. Ar ticlesi nnews paper s.
Problemsexper iencedbyl i
ber ati
on 2.Or ganizat i
onsandpol iticalpar t
ies.
movementi nMozambi que. 3.Vi olence.
4.I nt ernat ionalf or aandr all
ies.
1. Cat hol icChur cht hreat enedmember s 5.Boycot ts,hungers tri
kes .
whos uppor tedF RELI MOwi th
excommuni cat i
on. Whyt henat ional i
s tsinMozambi quewer e
2.As sas s i
nat ionofMondl ane,t hel eaderof s ucces sfuli nt hei rs tr
uggl ef or
themovementwasas et back. i
ndependence.
3.Pover ty,hencel ackofes sent ialsl i
ke
food. 1. Suppor tf rom t heAf ri
canss i
ncet hey
4.Somet imeswasf acedwi thi nter nal want edt ol iber at et hecount ry.
divisionsduet oi deol ogi caldi ffer ences 2. Thecount ryasi dealf orguer il
lawarfare.
ands el fishnes se. g.Af ricanel itel edby 3. Theyat tackedt hePor t ugues efrom
Rev-Ur iaSi mangoandLazar o dif
fer entpoi nt s.
Kavandamevi ewedF RELI MOasal adder 4. Theyf oughtonat errai nt owhi chthey
toacqui r epowerandeconomi cas sets. wer ef ami liar.
5.Att hebegi nning,t her ewascompet i
ti
on 5. Cons t
ants uppl yofi nfor mationf r
om t he
from ot herr i
valguer ril
lamovement se.g.Af ri
cans .
COREMO. 5. Suppor tf rom t hecommuni s
tcount ries
6.ThePor tugues ewer es uppor tedby e.g.USSRandChi naf ort hebas i
cse. g.

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medi cine. int
ernat i
onalcommuni ty
6. OAUl iberati
oncommi t
teewi thits 9.Armeds truggle/Viol
ence/Ri
ots/
Headquar tersatDar -Salaam Guerril
lawar fare.
hos tedt heguer i
llas. 1
0.Useofpr essuregroups.
7. Theyi ncorporatedwomenwho 1
1.Formingpol i
ti
calpart
ies
.
mobili
zedAf ri
cansi nthecount r
y. 1
2.Worldl eaderscondemnedaparthei
din
8.Theycol l
aboratedwi t
hfightersfrom conferencesl ikeOAU.
SouthernRhodes ia.
9.TheAf ricancombat antswer ef r
iendly
withthel ocalsfortotal s upport. Peacef
ulmet
hodsus
edbyt
henat
ional
ist
s
1. Unitythr oughmi nglingofpeopl efrom
dif
ferentet hni
ccommuni t
ies. 1.Demons tr
ations/Peacef ul
11
.Thecoupi nPor t
ugali n1974bys oldi
ers
demons trati
ons
whower enoti nfavourofcol onial
ism gave
2.Sendi ngpet iti
onst ot heBr i
ti
sh
a government
helpinghandt oF RELIMO. 3.Seeki ngs uppor tfrom t heOAU&UNO
4.F ormingpol iti
calpar t
ies
Sout hAfri
ca 5.Condemni ngapar thei dinchurches
6.Hungers tri
kes
-Col oni
zedbyBr itai
nandBoer s(Holl
and/ 7.Mas smedi a/news paper s/Pamphl ets/
Nether l
ands ) Journals
8.Boycot t
s/Si t
-ins/Go- sl
ows/Tr ade
Ther ewer e4t ypesofnat i
onalism:Afri
can unions
Black,Afrikaaner/Boer ,European/Whi te
andCol our ed/Mi xedracesnat i
onalis
m. DemandsofAf ricanNat ionalCongr ess
(ANC).
Thel eader s.
1.Themember swer eagai nstl
and
1. NelsonMandel a.2.WalterSisulu.3. ali
enati
onbyt heWhi tes .
Rober tM.Sobukwe. 2.Theywer eagai nstt hedi scr
iminator
y
4.Des mondTut u.5.SteveBi ko.6.Rev- l
aws .
JohnDube.7.Ol i
verThambo 3.Theywer eagai nstt heMas t
ersand
ServantsActwhi chexpos edthe
Met hodsus ed Afri
canst of orcedl abour .

1. Demons t
rati
ons. Theobjecti
vesoft heANC.
2.Sendi ngpetit
ionstotheBr i
ti
sh
government. 1. Touni teallblackstowinmaj ori
tyr
ule
3.Seeki ngsupportfr
om theOAUandUNO. i
nSout hAfrica/F i
ghtf
or
4. Hungers tr
ikes. i
ndependence.
5.Condemni ngapar t
heidinchurches. 2. Encourageauni tedanti
-Racial
6.Us eofmas smedi a/news papers/ act
ivi
ti
es/oppos eaparthei
d/Racial
pamphlets. di
scri
mination.
7.Tr adeUnions/Boycotts/Gos lows
. 3. Remov eallformsofinjust
ices/
8.Economi candpol i
ti
calsancti
onsbythe economicexploitat
ion.

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4. Towi navot
e/F ranchi
sef
oral
lthe whi chr es tri
ctedmovement ,t hus
peopl
eofSout
hAf
ri
ca. hamper ingt hei ri nt er act ions .
5.Theyl ackedadequat ef undst of inance
Reas onsf ornat i
onal ismi nSout hAf rica. thes truggl e,t huss l
owi ngdownt hei r
oper at i
ons .
1. Devel opmentofChr i
s tiani tywhi ch 6.Theyl ackedpr es sf reedom,maki ngi t
taughtt hat“ Allpeopl ear eequal ”. di ff
icul tfort hem t os pr eadt hei ri deas .
2.Al ienat ionofAf ri
canl and,cr eationof 7.Theyl ackedadvancedweaponst her eby
Bant u- s tans . maki ngt hem l es sef fect ivei nt heir
3.I nfluencef r
om Pan-Af ricani sm whi ch ar meds truggl e.
advocat edf orindependence. 8.Theyhaddi f
fer entappr oachesi nt hei r
4.Par tici pat ioni nWor ldWar2whi ch s truggl e( moder at e/r adi calwi ngs ),
ear nedt heAf ricansexper ienceand thuscr eat ingal oophol ewhi chwas
cour age. expl oitedbyt hegover nment .
5.Expl oi tat ionofAf ri
canl abour ersatl ittl
e 9.Us eofdi videandr ul epol i
cyt ot ackle
payandunderpoorc ondi tions . theAf ricans .
6.Raci aldi scr i
mi nat i
onwhi chwasagai nst 1 0.Manynat ional i
s tswer ef orcedt of l
ee
theAf ricansi nr es i
dent ialar eas , thei rcount ry.
educat ion. 11
.Nat i
onal i
s tswer eal wayst railedby
7.Des iret or egaint hei rcul tureagai ns t s ecr etpol iceonapar thei dins t
r uctions .
Angl icani zationwhi cht heycons ider ed
alien. Res pons ebyWhi teGover nment
8.Br i
tis hdomi nat edt hem i nal lspher esof
li
feyett heycoul dnei thers peaknor 1. Res trictiont onat ional istact ivities .
under standAf rikaner sl anguage. 2.Res trictiont omovementofpeopl e.
9.TheAf ricansdi s l
ikedcar ryingofpas s- 3.Banni ngofmeet ings .
bookst hatr es tri
ct edt hei rmovement . 4.I mpos iti
onofhar s hl aws .
10.Banni ngofpol i
t i
calpar tiesl ikeAf ri
can 5.El imi nationofl eader se. g.St eveBi ko.
Nat ionalCongr es sandTr adeUni ons . 6.Us eofcur fewsors tat eofemer gency.
7.Out lawi ngofpol iticalpar ti
es .
Problemsf acedbyt henat ional ists. 8.Ar res t
sandi mpr is onmentofpol i
tical
leader slikeSt eveBi ko.
1. Ar res tsandi mpr isonment/det ent ionof 9.Ar res t
ingofbl ackj our nal ists.
somenat ionalis t
scr ippl edt heir 10.Banni ng/cens or ingofnews paper slike
act ivities ,hences lowi ngdownt he ‘WeekendWor l
d’news paper .
struggl e/Somenat i
onal istswer eki ll
ed,
whi chl edt ol owmor ale,hences lowi ng Gr ievancesoft heAf ricansagai ns t
downt hemoment um oft hes tr
uggl e. apar thei di nSout hAf rica.
2.Banni ngofpol i
t i
calpar tiesbyt he
gover nmentmadei tdi fficul tfort he 1. Af ricanswer enotal lowedt ovot ef or
nat ional istt ocoor di nat et heiract i
vities. bl ackr epr es ent ativesi ngover nment .
3.Thenat ional i
stswer enotuni t
ed,t hus 2.Theywer epr ohi bitedf rom l i
vi ngi n
creat ingt ensionamongt hems elvesand ur banar eas/s har ingf aci l
iti
eswi tht he
render ingt hei rs truggl el es sef f
ect ive. Whi tes .
4.Thegover nmentenact edpas slaws 3.ThePas slawsr es tr i
ct edt heAf rican

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movement . 4.Hewasar res tedandconf i
nedt o
4.Theywer econf inedi nt oBant ust
ans/ Johannes bur gf or6mont hs .
res erves . 5.In1 956,hewasbannedwi thANC,and
5.Thel abourlawsdeni edt hem equal hear rested.
empl oymentoppor t
uni ti
es. 6.Hewasr eleas ed1 961.
6.Lowqual i
tyeducat i
onpr eparedthem f
or 7.Hewr otear ti
clest oli
ber ati
onj ournal
onlyl owl evelj obs . attacki ngl iberat i
onpar tycons ti
tuti
on
7.TheLandAct sgavewhi tesexclusi
ve whi chf avor edwhi temaj orit
y.
ri
ght soverl and. 8.In1 961 ,hef ormed‘ Umkhont owes izwe’
militarywi ngofANC.
Poli
ticalr eformsi ntroducedbyPr esi
dent 9.In1 962,hel edANCt oAdi sAbabaand
FredrickdeKl erck. othercount ri
est ofightforchangei n
Sout hAf rica.
1. Her eleasedal lpol i
ti
calpr isoners
. 10.I
n1 963,hes entencedt olif
e
2.Her epealedapar theidl aws. i
mpr isonmentonRobi nIs l
and.
th
3.Heal lowedAf ricant ot akepar ti
n 11.OnF eb1 1 1990-hewasr eleased,and
elect i
ons . bec omet hepr esidentofANC.
s
t
4.Hel i
ftedbanonpol iticalparti
es. 12.I
n1 994,hewast he1 democr ati
c
pres identofi ndependentSout hAfr i
ca.

HowAf
ri
canCount
ri
esas
sis
tedSout
hAf
ri
ca.
Poli
ticaldevel opment sinSouthAf rica
between1 990and1 994t hatledt opeaceful1. Guer ril
lafighterswer et rai
nedi nt hese
int
roduct i
onofmaj orityrul
e. Afr i
cacount ri
ese. g.Algeri
a.
2.Embar go/s ancti
onsf orSout hAf r
ican
1.Releas eofpr omi nentAf r
icanpol i
tical trade.
pris
oner se.g.Mandel a. 3.Pr es sur efrom OAU.
2.Initi
at i
onofdi aloguebet weenal lraces 4.Mat erialandf inancialsupportf rom well
-
byPr es identDeKl erk. wis her s .
3.Hol dingofMul ti
-racialel
ectionsi nApril 5.Pol iti
calas yl
um t opoliti
calrefugees .
1994. 6.Pr ovidedf oraandvenuesf ormeet ingsto
4.Rel axationofapar thei
dlawst hr
ough dis cus sapar theid.
constitutionalreforms/Accept ingAf ri
can 7.Pr ovidi ngfighterst oSout hAfrica.
poli
tical 8.Theycondemnedapar theidregi me.
l
eader s.
Rolesofchur chi npr omot i
ngAf r
ican
RolesofMandel a. nati
onal is mi nSout hAf ri
ca

1. Hewasbor nin1918. 1. Churchl eaderse.g.DesmondTut u

2.Hej oi
nedyouthleagueofAfr
ican preachedagai nstApart
heid.
NationalCongress
. 2.Involvedi nmas smobi l
izat
ionoft hei
r
3.In1 952,hewasi nvolvedi
norgani
zing Christi
anf ol
lowerstofi
ghtapar t
heid
executionsofDefi
ancecampaignofANC poli
cies.
thenhewasel ectedDeputypresi
dentof 3.Conduct edmas si
veciviceducationto
ANC. becomeawar eofthei
rpolit
icalr
ights.

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4.Appealedtoot herchurchesand universi
tyeducat ione.g.Kenyat
ta,
government stocomet or escueoft he Nkrumahet c.
suff
eri
ngbl acks. 9.Formationoft radeUni ons
.
5.Provi
dedwel f
areservi
cest odisplaced 1
0.Formationofpol i
ti
calpart
ies.
andinjureddur i
ngthes tr
uggle. 1
1.Furtherdeteriorati
onofpol i
ti
cal
,social
6.Pressmedi aownedbyt hechur ches andeconomi ccondi t
ionsforthe
j
oinedi ncondemningapar theid. Afr
icans.
1
2.Afr
icawasget tingexamplef r
om other
Rol
esofANCi nthest
ruggl
efor countri
ese. g.Ghana.
i
ndependenceinSout
hAfri
ca.
Fact
orst
hatdi
scouragednati
onal
ist
ic
1.Itor ganizedpeacef ulprotes tst ofight n20th cent
movementi ury.
forAf ri
canr ights.
2.In1952,i tor ganizedadef i
ance 1. Limi t
ednumberofs upportersatt he
campai gnagai nstsegregationl aws . begi nning.
3.Ituni t
edt heBl acks/Af ri
cansi nt heir 2.Lackofi nter nalrecogniti
onands upport
strugglef ori ndependence. bycol oni alpower s.
4.Theyhadaf i
ghtingwing“ Umkhont owe 3.Conf li
ctofopi nionoverpol iciesand
Sizwe”( Spearoft heNat ion)whi ch strategi es .
foughtf ori ndependence. 4.Li mi t
edf reedom ofs peechand
5.Thr oughi tsl eaders,soughtf or movement .
internationals upport
.Thel eader sus ed 5.Super iordi plomacy,economymi li
tary
diplomat icef forttowint hes uppor tof andi deol ogy- ofthecolonist s.
thei nternat ionalcommuni ty. 6.Har ass mentanddet enti
ons .
6.Itor ganizedguer il
lastruggl eins i
de 7.Us eofr adi opr opagandabycol onial
Sout hAf rica.Thi swast hrough gover nment s .
sabot agee. g.bombi ngofs trategic 8.Wi des preadi l
li
terat
eandi gnor ance.
install
ationse. g.powers tat i
ons . 9.Tr ans por tandcommuni cation.
10.Disuni ty.
Factorsthathas
tenedat tai
nmentof 11.Pater nal i
s tat t
itudee.g.Ger manswho
i
ndependencebyAf r
icancount
ri
esi
nthe thoughtAf ricanscoul dneverr ule
2nd hal
fofthe20th C. thems elves .
12.Divideandr ulepol i
cybycol oniali
s t
.
1. Gr owi ngpol it
icalawareness.
st nd
2.1 and2 wor ldwar . Rol
esplayedbynat
ional
ist
sins
truggl
efor
3.I mpr ovedt ransportnetwork. i
ndependencei
nAfri
ca.
4.Mor er adiosandnews paperswer e
acc es siblet oAf ri
cans. 1. Theypr ovidedl eadership.
5.Col oni algover nmenthads tart
ed 2.Theyact edass pokes men.
initiatingr eform programmesi nAfr
ica 3.Theys etuppol i
ticalparti
es.
6.F avor ablei nternati
onalopinionagainst 4.Theypubl icizedpeopl e’sgri
evances
.
col onialism. 5.Theyr epr es ent
edt hepeoplein
7.F or mat i
onofUNO,whi chwasagai ns t i
nternational/nat i
onalfora.
col onialism. 6.Theyi ns pi
r edoneanot her.
8.Mor eyoungAf r
icanshadat tai
ned

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Conf
li
cti
ngAl
li
anceSys
tem
WORLDWAR1
 Thi sr ivalryledt ot hef ormat ionof
Caus es alliance.
s
t
 The1 onewast heDualAl liancel edby
1.F or mat ionofAl liancesaf tert he Ot toVonBi smar ck.
Uni f
icat i
onofGer many.  ItwasmadeupofGer manyandAus tri
a-
2.Ar msr acei nEur opeencour aged Hungar y_i n1 879.
count ri
est obemor eaggr es s ive.  Dur i
ngt heF r anco-Pr ussianwarof1 870
3.Nat ional i
smi nt heBal kansf uel edthe –71 ,Ger manyhadannexedAl saceand
alreadyexi s ti
ngr i
valryinEur ope/Maj or Lor rai nepr ovi ncewoul datonet imego
Eur opeanpower squar rel edbecaus eof forr evenge.
suppor tofdi ffer entnat ional itieswhi ch  Bi smar ckal sos ecr etlyencour aged
want edi ndependenc efrom Tur key. Fr enchoccupat i
oni nNor thAf r
ica,to
4.Def eatofF rancedur ingt heF ranco- diver therat t ent i
onandi nt er est.
Pr uss i
anwarmadet ol ookf oranexcus e  Heal sowant edF r
ancet ocol lidewi t
h
togot owar . Italywhos enat iveswer einTuni si
a.
5.Mor occancr isis/Al gecir asbySpai n,
 Fr ancecons equent lyoccupi edTuni siain
Ger many,F ranceandRus s
ia.
1881 .
6.Eur opeanI mper ialism /Di ssat is f
acti
on
 Italyt henj oinedt heDualAl l
ianceandi t
dur ingt hes har i
ngofcol oni esdur i
ng
bec omesTr i
pl eAl l
iancei n1 882
theBer l
inconf er encecr eatedmi st
rus t
(Ger many,Aus tri
a-Hungar y,Romani a,
amongEur opeanpower s.
Italy) .
7.As sas sinati
onoft heAus tro- Hungar ian
hei r,F r
anzF er dinandatSar aj evoby  Romani aal soj oined.
Gavi lloPr i
nci pe.  T hisa larme dR us siaandF rancewho
res pondedbyf or mi ngt heF r anco-
Armsr ace R u ssia nA l
lian cei n1 8 92 .
 Lat eri n1 901 ,Br itainr econci ledwi t
h
 Thehos til
it
iest hathademer gedamong Fr an cea ndfo rme dan ewa ll
ia nce-Dual
theEur opeanpower sovercol oni es Ent ent e( under standi ng) .
mot i
vat edt hem t obui lds t
rongerf or ces  B ritaina l
sos ig ne ds epa r
atet reatywi t
h
inpr eparationf orwar . Japani n1 902t ojoi n.
 Themaj orcompet iti
onher ewas  Japanhaddef ens ivepr oblemsf r
om the
bet weenBr itainandGer many. Fa r E ast.
 Br it
ai nhadbeent hes tronges tonwat er. I n1 904,Rus s iaj oinedt heDualEnt ente.
 I n1 906,s hel aunchedt he“ Dr eadnought ”  T he set woma jor alliancesf u e l
ledou t
bat tl
es hip. int owor l
dwarone.
 TheGer manst henenl ar gedt heirKi el
Canalandcons tructedanot hers imilar Needf orr evenge
tot heBr i
tishDr eadnought .
 F ranceandRus s i
aal sodi dt hes ame  Manypoweri nEur opedes iredt osettl
e
andcaus edi nter nati
onalt ens ionwhi ch th eo ldd isput e.
lateronbr okei nt owor ldwarone.  Fr ancewant edt or evengeagai nst
Ger manyf ort hel os sofAl s aceand

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Lorr aine. i
nt er nat ionalt ens ionwhi chonl y
 Francewaseagert oacqui remor e requi redas mal lpr ovocat iont or es ultin
territor iesi nAf ri
caandt heref ores he tot heWor ldWar1 .
wasal waysr eadyt ot akeonany
oppor tuni tyt hatcomesherway,l i
ket he I
mmedi atecaus e
wor ldwarone.
 As sas s i
nat ioni nSar ajevo.
Balkannat ionalism andwar s( 191 2–1 913) - On28/ 06/ 1914,Ar chdukeF ranz
Ferdi nand,t hehei rofAus tr
iant hrone
th
 Byt heendoft he1 9 cent ur y,Tur key andhi swi f
e-Sophi ewer eas sas sinat ed
wasweakandunr uly( s i
ckmanof i
nSar ajevo-capi talofannexed pr ovi nce
European) . ofBos nia.
 Mos toft hepeopl ei nt heTur kishEmpi e - Theas
r s ass i
nat ionwascar ri
edoutbya
want edachangee. g.TheyoungTur ks Bos ni ans tudent -Gar riloPr incipewho
movement . wasbackedbyas ecr etSer b
 Sev er als tatess t
ar t
eddecl aringt heir organi zat i
oncal led“ Uni onorDeat h”
independence. (blackhand) .
 Aus triat henannexedt wooft heTur kish - Ger manyas sur edAus tri
a- Hungar yoff ull
statesnamel y-Bos niaandHer zegovina. suppor t.
 Ser biapr otes t
ed,s ayi ngt hats hewas - Cons equent y,on23rd Jul
l y1 914,Aus tria
ther ight fulleaderoft hes tates . se nt a nu l
tima t um toS erb i
ac on tain i
ng :
 In191 2,t heUni onoft heBal kans
(Greece,Ser bia,Bul gar i
aand 1. Anexpl anat ionoft heas s ass i
nat ion.
Mont enegr o)conf ront edt heTur ki
s h 2.Apol ogy.
gover nment . 3.S u pp res s i
onsofal lant i
-Aus t
rian
 Theyat tackedTur keycl aimingt hatthe publ icat ionofAus tr i
anof ficial
si nt he
youngTur kswer eper s ecut i
ng i
n ve s t
ig ation/ i
n q uiry ,inc ludingt het rial
Chr istiansi nMacedoni a. of thec u lprit.
 Thisbecomest st
he1 Bal kanwar . 4.Par ticipat i
onofAus trianof fici
alsi nt he
 In191 3,t nd
he2 Bal kanwarbr okeout i
n qu irya ga i
n st th es u spec ts.
whenSer biaandBul gar i
acl aimedf or 5.Di smi ss alofal lof fi
ci alswhom Aus tria
theowner shipofMacedoni a,whi cht hey ob j
e c tedt o.
won. 6.Aus tr i
anpol i
cet oent erSer biat o
 Bulgar iagothur tandwant edt orecover en f
o rc et h osed ema n d s.
herl os si nf uture.
 Ser biabecameambi ti
oust of reeal lthe  Ser bi aaccept edal lexceptt he4th.
Slavsi nTur keyundert he( Ser bs,  Cons equent l
yAus t ria-Hungar ydecl ared
Slovaks ,Pol es,Sl ovenesandCr oats). w ar o nS erb iao n2 8 /0 7/1
9 14 .
 Aftert he1 st
Balkanwar ,Ser biawas  Rus s iaas sistedSer bia,wi thGer many
deni edt heoccupat ionofAl bani a,and tryingt odemandf orher( Rus sia’s)
thismadeherbi tter. w it
h d raw alw itho ut su cces s.
- Ther ewer es us picionsofSer bia  WhenRus s i
ar efus ed,Ger manydecl ared
emer gi ngasapower fuls tate. onR u ss iao n0 3 /0 81 9 1
4 .
- Thist her ef orecaus edal otof  Ger manyt henat tack edBel gium on
04/ 08/ 1914,Br itainhadt oi nter vene,
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andt
hust
hewarwasi
nful
lgear
.  InMay1 91 5,t heal li
est our edt he
stat i
onst ot hei rsidebypr omi singt he
Cour seoft hewar . Africant erritor ies( dis tri
cts )ofTr ieste
andTr eat yaf tert hewar .
 Ast hewars tat edbot hal liances  Ot herbat tlesoccur redatVer dum and
expect edqui ckvi ctor y. SommeRi ver ,wher emanys ol diers
 Thi swasami scal cul ationbyt he wer eki l
ledandot her si njured.
Gener als .  By1 915,Japanj oinedt heEnt ent es i
de-
 TheGer manscomeupwi ththe withhopeofcapt uringt heGer man
Schl ief f
enpl anputf or war dbyGener al terr i
toriesi nF arEas t.
AlfredVonSchl ieffen( 1891 -1
906)–chi ef  Bel gium,Ser bi aandMont enegr o
ofGener als taff. suppor tedt heEnt ent e.
 Accor di ngt ot hepl an,t heywer eto  Tur keyandBul gar iaj oinedt heTr iple
attackF rancet hr oughBel gium and Alliance,whi chchangedi tsnamet o
quickl ywi nt hewar -bef oret ur ningt o cent ralpower s,whi let heTr i
pl eEnt ente
Rus sia. bec amet heal lies/Al li
edpower s.
 Thewarwasf oughtonf ourf ront s:
wes ter nf ront( F ranceandBel gi um)and Eas ternF ront
Eas ter nf r ont( Rus s i
aandt heBal kans ).
 Ther eex i
s tedot herpl aceswhenwar  Ont hisf ront ,Rus s i
amobi lizedf orces
tookpl acee. g.E.Af ricabet weent he fastert hant heGer manshadexpect ed.
Britishandt heGer mans .  Theyhoweverf aultedwhent hey
attackedAus t
r ali
aandGer manyatt he
Wes ternf ront samet ime.
 Theys omehowover power edAus tralians
 TheGer mansi nvadedBel gium and bef oret heywer epus hedbackbyt he
Luxembour gt owar dsF rance. Ger mans ,whor ecal ledGener al
st
 BySept ember -1 91 4,t heGer manswer e Hindenbur gf rom r et i
r ementaf tert he1
onlyf iftymi lesf rom Par is,thusf orcing Rus si
anv ictor y.
thegover nmentt of leet oBor deauxi n  Hel edt heGer man’ svi ctor yagai nst
Par i
s . Rus si
ansi nt hebat tleofTannenber g
andMas urianl akesi nAugus tand
 Overconf idencemadet hem t of i
ghton Sept ember -1 91 4r es pect i
vel y.
theeas ter nf rontandt hewes t ernf ront,  Ger manst ookWar s awandPol andf rom
whi chcr eat edaVacuum bet ween. Rus si
a.
 TheBr itis ht henat tackedt hem.  TheAl liesl aunchedt heGal li
pol i
 Thi sf or cedt heGer manst of allbackat campai gni n1 91 5t oopenupDar donel l
es ,
Mar neRi ver . whi chhadbeenCl os edbyTur keyt o
 Af terf allingback,t heydugt renches . Rus si
a.
 Thei ropponent sal s odi dt hes ame.  T hisc ampai gnhoweverf ailedduet o
Otherweaponswer ebr oughti ne.g. fail
ur eofAngl o- Fr
enchat tackon
pois ongasbyt heGer mans .Aer opl anes C on stan t
in op le, thusa l
low ingt heTur ks
byt heGer mans ,andus eoft anksby tor einfor cet hei rar mi es .
British. B ulgariaj o i
n edt hec e ntralpoweri noct -

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1915,f oll
owi ngt hef ail
ur eoft heAl l
ies . 1 . Pr ess uref rom f riendsandr elativesof
 In1 916,t heRumani ansj oi
nedt heAl lies. FrenchandBr iti
s hi nUS.
 In1 917,Rus s iawi t
hdr ewf rom t hewar 2.G erma nf ore i
g nmi nisterAr t
hur
duet os hort ageofar ms ,food,cl othes Zimmer mans entat elegr am t oGer man
trans portandcommuni cationand Emb a ssyi nM ex i
c o.
i
ncompet entl eader ship.  I nt hisl etter/t elegr am,heur ged
 Theywer eweakenedmor ebyt he Me xicot oj oina na lli
a nc ew ith
out breakoft heNov-1 917( Bolshevik Ger manyandat t
ackedUSf r
om t he
/communi stRevol ut i
on) . S ou th.
 I twasl eakedt oBr i
tishi ntelligence
Thewor sthappenedats eai n1 918wher e whi chpubl ishedi ti nnews paper s ,
theGer manNavyover power edt heBr itish thuspr ompt ingUSt oj oint hewaron
inthepaci fi
c,t hought hef ormerwer el ater theAl li
ess i
de.
ondef eated. 3.USandBr i
t i
shi nt ell
igencel inkeds ome
 Thi sdef eatcomesatt heF alklandI sland. oft heGer man’ ss ympat hizer swi th
 Byt heendofi tall,Br it
ainwasabl et o i
ndus tr i
als abot agei nf act oriesand
retainhernavals upremacy. tradeuni oni nUSA,t husGer manswer e
 Sheus edthi st obl ockt hecent r
al no t tob et rusted .
power s,es peci allyGer many. 4.Thedecl arat i
onofunr es tricted
 Ital soenabl edt hem t ocapt urecol oni es su bma rinew arfareb yt h eG e rmans
from t hecent ralpower s. i
n1 917onal ls hipst radi ngwi thBr i
tain.
 Ital sofacil
itat edcommuni cat i
onamong 5.In1 915 , t
h eG erma nss u nkal i
n er ca ll
ed
theal lies. Lus itaniaof fthecoas tofI relandl eading
tol os soft hous andsofl ivesi ncludi ng
Foral lthist i
me,UShadr emai nedneut ral 100Amer icans .
andi solatedf rom t heEur opeanaf f
airs
. 6.T h eU S Af ea r
e dt hats houl dt heAl l
iesbe
def eat ed,t hent hepayment sofl oans
1. Thi swasaccor dingt ot heMonr oe ear li
ergi vent ot hem wi llnotbepai d.
Doct rineof1 823whi chdi scour agedher 7.S h ew a ntedt os a f
eg ua rdh er tra dew it
h
from i nterf
er ingwi thanyEur opean Br it
ain.
affairs. 8.S h ew ant edt ous eitasawarbet ween
2.Someofherci tizensal sower eof democr acyandar istocr acy.
Germanor i
ginandhencefeareda
rebel
li
onfrom t
hem.  I
nF eb1 91 5,Ger manydecl ar
edal l
3.Thewarhadnott ouchedherdirect
ly Seasar oundBr itainawarZone,t hus
unti
l191
6. si
nkingal lvesselss ported.
4.Shefearedanoutbreakofacivi
lwar  Thiswasai medats tar
vingBr i
tain.
betweenAmer i
cansofGermandes cent  On07/ 05/ 1
915,Ger manU-boat
andthoseofotherEuropean (submar ine)s unkaBr it
ish128
nati
onali
ti
es. Amer i
canswer ek il
led.
 UScongr es svotedf orthe
Lat
er,s
hej
oined. declarationofwaronGer manyi n
April1
91 7.
Reas
ons
:  Thef i
nalbat t
lewasf oughtinF rance
i
nwhi cht hecent r
alpowerwas
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defeatedi n1918. andhadt ofights i
nglehandedl y.
 Austri
a-Hungar i
anEmpi recollaps ed. 7.Theent ryofUSAi nt hewari n1 917,
 Germans oldi
ersr ebelled. boostedthes tr
engt hoft healli
es .
 KaisersGener alsdes ertedhim. 8.Ther ewaspol it
icalunr est/instabil
ityi
n
 Het henf l
edt ohopl and. Germanywhi chaf fectedhermi lit
ary
 Democr at
icands ocialistpol
iti
ci ans str
ength/ar mymut iny.
from Ger manydecl aredGer manya 9.Thef ail
ureofSchl ieff
enPl an/Del ayed
republicbeforemeet ingt hes upr eme att
ackonF rancet hroughBel gium.
commanderoft heAlliesF er
dinand 10.Thealli
es’polit
ical/mi li
taryleaders
Fochon1 7/1
1/1
918,whogavet hem weremor eexper iencedandcompet ent
thefollowingtermsandcondi tions : i
nwart hant hecent ralpower s.
11
.TheSpani shf l
uweak enedt hecent ral
1. Germanyt ogi veupal lhercoloni es. powers.
2.Al lGer manfor cestobewi thdr
awf rom
theRhi ne
3.Al lGer mans hipst osurrendert ot he Whyt heVonSchl ieff
enpl anfail
ed.
All
ies.
4.Somepar tsofGer manywer etobe 1. Germani nvasionofF rancewasnotas
occupiedbyt heAl l
ies. f
a s
t ase xpecteda st heyf acedsome
5.Al lall
iesprisoner sofwart ober eleased. s etbacks .
2.Ent ryofBr itai
ni nt ot hewaront he
 Theywer egiven72hour stores pond. All
iess ide.
3.Bot hs ideswer eevenl ymat chedi n
 On09/1 1/1
91 8,t
heGer manshadno
ter
msofweapons ,t hant heGer mans
alt
ernat i
vebutt osignforthet erms .
hadt hought .
 On1 1/11/1918,1 1:
00am t hewarcomet o
4.Rus siamobi li
zedherf orcesf ast
ert han
anend.
expected,hencet heGer manf orceshad
tobedepl oyedt ot heEas ternFront
Whyt heAl li
eswon
earli
ert hanant ici
pat ed.
1. Theyhadmor esoldiersfrom many
Peaces
ett
lement
countries-25.
2.Theyhadadequat ef inancialand
 Apeaceconf erencewastobeheldat
industri
alr esour
cesi nEur opeandt heir
ParisinJan-1919.
colonies.
3.Theal li
edpower shads uper i
orweapons  I
n1 918,Presi
dentWoodrowWils
onofUS
ascompar edt othecent ralpower s
. hadpr oposed14point
sonwhichthe
4.Theal li
edpower sr eceiveds upportfrom neededpeacewi t
hGermanywouldbe
otherpower swhichboos tedtheirabili
ty based.
inthewar .
5.Thenavyoft heallieswass uperi
ort o Theyar
e:
theoneoft hecent ralpower sandt hey
blockadedt heseas ,thuscut ti
ngof f 1. Aboli
ti
onofsecr
etdipl
omacy.
suppliesfort hecent ralpower s. 2.F reeNavi
gat
ionatseaforallnat
ionsat
6.Ger manywasdes er t
edbys omeofher anytime.
suppor t
ersi nthel ateryear softhewar 3.Removalofembar gobetweens t
ates.

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4.Reduct i
onofar mament s.
5.Adj ustment sofcol onialcl
aimsinthe Ter
msoft
het
reat
y.
int eres tofpeopl econcer ned.
6.Ger manf orcest ovac at
eRus si
an 1. Ger manywasf or
cedt os urrenders ome
ter rit
or y. ofhercol oniesinEur opet ot heal l
ied
7.Bel gium t obei ndependent . power s/Al s
ace-Lorr ai
n/Saarval l
ey.
8.Al saceandLor r
ainet ober et
urnedto 2.Ger manywast osurr enderherover seas
Fr ance. coloniestotheLeagueNat ions.
9.I talianf rontierstobebas edon 3.Ger manywast opay6. 5bi l
lionpounds
nat ional i
ty. totheal l
iesasr eparationmoney.
10.Aus tro-Hungar yt obes elf
-determined. 4.Ger manywasr est
rictedt oanar myof
11.Ser bi
a,Mont enegro,andRomani atobe 100,000menandi tsequi pmentwas
vac at
edandSer biagivenaccesstos ea. li
mi t
ed/Reducehermi l
it
arys t
rength.
12.Non- Tur kstobei ndependent 5.Ger manywasr equi
r edt or eleaseal lher
13.Independencef orPolandwi thaccessto prisonersofwar .
sea. 6.Al lGer manforcesWes tofR.Rhi newer e
14.Cr eat ionofani nternati
onalassoci
ati
on tobewi t
hdrawn.
tomai ntainpeace. 7.I tproposedt heformat ionoft heLNt o
managewor ldpeace.
 However,t
hetreat
ywassigned, 8.Ther ewast obenouni tybet ween
thr
oughunderprot
estf
rom both Ger manyandAus tr
ia.
part
ies
.
Res
ult
soft
hepeacet
reat
y
 Thepower s/par t
iesmeti nPar i
sinJan
–1 91
9anddr aft
edt hetreati
eswhi ch 1. Germanyl ostal lhercol onial
wer es i
gnedl aterThet reatyof possession sa ndw eres upe r
visedbyt he
Ver s
ai l
les : LeagueofNat i
ons .Ger manywasf orced
topaywarr epar at
ionofoverpound6. 5
1. Treat yofSer verwi thGer manyon28/ bil
li
ont ot heAl lies(6,600mi ll
ion) .She
06/1 919. waso nlya blet op ay1 2.5%.(mon e yp aid
2.Tr eat yofStGer mai newi t
hAus tr
iaon1 0 byacount ryt hatlos twarRepar ations )
/09/1 91 9. 2.Ger manys izewasr educedby1 /8and
3.Tr eat yofNeui l
lywi thBul gari
aon27/1 1 herpopul ationby6. 5mi l
li
on.
/1919. 3.Ger manyl ostt hepr ovincesofAl s ace
4.Tr eat yofTr i
anonwi thHungar yAugus t
- andLor rainepar tofSchl eswigand
1920. EasternSiles i
at oFranceandas tripof
EasternPr us si
a.
Thiswasl atercalledt het r
eatyof 4.Theci t
yofDanzi gbecamef r
eeunder
Laus anne,Swi tzerlandin1 923. thes upervisiono fLeagu eo fNations .
5.TheSaarval ley( withdepos i
tsofcoal
However ,thispeaces ettl
ementwas andi r
on)wass upervis
edbyLeagueof
domi nat edbyWoodr owWi l
sonUSA, Nati
onsf or1 5year s,thent hepopul ation
LloydGeor ge-PM-Br it
ain,George wouldvot eei thert obel ongt oF ranceor
Clemenceau- FranceandVi ttor
ioOr l
ando Germany.
-Italy. 6.Ger manywasr es t
ri
ctedt oanar my

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recrui
tmentof1 00,000men.Thear my l
andandcr opswer edes tr oyed.
wasl i
mi t
edi nequipmentitcoul
dus e. 3.Pr oper tyofgr eatval uewasdes tr oyed
7.Itpr eventedanyuni onbetween e.g.ci ti
es .
GermanyandAus t
ria. 4.Economi cact iviti
eswer edes troyed
8.Hungar yandYugos lavi
abecome l
eadi ngt oeconomi cdepr es sion.
i
ndependent/news t
atesemerged. 5.Lar ges umsofmoneywer es penton
9.F inl
andbecamei ndependentofRus s
ia. thewar ,thusl eadingt oweak
10.Polandr eceiveda3rd ofitst
erri
torythat economi esofEur ope.
hadbeent akenoverbyGer manydur ing 6.Ger manover seascol oni eswer et aken
thewar . overbyt heLeagueofNat ions .
11
.Rhi nelandswast or emainwit
hout 7.Thes izeofGer manywasr educedby
Germant roops. an8th andherpopul ationby6. 5mi l
li
on.
8.Manypeopl ewer edi s placedl eadi ngt o
Reas onsf ort hef ailureofpeaces ettlement. refugeepr obl em.
9.Pol iti
calboundar yofTur kis hwas
1. Ger manywaswhol l
ybl amedf orthewar reducedasSyr ia,Pal es tine,I raqand
andt hepuni shmentwast oohar sh.The Egyptwer eno- l
ongerherpos ses s i
ons.
treat ywasas sumedt opuni s hand 10.Newnat ionswer ecr eat edi nEur ope
humi liatet heGer mans ,who e.g.Yugos lavi a,Hungar y.
cons equent lyres ent ed. 11.Disintegr at ingofempi resi nEas ter n
2.I nt eres tsoft hecol onizedpeopl ewer e Europe
notcons i
der edbyt heal li
es ,ast he 12.Riseofdi ctat or sinEur opel i
keHi tler.
col oni albenef itswer ehandedovert o 13.Itledt odevel opmentandus eof
Fr anceandBr itainasmandat esof advancedmi litaryequi pment ,e. g.
LeagueofNat ions . submar ines ,poi songas ,ar mor edt anks,
3.I talywasamaj orpower ,yets hewas andai rcraf t
s .
givenar awdeali nt hepeace 14.Itledt onat ional i
sticf eel i
ngsamong
set tlement ,ass heonl ygotSt ri
awhi ch Africanswhopar ti
cipat edi nt hewar .
for mer l
ybel ongedt oAus tri
a. 15.Ther ewasadvancementoft hear tof
4.I nt eres tsoft hemi nor it
ywer enot surger yduet omanywarcas ual ti
es
cons iderede. g.Aus tri
a/ GermanUni on whor equi redoper ations .
wasdi sallowedyett heAus tri
answer e 16.Ger many&heral li
eswer emadet opay
fori t. repar ations( wardamages )t ot het ime
5.TheUSAs enat edi dnots uppor titast he of6. 5Bi l
lionPounds .
USAcons t
ituti
ondi dnotal l
ow 17.TheLeagueofNat i
onswasf or medt o
commi t
mentt os uchor ganizat i
onsl i
ke promot epeaceamongnat ions .
theLeagueofNat i
onswhi chwas 18.USAemer gedasal eadi ngwor ldpower
pr opos edbyWoodr ow. andmos tEur opean count riest ur nedto
herf ori ndus tr i
alandf inanci alneeds .
Resul tsoft heWW1 19.Ther ewaswi des preadofdi s eas es.
20.Ther ewasadvancementi nt hef i
el dof
1. Mas s i
vel os sofhumanl i
vest hatwer e medi cine.
ki l
led.
2.Ther ewass tarvationbecaus emos tof Economi c
thepr oduct i
vepeopl ewentt owarand

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1. Endedt heeconomi cdominat i
onoft he impl ementt heobjectivesoft heLeague
wor ldbyEur opeancount ries. li
ket heAs sembly.
2.Mas sivedes t
ructionofpr operty.
3.Cr eatedunempl oyment .
4.Sl oweddowneconomi cdevel opmentof
mos tcount ri
es/Ledt oeconomi c
depr es sion/Eur opeancount riesr eli
ed
oncol oniesforeconomi cgrowt h.
St
ructure
5.I tledt odevelopment sinengi neer ing.
6.Lar ges umsofmoneywer es pentdur ing 1
. Ass embl y
thewar .
 Allthemember swer er epresentedin
theAs sembl y.
 Metannual lyattheheadquar ter
 Cont rolledbudgetoft heor ganizati
on
THELEAGUEOFNATI ONS  A dmi ttedn e wme mb ers
 Appoi ntednon- permanentmember sto
 Thei deaofani nternat
ionalas sociation thel eague’ scouncil
s
waspr oposeddur ingtheWor ldWar1 ;  Cons ideredt hesigningoft reati
es.
andi nt hePar i
speaceconf erenc ein  Itsuper visedthewor koft hel eague.
Apr il1919.
 Appoi ntedj udgestot heCour tof
 I twases tabl
ishedon1 0/01/1920-wi th Internat ionalJusti
ce.
itsHeadquar ters-Genevai nSwi tzerland
2.Secr
etar
iat
Ai
ms
1. Tos trivef ordi sarmamentoft hewor d.  I
l twast headmi nistr
at i
ve
2.Toat taini nt ernat i
onalpeaceand  Itwasheadedbyagener als ecret ar
y
secur ity.
3.Toguar ant eepol iticalindependenceof s
t
Eri
cDr ummondofBr it
ainwast he1 G.S.-
members tat esandwor l
dcount ries .
19-
33
4.Tos olvei nt er nationalconf lictst hrough
dialogue.
5.Tot akej ointef fortagai nstaggr es sors 1 . Col l
ect edmat eri
alsneededf ormeet i
ngs.
throughi mpos i
tionofs anct i
ons . 2.Publ ishedr elevantr epor t
s.
6.Mai ntai ngoodwor kingcondi tions. 3.Car ryingoutal lresearches
7.Super viset er r
itoriest akenoverf rom 4.Impl ement eddeci s
ionsoft hel eague
theCent ralpower s . 5.Li nkedt heor gansoft heLeague/
8.Toas s is
ts ufferingcount riest hrough provi dingcont inuit
ybet weenone
abol i
s hings l
aver yandi mpr ovingl abour meet ingoft heoft hecounci lort he
condi tions . As sembl yandt henext .
9.Ter r i
tor i
esl os tbyt hecent ralpower s 6.Car ryingoutal lcorrespondences
wer et obeent rustedt oformeral lies relatingt otheLeague.
whower et ogover nonbehal foft heLN.
10.Tocr eat eper manenti ns t
ituti
onst o 3.Per manentCour tofI nternationalJus ti
ce

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Pol es&Ger mans .
 Establis
hedbet ween1920-1
922 11.Succes sf
ull
yendedt hewart hatt ook
 Bas edint heHague–Netherl
ands placebet weenGr eeceandBul gar i
ai n1921.
 Itcompr is
ed1 1j
udgesand4deput i
es 12.As sistedi ntheeconomi c
whos erveforaperiodof9years. recons truct i
onofEur opeancount riese. g.
 Itsettl
eddi sput
esbetweens t
ates
. Aus tr
ia.
13.Hel pedt oregulatet hemanuf actureof
4.I
nter
nat
ionalLaborOr
gani
zat
ion armsandt heirsell
,hol ding
dis armamentmeet ings .
 Establ i
shedi n1919totakecareofthe 14.Super visedther epat ri
ationof fmany
wor kers’wel f
are. prisoner sofwarf rom 26count r
ies .
 Others pecial
izedcommi t
teeswere 15.Thecommi tt
eesont heintellectual
establ i
shedwi thintheLNtodealwith cooper at i
onhel peds tat
est opr omot e
speci aliss
uesl ikechi
ldwelfar
e,dr
ug educat ion&
rel
at edpr oblemset c. ideasconcer ningpeace.
16.Dr ewupconvent i
onsconcer ning
I
tsachi
evement
s transpor tationinint ernationalroads ,rivers
and
1.IthasPr omot edheal ths erviceslike oceans .
fi
ght i
ngdi seasest hrought he
Int
er nat i
onalHeal t
hOr ganization. I
tsf
ail
ures
2.Itchampi onedf ort hewel f
areoft he
wor kerst hrought heInt ernational 1. Si mo- Japanes edi sput eof1 931was
LabourOr ganization. nevers or
tedout .TheJapanes e
3.Itprovidedr eli
eft other efugees/war invadedManchur iaregi onofChi na.
casualties/ areashi tbyf aminet hr ough Whent hel eagueas kedhert owi t
hdraw,
theRef ugeesCommi s sion. sher efusedandpul l
edoutoft hel eague
4.Itsettleddi sput ebetweendi ff
erent in1 933.
Europeancount r
ies/Members t
at es. 2.1 935,Beni toMus soliniinvadedEt hiopia.
5.Itsuper visedmandat et errit
ories Whenhewast oldtos tep,hewenton&
throughMandat esCommi ssion. pul l
edoutoft heLeague.
6.Itorgani zeddi sarmamentconf erences 3.I twasf ail
edt os t
opGer manyf rom
inEur ope. violatingt het ermsoft heVer sail
lese.g.
7.Helpedi nt her econstruct i
onof sheembar kedonr ear mament
Europeancount r
iese. g.Aus tria. pr ogramme.
8.Itcont roll
edt het raff
ickingofdanger ous 4.Manyot hernat ionsembar kedon
drugsandt radei nchi ldrenandwomen. rearmamentpr ogrammes .
5.Ger manyi nvadedPol and&Aus tri
ai n
Ext
ras between1 936- 1
939,Rus s i
a
inF inland- 1
939,wi t
houtt heLeague’ s
9.Helptopr eserveworl
dpeaceby I
nter vention.
encouragingmember stosett
ledis
putes
thr
ought heI CJ. Whyi
tfai
led
1
0.Admini
s teredtheSaarregi
on&t heci
ty
ofDanzig,des pi
tehost
il
it
ybetweenthe
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1. SomeEur opeancount riesoppos edt he AftertheWor l
dWar1 ,t heLeagueNation
Ver sai l
lesbecaus ei tf avour edt heal li
ed wases tabl
ishedtopr eventfur
therwar .
power sthatf oughtGer many. Thishoweverf ai
ledandmadei tinevi
table
2.USAdi dnots uppor tt heLeague fortheWor ldWar2t ot akeplace.
bec aus ei tdidnotwast oi nvol vei n  Thi sWor l
dWar2coul dbeat tri
but
edt o
Eur opeanaf fairs/Monr oeDoct r i
ne/ thetought er
msoft heVersail
lest
reaty
Ref us edt ojoi n. whichwasdi ctat
ed.
3.Member s hi
poft heor gani zationwasnot  I thasmadeGer manybi t
terand
thati ncl us i
veass omecount rieswer e suspici
ousandhence,at hreattothe
lef
toutwhi leot her swer enotgi vena wor l
d.
chancet oj oin.
4.TheLeague’ sconf er enceof Caus
es
ambas sador svi olatedt heobj ect iveof
mai nt ainingwor ldpeacebys uppor t i
ng 1. Thei nabi l
ityoft heLeagueofNat i
onst o
somecount ries ’claimsagai ns tot her s. impl ementi tsr es olut i
onsandpuni sh
5.Mos tmember swer econcer nedabout thos ewhovi olatedt hem encour aged
thei rs over eignt yasoppos edt ot he theaggr essor st opur s uet hei r
int
er estoft heLeague. object ivesorambi tions ,andt hi s
6.Somemember sadapt edt ot hepol icyof int
ens ifi
edt ens ioni nt hewor l
d.
appeas ementt owar dscer tainr egi mes 2.Ther iseofdi ctat or si nt he1 920’ sand
soast oavoi dconf ront at i
on,t his 1930’ sdes troyeddemocr aticr ight s
weakenedt heLeague. especi allyi nRus sia( Jos ephSt alin),Ital
y
7.Shor tageoff undsf ort hel eaguet o (Beni toMus oli
ni ),Spai n( FraiscoF ranco)
impl ementi tspr ogr ammes . andGer many( Adol fHi t l
er )
.They
8.I tlackedi tsownar myt oi mpl ementi t
s over t
hrewdemocr aticgover nment s,
deci sionswher epeacewast hr eat ened. rear medt hems elvesandengagedi n
Itdependedont hegoodwi l
loft he actsofaggr es s ion,at tackedot her
member swhoatt imeswer eunr el i
able. count r
ies .Thi saccel er atedt ens ioni n
9.Thes ear chf orcol oni esdi ver t
edt he thewor l
d.
member s ’attent ionf r om t heact ivities 3.Es tabl i
s hmentofal l
iances ys tem
oft heLeague. bet weenmaj orpower sencour agedact s
10.Riseofdi ct
at or shipr egi mesi nEur ope ofaggr es si
onbecaus eoft hef eel ingof
weakenedt heLeagueast hedi ctat ors mut uals uppor t.
refus edt oacceptt hedeci s i
onsoft he 4.Thepol i
cyofappeas ementbyF rance
League. andBr i
tainencour agedt hedi ct ator sto
11.Economi cdepr es sionof1 929weakened carr yonwi t
ht hei ract sofaggr es sion.
mos toft hewor ld’seconomi es ,hence 5.Thegr eatdepr es sionof1 930s
theywer enotabl et os uppor tt he int
ens ifi
edeconomi ci nabi l
itiesand
Leaguef inanci all
y. forcedcount r i
est opr act i
ceeconomi c
12.Rear mamentofGer many.( mai n) prot ectionism.
6.Thegr owt hofnat ional is m made
count r
iest obei nwar dl ooki ngand
ther eforewer er el uct antt opar ticipate
inint ernat i
onali s sues .
WORLDWAR2 7.Unf avour ablecondi ti
onsi mpos edon

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Ger manybyt heVer saillest reat y withdr aw
humi l
iatedandmadehernur s eagr udge  Whens her efus ed,t heydecl ar edwaron
agai nstt heal li
edpower s. heron3/ 9/ 1939
8.Ther iset opowerofAdol fHi tlerandhi s  Rus s i
aat tackedPol andf rom t heEas t
.
det ermi nationt or estor eGer many’ sl os
t  Shewascompl et elyoccupi edbyt het wo.
glor yledt owarashei nvadedot her  On30/ 11/1
939,Rus s iaat tackedF i
nland.
count ries .  ByF eb- 1940,t heF i
nnswer edef eated.
9.Armamentandi ncr eas edar medf orces  Attempt sf orpeacewer emadebuti n
increas edt ens ioncont rar yt ot he vain.
wis hesoft heVer sail
lest reat yon
 Ger manyat tackedDenmar kon9/ 4/1940
product i
onofar msandt rai ni
ngof
andover power edt heal l
ies .
nat i
onalar mi es.
 On1 4/06/ 1940,t heGer mansr eached
1
0.TheSpani shci vilwar( 1936- 1
939)l edby
Par is.
Gener alF r
ancowasadmi redand
suppor t
edbyMus s oli
niandHi tlerwho  On22/ 6/ 1
940,F r ances ur render edand
provi dedhi m wi thmi l
itar yas s istance. signedanagr eementwi thGer many,and
Dur ingt hewar ,Ger manywasabl et o surr ender edAl sace- Lorrain,N.F r
ance
tes therweaponsandal sopr act i
ceher andAt l
ant icCoas tli
ne.
wart acticsl i
kebombi ng  Ger manyat tackedBr i
taini nJul y1940.
civil
iant arget sfrom t heai r.  Thiswast hebat tleofBr itain,whi ch
1
1.Hitler’saggr essionwhenhei nvaded provedt oot oughf orGer many.
Czechos l
ovaki ain1 938af terwhi chi t  Mus solinicapt ur edF renchandBr iti
s h
turnedt oPol and.Br it
ai nandF r
ance Somal il
and&Egypt .
coul dnott aket hes eaggr es s
ions  On8/ 11/1942,Br itishandAmer i
cans
anymor eandt heydecl ar edwaron attackedMor occo,t hus ,over power ing
Ger many.Thi swast hebegi nni ngof theAxi s .
WW2.  On22/ 6/ 1
941 ,Ger manyat tackedRus sia.
 Rus s i
answon,andi nJul y43,Rus sian
Cour
seoft
hewar compl etel ywont hebat tle( Bar baros sa)
 OnJul y14th,Japanat tackedSout hEas t
 I
thas2maj orgr oups-All
iedforces As i
a,andat tackedAmer icancont rolled
(Britain,F rance,andUSA)andt heAxis Philippines .
power s( Germany,I taly&Japan) .  Shewasembar goedbyt heAl li
es.
 I
twasf oughtonWes ternandEas t
ern  Ast het wo( Japan&Amer ica)wer e
f
r onts . negot iat i
ng,Japanat tackedAmer i
can
 Ger manyf orgedauni onwithAus t
ri
a- navalbas eofPear lHar bourf rom theai r
.
10/3/ 1
938andus editt oclai
m  Amer icai nevi tabl yent eredt hewar .
Sudet enlandofCzechos l
ovakia.  On8/ 12/ 1941 ,Br itain,USA&Net herlands
 I
n1 939,I talyinvadedandoccupi ed decl aredwaronJapan.
Albani a.  Int heF arEas t,Br i
tis hus edherbas esi n
 Hitl
eral socl aimedDanzi gCi t
y,befor
e Indiat oat tackJapan.
f
or gingt heNazi -Sovietpactof  Japant henat t
ackedI ndiai n1944,and
f
r i
ends hipwi thRus si
a. all
ieswoni nt hisbat tleofKohi ma.
 On1 /9/1939,Ger manyi nvadedPoland
 Br i
tainandF ranceas kedhert o Def
eatofI
tal
yandGer
many
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 Theal li
esat tackedI tal
y’sIslandofSi cil
y pres
tige.
i
nJul y1 943,caus ingrebell
ionagai nst 4.Hehadunder r
atedRussi
a’sRedar
my
Mus soli
nii nItaly. andpeople.
 Germanys t
eppedi nandr es cued 5.Hewant edRussi
a’sr
ichgrai
ns.
Mus soli
nif r
om pr ison.
 ByDecember1 944,Ger manywasunder Whyt
heaxi
slos
tthewar
pressuref rom al l
iesfrom allfronts.
1. Theal li
eshadmanys uppor t
ers ,hence
 On6/06/1 944,t healli
edf orces
mor emanpower .
l
andedi nF rancet ol i
berat
eher .
2.Ger manyf ailedt ocont rolherexpans i
ve
 Thisliberationwasachi evedon25/8/ conquer edterritories.Somehadt olook
1944,andBel gi
um on forlibertyandt urnedagai nsther .
2/9/1 944 3.USent r
yi ntot hewaronal li
es’s ide
 I
n1 945,al li
esent eredGer manyf r
om afterJapan’ sat tackonPear lHar bour .
theWes t. 4.Theal li
edf orcescont roll
edt heNor th
 Germanswer edrivenoutofYugos l
avia. seawhi chtheyus edt obl ockade
 Hitl
erf l
edt oanunknownpl acei nBer l
in Ger many.
wher eheki l
ledhi ms el
finApr il-
1945. 5.Ger many’ sforceswer eover s t
retchedby
 On7/05/1 945,t heGer mans fi
ghtingwaronmanyf r ont s.
surrender ed. 6.Theal li
edhads uper iorweapons -atomic
/naval .
Def
eatofJapan 7.Theal li
eshadmor eweal t h/r es ources
e.g.indus tr
ialandf inanci alres our ces.
 Aft
erGer manys urrender ed,Japan 8.USSRr ecover edf rom herl osses ,
vowedt ocont i
nuef i
ghting. rearmedandat t
ackedGer many.
 USAdevel opedatomi cbombwhi chhad
beent es
tedi nJuly1945i nNewMexi co Ext
ras
desert
.
 USpres i
dent -
HarryTrumanagr eedto 9.Axisr ans hortofr awmat erial
s/
useiton6/08/1 945onHi ros
hima Stretchedbeyondt heircapacity.
ki
ll
ing78,000peopl e. 1
0.MiscalculationbyAxi spower s/
 On8/8/1 945,Rus siaat tackedJapan. Ger manymadet act i
calmistakes.
 Americadr oppedanot herl ongerbomb 1
1.Theaxi smades erioustacti
calmi st
akes
onNagas akion9/8/1 945,ki l
li
ngover e.g.Japanf ai
ledt oreali
zet he
40,000peopl e. i
mpor tanceofai rcraft
sandconcent rated
 Consequent l
y,Japans ur renderedon1 5 onpr oduci ngbat tl
eships.
/8/1 945.
Rol
esofUSAi
nthewar
WhyHit
lerwasint
erestedi
nRus
siaatt
he
begi
nni
ngofthi
swar . 1.Shepr ovi
dedmoder nmili
tar
yequipment
tot heal
li
es.
1. Hewant edRussi
a’srichnatural 2.Shepr ovidedfi
nanci
alsupportt
ot he
resourcesli
keoi
l. all
ies.
2.Rus siaprovi
dedas paceforGer many’
s 3.Shepr ovidedmili
tar
ypersonneltothe
expans i
on. all
ies.
3.Hewant edtoconquerRus si
af or 4.Shebl ockedthePanamacanalagai ns
t
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theaxispowers. powerstopreventthem f
rom f
all
ingi
nto
5.Shedr oppedtheatomicbombat thehandsofcommuni s
m.Thiswas
NagasakiandHir
oshi
maf orci
ng thr
oughtheMar shalPl
an.
Japantosurr
ender. 1
3.Therewasdivis
ionofEuropeintotwo
opposi
ngblocs,hencetheColdwar
Res
ult
soft
hewar devel
oped.

1. Manyl i
veswer elos
t,asanes ti
mat ed 1
4.Therewast hees t
ablishmentUni
ted
tot
alof30mi l
li
onpeopl earebelievedto Nati
onsOr ganizat
iont o mai nt
ain
havebeenki ll
ed. worldpeaceandpr eventanot
herwar
fr
om taki
ngpl ace.
2.ThebombonJapanr eleasedradio-
acti
ves ubs
tanceswhi chaffect
edmany 1 5.Germanyandhercapi tal
,Berl
inwas
l
iveslongafterthewar . divi
dedintot wo.

3.Manypeopl
ewereinj
ured/maimed/ 16.Itdestroyedt hemyt hofEur opean
Per
manentheal
thcompli
cat
ions
. mili
tarys uper iorityduet ot hedef eatof
theBr i
tish&Amer i
canf orcesi ntheF ar
4.Pr oper tywasdes tr
oyedashomesand EastbyJapan.
bridgeswer edemol i
shed. 17.Itstr
engt henednat ionalismi ntheot her
5.Tor t
uredur i
ngt hewarl edt o partsoft hewor ldast heAf ri
canshad
psychol ogicalandemot ionalpr oblemst o parti
cipat ed.
famili
es ,individual s&nat i
ons.
6.Ext ernalt radeal mos tcamet oa 18.Createdbi tt
erf eelingsandmi str
us t
stands ti
llduet of earandi nsecur i
ty. amongt hecount ri
est hatf oughti nt he
war.
7.Thecommuni stzoneext endedt ocover
halfoft hecont i
nent alEur opewhi ch 19.Itcausedeconomi cdepr ess i
onasl ar ge
resultedi nt hecr eationoft he“ Iron sumsofmoneywer espent .
Cur t
ain”t hatgeogr aphicallydivided
Europedownt hemi ddle. 20.Therewasi mpr ovementi nt hemi l
itary
8.Agr i
cultureandi ndus trywer edi srupted technology.
duet ol ackofr awmat erialandhuman
resour ce. 21.Therewast hecr eationofI sr ael/St at e
oftheJews .
9.I nadequat ef ood,s helterandcl othing.
22.Therecameunempl oymentas
10.Pre-warbal anceofpowerwasdes troyed demor alizeds er vicemeni ncr eased
asnewpower sl ikeUSAandUSSR demandf orjobs .
emer ged. 23.Therewasdi splacementofpeopl e,
hences ufferi
ng.
11
.I tledt os preadofcommuni smi nEas t
ern
Europe. INTERNATI ONALRELATI ONS

1
2.USAas
sis
tedt
heweakenedWes
ter
n  Thi
sist
her
elat
ionbet
weennat
ions
.

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 Itbecamenecessaryt odevelopsome 4.Itenhancescol l

ecti
ves ol
vingof
goodr el
ati
onsaf
tert heWor l
dWar2t o problemsofglobalconcernse.g.
healthewoundsoft heeffect
s . terr
or i
sm
 Thisoccursatdi
ff
erentlevelsand
categori
es. I
nternationalOr
ganizat
ions
a)I
nternat
ionalGover
nment
alOrgani
zat
ion
(I
GO)e.g.UN,CommonWeal t
h&Af ri
can
1
. Economi
c Union

 Thi
sinvol
vestr
adeandot
her b)Int
ernationalNon- governmental
commerci
alact
ivi
ti
es Organizations(INGO)e. g.RedCr oss,
Amnes tyI nt
ernational&Tr ansparency
2.Di
plomat
ic I
nternational.
Member s hipmaybegl obal,r
egionalor
 Conductofr
elat
ionst
hroughpeacef
ul asotherwi sedefined.
means.
 Thi
sisdonethroughambassador
s
Benefi
tsofInt
ernat
ionalGover
nment
Organi
zati
ons
3.Pol
it
ical

 Thi
sisbet weencountr
ieswit
hs i
mil
ar
pol
it
icalacti
vit
iesandi
nsti
tut
ions 1. Theyrovi
demember swithaf or
um to
consul
t
2.Theyactasr egulators
4.Soci
o-cul
tur
al 3.Theyenhancepeaceands ecuri
ty
4.Theycont ri
butet oenhancingequitabl
e
 Unders
tandi
ngofcountr
ieswithf
ami
ly dis
tri
buti
onoff acil
iti
es.
setuptoappreci
atet
hediff
erent
cul
tur
es. UNI
TEDNATI
ONSORGANI
ZATI
ON(
UNO)

 Itisinexchangeofdancer
s,mus
ici ,  Wases
ans tabli
shedatt heendoft heWorl
d
s
portsetc. War2t or eplacetheLeagueofNation
ands i
gnedon25/ 4/1945,bef
oreit
Benefi
ts star
tedfunctioni
ngon24/ 1
0/1
945.

1
. Promot
ionofeconomicgrowtht
hrough Ai
ms
tr
adewhichenabless
tatestoacqui
re
1. Tomaintai
ninter nati
onalpeaceand
goodst
heydonothave secur
it
y.
2.Todevel opfri
ends hi
pbetweennati
ons.
2.Pr
omot
ionofpeaceands
ecur
it
y
3.Topr omotes ocialprogressandbetter
3.Promoti
onofcult
uralexchangeswhich l
ivi
ngs t
andardsf orpeople.
4.Topr omotecul t
ur alint
eract
ionbet
ween
enhancesi
nter
nati
onalunderstandi
ng members tat
es.

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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5.Topr otectt hei nter es tsofmi norityand 2.Secur ityCounci l( SC)
vulner ablegr oupsl ikewomenand
childr en.  Ithas1 5member s5per manent( Chi na,
6.Topr omot eeconomi cdevel opmentt o France,Rus s i
a,UK&US) .
recons t
ructt hewor ldeconomy/To  Eachoft he5per manentpower shavea
buildt heeconomi esoft hecount ries rightt ovet oadeci sion,orabs tain.
aff
ect edbyt hewar .
7.Tor epl acet heLeagueNat ionswhi ch
hadf ai l
edt opr eventanot herWor ldWar .1 .Itmai nt ainsi nter nat ionalpeace&
secur ity.
I
tspr inci pleor gans 2.It i
nv e s ti
gat esdi s put es,whi chmay
threat eni nter nat ionalpeace.
1. Gener alAs sembl y( GA) 3.Itcal lsupons tatest os ettl
et hei r
2.Sec ur itycounci l(S.C. ) disput esbynegot iation.
3.I nter nat i
onalCour tofJus tice(ICJ) 4.Itrecommendst hepr ocedur est os ett
le
4. Economi candSoci alCounci l disput es/Advi semember s.
5.Tr us tees hi pcounci l( T.C.) 5.Itdet er miness ituat i
onswhi chmay
6.Sec r etariat( S) threat enpeaceandt akeact ion.
6.Itadmi ts,s us pendsandexpel s
member sfrom UN.
1. Gener alAs sembl y( G. A.) 7.Itcal lsuponmember st opr ovi def or ces
agai ns taggr es sor s .
 Al lmembers tat esar er epr esent ed.
1.I tliais eswi tht heSecur i
tyCounci lin 3.Inter nat ionalCour tofJus ti
ce( I
CJ)
maki ngr ecommendat i
onson
mai nt enanceofpeace&s ecur i
ty. 1.Itcanappl yi nter nat ionalconvent ionst o
2.I tdi scus s esis s uesr elatingt o es t
abl ishr ulesr ecogni zedbyt hes tates .
inter nat i
onalpeaceands ecur it
y. 2.Inter nat ionalcus tomsmayal sobe
3.I tel ect sjoint l
ywi t
ht heSecur i
tyCounci l
, appl iedasl aw.
thej udgesoft heI CJ/Appoi ntst he 3.Itmayappl ygener alpr inciplesofl aw
Sec r etaryGener al. recogni zedbynat ions .
4.I trecei ves/Act sonr epor tfrom t he 4.Itmayal soappl yj udicialdeci sionsby
Sec ur ityCounci landot herUNor gans . nat i
ons .
5.I tappr ov esUNbudget/Appor ti
onst he  I thandl escas esofi nternat ional
amountofcont r i
but ionbyeachmember bor der s
,t reat mentofdi plomat ics taf
f,
stat e. cr i
meagai nsthumani tyet c.
6.I tel ect snon- members tat esofSecur i
ty  I thas1 5j udgesf rom di f
fer ent
/Economi c/Soci alf ields. nat ionsel ect edbyt heGener al
7.I tpr omot est hedevel opmentof As s embl yandSecur it
yCounci l.
inter nat i
onall aw.
8.I tfaci lit
atest her ealizat i
onofHuman 4.Economi candSoci alCounci l( E.S.C. )
Right s/F undament alf r
eedoms .
9.I tpr omot eshi gher/bet ters tandar dsof  I tcompr ises54del egates
li
vingamongnat i
ons .  Theymeett wi ceayear
Foref ficiency,i thass etupt hef ollowing

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s
peci
ali
zedcommi
ssi
onsasf
oll
ows
: 1
953-
1961
-DagHammar
kjol
d-Sweden
1. Stat
isti
calcommi
ss i
on. 1
961
-1
971
-UThant-
Bur
ma(
Nyanmar
)
2.Popul at
ioncommission.
3.Commi ssi
onofst
atusofwomeni n 1
972-
1982-Kur
tWal
dher
eim-
Aus
tri
a.
devel
opingcount
rieses pecial
ly.i
nt he
1
982-
1991
-Javi
erPer
ezdeCuel
lar
thi
rdwor l
dcount
ries .
–Peru
4.Commi ssi
onfors
oci aldevelopment.
5.Commi ssi
ononNar coticdrugs. 1
992-
1996-Bout
rosBout
ros Ghal
i-
Egypt
I
tsf
unct
ions
.
1
997-
2006-Kof
iAnnan-
Ghana
1.Itini
ti
at esstudiesandr epor tsongi ven
mat t
ers . 2006-
pres
en,BannKimoon
2.Itrecommendsonr espectf orhuman
right
s. 1.Itr egis t
er streat i
es .
3.Itdraftsconvent i
ons&pr esentst o 2.Itpubl is
hesr epor ts.
Gener alAs s
embl yonmat tersofi t
s 3.Itconduct sres earch/Sur veyeconomi c
areasofoper at
ion( jur
isdiction). ands ocialtrend&pr obl ems
4.Itconvenesi nternationalconf er 4.I
enceson tadmi nisterspeacekeepi ngoper at
ions
economi cands ocialmat ters andmedi ateint ernationaldi s put
e.
5.Itco-ordinatesactiviti
esofs pecial
i 5.I
zed ti nf
or mst heSecur it
yCounci lonany
commi s si
onsandagenci es. threatofpeace.
6.Itco-ordinatestheNGO’ swi ththeUN.6.Iti nterpretsandt ranslatess peeches
anddocument si ntoUNof f
icial
l
anguages .
5.Trustees hi
pCouncil(T.
C.) 7.Iti mpl ementl aws/pol iciesand
decis i
onsbyot heror gans .
 Ithas5per manentmember sand6non- 8.I tadmi nisterspr ogrammes .
permanent .
 Ittakescar eofthecolonialboundari
es. Languagesus edi nt heirmeet ings .
 Thes eboundaries/t er
rit
oriesincl
ude,
thosepl acedunderthecounci l 1.Engl i
sh
voluntaril
ybyot herpower s,under 2.F rench
LeagueNat i
onandt hosef r
om ax i
s 3.Spani sh
power s. 4. Chi nes e
5. Rus s i
an
6.Secr et
ariat 6. Ar abic

 I
tdeal swi t
hadmi nis
trat
iveday-t
o- PERF
ORMANCE
dayact i
viti
esoft heUnit
edNat i
on
 I
ti sheadedbyt heSecretar
y- Achi
evement
soft
heUni
tedNat
ion
Gener al 1
. Pr
omot
edpeaceands
ecur
it
y
-whos ervesfor5year sandmaybe
re-elect
ed.  Thr
oughpeace-
keepi
ngmi
ssi
ons
,Uni
ted
e.g.1945-1953-TuygveLie-Norway
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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Nat i
onsobs erver s,sanct
ions,settl
ing -I
tel
iminatedcol
oni
ali
sm and
internat
ionaldi sputesandr esearching apar
thei
dwithdictat
ors
hip
onpeaceands ecurit
y.E.
g.Congo- 1960
-1963,Iraq&I ran-1 980-1
988Mi ddle 8. Haspr
omotedint
ernat
ionalco-
Eas t-1
948-1949,I raq-Kuwait-
1990- 1
992 oper
ati
onindeal
ingwit
hglobaliss
ues
.
 Internat
ionalCour tofJus ti
ce( I
CJ) I
tpreservesenvi
ronmentt
hrough
providesjustr esoluti
ontoi nt
ernational UNEP
problems -
Iteducatesofdanger
sofdamaging
Ozonelayer
.
2.Di
sar
mamentef
for
ts
9.Hasmanagedt ocombatt er
r ori
smt o
 Throughpol i
ciesappr oach,i thashelped someext ent .
toreduceet hmanuf act urerandus eof
arms .E. g.Ant ar ctictr eaty- 1
995i n 1
0.Allevi
ati
ngchr onichungerandr ural
Antarctica,Tlat elolcoTr eat y-1967- povertyindevel oping count r
ies,Credi
t
banningnucl eari nLat i
nAmer i
caand throughInternationalFundf or
Caribbean,Sout hPaci ficNucl earZone Agr i
cul
turalDevel opment( I
FAD) .
Treaty- 1985f or badet estingand
dampi ngofnucl earmat erials
. 1
1.I
thass etstandardsf orseaandai r
travel
.
3.Humanr i
ghtsagenda
1
2.I
thasi mpr ovedheal ththroughvacci nes
,
 December1 948,uni versal educationons mallpox,HIVe. t
.c.
declar at
ionofhumanr ightswas 1
3.I
thasencour agedexchangeofcul tur
al
adopt ed. programmes .
 1 989,Convent ionont her i
ghtsofthe
childwases tabl ished.

CHALLENGES /PROBLEMSOFU.
N.
4.Pr
omot
edRi
ght
sofwomen
1.I
deol ogi caldiff
erencesamongl eadersof
diff
erentcount ri
es
 I thaser adi catedallformsof
2.Lackst hemachi neryt oenf orceits
discriminationagai nstwomenand
decision/St andi ngar my.
createdf oraf orthem toarti
culate
3.Vetopoweroft hebi gf ive;Br i
tain,US,
issues .
Rus si
a,F ranceandChi na.
4.Loyaltyt ootheri nternat i
onal
5.Haspr ovidedhumani tari
anas si
stance
organizat ions
5.National ism andNat i
onali nterests.
-
Tor efugees
6.Naturaldi sast
ers/Epi demi cs,hence
-
Bet terhous i
ngpr oposal
s placeanunexpect eds trainont heUN
resour ces .
-
Rel i
eff oodt ohungers tr
ickenar eas 7.Terroris m /Internat i
onalt errori
sm.
8.Diff
erentl evelsofdevel opment .
6.Pr omot eddemocr acyandgood 9.Armsr ace- accumul ati
onofar mament s
governance
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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bypower fulcountr i
est hreat enedwor ld res tor ehumanheal th.
peace. 5.I tpr ovi dess hel tertot hedes erving
10.Votingasabl ock. cas esbybui ldi
nghous es/gi ving
11.Occur rencesofmanyconf li
ct sbet ween mat erialsf orcons t
ruction.
andwi thincount ries. 6.I tpr ovi deseducat i
ont ot hevul ner able
12.Fail
ur ebys omemember st or emi ttheir gr oupsi nor dert opr omot eliteracy.
subs cription,hences hortageoff unds . 7.I tas sistsinevacuat ingpeopl eaf f
ect ed
byf loodst os afergr oundt oaver t
WAYSTHROUGHWHI CHTHEUNI TED suf fering.
NATIONSHASPROMOTEDWORLDPEACE 8.I tpr ot ectsr efugeesbyens uringt heir
ANDSECURI TY res pect/obs ervanceofbas ichuman
right s.
1. Dispat chingofUN-Peacekeepi ng
miss i
onst oconf li
ctar eas. COMMONWEALTH
2. Sendi ngUN-obs erver stoconf l
ictareas.
3.Sendi ngf actfindingmi ssionst oc onfl
ict Thes ear e54s tateswhi chwer einiti
ally
area. partoft heBr iti
shEmpi re.
4.UN-s peci alenvoysandr epr es entati
ves
Itor iginat edi n1 839,t hen1 931,thust he
ares entt onegot iateorar bitratef or
BritishCommonweal thfrom t heBr iti
shr ule
peacebet weenoppos i
nggr oups .
inIndi a.
5.UNs anct ionsar ei mpos edt hatdef ythe
resolut ions . In1961 ,Sout hAf r i
capul ledoutwhenher
6.TheI CJhel pst os ettl
edi sput esamong apar thei dpol i
cywascondemned.She
states. rejoinedi n1 994af terer adicati
ngt hepol i
cy.
7.UNpeacemes senger sar es entt o
encour ageandcoor di
nat eef for tsforthe ItsCat egor i
es
organi zat ion.
8.UNus esNon- Gover nment al( NGOs )to 1. Br itainandherdomi nionsofCanada,
resear chf orthecaus eands olut i
onst o Aus trali
aandNewZeal and.
theconf l
ict. 2.A f
r i
c anN ation s
3.As iannat ions
Waysi nwhi cht heUNpr ovides 4.I slandsf rom t heCar i
bbean,Paci ficand
humani tarianas sistance. M e d i
te rr
a nea n.

1.Itassis
tsr efugees/di spl acedpersons  Themembershavenof
ormal
withclothesi nor dertopr eservehuman agr
eement
.
dignit
y. Ai
msofCommonweal
th.
2.Ithelpsinr es ettl
ingdi splacedper s
ons
bynegat ingf ort heirres ettl
ementin 1. Topromoteworldpeaceand
safeareas . i
nter
nati
onalunderst
andi
ng
3.Itprovi
desr elieffoodi ndr ought 2.Topr omotedevelopmenti
npoor
er
stri
ckenar easi nor dertoaver tl
ossof members t
ates
.
li
ves. 3.Topr omotecooperati
onbet
ween
4.Itprovi
desmedi cals uppliest othe members t
ates
.
vict
imsofwar/ot hercalami ti
essoasto

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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2.Mi
nis
ter
ialmeet
ings
Pr
inci
plesofCommonweal
th  Themi ni
stersofforei
gnaffai
rs,
1. Topr omot epeaceands ecur ity Fi
nanceanddef ens
emeetannual ly.
2.Toens ur eper sonall i
ber tyandequal ity  Themi ni
stersforeducati
on,healt
h
ofr ight sforal lci ti
zenswi thno andlawmeetonceaf ter3years.
dis cri
mi nat i
on.  Theyalsofrequentl
yvisitmember
3.Tooppos eal lformscol onialdomi nat ion countr
ies.
andt obecommi t
t edt opr inciplesof
humandi gni tyandequal ity. 3.Secr et ari
at
4.Tof i
ghtpover ty,i gnor anceanddi seas es
andpr omot et her isei nl i
vings tandar ds.  I tco- ordi natesbus iness
5.Toenhancef reei nt ernationalt rade.  I tcircul atespr ogr ammes
6.Topr omot eco- oper ationt ocombat  It organ izest h eH eads ’meet ing.
injus t
ices .  I tencour agespr oject s.
7.Topr omot eexchangeofknowl edge.
8.Tof orm mul t
inat ionalas soci ati
onsbas ed Has350member s
oncons ul
t ation.
 I tisheadedbys ecr etarygener aland
I
tschar act eristics 2as sistant s.
st
 The1 as sistantdeal swi th
1. Themembers t
at esus eEngl ishasa internat ionalaf fairs ,l
egalco-
commonl anguage. oper ationandi nformat ion.
2.Theyappr eci ateeachot her’scul t
ur al nd
 The2 onedeal swi theconomi c
val ues . affair
s ,expor tmar ketandf ood
3.Themembers t
at esco- oper atei n pr oduct ion.
educat ione. g.exchangepr ogr ammes .  The1 st
one( S.G. )wasAr noldSmi th
4.Themembers t
at esr ecogni zeQueen ofCanada.
Elizabet hasHeadofCommonweal th.
5.Members tateshavecommonmi l
it
ar y Special
izedagenci es
tradi t
ionsbas edonBr i
tishmi li
tary
sys tem. 1. Commonweal thagr icul t
uralbur eau
6.Theypar t
icipat ei nCommonweal th
games .  Itcoor di
nat esagr icul turalact i
vit
ies.
7.Theyhaveeconomi cties/t her ich
as sistt hepoor /t echni calai d. 2.CommonF undf orTechni calCo-
oper ati
on
ItsOr gani zation/s t
ructur e
 Itadvi sesyout hpr ogr ammes
1. Headsofs tates ummi t
 I tismadeupofpr es i
dent sorpr ime 3.Commonweal thyout hpr ogr ammes
mi nis t
er s
 Theymeetaf ter2year s  Itinvol vesyoungpeopl einact ivit
iesof
 Theydi scus spol it
icalandec onomi c nationali nter ests.
probl ems

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4.Commonweal
thSci
enceCounci
l 7.Itpr omot esunder st
andingand
tolerance.
 I
tco- ordi
natesdevelopmentofregional 8.Itpr omot esdemocr acyandgood
programmese. g.Ener gyandrur
al gover nance
technology 9.Itpr ovidesforum formembers t
atesto
airtheirviewsoni nter
nat i
onalaf
fai
rs
5.Commonweal t
hRegi onalHeal
thCo- withonevoi ce.
operationSecretari
atforEastAfr
ica, 10.I
tpr omot esrespect,tr
us tandfri
endshi
p
SouthandCent ral
. 11.I
tpr ovidesmachi nerytomai nt
ainpeace
12.I
tpr omot esdevelopmentofl egal
 I
tpr omotesco-operationinmedical sys t
ems .
sector. 13.I
t p urpor
tsyouthpr ogr
ammesgear ed
towar dsnati
onal devel opment
6.Commonweal t
hdevel opmentco-
operation Achievement sofCommonweal t
h.

 I
tfi
nancesandTr
ainsmember
s 1. Members t
ateshaver ecei vedt echnical
knowhowt hrought hepr ovisionof
7.Commonweal thpar li
ament ary exp e rtsa nda dv i
se r
si nv ariousfields
as sociation e.g.agr icult
ure.
2.Devel opingmembers tateshave
 Themember shol dpar l
iament ary acqui reds kil
lsmanpowert hrough
meet i
ngsf orexchangeofi deas. prov isio no fschola r
shipsa ndtraining
progr ammesbyt hedevel opedmember
8.Commonweal thpr essuni on state s.
3.Members t
ateshaveconduct edt rade
 I tenhancescommuni cat i
onbet ween amongt hems elveswi thr elati
veeas e.
member s. 4.T h ereh a sb eenc ulturali
n teracti
o n
CommonWeal thMar ketisf i
nancedby amongmembers tatese.g.games .
CFTC( Commonweal th 5.D eve lop edme mb er stat
e sh ave
Fundf orTechni calCo- oper ati
on provi dedf i
nancialai dtot hedevel oping
Commonweal t
hYout h me mb e rs.
Progr amme( CYP) ,&Commonweal h 6.I
t thaspr ovidedaf orum formember
Sciencecounci l( CSC) . state st oa irthe i
r vi
e wsw i
thonevoi ce
oni nt ernat i
onalis sues
FunctionsofCommonweal th 7.I tha sp rovidedame chani smf or
mai ntai ningpeaceamongmember
1.I tpr ovidespar t
ner shipco- operati
on. statese. g.Commonweal thPeace
2.I tpr ovidesf i
nanci alas si
s t
ance. K eep i
n gF orcew hichw ass entto
3.I tsuppor tseducat ionandt raini
ng. Zimbabwe.
4.I tencour agest radeamongmember 8.Pr omot edf ri
ends hipandunder st
andi ng
states . amongmembers tatesthr ough
5.I tpr omot est echni calco-oper ati
on. conf er ences .
6.I tenhancess ocialandcul turalco- 9.Enhanceddemocr atizati
onpr oces sin
oper ation devel opi ngcount ri
esbys endi ng

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obser verstomoni t
orel ecti
ons . i
nt ernati
onalaff
air
s.
1
0.Ithasayout hprogrammewhi chas sist
s  Itwasf oundedbyJawahar lalNehr uas
projectsandact i
vit
iesi ni
ti
atedbyt he nots idi
ngwi t
hei t
herWes torEas tern
youthsi nmembers tates. blocsi nmatterspertainingpol it
ical,
1
1.Ithasenhanceddevel opmentofl egal socialoreconomi cdifferencesand
system amongmembers tates.Thisi s i
ndependentappr oacht oi nternati
onal
donet hr
oughs econdmentpr ogrammes orf orei
gnpolicy.
andadopt i
onoflegalpr ecedent sby  Otherf oundermember si ncludedJos ip
members t
ates. BrozTi toofYugos l
avia,Kwame
1
2.Thecommonweal t
hpr es sunionf osters Nkr umahofGhana,DrAhmedSukar no
closecooper at
ionbet weenbr oadcas t
ing ofIndones i
a,ChouEn- LaiofChi na,et c.
stat
ionsofmembers tates.  I
twass t
art
edi n1953.

I
tschal
lenges Reasonsf
orther
iseofNon-
Ali
gned
Movement(NAM)
1. Domi nancebydevel opednat i
onse. g.
Britain 1. Tohandl eint ernati
onalpol iciesoft he
2.Pol iticalins t
abi l
ityins omecount ri
es newlyi ndependents tatess incetheydi d
disrupt sitsoper ati
ons . notwantt ojoineitherbl ocks .
3.I nadequat efundst or uni tsdayt oday 2.Toencour agepeacef ulco- exi s
tence
activiti
es amongmembers t
at es.
4.Wi t
hdr awalofs omemember se.g.1 961, 3.Tos afeguardt heindependenceoft he
Sout hAf rica. developingnat ions.
5.Di videndl oyaltypr eventt hes piritof 4.F orthedevel opingnat ionst oes t
abl i
sh
unity. thei
rowndi sti
nctident ity.
6.Non- exis t
enceofexecut iveaut hor i
ty 5.Toenabl et hes tat
est ogetmaxi mum
weakenst hedeci si
onmaki ngand aidfrom thebl ocsf ordevel opment .
impl ement ati
onofpol icies . 6.Theemer gingnat i
onsdi dnotwantt obe
7.Spi ritofnat i
onal ism ass omemember i
nvolvedi nt hecol dwar .
statesconcent rateont hei rnational 7.Neededco- oper at
iont oaver tanother
issuesatt heexpens eoft he worldwar .
organi zation. 8.Topr omot eeconomi cdevel opmentof
8.Raceandcol ourdi scrimi nationwhi ch membercount ries
under minesuni tyint heor ganization 9.Tomakef undsavai l
abl ef ort he
9.I deol ogicaldi f
ferencewhi chal socaus es i
mpr ovementofagr icultureandf ood
divisionsi nt heor gani zation productioni ngener al.
10.Per sonal i
tydi f
ferenc eswhi chaf fectsto
policyoft ogether nes s. Cr
it
eri
aformember
shi
p
11
.Needt ocor rectcol oniali njusti
ces
creat edmi sunder standing. 1. Acountr
ys houl
dconsist
entlysupport
t
hemovementf ornati
onal
Non-
Ali
gnedMovement(
NAM) i
ndependence.
2.Shouldnotbeamemberofamul t
i-
 Thi
sisthepoli
cyofneutr
ali
tyor l
ater
almili
tar
yalli
ancee.g.NATOand
i
ndependenceofpol
icyandcaut
ioni
n WARSAW PACT.

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3.Acountrys houldhaveadopt edan  Itsadmi ni
s t
rati
oni snon-hier
archical
,
i
ndependentpol icybas edont heco- rotati
onalandi nclusive,thus
exi
stenceofs tat
eswi thdiff
erent providingallmember swi t
han
pol
it
icalands ocials
ys tems. oppor tuni
tytopar ti
cipateinglobal
4.I
facount ryisamemberofabi l
ater
al decisionmaki ng.
mil
it
arys houldnotbebas edonc ontext
ofgreatpowerconf l
ict. 2.Co-
coordi nat
ingBur eau
5.I
fthecount ryhasmi li
tarybasefora
f
orei
gncount r
y,itshoul dnotbebas ed  Itreviewsandf acili
tatesacti
vit
ies
oncontextofwaragai ns tagreatpower. withinNon–Al i
gnedMovement .

NB/1&2ar
ethemai
n. 3.Worki
ng gr
oups,cont
actgr
oups
,tas
k
f
orcesandcommitt
ees
Ai
msofNon–Al
ignedMovement
e.g.commi t
teeonPal es t
ine,gr oup
1. Tos af eguardt hes over eignt yofmember onHumanr i
ght set c.
states .
2.Tof ightf ordecol oni zationof3rd Wor ld  Theymeetof tent odi scus sissuesi n
count riesandcur rent lyt henewf orm of thei rjur i
sdi ction.
neo- colonialis
m.
3.Towor kfordis armamentof 4.Non- aligneds ecur i
tycounci lcaucus
super power s.
4.Todi scouragemi li
tar yal l
iances Itcons tant l
ys trivest oadoptuni fi
ed
promot edbyt hes uperpower s
. position so ns ummi tsa n dmi ni
steri
al
5.Toencour ageact ivepar ticipationint he confer encei ndeci sionmaki ng.
Uni t
edNat ionPr ogr ammesbys peaking
withonevoi ce.
6.Topr omot eeconomi cindependenceof 5.Joi ntco- coor dinat i
ngcommi t
tee
membercount ries.
7.Tof ightr acismi nt hewor ld.  I tco- or dinat esco- oper ationbet ween
8.Topr omot eneut r
alityamongmember s.
Non- Aligneds ecuritymovement
9.Toes tablishnewwor ldeconomi cor der
gr oups .
withgoodt ermsoft radef or
primar ycommodi tiesf rom member
6.Co-or dinat i
onofnon- alignedcount ries
count ries.
inotherUNcent res
10.Tof inancei mpr ovementofagr icult
ur e
byavai labil
it
yoff unds .
 I tgi vescons ider ati
ont o
11
.Topr ovideani nternat ionalf orum fort he
es tablishmentofar r
angement sforco
weakernat i
onst oexpr esst hems elves
-or dinationsofi nternat ional
withonevoi ceasi nt heUNO.
or gani zationHeadquar terandNon-
AlignedSecur i
tyMovement s
.
I
tss tructur e
1
. Co-
ordi
nat
ion

7.Tr
oika(
Pas
t,Pr
esentandf
utur
echai
rs)
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 Theydiscus
sstrat
egiesandf
ormat  Iti
smadeupofmi nist
ri
esoffor
eign
ofof
fi
cialel
ect
ions. aff
air
stodeliber
ateonagendaof
GeneralAssembly,ofi
mport
ancet o
8.Panelofeconomi
sts Non-Ali
gnedMov ement.

 Itassessesthei nt
ernati
onal 4.Mini
steri
almeet
ingoft
heco-
economics i
tuationfrom t
he coor
dinati
ngBureau
perspecti
veoft hedeveloping
countri
esandi dentif
ytheiris
sues  I
tisi
nchargeofpr
epar
ati
onf
or
ofconcern. summit
s.

5.Meeti
ngofmini
ster
ialcommi
tt
eeon
9.Document
ati
on methodol
ogy

 Thi
sisdonebyt
hehos
tcount
ry.  I
tdeci
desonmet hodstobeus
edi
n
i
mplement
ingdecisi
ons
.
1
0.Deci
sionmaki
ng
6.Meetingoft hes tandi
ngmi ni
s t
eri
al
 Itisdonebyconsensust
opromot
e commi t
te eo ne conomicco-operat
ion
sol
idar
it
yandunit
y.
 Tos t
rengt henSout h-
SouthCo-
Ai
msofvariousNon-
Ali
gnedMovement operativeandact i
vatediscussi
ons
meet
ings betweendevel opmentand
developingcount r
ies.
1
. Conferenceofheadsofs
tat
eand 7.Mini
ster
ialmeetingsi
nvariousf
iel
dsof
government i
nter
nationalco-
operat
ion

 Ithas2commi t
tees-1forpol
it
ical  Theydiscus
sdifferentis
suese.
g.
and1foreconomicis
s ues. i
nfor
mati
on,agricult
ureetc.
 Itmeetsevery3years. 8.Extr
aordi
narymeetingsoftheco-
coordi
nati
ngBureau.
2.Mi
nis
ter
ialconf
erence
 Theyaddr essexcepti
onalcas
est hat
 I
trevi
ewsdevelopmentand callf
orurgentattenti
on.
i
mplementat
ionofdeci
sionsofAi
ms
ofNon-
Ali
gnedMovement 9.Meeti
ngsoft hewor ki
nggroups,task
f
orces,contactgroupsandcommi tt
ees.

 Theymakecont
ri
but
ionst
oNon-
Ali
gnedmovement
3.Minis
ter
ialmeet
ingi
nNewYorkdur
inga
sessi
onofUnit
edNati
onGener
al
Assembly.

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8. 8th Summit–Harar
e1986
 Itdis
cussedinIndependencef
or
Gr
owt
hofNon-
Ali
gnedmovement Namibi
aandaparthei
dinSouth
Af
ri
ca.
s
t
1
.1 s
ummi
t–Bel
grade-
1961 Othersummi t
sinthator derfol
lowedlater
discus
singandemphas izingont heissues
 I
twasat
tendedby25countri
es. alr
eadydi scussed.
 I
tai
medatprevent
ingnucl
earwar. Theyincluded:Belgrade- 1989,Jakart
a-
1992,CartagenadeI ndi
a- 1995,Durban-
2. 2nd Summi
t–Cai
ro-
1964 1998andKual aLumpur- 2003.

 I
tfocus
edonpr oblemsofmember Hownon-Ali
gnedmembers
tat
ess
afeguar
d
s
tatesaft
ercol
oniali
sm thei
rnat
ionals
ecur
it
y.

3. 3rd Summi
t-Lus
aka-
1970 1. Bykeepi ngof ff
rom confli
ctsofnon-
ali
gnedmember s.
 Itdis
cussedpeace,i
ndependence, 2.Bymai ntainingtheirsoverei
gnty/
co-oper
ationanddemocrat
izat
ion. independence.
3.Bymai ntainingtheireconomic
4. 4th Summi
t–Al
gier
s1973 independence.
4.Bynoti dent i
fyi
ngwi theit
her
 I
tai
medateconomi
cpr
omot
ioni
n communi sm orcapi tal
ism.
members
tat
es. 5.Bymai ntainingtheircult
urali
denti
ty.
6.Bynotj oiningmi l
it
aryalli
ances
5. 5th Summi
t–Col
ombo-
1976 NATO/ WARSAW PACT.

 Itdi
scuss
edtheli
berat
ionof Achi
evement
sofNon-
Ali
gnedMovement
ZimbabweandNamibiaand
aboli
ti
onofApar
thei
dinSouth 1.Ithaspr ovidedi nternationalforum
Afri
ca. wher emember scans peakwi thone
voice.
6. 6th Summi
t-Havana-
1979 2.Ithasencour agedmember stoput
forwardt heirnat ionalint eres
tsbef or
e
 I
tdiscus
sedenemi esofNon- thoseoft hebl ocs .
Ali
gnedMovemente. g. 3.Ithasenabl esmembercount ri
esto
imperi
ali
sm,coloni
ali
sm, exertthei rvotingpower/i nf
luencein
neocol
onial
ism et
c. wor l
daf f
ai r
s.
4.Ithass peededupat tainingof
7. 7th Summi
t-NewDel
hi-
1983 independencef ort hosecount riesthat
wer estillundercol onialism.
 I
tdis
cus
sedpeace,nucl
ear 5.Ithaspr omot edpeaceands ecurit
yby
di
sar
mament
,etc. encouragi ngmembers tatestoobs erve
neutral
ityi ns uperpowerconf li
ct.
6.Ithaspl ayedakeyr olei ndisarmament

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bycondemni ngthearmsr ace. cooper at
ion.
7.Ithaspr omotedthecreationofanew 1
2.Itl
acksaSecr et
ari
atandthismakesthe
inter
nationaleconomicorderby coordinati
onofvariousact
ivi
ti
esdif
fi
cul
t.
encouragingmembercount ri
estotrade 1
3.Shortageoffundsduet opovertyof
withanyoft he2s uperpowerbl ock/ somemembers tat
e,hencenotableto
fi
nancialassist
ancefr
om bot hpower remittheirsubscri
pti
onsont i
me.
blocs.
8.Ithasgivenf undstotheneedy COLDWAR
countri
est hroughafund,createdto
addressdemandi ngcircumstances.  Aftert heWor l
dWar2,unt i
edSt atesof
Amer icaandUSSRemer gedaswor l
d
Pr
obl
emsofNon-
Ali
gnedMovement superpower s.
 Duet oi deologicaldi f
fer
ences ,mi s trust
1.I thast oomanymember s- 116by2004.ands us pici
onemer gedbet weent hem.
2.I tlacksanar myt oenf or cei tsdeci sions
 USSRf ear edt hatUSAwoul dbombher
3.Pol i
ticali ns tabili
tyi ns omemember theways hehadbombedJapan.
states ,henceaf fectingt heircont r
ibution
 USAandheral l
iest henadopt ed
tot hemovement . capitalism whi chr eferstopr oduct ion
4.Di fferenc esovert erritorialboundar i
es .
bas edonpr ivat
eowner s hipofpr oper ty.
5.Mos toft hemember shaveweak  USSRandheral li
esadopt ed
economi cs ,hencedi ff
icul tfort hem t o
communi sm whicheducat esforcl ass es
meett hei robl igations . societyandmeansofpr oductioni s
6.Somemember s ’interes ts( nat ional)ownedbyt hecommuni ty.
haveconf lictedwi t
ht heNon- ali
gned
 Eachs idet henwentoutt ospreadi ts
movement system
7.Per sonaldi fferenceshaveal s
o
 Bot ht ri
edt os t
opt hes pr eadofeach
devel oped.
other’si deologies.
8.Member s hipt oot heror gani zat i
onshas
 Thiski ndofcol dr el
ationsbet weent he
affect edt heNon- al
ignedmovement .
twos i
desi swhatcamet ober ef
er redt o
9.Di fferenc esnotr elatedt ot heNon-
ast hecol dwar .
ali
gnedmovementpr i
nci pleshav e
emer gede. g.dur i
ngCol omboSummi t-
Weaponsus ed
June1 978- Sever alAr abs tateswer e
keenons eei ngEgyptexpel ledf r
om t he 1 . WordsandPr opaganda
Non- alignedmovementbecaus eshehad 2.Us eofvetopower .
signedas epar at epeacet reat ywith 3.Spi r
itofnonco-operation.
Israel .Thi swasnotwi thint heNon- 4.Economi csancti
ons/Embar go
ali
gnedMovementpr i
nci plesbecaus e 5.Power stoprovidefinancialaidto
thet wocount r
iesdi dnots i
gnt het r
eat y enemiesoftheoppos ingbl oc.
witht hes uperpower s. 6.Mi l
itar
yaidtoenemi esoft heopposit
e
10.Break- upofSovi etUni onandendof si
de.
coldwarast her ivalry
s ubs idedhencedes tabilizest he Causes
mov’ t.
11
.I deol ogi caldi ff
er encesbet weenmember 1 . Occupati
onofEas t
ernEur opebyt he
-Stat es ,henceweakenedt hei r SovietUni
onc ausedfe aramo ngUSA
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andi tsal li
esi nWes t
er nEur ope.
2.Di sagr eementbet weenUSSRandUSA  USs ecr
etar
y,Geor geMar shal
,sai
d
overt her educt ionofar ms . thatUSwoul das si
sttheeconomic
3.Thei deol ogicaldi ff
er encepur suedby recover
yofEur opes olongasthe
USAandUSSRcr eat edmi strus t/ stat
escouldco- operate
sus picionamongt hem,l eadingt o  Thiswasreject
edbyRus s
ia.
hos til
ity.
4.Thedomi nat i
onoft heUNbyUSAand COMI
NFORM &COMECON
heral l
ieswascheckedbyUSSRt hrough
theus eofhervet opower ,thus  Commi tinformat i
onBur eau( COMI FORM)
incr eas ingt ens i
on. wases tabl
ishedbySt al
int ocount eract
5.Thei nvol vementofbot hUSSRandUSA USeconomi cprogr ammes .
inEur opeanconf l
ictsi nt hel at e1940s  Itwast oco- or
dinatethewor kofthe
creat edt ens i
onamongt hem. EuropeanCommuni stpartiesand
6.Amer ica’ sMar shal lplant orevi ve enforceideologiesconformi t
y.
Eur opeaneconomi esaf tert hewarmade  Heal sosetupt heCounci lforMut ual
USSRt ocount eractbyf ormi ngas imil
ar Economi cAs si
stance(COMECON)whi ch
one/Communi stI nformat ionBur eau wast oachievewhatt heMar shallpl
an
(COMECON) ,thusenhanci ngt ens i
on. wast odo.
7.For mat ionofmi litaryal li
ancesl i
keNATO  Ithoweverf ail
edbecaus et heRus si
an
byUSAandheral liesl edt oUSSRand economywasweak.
heral l
iest ofor m as imi l
aral liance/
WARSAW PACT,t husi ntens ifyingthe NATO&WARSAW PACT
rivalry.
8.Cons truct i
onoft heBer l
inwal  Nort
lbyUSSRhAt l
ant i
cTr eatyOr ganizat
ion
inGer manyt obl ockWes t
erni nf
l(NATO)wases
uence tabli
s hedi nApr i
l1949.
ledt oi ncreas edt ens ion.  Itwases tablis
hedasanal li
anceagai nst
9.Di f
ferenc esovert hes tatusofGer anyfor
many m ofaggr ession.
aftert heWW2.  ThiswasbyBr i
tain,F rance,andBel gi
um
etc.
Course  Thes ovietthens i
gnedt heWar sawpact
inPolandon1 4/05/ 1995wi t
hEas t
Aft
ert heWor l
dWar2,Rus si
aandheral l
ies Germanyands ixot herpower s.
remaineds t
rongwhi l
etheiropponents
 Thisintens i
fi
edt hecol dwar .
wereweak.
 Germanywasal sodi videdi nto2Eas t
1. Tr
umanDoct ri
ne andWes t,withRus s iaCo- operatingwi t
h
East.
I nMarch1947,theUSPr esi
dent  Thetwobecamecompl etely
Harr
yTr umancameupwi t
h‘Truman indepen dent ofeacho the r
.
Doctr
ine’whichs t
atedthat
USAwasr eadyt oassi
stanypeople COLDWARI NASI A
fi
ght
ingagainstoppressi
on.
 Russiahel pedMaoTs e- Tungandhi s
Communi stpartyt ogai npoweri nChi na
2.Mar s
halplan in1949.

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 Koreawasoccupi edi nt heSout hby 2.Theywer enotf amili

arwi t
ht het err
ain.
Amer icaandRus s iai nNor th. 3.Thel ocalpeopl ei ntheSout hf ought
 I
n1 948,Amer icadecl aredSout hKor ea alongs idet heVietcong,ast heyhad
ani ndependents tat e,asRus si
adi dt he beenpr omi sedlandr eformsaf terthe
samef ort heNor th. war .
 25/06/ 1950,Nor thi nvadedt heSout hin 4.TheVi etcongr eceivedmi li
tar y
abi dt or e-uni tet het wobyf orce. assistancef r
om theNor t
h,Chi naand
 Thet wos i
desal sos uppor teddi ff
erent USSR.
l
eader s hipsinVi et nam andAf ghani st
an. 5.SouthVi etnames ehat edUSs oldier
sas
 As ect ionoft heAf ghanAr my,wi th theywer ef orei
gner s.
suppor tofUSSRover thr ewt he 6.Publicopi nioni ntheUSwasagai nstt
he
gover nmenti n1 978,bef ores endingher warduet ot hecos tsi
nvolved
troopst her ei nDecember1 979.
 USAas s ist
edt heAf ghanMus l
im
guer ill
ascal l
edMuj ahedeen( holy Eas
ingoft
hewar
war riors ).
1. USSRunderNi kitaKhr ushchevwhot ook
 I
nLat inAmer icawehadt heCuban
overaf terSt al
in’
sdeat hin1953was
Mi s
s ileCr i
sis,whenF idelCas tr
o
mor ef lexi ble.
over thr ewt he25- yearol ddi ctatorship
2.Negot i
at ionsbet weent hes uperpowers
ofF ulgenci oBat is ta-bl oc.
tor educear mse. g.SALT- 1972,START–
 By1 960,t her elat ionbet weenCas tr
ol
1991.
andUSAbecames ourwhent hef ormer
3.Li ber alpol i
ciesintroducedby
startednat i
onal izingUSoi lr efi
ner i
es
Gor bachev,i nwhi chheopenedupt o
ands ugari ndus tr i
esonehI s l
and.
theWes t
.
 USt heni mpos edembar goonCuba. 4.F allofcommuni s
tr uleinEas ter
nEurope
 1962,s hewasexpel ledf rom Amer i
can andus her inginoft heWes t
ern
statesor ganizat i
on. democr acies .
 Rus siat hens tar tedanucl ear 5.Rol epl ayedbyRonal dReaganofUSAby
progr ammei nCubai nMay1 962. encour agi ngpeacet al
kswi thRussi
a.
 I
nAf rica,emper orHai le-Sel assiewas 6.Suppor tofRus s i
af ortheGul fwarof
over thr ownbyMengi s toHei l
e-Mar i
am in 1991.
1974 7.Ri char dNi xonmadeaf ri
endlymove
 Mar iam wass uppor tedbyUSSR withUSSRbyvi si
tingBei j
ing–China
 Angol abecamei ndependenton1 1/1 1/ andMos cow-Rus s i
ai n1972.
1975wi ths uppor tfrom USSR 8.Thedi ss olutionoft heWar sawPact.
 Whendi sagreements tartedoverwhi ch 9.Uni ficationofGer manyi n1991.
partywast olead,USAs uppor t
edt he
rebel sunderJonasSavi mbiwhi leCuba Ef
fect
sofcol
dwar
suppor tedt hegover nment .
1.I
tunder minedinter
nat
ionalpeaceand
WhyAmericansweredef
eatedi
nVi
etnam secur
ity
Wardur
ingthecoldwarera. 2.Hosti
li
ty,suspi
cionandmi st
rust
devel
opedamongnat i
ons
1
. TheVi
etcongappl
iedguer
il
lat
act
ics
. 3.I
tledtot hedevelopmentofs ci
enceand

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technol ogy I
tai
ms
4.As er i
esofact ualwar st ookpl aceegi n
Kor ea,Angol aandVi etnam. 1. Touni tepeopl esofAf ri
canorigi
nt ofr
ee
5.I tledt ot hefor mationofmi l
itaryand thems elvesf rom s oci
aldiscri
minati
on&
economi calli
ancese. g.NATO- 1
949, colonialr ul
e.
COMECON- 1949et c. 2.Tochal lengei deol ogi
calsupremacyof
6.I tledt os preadofcapi talism and theWhi t es.
communi s mt odifferentpar tsoft he 3.Toi mproveAf ricancondi t
ionsinthe
wor ld. DiasporaandAf rica.
7.F ormat ionofAf r
o-As ianbl oct hat 4.Tor estor edigni t
yofbl ackpeople
adopt edt heNon- ali
gnedmovement . 5.Tocr eateaf or um t ochannelAfri
can
8.I tledt ocoupsandcount ercoupsi n3rd grievances .
wor ldcount ri
esl eadingt ot her iseof 6.Tof i
ghtneo- coloniali
smi nAfri
ca.
dictatorsl i
keSes s eSekoMobut u. 7.Tos ecur eindependencef orallAfri
can
9.Outoff earofbei ngdomi natedbyt he states.
other ,thesepower ses tablishedmi li
tar
y
bas esindi ff
erentpar tsoft hewor ld. F
act
orsf
ori
tsr
ise.
10.Itledt oeconomi cs t
agnat ionduet o
1. Slavet radeands laverywhi chmadet he
mi l
itarys pendingi nmanuf act uring
Afri
canst osuf f
ers eri
ous l
y.
weapons ,ands pyingact i
vities.
2.Col onialismi nAf r
icawher eAf ri
cans
wer es ubjectedt omanyi ll
se. g.forced
l
abour .
3.Raci smi ntheNewWor l
dal sopr omot ed
Pan-Af ri
canism
4.Eur opeani mper i
alismint hel ate19th
CO-OPERATI ONI NAF RICA Cent ury.
5.React i
onbyeducat edBl acksi nthe
 I twasbecaus eofcol oni al
ism oft he Amer i
casagai nstr aci
stclaimsby
Afri
cansbyf oreigner st hattrigger edthe Europ ean sthat Af
ricansw er
edes ti
ned
needf orCo- oper ation. tos l
aver y.
 Thi siss eeni nPan- Africani
s m,
organizationofAf ricanUni t
y I
tsdevel opment
(OAU- AU),E.A.C.,ECOWAS,COMESAet c.
 Someoft heleadingPan- Afri
canis t
s
i
ncluded:Mar cusMozi ahGar vey, W.E.B.
Pan-Afri
canis m
DuBoi s,BookerT.Was hington,and
 Thi swasamovementt hatstarted G eorgeP admo re(n on-Afr
icans )Dr.
outsideAf ri
caandai medatuni t
ingal l KwameNkr umah,Leopol dSenghoSedar ,
peoplesofAf ri
candes centallovert he J.E.
K .A ggrey, Hai
leS elassie,J omo
world. Kenyat ta,JuliusNyer ere,KamuzuBanda,
 I tsorigi
ni sclosel yas s oci
atedwi tht he Dr Na md iAzikiwe, Blai
seDi agne
Trans -
AtlanticSlaveTr ade,t hrough (Afri
cans )
whichAf ricanswer et akenout si
det he
continentass l
aves . MarcusGar vey- 1887-1940–Jamai ca(Wes t
I
ndies )

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sabokemicah@gmai
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com

o Hehadexper ienceds uf
feringasa
youngboybecaus ehewasbl ack,which Wi l
liam Edwar dBur ghar dt-
Maus sachussets.
madehi m bedes pisedasadomes tic
servantandpl antati
onl abour . (W.E.B.DuBoi s-1868- 1
963)
o 191
6,hewentt oUnit edSt atesof 1. HeWasapr ofes sorinHi s
t or
y,
Amer ica,wher ehef ormedt heUni versal economi csands ociologyandwasal soa
Negr oI mprovementAs sociati
on( UNIA). journali
st
2.I n1905,hees tablishedNi agara
UNI
A’SAi ms Movementt opr otectagai nstraci
al
1. As sistandupl if
ttheci vili
zat i
onof discri
mination
Africancommuni ties. 3.H ea dvocat
e dforhi ghereducat i
onf or
2.Cr eat eauni form anduni tedAf r
ican capableblacks ,whom hecal led
peopl e. “talent
e dtenth ”
3.Es tablishacent r
alnat ionf orblack 4.I n1900,hej ointl
ywi thother s,f
ormed
race. N at
ionalA ssociat
ionf orthe
4.Es tablishacademi csforAf r i
can Advancementofcol ouredpeopl es
children. (NA ACP).
5.Pr omot eAfricancul t
ures . 5.Heor ganizedPan- Afri
cancongr esses.
6.Heal sofoundedt heAf ri
canOr hodox 6.I
t n1961,hewentt oGhana.
Chur ch
7.Headvocat edf or‘returntoAf r
ica’ Pan-
Afr
icanConf
erences-
1900-
1945
policy  Themeetings /
conf
erences/congr
esses
8.Mobi li
zedf undsf orAfricanbus i
nes s wereorganizedbytheAf r
ican
e.g.es tabl
ishingSt arl
ines hi
pping Associ
ati
onf ormedinLondonbybl ack
company. l
eaders.
9.Hewast henconvi ctedf orfr
audand
impr is
onedf or5year s,butr el
eas ed s
1t
Congr
ess-
1900
after2year s.
10.Hewast henr epatriat
edt oJamai ca  I
twasheldatLondon
wher ehedi edi n1940,l eavi
ng  I
twasmainl
yorganizedbySylves
ter
behi nds omeofhi ss l
ogansl i
ke Wil
li
ams
,lawyerfr
om Tri
nidad.
‘blackisbeaut i
ful
’.
I
tobj ecti
ves
BookerT.Was hington-1856- 1
91 5-Souther
n
USA 1. Untieallpeopl eofAf r
icanori
gininthe
wor l
d.
1. Hehasadegr eei nagricul
tur e 2.EndEur opeancol onizati
onand
2.Hes tar
tedt heTus kegeeI ns t
itutein exploit
ati
onofAf r
icans .
Alabama,wher ehet rainedbl acksin 3.Es tabli
shrelationsbet weenEuropeans
i
ndus tr
ialandagr icul
turals ki
lls. andAf ri
cans.
3.F oundedt heNat ionalNegr oBus i
ness 4.Pr omot eAfricaneconomyt hr
oughfull
League( NNBL)whi chtaughtvi rtuesof ri
ghtsands ecurit
y
businessdevel opmentt othebl acksin
UnitedStatesofAmer ica. I
ssuesdi scussed
4.Hes upportedAf ri
caneducat i
on.
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1. Livi
ngcondi t
ionsofblacksinthewor d 5th Congr
l ess- 1
945
2.Humanr ightsviol
ati
oni nSouthAfrica.
3.Raci aldi
scriminat
ionagainstAfr
icansi n  Hel dinManches ter
thewor l
d.
1. OrganizedbyAf r
icansinAfri
ca.
nd
2 congr ess- 1
919. 2.Repr esentati
vesfrom outs
idewere
absent.
OrganizedbyDuBoi s. 3.ManyAf ri
canTradeUni onswere
repres
ented.

Obj
ect
ives I
tsr
esol
uti
on

1. Afri
canAmer i
cantroopsstat
ionedin 1
. Afri
canss houl
dconc entrateonwi nning
Francedur i
ngt heWor l
dWar1wer et o polit
icalpowerthroughn on-vi
olent
bei nvesti
gated. means .
2.Tor epresenttheinter
estsoftheblacks 2.A f
ri
canintell
ect
ualss houldorganizet he
atthei mpendingpeaceconferenceafter Afri
canst ofi
ghtforpolit
icall
iberati
on.
thewor ldwar1 . 3.I
t pleadedforAfr
icanU nity,changeo f
theboundar i
esimpos edbyEur opeans .
Res
olut
ionspas
sed
I
tsimport
ancei
ntheHi
stor
yofPan-
1. Therewasus eofinter
nationallawsto Af
ri
canis
m.
protectAfr
icans.
2.Af ri
canlandbeownedbyAf ricans. 1.Itwasat tendedbyAf rican
3.Expl oi
tat
ionofAf r
icansbes topped. repres entat i
vese. g.JomoKenyat ta
4.Sl averyandcapitalpunis
hmentbe 2.TheAf r i
canr epresent ativesmadegr eat
stopped. contributionsanddi s cus sedi ssues
5.Af ri
canstoenj oyright
stoeducat ion. relat
edt opol i
ti
calandeconomi cs tatus
ofAfricansi nAf r
ica.
3.TheAf r i
canr epresent ativesagr eedt hat
theywoul dgobackt oAf r
icaandl ead
theircount ri
est oindependence.
4.Thecongr esscal l
edf ori mmedi ate
3rd Congr
ess
-1923
decoloni zat i
onofAf ricaandul ti
mat e
 HeldinLondonandLis
bon unifi
cat i
onofi ndependentAf r
icans tates
.
st
 Backedtheresol
uti he2nd
onoft 5.Itwass ugges t
edf ort he1 timet hatif
Congress. thecol oni alpower swer enotr eadyt o
giveindependencewi ll
ingly,forcewoul d
4th congr
ess-
1927 beus ed.
6.Theconf er enceexpr es sedt hatbef ore
 Hel
dinNewYor k long,t hepeopl esofAs iaandAf r
ica
 Mai
nlyat
tendedbyAfr
icanAmeri
cans
. woul dhavebr okent hechai nsof
 Ai
medatuplif
ti
ngthestandar
dsof colonialism.
Af
ri
canAmer i
cans
. 7.Theconf er encemadedemandf or
univers als uff
rageandcondemned
Europeancapi tal
ism.
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Af
ri
cansast heythoughttheywere
t
h
The6 onewasr ef
err
edtoasthe privi
leged.
Casabl
ancagroupcompris
ingofGhana, 8.Af ri
cahadmor einternalpr
ess
ing
Gui
nea,MaliandEgypt. pr
obl emst owhichtheypaidmore
attention.
RolesofKwameNkr
umahi
nPan-
Afr
icani
sm Aft
er1945,thefol
lowi
ngi
deashel
pedt
he
spreadofPan-Af
ri
cani
sm:

1
.Increas
edAf ri
canNat
ional
ism af
ter
1
. Heat
tendedPan-Af
ri
canConf
erence
i
nManchesteri
n1945. WorldWarIIandthesupportbyU.S.A,
U.
NandU. S.S.
Rinfi
ghti
ngforpolit
ical
2.Heorganized/boos
tedPan-
Afr
ican i
ndependence
Conf
erencei nAccrai
n1958.
2.Unitybroughtby1945congr essat
3.Hei
nspi
redAf
ri
canl
eader
stouni
te.
Manches t
erinwhi chmajori
tydelegates
4.Heencouragedthefor
mat
ionof camef rom Afr
icaaft
erbeinginspir
edby
nat
ional
istmovements
. otherstojointhePan-Afr
icanmovement
5.Hecoor
dinat
edpl anst
odecoloni
ze e.g.LeopoldSenghor,JomoKenyat ta.
WestAf
ri
cans t
ates/Af
ri
canst
ates.
3.Att
ainmentofpoli
ticali
ndependenceof
6.Hesuppor
tedbl
ackci
vilr
ight
s I
ndiain1945,Pakistanin1948and
movementint
heUSA. Myanmar( Burma)in1948t husservi
ng
tomotivat
et heAfr
icanNational
ist
7.Hecondemnedt
heEuropean
domi
nati
oninAf
ri
ca. 4.Reducedr oleofAfro-Amer i
canssuchas
WhyPan- Afri
canmovementwasnotact ive Geor gePadmor easgover nmentof
i
nAf r
icabefore1 945. U.S.At r
iedtocontainUSSRandher
i
deol ogyduringthecoldwar .
1.Afr
icansint hemovementwer efewand
l
ivi
ngout si
det hecont i
nent. 5.Attai
nmentofi ndependenceofGhanai n
2.Colonialharas smentastheywere 1957i nspi
redotherAfricanstat
esto
opposedtocol oniali
sm cr
ippl
edtheeff
ort
f
ightf orli
berat
ionratherthanfor
bythe
Pan-Af
ricanists bettermentoftermsf orAfri
cans
3.Us eofdivideandrulepol
icybyt he
coloni
algovernments
Achi
evement
sofPan-
Afr
icani
sm
4.Lackofvenuet ohol dmeet i
ngst o
spreadtheiri
deasofPan- Af
ricanism. 1.I
tpromot edthes pir
itoftogetherness
5.Lackofmeansofcommuni cati
ont opas
s amongAf ri
cansalloverthewor l
d.
ideas/Machinery. 2.I
tgavemor alsupporttotheAf r
ican
6.Li t
tl
eattenti
ongivenbythet wo nat
ionali
stsduringthes t
rugglefor
independentcountr
ies. i
ndependence.
7.Pol i
cyofas s
imi
lati
onbli
ndedt he 3.I
tprovidedaf orum forAf
ricansto
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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com
di
scus
scommonmat t
ers
. 4.Topr omot es ocial,economi cand
4.I
tledtot
hees
tabl
ishmentofOAU. politi
calcooper ationi nAf ri
cai nor derto
uplif
tt hel ivings t
andar dsoft hepeopl e.
Challengesf acedbyPan- Africanism 5.Touphol dt hepol icyofnon- ali
gnmenti n
internat i
onalaf f
airs.
1. Somel eadersdi s agreedons t
rategiesof 6.Tor ecogni ze/r espectt het erri
tori
al/
uplift
ingt hewel fareofpeopl eofAf rican sover eigntyofmembers tates .
origin. 7.Topr omot epeacef uls et tlementof
2.ManyEur opeangr oupsf oughtand discor dsamongmembers tates.
res i
stedt hePan- Afri
cani sm.
3.Itl ackedmaj or i
typar ti
cipat i
onby I
tspr inciples
Africansasmos toft hem wer estil
l
undercol onialism. 1. Recogni t
ionoft hes over ei gnequal ityof
4.ManyPan- Africani sm pr ojectsfail
eddue members tat es
tol ackofs ki
llsandf inanci albackup 2.Non- interfer encei ni nter nalaf f
airsof
5.Illit
er acyandi gnor ance members tat es.
6.Af ter1 960’ sthemov ementwas 3.Res pectf ors overei gnandt errit
or i
al
res tr
ictedt ot heAf ri
cancont inent. integrityofmembers t
at es .
7.Af teri ndependence,di visionsaros e,e.g.4.Peacef uls et tlementofdi sput es
amongt heF rancophoneand 5.Condemnat ionofpol i
ticalas sassinati
ons.
Angl ophone. 6.I ndependencef ort er ri
t oriesunder
8.Eur opeanpower sexpl oitedt heir colonialism
domi nat i
onofi nter nationalmedi at o 7.Adher et onon- ali
gnment .
wat erdownt hei mpor tanceofPan-
Africanism. I
tss tructure

I
nspi
teofallt
hes
e,conf
erenceswer
ehel
d 1
. Assembl
yofHeadsofs
tat
eand
t
os t
rengt
henthemovement. gover
nment

ORGANI
ZATI
ONOFAF
RICANUNI
TY(
OAU)  Coordinatedthepoli
ciesandrevi
ewed
thestructur
esoftheor gani
zat
ion
 May1 963,f
oreignmini
ster
sof32  Resoluti
onswer epassedby2/3major
ity
Afri
canStat
esmeti nAddisAbaba- vote.
Ethi
opiatopreparetheagendaf
orthe
headsmeeting 2.Counci
lofmi
nis
ter
s
 OAUwasbor ndur i
ngthismeeti
ng.
 I
tdiscussedurgentandimportant
I
tschar
ter
’sobj
ect
ives/Ai
ms matters.
1. Topr omotecontinentalunit
yamong  I
tpreparedagendaofmeet i
ngsofHeads
members t
ates. ofStatesandgovernments.
2.Toer adi
catecoloniali
sm ofallki
ndsin  I
timplementeddecisi
onsmadeby
Afr
ica. meetingofHeadsofStatesand
3.Topr omoteHumanRi ghtsinAf r
ican Governments.
countri
esinlinewi ththeUNchar t
er/  I
tpreparedbudgetofOAUf orapproval
Abidebyt heUNchar ter
. byHeadsofSt at
esandGover nments.

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6.Af ricanCi vilAvi ationCommi ssi
on
3.Secr etariat (AF CAC)
7.Pan- Af ricanNewsAgency( PANA)
 I twasheadedbySecr etary 8.Supr emeCounci lofs portsinAf ri
ca.
Gener alel ectedbyt heAs s embl y 9.Uni onofAf ri
canRai lways
on4yeart erm e. g.Itdi dt he 10.Or gani zat ionofAf ricanTr adeUni on
paperwor k. (OATU)
11.Uni onofAf ri
canNat ionalTel evisi
on&
1. Ki fleWodaj o–Et hiopia- 1963- 1964. Radi oOr gani zat i
on( URTNA)
2.Di al l
oTel l
iBonbaker–Gui nea 12.O rga n iza tiono f AfricanUni ver s
iti
es( AAU)
1964- 1
972 13.Uni onofAf ri
canJour nali
sts(AUJ)
3.NzoEkangaki -Camer oon- 1972-
1974 I
t sachi evement s
4.Et ekiMboumona–Camer oon1 974
-1978 1.I tenabl edAf r i
canpeopl et os peakwi t
h
5.Edem Kodj o–Togo1 978- 1983 o nev o icei nI nte r
n ational me eti
ng s.
6.Pet erOuu-Ni ger ia1983- 1985 2.I ts uppor tedl iber at i
onmovement sfor
7.I deOumar ou–Ni ger- 1985- 1989 A f
ric ans tates .
8.Sal i
m AhmedSal im –Tanz ani a 3.I ts olvedbor derdi s putes.
1989- 2002 4.I tpr ovi dedf undsf oract i
vit
iesi nAfrica
throught heADB- Af ri
canDevel opment
Bank,Af ricanI nves t
mentBank .
 Depar tment soft hes ecret ariat 5 .Itp ro vid e df rien dsh ipa mo ngme mber
wer epol it
ical,finance,educat ion, stat est hr oughconf erences .
science,cul t
ur eands ocialaf fairs, 6 .Itp ro vid e dma terial suppo r
t forrefugees
economi cdev elopmentand inAf rica.
cooper at
ion,admi nistrationand 7.I tcondemnedvi olationofHumanRi ghts.
conf er ence. 8 .Itp ro vid e daf o rum for Afr
ican
IndependentSt atest odi scus scommon
5.Commi s sionf ormedi at i
on,conci liation issu e s.
andar bitration 9.I tpr omot edeconomi candt echnical
cooper at ioni nAf rica.
 I tset t
leddi sputesbet weenmember s. 1 0.Itpr omot edcul turaldevel opmentand
exchange
I
tss pecializedagenci es
I
t schal lenges
1. Liberat i
oncommi t
teewhi chcoor dinat ed
theact ivitiesoft heor gani zat i
onwi t
hi n 1 . Pol i
t i
cali ns tabi l
ityi ns omeoft he
Afri
ca. me mb e r s tates.
2.Economi c&s ocialcommi ssionwhi ch 2.Bor derdi scor dsbet weenmember
handl edi s suesr elatedt oeconomi c& stat esw h ichs trai
n sr elati
ons .
socialdevel opment . 3.Per s onaldi ff
er encesbet weenAf r
ican
3.Commi s siononeducat ion,s cienceand lead e rs .
culture. 4.I nter fer encebymaj orpower sinAf ri
can
4.Def ens ecommi ss i
on affairs .
5.Conf erenceofAf r i
canTr adeMi nis ters 5.Neo- Col oni ali
s m ass omemember ss t
il
l
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leanont heircolonialmas ters. 1. Toachi evegr eateruni tyands oli
dar i
ty
6.I nadequat efinancet oruni tsactivit
ies. i
nAf rica.
7.Lackofar myt oenf orceit
sdeci sions . 2.Todef endi ndependenceofAf rican
8.Al l-
Afri
canpeopl eandnat ureoft he states .
organization. 3.Topr omot epol itical,s ocialand
9.I deologicaldiff
erences economi ci ntegrat i
onofAf rican.
10.Nationalism ass omemembers tates 4.Topr omot eanddef endAf ri
canCommon
gavepr iorit
yt othei rnat
ionalissues . pos it
ionsoni ssuesofi nteres t
.
11.Violati
onofHumanRi ght
sbyl eaders . 5.ToEncour agei nter nat i
onalco- oper at
ion.
12.Lackofc ontinui
ty-oneyeart ermt o 6.ToPr omot epeace,s ecur it
yands tabil
it
y
chairmans hip. i
nt hecont i
nent .
7.ToPr omot edemocr acyandgood
Af
ri
canUni
on(
AU) gover nance.
8.ToPr omot eandpr ot ecthumanand
 OAUheadsofs tatemetatSi r
te,Libya peopl e’ sr i
ght s
on9/ 9/1999,hos tedbyMuamarGadaf f
y 9.ToPr omot eneces sar ycondi ti
onsf or
ofLibya. Africanpar ti
cipationi ngl obaleconomy.
 Thiswast he‘ Si
r t
eDecl arati
on’which 10.ToPr omot es us tainabl edevel opmentt o
call
edf orthees tabl
ishmentofan i
nt egr atet heAf ricaneconomy.
Afri
canUni on. 11.Tol if
t/rais elivings tandar dsofAf r
icans.
 Anothers imil
armeet ingwashel dat 12.Tocoor dinateandhar moni zepol icies
Lomei nTogo- 2000,bef oreanotherone bet weent heexi s ti
ngandf ut urer egional
inLusaka-Zambi a,2001 . economi ccommuni tiest oachi evet he
-TheAUwast heni n2002atameet ing object ivesoft heuni on.
atDur ban–Sout hAf r
ica. 13.Toadvancet hedevel opmentoft he
Africancont i
nenti nSci enceand
Di
ff
erencesbet
ween Af
ri
canUni
on Technol ogy.
14.Toer adicat edi seas esandpr omot e
1. TheAUchal lengesthepr i
ncipleofnon- goodheal thi nt hecont inent .
i
nt erferenceemphas i
zedbyOAU
2.TheAUi sanambi tiousagendaof I
tss
truct
ure.
acc elerati
nggr owthander adicat
ing
pover tyunl ikeOAU. 1
. As
sembl
y
3.AUi sauni onofAf ri
canpeopl eunli
ke
OAUs eenasanor ganizationforAfri
can 1. Headsofs
tat
es
execut ives. 2.Meeteveryyear
4.AUhasanaccount abili
tymechani sm
whi chi nvolvespeerr eviewamongs t
statesunl ikeOAU
5.TheAUpr opos estoes tabli
shapeace Rol
es
ands ecuritycounci lwithas tanding
1.I
tdet
erminesthepolici
esoft
heunion.
Africanar mywhi chwasnotexi st
entin
2.I
tmakesdecis
ions
OAU.
3.I
tadmit
snewmember s
4.I
test
abli
shesnewor gans
I
tsobj
ect
ives
5.I
tmonit
orsimplementati
onofdeci
sions

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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6.I
tadoptsthebudgetoft heuni on. 5) PeaceandSecur
it
yCounci
l
7.I
tgivesdirect
ivestoexecutivecouncil
t
ores t
orepeace.  I
tcompri
s esof1
5member
s
8.I
thiresandf i
resjudgesforthecour tof  I
tmaint
ainspeace
j
ust
ice.
9.I
tappointschairper
son,viceandgi ves 6) Pan-
Afr
icanPar
li
ament
t
hem functi
ons .
 I
tensur
esci
vilpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nAU
2.Execut
iveCounci
l pr
ocess
.

I
tismadeupofF
orei
gnAf
fai
rsMi
nis
t s 7)
er Economi
c,s
oci
alandcul
tur
alcounci
l

Deal
swi
th  I
tgi
vesadvi
cet
otheUni
ononcul
tur
al
mat
ter
s.
1.F oreignt rade
2.Ener gy,i ndus tr
yandmi neralresources 8) Cour
tofj
ust
ice
3.F ood,agr i
culturalandani malresources
andf or est r
y.  I
trulesordeal
swi
thcont
inent
all
egal
4.Wat err es ourcesandi r
rigat
ion i
ssues.
5.Envi ronmentandhumani tar
ianrelief
.
6.Tr ans por tandcommuni cati
on F
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons
7.Ins urance
8.Educat ion,cul ture,healthandhuman  I
tpr ovidesfundi
ngforproj
ectsand
resour ces . programmest hr
oughAfr
icanCentral
9.Sci enceandt echnology Bank,Af ri
canMonetaryFund,Afr
ican
10.National ity,residenceandi mmi grati
on developmentBankandAf r
ican
11
.Soc i
als ecurity I
nves tmentBank.
3) Commi ssi
on
Speci
ali
zedagenci
es
 It’
sthes ecretari
at
 Ithasachai rperson,viceand8 1. Commi t
teeonRur alEconomyand
commi ssi
oner sands taff
. Agricult
uralmat ter
s .
 Itdealswi thadmi nist
rativeiss
ues . 2.Onmonet aryandf inancialaffair
s
 Itimplement st hedecis i
onsoft heUnion.3.Ont rade,customsandi mmi gration
 Itco-ordinatesAf ri
canUni onact i
vit
ies ma t
te r
s
 Itproces sesapplicati
onsf or 4.Oni ndus t
ry,scienceandt echnol ogy,
member ship. energ y,natur
a lresourcesa n d
 Itini
tiatespr oposalstobecons i
dered environment .
byot heror gans . 5.Tr ansport,communi cati
onandt ouris
m.
6.Heal th,laborands ocialaf
fairs
4) Per manentRepr esentati
ves 7.Educat ion,cultureandhumanr es ources
.
Commi
tt
ee
F
unct
ionsoft
hes
especi
ali
zedagenci
es
 I
tconsis
tsoftheambassador
stounion
1.I
tpreparesproj
ectsandprogr
ammes.
 I
tpreparesf
ortheexecuti
vecounci
l
2.I
tensuressupervi
sion,f
oll
ow-
upand

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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evaluati
onofi mpl ement at
ionofdecisi
on
3.Itensurescoor dinationand Areasofoper ati
on
harmoni zat
ionofpr oj ectsand
programmes . 1. Eas tAfr
icanRai l
waysandHar bors
4.Itreportsandr ecommendsont heuni
on. A dminist
ration
5.Itcarri
esoutf unct i
onsas signedtothem.2.Eas tAfr
icanpos tsand
telecommuni cati
onsadmi nist
rat
ion
Pr
oblemsi thasencount er eds inceit
s 3.A gri
cult
u r
a lr
esea r
c hservi
ces
f
ormationin2001 . 4.Medi calresearchs ervi
ces.

1. Politicalins tabi l
ity/ci vilwar sinmany
count riesmakesi tdi ffi
culttoexecut e I
tsobj ect i
ves
someofi tspr ogr ammes .
1. Topr omot et radei nt her egion
2.Bor der sdi sput esbet weenmember
2.Topr ovi
decommons ervicesi nt he
statescr eat esdi s uni tyi nthecont i
nent .
region
3.Lackofdemocr acyi ns omecount ries
3.Tof acili
tatef reemov ementofpeopl ein
hascont ri
but edt oi tsi nabi l
it
yt oend
ther egion
humanr ight sabus e/ violati
on.
4.Topr ovi
deaf orum fordi scus sionof
4.I nterferenceofAf ricanaf f
air
sbyt he
economi candpol i
ti
c alissues .
devel opedcount riesunder mi nest he
union’ sef for ttoi mpl ementi t
spol icies.
I
tss tr
uct ure
5.Duet oneocol oni alism,t hemember
statesar emor eat tachedt ot hei rfor mer 1. EastAf ricaAut hori
ty
coloni almas ter satt heexpens eoft he
union.  I tcompr i
sedoft he3headsofs tat
e.
6.I deologi caldi f
ferencesbet weens ome st
 The1 chai rmanwasNyer ere.
member ss tatescr eat esdi visionswi thi
n  I twast heSupr emeor ganoft he
theuni on,t husmaki ngi tdiff
icultt o communi ty.
reachatanagr eement .
7.Lackofas tandi ngar myr ender si t 2.Eas tAf ricaLegi sl
ati
veAs s embl y
ineffectivei ni mpl ement i
ngdeci sions
whi chcal lf ormi l
itar yi ntervent i
on.  I thad27member s ,3mi nis t
er sand
8.Nat i
onali nter estsar egi venpr iorityat
3as sistantmi nister s
,chai rman,
theexpens eoft heuni on’sint eres ts
s ecretar ygener alandcouns el.
9.I nadequat ef undsmakesi tdiffi
cul tfor
 I tenact edl awst ogover nt he
theuni ont of ulf
illal litsobl i
gat ions .
communi ty.
10.Dividedl oyal tybybel ongingt oot her
organi zations .
3.Secr etariat

 Secr
etarygeneralwast
hehead.
EASTAF
RICANCOMMUNI
TY  I
tdidtablework.

 I
twasmadeupofKenya,Tanzani
a& 4.Commonweal
thcounci
l
Uganda
 I
twasformedon06/
06/1967.  I
tdeal
twi
tht
radei
ssues
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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5.Thef eart hatt heKenyanswer e
5.Commonmar
ketcounci
l benef iti
ngf rom t hecommuni t
yint erms
ofempl oyment .
I
tdeal
twi
tht
radei
ssues
. 6.Hos ti
lityt owar dsnat ional sfrom member
states .
7.F inanci alcons trai ntsr es ul
tingf r
om
fail
urebymembers tatest or emitfunds
Speci
alCounci
lsofEas
tAf
ri
caCounci
l
tot heor gani zat i
on.
1
.F i
nanci
alcounci
l–Del
tawi
thf
inanci
al 8.Shor tageoff undsi nmanagi ngthe
matt
ers. Communi ty’
sr es our cesbymember
statesl edt ounl awf ulnat i
onal i
zati
onof
2.Communicat
ionsCounci
l–coor
dinat
ed theor gani zation’ sas set s.
cons
ult
ati
ons. 9.Tanzani a’scl os ur eoft hecommon
borderwi thKenyahal tedt he
communi ty’si nt er ests.
10.Nationali nter estsover shadowedt he
3.Economiccons
ult
ati
veandpl
anni
ng organi zation’ si nt eres t
s .
counci
l 11.Pers onalambi ti
onsbyt hel eaders.
12.Toomuchpowerwasves t
edi nt he
 Delt
awi t
hplanni
ngofpar
tner
sby handsoft heaut hor ityi e,headsoft he
consul
tat
ivemeans. threes tates .

4.Res
ear
chands
oci
alcounci
ls Rebi
rt
hoft
heEas
tAf
ri
caUni
on-
2001(
EAC)

 I
twasrebornon30/1
1/
1999byMkapa,
 Coor
dinat
edpol
ici
esofpar
tner
s.
Mus
eveniandMoi.
Reas
onswhyi
tcol
laps
ed/
Chal
lenges
.
St
agest
othei
nfor
mat
ionoft
henewEas
t
Af
ri
caUni
on
1. Unequaldi st
r i
butionofs er
vicesand
benef i
tsfrom t heor ganizationbyt he 1. 30/1 1/1 993,t he1st
meet ingbyt he3
members tatesmadeTanzani aand heads -Kampal a
UgandaenvyKenya’ smonopol yofthe 2.1 4/3/1 996- Secretariatwasl aunched
organization. –Arus ha
2.Ideol ogicaldi f
ferencesamongt het hree 3.1 9/1 1/1 996-Eas tAfricaBus ines s
members tatesmadet hem pur sue Counci lwasl aunched–Nai robi
dif
ferenteconomi cpol i
cies. 4.28/4/1 997- Agreement( Tr i
pent i
te)–to
3.Per sonaldi ff
er encesbet weenl eaders avoiddoubl et axati
on
l
ikeAmi nandNyer er emadei tdif
fi
cult 5.29/4/1 997-Eas tAf ri
caCo- operati
on
f
ort hem t ocal lmeet i
ngst hatwoul d Devel opments t
rategy,Eas tAf ri
caF l
ag
promot edi alogueanduni t
y. andEas tAfri
caPas s
por twer el aunched.
4.Thecoupt hatover threwObot eMi l
tonof 6.20/1 1/1 997,Memor andum Of
Ugandaunder minedt heuni tythatwas Under standingindef encewasagr eed.
desiredf orthes urvivalofthe 7.30/4/1 998,Tr eatyonE. A. C.
organization/pol i
ticalinstabil
ityin establishmentwasdr aft
ed.
Ugandaunder minedt heor ganizati
on. 8.26/5/98,Donor spl edged1 6m t ofund
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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theE. A.C.
9.30/5/1 998,t heydi scussedaboutt he 6.Eas
tAf
ri
canLegi
slat
iveAs
sembl
y
treatydr afted.
1
0.18/1 1/1 998,Def enceLi ai
sonuni tof a.Itpr
ovidesdemocr at
icf
orum f
or
E.A.C.wasl aunched. debate.
1
1.24/1 1/1 998,anagr eementt ocont r
ol b.Ital
sowat chesoveract
ivi
ti
esofthe
LakeVi ct oriaHyaci nth communi t
y.
wasr eac hed. 7.Secr
etari
at
1
2.22/1/1 999,compl eteddi scussi
ngt he
drafttreat yandmi ni st
er ssignedt he Iti
sheadedbyaSecr
etar
yGeneralwho
MOUonf oreignpol icycoor dinat
ion car
riesoutt
hef
oll
owi
ngduti
es:
1
3.27/1/1 999aSemi naronEas tAfricaCo
-operationwashel d 1.I
taut hori
zest heexpenditureonbehalfof
1
4.25- 26/8/1 999,t heydi scussedt he themember s.
issuesofdr afttreaty. 2.Ittakesmi nutesoftheCommuni ty’
s
1
5.30/1 1/1 999,t het reat ywasof f
iciall
y meet i
ngs .
signed. 3.Itkeepsr ecordsofthepr oceedi
ngs.
4.I ti
mpl ement sdeci
sionsadopt edbythe
St
ruct
ure Communi t
y’sSummi t.
5.I tpreparesagendaf orthemeet ings.
1
. TheSummi
t
Others peciali
zedagenci es
 I
tismadeupoft hepresident
sof
themembers t
ates. 1. Eas tAfricanDevel opment
 Theyprovidegeneraldi
recti
on 2.LakeVi ctori
aF isheri
esOr gani
zati
on
towar
dst hereali
zat
ionofthe (L.V.F.O)
Communi ty’
sgoals. 3.I nter-UniversityCounci lf
orEastAfri
ca
(IUCEA)co- ordinatesresearchofhigher
2.Counci
lofminis
t er
s educat ion.

 I
tist
hedeci
sionmaki
ngor
gan. F
ocusi
ssuesoft
hecommuni
ty

3.Coor
dinat
ingcommi
tt
ee 1. Liberalizati
onanddevel opmentoft rade
2.Inves tmentandi ndustr
ialdevelopment
 I tcoordinat
esacti
vit
iesofsecr
etaral 3.Moni
i toryaffair
s
commi ttees 4.D e velop ment ofregi
onalinfr
astruct
ure
ands ervice
4.Sectoralcommi tt
ee 5.D e velop mentofhumanr esources,
scienceandt echnology
 I tmakespr ogrammesandmoni t s 6.F
or acili
tatef r
eemovementofper sons,
them. l
a bo ran dse r
vicesetc.
7.Devel opmentofagr i
cul
ture
5.EastAfri
caCour tofJusti
ce 8.E n vi
ro nme ntma nagemen t
9.Devel opmentoft ourism
 I tenforcescommunity’
slaw. 10.I
mp rove ment ofheal
tha ndcultural
activi
ties
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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1
1.Promotewomen’swelf
are ECONOMICCOMMUNI
TYF
OWESTAF
RICAN
1
2.Poli
ti
calandl
egalaf
fai
rs STATES(
ECOWAS)
1
3.Promoti
onofpri
vatesect
or
 Wass
ignedi
nLagoson28/
5/1
975
Chal
lengesofEas
tAf
ri
canCommuni
ty-
2001
Obj
ect
ives
1. Suspi
cionamongs tstat
es .
2.Tanzani astilltaxesKenyangoodsi nto 1. Toli
berali
zetradebet weenmember
thecountry. st
ates.
3.Smuggl ingofgoodsacr ossthebor der. 2.Toi mproverelati
ons hipandmovement
4.Kenya’ sfishermenar efrequentl
y ofbetweenmembers t
ates.
arr
estedi nUgandaandTanzani a 3.Toi mproveli
vings tandar dsofmembers
5.Cat t
lerus t
lingacr ossthebor ders. 4.Tocr eatecustom unioni nt heregi
on.
6.Member shipt oot herorganizat
ions. 5.Topr omoteindus t
rialdevel opment
7.Ideologicaldi f
ferences. amongmember ss t
at es.
8.Nat i
onalpr ide. 6.Topr omotecul t
uralinteractionamong
members tat
es .
Achi
evement
sofEas
tAf
ri
caUni
on
Str
uctur e
1.Ithases tabl i
shedt heEas tAf rica
pas sportwhi chhasf acili
tatedmovement 1 . Author i
tyofHeadsofs tate/Headsof
ofEas tAfricanpeopl e. Gove rnme nts
2.Ithascr eat edaf or
um f orE. A.l eader sto
discus sis sues. -I
trulesovert heot heror gans.
3.Trans por tandcommuni cationnet work
hasbeeni mpr ovedt of acil
itate
movementofpeopl e&goods . 2.Counci lofmi ni
sters
4.Ther ei sawi dermar ketf ordi ff
er ent
typesofgoodspr oducedbyeach  I tcompr ises2mi nistersfr
om each
members tate. count r
y
5.Theci ti
zensoft hemembers tat esbuy  I tisthegener almanageroft he
goodsatf airpricesduet olowt arif
fs organization.
leviedongoods .  I tadvisest heaut horityandot her
6.Ther ear eempl oymentoppor tuni ti
esf or
organs .
peopl eofmembers t
atesi nt he
establ i
shmentofcommons er vices .
7.Establ i
shmentofgr eatermar kethas
3.Execut i
ves ecretari
at
createdr oom f orenhancedeconomi c
 I trunsday- to-dayact ivi
ti
esoft he
devel opmentofmembers t
at es/
organization
Spear headedgr eat
eri ndus tri
algr owth.
8.Themembers tatesarewor king
4.Tr i
bunal
toget hert oes tabli
sht heEas tAf rican
Feder ationi nor dertoappl ycommon
 I tinterpretsthet reatyands ettl
es
laws .
discords.

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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5.Speci
ali
zedagenci
es/Commi
ssi
on 1
0.Member
shiptootherorgani
zat
ions
.
1
1.I
deol
ogi
caldi
ff
erences.
 Trade,customs,immi gr
ation,
monet aryandpayment s,industr
y,
agricul
tureandnationalresources,
socialandcult
uralaff
airsand
defensecouncil
.
COMMONMARKETFOREASTERNAND
Achi
evement
s SOUTHERNAF
RICA(
COMESA)-
Lus
akain
Zambi
a
1.I thass t andar dizededucat ioni nthe
regionbyus eofcommonexam s yll
abus. Aims
2.I thasf os teredpeacet hr oughmi l
it
ary
wing- ECOMOG. 1. Tocooper atei ncreat i
ngaconduci ve
3.I thaspr omot edcul turalexchange envir
o n me ntfor f
o r
e i
gn/ cr
o s
sb oa rder
amongi tsmember s. /domes ticinves t
ment .
4.I thasi mpr ovedr egi onalt ransport/ 2.T oc oo peratei nth ep r
omot i
onofpeace
communi cat i
ons ys tem /l i
nks . /secur it
y/s tabil
ityamongmember
5.I thasi mpr ovedagr iculturet hr
ough stat
es .
sharingoft echnol ogicalknowhow. 3.Tos t
r engthenr el
ationsbet ween
6.I tfacil
itatedf r
eemov ementofpeopl ein CO ME SAme mb er
sa ndther estoft he
ther egion. world/ adop tac ommo np osit
ionin
7.I thasi ncr eas edj oboppor tuniti
esint he i
nternat i
onalf ora.
region. 4.T oc oo peratei nrealizi
ngt heobj ectives
8.I thaspr omot edt hes piritof oftheAf r
icaneconomi cscommuni t
y.
together nes sinther egion. 5.T op ro mo t
eamo reb alanced/
9.I thaspr omot edmut ualcooper ati
on. harmoni ousdevel opmentofi t
s
10.Ithaspr omot edint er-regionalt r
ade produc ti
o n/ ma rketings t
ructure.
withinr egi ons . 6.Topr omot ej ointdevel opmenti nall
economi cfi
eldsi nor dertor aisethe
Challenges l
ivi
ngs tandar dsoft hepeopl e.

1. Diff
icultt oco- ordi
nate,sincet heregi
on Pr
inci
ples
cover edbyECOWASi svas t
.
1. Equal
ityandi ndependencef ormembers
2.Poort ranspor t,communi cationand
2.Sol i
darityandcol lectivesel
f-r
eli
ance
infr
as tructure.
3.I nt
er-stateco- operati
on
3.Di visionbet weenF r
ancophoneand
4.Non- aggr ession
Angl ophone.
5.Recogni ti
on,pr omotionandpr ot
ecti
on
4.Col oni alpatter nsofcommer cial
ofhumanr ights
trans acti
onsi nher i
ted.
6.Account abil
it
y,andf airpart
ici
pati
onin
5.Pol iti
cali nstabi l
ityinther egion.
development
6.F oreigni nt
er ferences .
7.Rul eofl aw
7.Member sviol atet heorganization.
8.Pr omot i
onofdemocr ati
cgovernance
8.Sus picionbet weenmember s .
9.Mai ntenanceofr egionalpeaceand
9.Bor derconf lict s
.
securit
y

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 HISTORYPAPER2
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1
0.Peacef
uls
ett
lementofdi
scor
ds committ
eeonf i
nanc
e.
 Its
ubmitsrepor
tandrecommendat
ions
St
ruct
ure tothecounci
l
1
. Aut
hor
it
y 5.I
nter
gover
nment
alcommi
tt
ee
I
tcompr
isest
heHeadsofSt
atesandi
tis I
tismadeupofPer
manents
ecr
etar
ies
t
hesupr
emepeacemaki
ngorgan.
 Itdevel opspr ogr ammesandact ion
2.Counci
lofmi
nis
ter
s plans
 Itmoni tor stoens urepr operf uncti
onof
 I
tmoni t
or sandens urespr oper mar ketandi tsdevel opment
functioningoft heorganizat i
on  Itover seesi mpl ement ati
onoft he
 I
tmakesr ecommendat ionst othe provisionsoft het reat y
author ity  Itcanr eques tf ori nves t
igationbyt he
 I
tdi rect sot herorgans Secr etaryGener al
 I
tr egul atesandt akesdeci si
onsforthe  I talsodeal swi thagr icult
ur e,
organi zation compr ehens ivei nfor mations ystems ,
 I
tr eques tsforadvicefrom count ener gy,f i
nanceandmonet aryaf fai
rs,
 I
tcons ider sandappr ovesbudgetof indus t
ry,l abor ,humanr es our ces,social
secret ariatandcour t andcul turalaffairs ,legalaffairs
 I
tcons ider smeas urestobet akento  Italsohandl esnat ur alresour cesand
achievet heobj ecti
vesoft he environment ,t our ism andwi ldlif
e,trade
organi zation andcus t
oms–t rans portand
 I
tmakesr egulati
onsfort hes ecret
ari
at. communi cati
ons .
 I
tdes ignat estheeconomi call
ypoor
areas . F
unctionsoft hes ecommi tt
ees

 I
timplement sthepr ogr
ammeand
3.Cour
tofJus
tice pri
orit
izesthem.
 I
tmoni tor
sandr eviewsimplementat
ions
 I
tens ur
esproperi
nter
relat
ions
hipand  I
talsodeal swit
hs ubmissi
onofreports
appl
icat
ionofthepr
ovisi
onsofthe andrecommendat ionsto
tr
eaty. i
ntergovernmentalcommi t
tee.

4.Commi
tt
eeofGover
nor
sofCent
ralBank
6.Secr
etar
iat
 I
tgi vesfinanci
alandmonet aryplan
 I
tmoni t
orst oensureproper  ItisheadedbySecr etar
ygener al
i
mpl ement ati
onofpr ogr
ammesand  Itassi
stst heorgansoft heorganizat
ion
plans  Itsubmit sreport
stointergovernmental
 I
tr equestsforint
er v
entionof commi t
t ee.
Sec ret
ari
atGener al
.  Itdoest het abl
ewor k
 I
tcons idersreportsand  Ithandlesadmi nist
rat
ionoffinances
recommendat i
onsfrom thetechnical
Novel
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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com

 I
ts ubmi tsbudgett oI.C. withgoodmar ketandcompet it
ivenes
s.
 I
tens ur
escont i
nuit
yoft heorganizat
ion 9.Agricult
uralproductionhasbeen
 I
ts ubmi tsreferencetothecour t i
mp rove dduet ola r
g emar ket.
 I
tpr omot estheadopt ionofjoint 1
0.I
tgivesmember snat i
onalwayof
positi
onsbymember s. exploit
ingthe i
rn aturalresourcesfor
thei
rwel far
easeachdeal swi ththe
7.Cons ult
ativecommi t
tee produ cti
nw h i
chi tisg ood.
1
1.I
thasencour agedgoodgover nance,
 I
tcons i
stsofbus inesscommuni t
yand hencer educedi nternalconfli
ct.
others takeholders 1
2.I
t hasp rovi
de de mp l
oy ment
 I
tlinkst heabove oppor t
uniti
es
 I tmoni tor st heneces sar yprovisionsof
Chal lenges
thet r eat y.
 I tcons ultsandr ecei vesr epor t
sf rom
1. Poort rans por tnet wor khashamper ed
otheri nter es tgr oups .
movementofgoods .
 I tpar ticipat esi nt echni calcommi ttee 2.Themembercount riespr oduces imi l
ar
andmakesr ecommendat ions goods ,t husl imitingt hemar ket .
3.Somemembercount riesar ebel ongi ng
Speci al
izedagenci es/commi ss
ions toot herr egi onaleconomi cbl ocks ,
1. Eas ter nandSout her nAf ricanTr adeand h enc en ot fu l
lyc ommi t
te dt oC O ME SA.
Devel opmentBank( PTABank ) 4.Ci vilwar si ns omemembers tates
2.PTAr ei ns urancecompany h amp e r smo o thflowo fg ood sd u et o
3.COMESACl ear i
ngHous e i
ns ecur i
tyhencel ower ingt hevol umeof
4.COMESAAs s ociationofCommer cial trad e.
Banks 5.Boundar yconf l
ictsandevent ualcl os ure
5.COMESALeat herIns ti
tut e amongmembers tatesmakei tdi ff
icult
fort hem t ocooper at eegTogoand
ACHI EVEMENTS Gui nea.
6.Somemembers t
at espr efert radingwi t
h
1.I thasl iber alizedt r ade theirf or mercol onialmas ters,t hus
2.I thasenabl edt heachi evementofco- pos ings tiffcompet i
t i
ont opr oduct sf rom
oper at i
oni ncus toms . theCOMESAr egion/F or eign
3.Admi nis trationoft ranspor t& i
nt erfer ence.
communi cat iont oeas emovementof 7.F ailureofs omemembers tatest o
goodshasbeenenhanced. har moni zet arif
fshasunder minedf ree
4.Anenabl ingenvi ronmenti sbeing fl
o wo fg o o ds/ serv ices.
wor kedon 8.Members tat espur suet heirnat ional
5.Smal ls cal eeconomi cact ivit
iesand i
nt eres tst her ebywor kingagai ns tthe
pol i
cieshavebeenaccompl i
shed. object ivesofCOMESA.
6.F inanci alact ivit
ieshavebeen 9.Per sonal i
tydi ff
erenc esbet weenl eader s
har moni zed. egMus eveniandAl - Bas hir
7.I thascr eat edcompet itivemar ketf or 10.Quar relsovert radingr ight swi thin
member s . COMESAegbet weenEgyptandKenya.
8.I ndus trialpr oduct i
onhasbeeni mpr oved 11
.Nat uralc alami tiesl ikedr ought/f loods

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com
l
eadi
ngtomas
sivef
oods
hor
tage/ Successi
onofKas aiandKat
anga,
f
amine. Poli
ti
cali
nstigat
edwar s
,Mil
it
arycoup
byMobut u.

 Mobututhenembar
kedont
hef
oll
owi
ng
r
efor
ms .
SOCIALECONOMI CS&POLI
TICAL
DEVELOPMENTS&CHALLENGESINAF
RICA 1. Hecent ralizedpowerbybecomi ngthe
SI
NCEI NDEPENDENCE headofs tate&gover nment
2.Hebannedal lpol i
ti
calparti
esbefor
e
DEMOCRATI
CREPUBLI
COFCONGO(
DRC) for
mi ngtheMPR( Movementoft he
Populardel ar evoluti
on)in1967asthe
Democr
ati
cRepubl
icofCongo onlyparty.
3.Hehopedt ouni teCongowi t
hone
ShewascolonizedbyBel
gium under –party
t
h
Leopol
dII
,til
l30 June1960whens he 4.Her efor
medt hecons tit
uti
on&r educed
gai
nedindependence. thepower sofpar l
iament.
5.Heabol i
s hedf eder alsyst
em &local
Pol
it
icaldevel
opment
s. assemblies .
6.Her educedt henumberof
Immediat
ely,vi
olencebrokeouti
n
administrativer egionsto8
Leopol
dvil
le(nowKi ns
hasa)
7.Her enamedmaj ortowns.
On5th Jul
y1960,t
hereoccurr
edamut
iny
i
nthear mydemandingfor
/agai
nst
. Economi
c&pol
it
icalpr
obl
ems

1. Domi nationofar my&gover nmentby 1. Assas si

nationsandr i
otsandi n1993,
Belgium’satexpens eofCongolese Eti
eneTs hisekediwass ackedaspm
2.Repl acementofBel gi
ansbyCongol ese 2.Hewasr ei
ns t
atedi n1994f oll
owi ngr i
ots
3.Endt odi scri
mi nati
oninjobal l
ocat
ion& byhi ss upporters.
grading. 3.I nMay1 997,r ebelsenteredKi nshas a,
4.Et i
eneTs hisekediwasel ectedpresi
dent for
cingMobut ut oexile.
i
n1 992 4.Rebell eaderLaur entKabi l
aDes i
re
 1 961,Patr i
ceLumumbawasas sass
inat
ed declaredhi ms elfl
eaderandr enamed
 1 964,UNwi thdrawfrom Congo thecount r
yDRC.
5.I nJan2001 ,hewasas sassinated.
 1 965,Moi stTs homber esi
gnedashead
6.Hi ss ont ookoverJos ephKabi lainDec-
ofgover nmentandwasr eplacedby
2002,i ncoal it
ionwi t
ht heoppos it
ion
SylvesterKi umba.
part
ies .
 Nov-1965,t hear mystagedacoup
Economicdevel
opment s
againstKiumba&Kas avubu(presi
dent
)
1. Someli
tt
leachievementhasbeen
 Theywer el edbyMobut uJos ephDesi
re. madeininf
rastructureinst
abil
it
ies
.
2.Mobutunationalizedindustr
iesby
 Armymut iny-1960,Poli
tical Mobut
utor ai
ser evenue.
assassinationsegPat ri
ceLumumba, 3.Mobutuencour agedf orei
gninvestment
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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inkeys ector soft heeconomy CHALLENGESI NDRC
4.I n1971 ,heenact edal awt hatpl
aced
statef i
nances&expendi t
ureunderhi m.Pol i
tical
5.Hei ntroducedpr ogrammesgear ed
towar dsr esour cesexpl oitat
ionforthe 1 . Polit
icalupheavalsf rom ideological
count rytodevel op. diff
erences ,tri
bal
ism andcol onial
6.Mobut ulaunchedpr ogr ammest omi ne hangover/ Et
hnici
ty
thecount ry’smaj ormi ner al
sinsteadof
borrowi ngf rom out si
de. 2.Succes si
onofKat angaandKas ai
7.Newr oads&r ail
wayswer ehowever regionsweakenedt hecount r
y
devel oped,t husexpandi ngagricult
ure.
8.Heboos tedt hepet r
ol eum r esources 3.Thef oreignersinCongot urnedt o
throughener gypr ovision formercol onial
ist
sf ors upporthence
9.Ent ertainmenti ndus tryhasbeen
under miningCongo’ si ndependence
boos tedasf oreign–bas edmus ici
ans
repatr i
atet heirpr ofitbackhome. 4.Lumumba’ sas sassi
nat i
onmadet he
10.Domes ti
c&i ndus tri
als ect orshave
countryt oalmos tdisintegrate
beenboos tedbybui ldingof Luga
Hydr o-electricpowers tation. 5.Bet ween1 960-1964,t heUNandBel gi
an
i
nter
fer
edal otwi
tht
hecount
ry’
s
Soci
alDevel
opment
s
i
nter
nalaf
fai
rs
1. DRChasr i
chcul tur
alher it
agee. g.
l
anguage&mus ic 6.WhenMobut utookovertherewasa
2.In1 971
,Mobut uintr
oducedapol icyof shi
ftf
rom democracytodict
ator
shi
pe.
g.
usingonlytraditi
onalnames . onepart
ys ys
tem
3.HeI mprovedAf r
icanl i
teracylevel.
4.Medi calinsurancepr ogrammewas 7.Between1977t
o1978,ther
ewast he
establ
ishedtoi mprovemedi cati
oni n rebel
li
onand200soldi
ersdied(
Shaba
therural&ur banar eas. rebel
li
on)
5.Thegover nmental l
ocat edfundst o
promotes oci
alact i
viti
ese. g.sport
s. 8.Kabil
awasas sas
sinat
edin2001hi
s
success
orfounditdif
fi
cul
ttobr
ing
Howshepromotededucat
ionf
orAf
ri
cans
peaceinDRC
af
teri
ndependence.
9.Poorrelat
ions
hipwit
hneighbouri
ng
1. Educati
onf aci
li
ti
eswer econstruct
ed/
count
riesduet ot
herebelgroups
constr
uctionofs chools.
2.Mor eAfr
icanswer eencour agedt ojoi
n Pol
it
icalchal
lengesdur
ingtherei
gnof
schools
. MobutuSes eSekowhichledtodi
ctat
ors
hip
3.Thecur riculum wasr evi
sedt oconform i
nDRC.
totheneedsoft hepeopl e/provided
quali
tyeducation.
4.Thegover nmentes tabli
shed 1
. Appoi
ntmentsbas
edonl oyal
ty/ki
nshi
p
univer
sit
ies/t erti
aryinsti
tut
ions. i
nadmi ni
str
ati
oncreat
eddisuni
tyi
nthe

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count ry. 8.Pover tyandi nadequat ecapitalhas
2.Hebannedal loppos iti
onpol it
icalpar ti
es hinderedt heexpl oitat
ionofr esources.
andcr eat edaonepar tys t
atewhi ch 9.Lackofc leanpol i
cyoneconomi c
stif
leddemocr acyi nthecount ry. recover yaf tert hecol onialexploi
tati
on.
3.Her eformedt hecons t
ituti
onand 10.Unempl oyment/Lac kofenoughj ob
stri
ppedt hepar l
iamentof fi
tspower s, oppor tunities.
thuscr eat i
ngat otali
tarianr egime. 11.Poort rans por tmeansPoort ransport
4.Doct or i
alr egi mewasi ntroducedby networ k.
replaci ngf eder alsystem wi tht he 12.Civilwar si nAngol aaffectedherr ail
way
cent ralgover nmentunderhi scont r
ol. transpor ts ervicest hroughBenguel a.
5.Theoppos i
tiont ot hegover nment 13.1973,oi lcr i
sisi nt hewor ldaff
ectedher
creat eduncer tai
nty/tens i
oni nt he economi cgr owt h.
count ry,l eadi ngt othe
unres ts /
har as smentofoppos i
tion Factorsthathaveunder minedt he
leader s . exploitat
ionofmi ner alsintheDRC.
6.Ther iots/demons t
rati
onsduet ot he
civi
lians ’di ssatisf
actionwi tht her egime 2.Ci vilwari nthecount r
y.
caus edpol iti
calt ension/stabil
ityi nthe 3.Shor t
ageofl abourduet odi spl
acement
count ry. ofpeopl e.
7.Civilwar sdi videdt hecount ryal ong 4.Smuggl i
ngofmi nerals.
tri
ball inescompr omi si
ngnat i
onaluni ty 5.Pol iti
cali nterferencebynei ghbour i
ng
inthecount r y. states.
8.Rebel lionagai nstt heregimebackedby 6.Poort rans por tnet work.
exter nalf orcesl edt oover throwi ngof
thegover nment . Social
1. Level sofeducat iondr oppedi n1990’s
Economi c 2.U nemp l
oyme ntha sma deitha r
dfo r
peopl et orecei vemedi cati
on.
1. Poli
ticali ns
tabili
tyhaspr event edthem 3.Shor tageofheal thf acil
it
ies,thuslow
fr
om expl oi
tingtheeconomi cr ecourses
. l
ivings t
andar ds .
2.Overr eli
anceonf oreignai di n 4.Over crowdi ng,es peci al
lyintowns .
exces sive,hencedebt s. 5.Handl ingref ugeeshasbeenapr oblem
3.Tr adei mbalancebet weenZai re&her 6.Int ernationalas sistancedoesnotr each
partner saff
ectt heeconomy. hecampsi nt imeduet oinsecurit
y
4.Angol awar ,ass ear outethr ough 7.Spr eadofdi seasesduet orape&
Benguel abecaus eofi nsecur ity. over crowdingi ncamps .
5.Mas sivepr i
nt i
ngofnot es/I nflation.
6.Bel gium hasl edot herWes tern
countr iestodomi natetheexpl oit
ati
onof
Congol esemi neralweal th.Pr ofit
sare TANZANI A
repatriatedt oEur opeandCongol ese
havenotbenef it
edf r
om mi ning Poli
ticaldevel opment s
acti
vitiesoft heirland.
7.Cor rupt ionandmi s managementoft he 1 .1 962,Tanzani abecameaone–par ty
countr y’skeys ect ors. state
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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s
t
2.1964,22Apr ilNyer ereandKarume  1995,1 mul t
i-
part
yel
ecti
onswere
signedandagr eedt hatNyer
erebethe heldwithBenj aminMkapaemer
ging
headoft hestateandKar umethe2nd VP. vict
ori
ous .
3.Thiswasapol i
ticalunion.
4.1966,Nyer er
el aunchedt heArus
ha Economicdevel opments
Declarat
ion,maki ngTanzaniaasoci
alist
state. 1. Uj
amaapol icywasended.

Reasonsf ort heunionbet weenTanganyi ka 2.National

izati
onpol i
cywasabol i
shed.
andZanzi bari n1964.
3.Encouragementofpr i
vat
izati
onof
1. Zanzibarwant edpr otecti
onbya Agricul
ture,businessandi ndust
rial
str
ongerandl ar
gergr oup. sectorsandr educti
onofgover nment
2.TheAf ri
cansi nZanzi bardidnotlike expenditure.
diminati
onbyAr abs,thusrevolt
ed
againstthem. 4.Marketshavebeenl iber
ali
zedwi th
3.Economi call
y,Zanzi barmajoredon l
imitedgover nmentcontrolofprices.
cl
ovesands l
avet radeandf oll
owingthe
abolit
ionofs lavet r
ade,s helookedupon 5.Tanzaniacurrencywasal sodevaluedto
Tanganyi katoboos thereconomy. reduceinflat
ion.

Cont
ent
/ai
msoft
heAr
ushaDecl
arat
ion. 6.Di
sposalofunpr
ofi
tabl
egover
nment
f
arms.
1. Self
-reli
ance
2.Uj amaa( s ocialism).Commi tmenti n 7.Hasal soenhancedherbi later aland
nati
onbui lding. mul t
il
ateraleconomi cr el
at ionswi th
3.Avoi ddi scrimi nati
on-factors&meansof
neighbour sandt hewes t
.
productiont ol eftinthehandsoft he
people. 8.Shehasal soembr ac edWor l
dBankand
4.Sheadopt edt heprincipleofnon-
Inter
nat i
onalMonet ar yF undai d
al
ignment .
contri
but i
onst oattractf orei gnai d
 1 972,Abei dKar umewas investment .
assas sinatedands ucceededby
AbondJumbe. 9.Hasal soimpr ovedinf rastruct ure
 Af roShi r
azi&Tanganyi kaAf r
ican throughcons tructi
onofmor er oads.
nati
onaluni onunitedandf ormedt he
CCM ( ChamachaMapi nduzi)in1 977. 10.Shehasexpandedmi neralpr oduction
 1 978-79Ami ni
nvadedTanzani ato byopeni ngupofGol dmi nesandNat ural
annexKar egapr ovince. gasPl ants.
 1 985,Nyer ereretiredands ucceeded
byt heHas sanMwi nyiofZanz ibar. Socialdevelopment s
st
 1 985,t heWar i
obawast he1 vp&
pm 1. Educationwaschangedt os uitt he
 1 970’scapi talwass hi
ftedfrom Da- es needsofAr ushadecl ar at
ion.
-sal
aam t oDodoma. 2.E mp hasizedt hep r
es erv ationof

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 HISTORYPAPER2
i
sabokemicah@gmai
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com
traditi
onalAf ri
canvalues . 9.Polit
icaldi f
fer encesamongt heEas t
3.Rapi dgr owt hofpr i
mar y&s econdar
y& Afri
canl eader s.
univers i
t yeducat i
on. 1
0.Adopt i
onofs ocial
ism mades ome
4.Sev eralhos pit
alshavebeenes t
abli
shed. donor stopul lout.
5.Cos tshar i
nghasbeeni nt
roducedi n 1
1.Thecol laps eoft heEas tAfri
can
healths ervices. Communi tyi n1 977af fectedher .
1
2.Continuedl inkswi thformercol onial
HowNyer erepr omotededucat ionin mas terswass eenasneo- coloniali
sm.
Tanzani aaf terindependence. 1
3.Fail
ureofUj amaapol icy.
1
4.Dif
ferenc esbet weent hemai nlandand
1.Hees tabl i
shedt heUni versi
tyofDar -es- Zanzibar ,wher et hel aterhasal ways
Salaam andSokoi ne. desiredt obr eakawayf rom t heuni on.
2.HemadeKi s wahil
ithemedi um of 1
5.Inf
luxofr efugeesf rom war -torn
instr
uctioni nSchool s. neighbour i
ngcount ri
eshass trai
nedt he
3.Hemadeeducat i
ont obef reeand count r
y’sr es ources.
compul sor yf r
om pr i
mar yto 1
6.Universitys t udent s’demons trati
oni n
univer sity. 1966duet ogover nmentat t
emptt o
4.Hepopul ari
zedt hePhi l
osophyof int
roduceacompul soryNat ionalYout h
“educat i
onf ors el
f-r
eli
ance” . Service.
5.Hei ntroducedadul teducat i
on.

CHALLENGES
Pol
it
ical
Economi
cchal
lenges
.
1. Africanizat i
onofpol iti
cali nsti
tut i
onswas
abl owasi tmeantdecol oni
zationof 1. Product iondecr easedduet o
admi nistrationf astert hanl ocal nati
onal izati
onasl andwasgi vent o
replacement s. Afri
cans .
2.1 964t her ewasanar mymut inyover 2.Cos ts har i
ngwasnotwel lreceivedby
delayedAf ri
canpr omot ionswhi chtook Tanzani ans .
placeandcont rol
leds omemaj orparts. 3.C oll
ap seo ftheEas tAfri
canCommuni ty
3.Pol iti
calmar r
iagewi thZanzi bar& deniedherl argecommonmar ketforher
Tanganyi kawasapr oblem s incet hey good s.
haddi fferenti deologi es . 4.Poort rans portandcommuni cation
4.Shecoul dnott akes idesongl obal netwo rk.
i
s sues . 5.Inadequat er esources.
5.Hos til
enei ghbour ses peciall
yUganda 6.T herew a sinadequ atefunds/capi t
al.
duringt het imeofAmi nDadaandKenya 7.T herei sh ighin f
lat
ionr ate.
asar es ultofclos ureoft hecommon 8.Ther ei st radeimbal ance.
borderi n1 977. 9.F oods h o r
taged uet opr olongeddr ought
6.Pol iti
caldi fferencesamongEas t,Afri
can andinadequat ecommi tmentt ofarming.
l
eader s. 10.I
n cr
e ase de xternaldebts .
7.Pol iti
calas sassinatione. g.ofKar umei n 11
.Cos tlywarwi t
hUgandai n1 978- 79.
1972.
8.Pr es suret oadoptmul ti-
partysm. Howpoort ransporthasunder mined

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economi
cdevel
opmenti
nTanzani
a. 1. Coloni alhangover sast hes ti
llcelebr ate
insteadofbui l
dingt henat ion.
1.Ithasmadet ranspor tati
onofgoods/ 2.Sl owi ndus tr
ialgr owt hduet o
servi
cesdi f
fi
cul t
. inadequat efunds .
2.Ithashi nderedexpl oitati
onofr es our
ces
.3.Unf avor abl eclimat ewhi chaf f
ect s
3.Ithass loweddownt hemovementof agricultur alproduct ion.
l
abour . 4.Popul ati
onpr ess urewhi chs trainst he
4.Ithasi ncreas edthecos toft rans port
. fawnf aci l
iti
esavai l
abl e.
5.Poori nfras tr
uctur ewhi chhi nder s
Socialchall
enges devel opment .
6.Over -relianceonpr imar yexpor tse. g.
1. Lackofbas ics oci
alameni tiese. g. coffee,t ea,cot tonet c.
healt
hf aci
li
ties. 7.Cor r uptionamonggover nmentof ficials
2.Unempl oyment . andot hers t
akehol der s.
3.Hi ghlevelsofi l
li
teracy. 8.Pooreconomi cpl anni ngbyt he
4.Inadequat ehumanr es ources. gover nment .
5.HI V/AI Ds. 9.Unempl oymentwhi chaf fectsmar ketand
inves t
ment .

Pol
it
ical
1
.Ideol
ogi
caldi
ff
erences
.
CHALLENGESI
NAF
RICASI
NCE
I
NDEPENDENCE 2.Coldwardi vi
dedtheconti
nentand
-
SOCI
AL lockedthecountri
esinborder
confli
ctst
hatculminat
edintoCoups
1. Pover tyamongt hepeopl e. d’état
s.
2.Lowl iteracyl evelamongt hepeopl e.
3.Poorandi nadequat ehealt hcar eaffects 3.St
rai
nedi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ion.
thelabourf orce.
4.Popul ati
onexpans ion,thuss t
rainingt he 4.Confl
icti
ngint
erestshavebeenin
resour cesavai labl
e. confl
ictwit
hglobalandconti
nent
al
5.Conf lictwi t
ht henei ghbour ingc ount r
ies
poli
cies.
especi all
yUganda.
6.Hi ghcr i
mer ateduet ounempl oyment . 5.Neo-colonial
ism.Thedivi
deandr ule
7.Ter ror i
sm /I nsecuritywhi chs cares
poli
ciesinheri
tedbyleadersof
investors.
8.Ref ugeemenace,f rom ot herwar ri
ng independents t
ateshavecontr
ibuted
count ri
esl i
keDRC. anarchy.
9.Envi ronment alpoll
utionfrom t he
industries. 6.Ethni
city.Et
hnicgroupshave
10.Diseas eslikeHI V/AI Dswhi chcl ears contr
ibutedt osevereint
er-et
hni
c
thes trongl abourfor ce. warst hathaveclai
medhundr edsof
thousandsofl i
vesaswasi nthecas
e
Economi
c inRwanda,Bur undi,Sudanand

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Ni
ger
ia  Twomai npartiesar eCons ervativeand
Labourpar ti
es.
7.Mal-administ
rat
ion-
Theleader s
hipi
n  Theot herpartiesi ncludeliberaland
manyAf ri
cans t
atesaft
er soci
aldemocr aticpart i
es.
independencewasunpr eparedand  Tot heHous eofCommons ,theel ect
oral
inexperi
encedinadministr
ation syst
e m isb asedo nt h epri
n ci
pleo f‘
one
henceins t
abil
it
ye.g.Angolaand person,onevot e’;andageof1 8year s
Mozambi que anda bove .
 Therear etwot ypesofel ecti
ons :-
generalandby- electi
ons .
 Acandi dateisnomi natedby1 0
ELECTORALPROCESSANDF UNCTIONSOF regi
steredv oter so fana r
ea .
GOVERNMENTSI NOTHERPARTSOFTHE
WORLD. Vot
erregistrat
ion

Br
it
ain  I
tisorgani
zedbythelocalaut
hori
ti
es
 Post
alvoteispos
sibl
eforthoseouts
ide
 Bri
tainhasacons tit
utionalmonarchy duri
ngvoti
ngtime/per i
od.
syst
em ofgover nment.  Thereare650consti
tuenci
es.
 Thegover nmentadher estothe
Constit
ution,t
hought hemonar chyis
notelected.
 I
n1215,Ki ngJohns i
gnedt heMagna
Carta(GreatCharter)whichstat
edt : El
hat ect
ioncampai
gnsandvot
ing:
Di
squal
if
icat
ionf
orcont
ender
s
a).Noman’ spropert
ywoul
dbetaken
withoutcons ent
.
1. Clergymenofchur chesofEngland,
b).Noper sonwouldbei
mpris
onedwithout
Scotland,Ir
elandandRomanCat hol
ic
fai
randl egaltri
al.
Chur ch.
2.Hol der sofcert
ainoffi
cese.
g.judges.
 Thismar kedani mportantstepf or ward
3.Al i
ens .
int hedevel opmentofcons ti
tut i
onal
4.Member sofHouseofLor ds
.
monar chyi nEngland.
 17th Century,par l
iamentpass edt heBi l
l Cont
endersmus tnotneces
saril
yres
ide
ofRi ght s
. fr
om t
heircons
tituenci
essolongasthey
 1689,t hepar li
amentpas sedt hatt he arer
egis
teredvot er
s.
kinghadt or ul
eundert hedir ectionof
par li
ament . 1. Hedeposit
s500s terli
ngpounds
 1832,event hepoorwer eall
owedt o ref
undabl
eifheget s5%oft hetotal
vot e,accor dingtot herefor
m bi llwhich vot
esinthecons tit
uency.
waspas sed. 2.P.M.announcest heel ect
ionday,a
monthbeforethepol l
ingday.
El
ect
oralpr
oces
sinBr
it
ain 3.Eachcandidateappoi ntsanoffi
cialagent
.
4.Eachpar t
yisallocatedaf ewfree

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broadcastsduri
ngcampaignsonTV
stat
ionsandmoneyf orcampaigns. 1. Tr adit
ionalaut onomy–t hemi ni
ster
5.Thepar t
ywi t
hmores eat
swi ns,and al
onei srespons i
bleforthe
producesthePM. wor kinhi sdepar t
ment .
2.Ci vilserviceimpar ti
alit
y–s erve
Formati
on/St r
uct
ureoftheBri
tis
h whoevermi nist
eri nt heoffice.
government. 3.Mi ni
s t
ersmakepol i
ciesandci vil
servantsi mpl ementt hem.
1)
.Executi
ve 4.Tr adi t
ionalas sumpt ionthati tisnotthe
taskoft heci vilservicet o
ThisisthePM,monarch,mini
ster
sandci
vil initi
atechangeorpl anthef uture
servant
s. development .

a)
.Pr
imeMi
nis
ter–F
unct
ions Rol
eofci
vils
ervi
ce

1. He/sheappoi ntsanddi smisses 1. Toadvi semi nis t

er s
.
ministersbutwi thcons entofmonar chy. 2.Toi mpl ementgover nmentpol i
cies .
2.He/ sher ecommendst omonar chy, 3.Topr ovi decont i
nuityinthegover nment.
candidatesf orappoi nt mentofs enior
judi
cialof f
icese. g.j udges .
3.He/ shei sal s ochar gedwi thpr es idi
ng
overcabi netmeet ings .
4.He/ shes ettlesdi s putesbet ween
department s. 2).Legis lative
5.He/ shecont rolsthecabi nets ecr etariat
andover seest hei mpl ement ationof Functionsofpar l
iament
cabinetdeci sions .
6.He/ shel eadsHous eofCommons . 1.I tmakes ,amendsandabol i
shesl aws .
7.He/ shel eadst hegov er nmentandt he 2.Al lot heri nstitutionsder i
vepowerf r
om
part
yt hatnomi nat eshi m /her . parli
ament .
8.He/ shechangesl awsashe/s hehas 3.I tappr ov esgover nmentbudget .
themaj or i
tybacki ngi npar li
ament . 4.I tsdeci sionscannotbeover rul
edby
courtofl aw.
b).Cabinet-F unct i
ons 5.I tremovesunpopul argovernmentf rom
offi
ce.
1. He/shei nitiates ,cont rolsand
implement spol iti
calpol icy. Functionsofmonar chy
2.He/ shemakesdeci sions .
3.He/ shei nitiatesl egi slationandcont r ol
s 1 . He/ sheappr oves/as sentsbill
sbef ore
legi
slati
vepr oces s . theybecomel aws .
4.He/ sheco- or dinat esgover nmentact ivi
ty.2.He/ sheappr ovesal lappoint
ment st o
impor t ants t
at eof fi
ces.
c).Civi
lSer vice 3.He/ shei si nvol vedi nenacti
ngt reat i
es
betweent hegover nmentandot her
Princi
plesofci vilser vice count riesi nr elationtoforeignpol icy.

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4.He/ shes ummons/Pr orogues/ s
ess
ionofpar
li
ament
.
dissolvespar li
amentwi thcons ul
tati
on
witht hePM. NB/ThePri
meMi ni
sterappoi
ntswhi
let
he
5.He/ shegi vescons entt oal lcabinet Monarchappr
ovestheappoint
ments
.
appoi ntment s .
6.He/ shehaspowert opar donpeopl ewho Cat
egori
esofMember
sPar
li
amenti
n
havebeenaccus edofcommi t
ti
ng Br
itai
n.
vari
ousof fences .
7.TheMonar chappoi ntsBi shopsoft he 1. Membersel ect
edbyuniver s
alsuff
rage.
Chur chofEngl and/Cr eatepeer sie 2.Member snomi nat
edbyt heMonar ch.
member sofanyoft hef ivenobl eranks 3.Heredit
arypeer s/Royalfamily
li
keBar ons ,Viscount s,Ear ls ,Dukesand members.
Marqui nswhohavet her ightt os i
tin 4.SeniorStatesmen/Lifepeer s.
theHous eofLor ds. 5.SeniorleadersoftheChur chofEngland.
8.He/ sheadvi ses/couns elst heHeadof
Gover nment . Howtobecomeamemberofpar
li
amenti
n
9.He/ sheconf ershonor st opeopl ewho Bri
tai
n.
haver ender eddis t
ingui shed/
outstandi ngs ervicest ot hes t
atee.g. 1. Electi
ontot heHouseofCommons.
nomi natingamembert ot heHous e. 2.Nomi nati
on.
10.He/shei stheCommanderi n-Chiefof 3.Vi rtueofOffi
ce.
theAr medF orces. 4.I nheri
tance.
5.Appoi ntmentduet oout
standi
ng
Hi
s/herpar
li
ament
arydut
ies
. performance.

1. He/shes ummonspar l
iamentaf ter Hous
eofLor
ds.
generalelections
2.He/ shepr oroguespar liament .  I
thas1,
200member s
.
3.He/ shedi ssolvesparli
ament .  800–her edi
tar
y,26–bishopsand21
4.He/ shepl ayst heroleofas sent
ingto Lor
dsofappeal.
bi
ll
sbef oret heybecomel aw.  Nosal
ary,butsit
ti
ngall
owance.
5.He/ sheisal soi nvol
vedi nt he
nominatingmember st ot heHous eof Waysofbecomi
ngamembert
oHous
eof
Commons . Lor
ds

Pri
vil
egesenj
oyedbyMember
sof 1.Appoint
edbymonar
chy
Parl
iamenti
nBrit
ain. 2.Heredit
ary.
3.Virt
ueofbeingi
nposi
ti
on/Of
fi
ce.
1. Theyenjoyt hef r
eedom fr
om
haras
smente. g.withi
ntheparli
ament F
unct
ionsofHous
eofLor
ds
premises.
2.Theyal soenj oythef r
eedom ofspeech. 1.Itsi
tsascour tofappealforci
vilcas
es
3.Theyhavet hepr otecti
onagainstar
rest thatarepresidedoverbyt heSpeaker.
forci
vilof
fencesf oraperiodofabout 2.Itfaci
li
tatesHouseofLor dsorHous eof
40daysbef oreand40daysaf t
era Commonsi nlawmaking

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3.Iti nit
iatesr out ineandnon- cont r
over si
al
bil
lstowhi chheHous eofCommonshasno How?
timet oaddr es s .
4.I tcanhol dbi ll
sf rom Hous eofCommon 1 .Sal ariesar enotdi s cus s edbypar liament .
l
ongenoughf orpubl i
cappr oval. 2.Judgesar eappoi nt edongoodbehavi or.
5.I tques tionsmi ni stersonact iviti
esof 3.Aj udgecanonl ybes ackedbya
thegover nment . resolutionf rom bot hhous es .
6.Canaccept ,amendorr ejectbi ll
si n
coll
abor ationwi tht heHous eofCommons . Dut iesoft hePr imeMi ni ster .
7.Itdebat esont hegener aliss uesof
nati
onalpol icies ,int eres t
s. 1. He/ sheappoi nts/di s mi ssesmi nister s
8.I tchecksont hepower soft heexecut ive. wi tht hecons entoft heMonar ch.
9.I tprovi descont inui t
yf r
om one 2.He/ sher ecommendst ot hemonar cht he
parl
iamentt oanot her . appoi ntmentofhi ghr ankingof ficer si n
10.Itisas ymbolofuni ty. thegover nment/awar dofci vilhonour s
.
3.He/ shechai rscabi netmeet ings .
Hous eofCommons( HC) . 4.He/ shes ettl
esdi sput esbet weenvar ious
gover nmentmi nistries/depar tment s.
 I tismadeupof650el ect edmember s 5.H e/sh eist hec hief e xe cutivea sh e
for5year s. headst hegover nment .
 I tisledbyt hePM 6 .H e/sh eo versee sth ei mp l
ement at ionof
 TheChi efof fi
ceri sthes peaker . thecabi netdeci sions .
7.He/ shei st heHeadoft heHous eof
Qualif
ications Commons .
8.Wi tht hes uppor tofpar li
ament ,he/ she
1. Mus tbeaci tizenofBr i
tainort he ca nc h angeo r ame n da ndr e pea lla w s.
Republ icofI relandoraCommonweal th 9.He/ sher epresentst hecount r
yi n
subject . intern ati
o nalforum / c onfe r
e nce s.
2.Mus tbe21year sandabove. 10.Thel eaderoft hepar tyt hatnomi nat ed
3.Mus tbenomi nat edbyapol i
t i
calparty him / her .
orani ndependentcandi date. 11
.He/ shedet ermineswhent heel ect ions
aret obehel d.
FunctionsofHous eofCommon
UNITEDSTATESOFAMERI CA
1.Itmakesl aws
2.Itcont rolsexecut i
ve  I thasaf ederalgover nmentbas edon
3.Itcont rolsf inance. 50s tates .
4.I tcallsat tent iont oabus esins ociety  S heg ai
n edindependencef rom Br itain
anddemandst hes et tl
ementof on4/7/1 776
publ i
cgr ievances .  I tscons ti
tuti
onwasdr aft
edi n1 787i n
5.I ttrainsf utur el eader s. Phi l
adel phiabyt heor iginal13s tates .
 Of f
icialsinpar l
iamentar eel ectedbyt he
peopl e.
Judiciary
 I tisindependentoft hegover nment . Electoralpr oces s

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Vot
ing–el
ect
ionsar
eatt
hef
oll
owi
ng F
eat
uresofs
tat
egover
nment
sint
heUSA.
l
evels
:-
1. TheyhaveaGover norwhoi st he
1.Hous eofr epres ent atives–2year sterm. admi ni strati
vehead.
2.Gov ernor s–4year st erm. 2.Eachs tatehasl awc ourtswhi chhandl e
3.Senat e–6year st erm. inter nalaf f
airs.
3.Eachs tatehasi tss ocialameni tiesl i
ke
Qual ificationsf orcandi dat es educat i
on,heal thandpubl icwel fare.
4.Eachs tatei sr espons iblefori tsown
1.HR–mus tbe25year sol dandaci ti
zen devel opment .
foratl eas t7year s. 5.Eachs tatehasi tsowncapi tal .
2.Senat ors–atl eas t30year sol d,mor al l
y 6.Eachs tategener atesi tsownr evenue.
uprightandaci ti
zenf oratl eas t9year s. 7.Eachs tatehass tat elegislat urest opas s
3.Pr es i
dent i
alcandi dat e–aci tizenby stat el aws .
birth,aged35year sandabove,mus thave 8.Eachs tatehass tat epol i
cet omai ntain
resided lawandor der.
inAmer ica foratl eas t1 4year s,Shoul d
nothavebeent hepr esidentf or2t erms ,if F unctionsoft hepol iticalpar ti
es .
not
ani ndependentcandi dat e,he/smus t 1 .Theymakeel ector alpol it
icscoher entby
benomi nat edbyar egis teredpol it
icalpar ty acti
ngasagent sofeachcandi dat e.
and 2.Theyar et hepar tyl abelast heyhel pthe
mus tbemor allyupr ight . voterst os or toutt hecandi dates .
3.Theypr ovideaccount abili
ty,t huswhen
Elect ions partypol iciesf ail
,thevot ers canhol di t
s
candi dat esaccount ableatel ect i
ont i
me.
 Thet womaj orpar tiesar et her epubl i
can 4.T he yh elpt op ut th ed esireo f the
anddemocr aticpar t
ies . peopleont hegover nmentpol icyagenda.
 Par tiesnomi natet heirpr esidential 5.T he yp rov i
deo utlet forciti
z enst o
candi dates ,whowi l
llat ercont es tatt he ex pres st hei rs ent i
ment saboutnomi nees .
finall evel . 6.T he ya rea ge ncieso fp ol
iti
c a le du cati
on.
 Theycanei t
herus ecl os edpr i
mar ies 7.Theynomi natecandi datesf orel ect i
ons
( onl ypar tymember st oel ect)oropen tov ariou sp olit
icalo ff
ice s.
pr i
mar i
es( f
r om ei therpar ti
est ovot e).
 Pr es i
dent i
alel ectionst akepl acei n Howt heUSgover nmenti sor gani zed.
Novemberdur i
ngt heel ect i
onyear .
 Thepr es i
dent ialcandi dat epi cksa 1.I tisaf eder alrepubl iccons is tingof50
r unni ngmat ewhoi sappr ovedbyt he stat es .
par ty. 2.Eachs tatei sar epubl icwi thi t sown
 I fhewi ns ,thisr unni ngmat ebecomes g ove rn me nt.
t heV. P. 3.Eachs tatei sheadedbyagover nor .
4.Eachs tatehasi tsowncons titution
 Thepr es i
denti sel ect edbyt heEl ectoral
gui dingi nternalaf fairslikeeducat ion.
Col lege( bodywhos emember sar e
5.Thef eder algover nmenti sheadedbya
chos enf rom amongt hes tates).
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presidentel ectedaf ter4year s . 7.I tadmi tsnews tat
esi nt heUni on.
6.Thepr es identi sas sistedbyaVi ce 8.Enact ingandpas si
ngnewf eder all aws.
Presidenti nadmi nis t
er ingt hecount ry 9.I tes t ablishesf eder alcour ts.
andcant akeoveri ncas et hepr es i
dent 1 0.I tgi vesgr ant stot hei ndividuals t ates.
dies. 11.I tes t ablishesf eder alpos talser vices .
7.Thef eder algov’ thasabi camer al 12.I tes t ablishesf eder alar myordef ens e
legisl
at ur econs is ti
ngoft heSenat eand for ces .
theHous eofRepr es ent ativesand 13.I tcont r
olst radebet weens tatesand
togetheri ti scal ledTheCongr ess . ot hernat ions .
8.Eachs tatei srepr es ent edi nt he 14.I tcont r
olspr intingandci rculationof
Congr es sby2s enat orswhoar eelected cur rency.
bypopul arvot es .
9.TheCongr es schecksont hepower sof F unct ionsofs t
at egover nment s
thepr es ident .
10.TheCongr es smakesl aws . 1.Theyes t
ablishl awcour tfort heiri nternal
11.TheSt ateJudi ciar yc ompr i
sest he affairs .
Feder alCour t
sandt heSupr emeCour t. 2.Theypr ovideeducat ionalf acil
iti
es ,heal t
h
12.TheSupr emeCour ti st hehi ghes tcourt
. etc.
13.Therei ss eparat ionofpowerbet ween 3.St atepol icet omai ntainl awandor der.
theexecut i
ve,Legi slatur eandt he 4.Togener ater evenueneces saryf or
Judiciar y. dischar gi ngi t
sr es pons i
bi li
ties.
14.TheF eder algover nmentcont rolsforei
gn Legi s l
at ur e
aff
airs,def ens e,i nt er nat i
onalt rade,
taxati
on,i ssuingofcur r
encyaswel las  I thast hes enat eandHous eof
solvi
ngdi s putesbet weens t
atesand Repr es entatives ,withequalpower s.
citi
zensofdi f
fer ents tat es.  TheSenat eappr ovespr es ident i
al
15.TheCongr es scont rol sgov’ trevenue appoi ntment s.
andexpendi ture.  I tcanal sor atif
yf orei gnt reaties .
16.TheSecr et ari
es( Mi ni sters )are  TheHous eofCommonsar eelect edf or
appoint edbyt hepr es i
dentandar enot 2year s.
member soft heCongr es s.Once  I tdeal swi tht axandf inance.
appoint ed,t heyhavet obeconf irmedby  Hecanal soor ganizef ort he
theCongr ess. impeachmentofapr es i
dent .
F
unct
ionsoft
heUSF
eder
algover
nment
. F
eat
uresoft
heAmer
icancons
tit
uti
on.
1. Levyingandr egulati
ngtaxeswithinUSA.1.I
tisawr itt
encons ti
tut
ion.
2.Itdecl areswarandpeace,r ais
eand 2.I
tisi nterpr
etedbyt heSupr emeCour t.
suppor tarmedf orces. 3.I
tist hes upremel awoft hel and.
3.Itregul atescommer cewithfor
eign 4.I
tcont ainstheBi l
lofRightswhi ch
nati
onsandt hef ederalst
atesof USA. st
ipulatesRightsandF reedomst obe
4.Itregul atest heval ueofUSAcur rency. enjoyedbyAmer i
cancitizens .
5.Ithandl esfor eignaf f
air
sbyf or
mul ati
ng 5.I
ts pell
soutt hepr ocessofamendment
for
eignpol icies. ofthecons t
it
ution.
6.Its ol
vesdi s putesbet weenthes tates. 6.I
tpr ovidesabi camerallegislaturemade
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upoft hesenateandt heHouseof 6.He/
shepresidesovercabinetmeetings
.
Represent
atives. 7.He/
sheappointsSupremeCour tJudges
7.I
tpr ovi
desfortheseparati
onofpower i
ncl
udi
ngt heChiefJust
ice.
betweentheExecutive,Legis
latur
eand 8.He/
sheistheHeadofGover nment.
theJudici
arybranchesoftheF ederal
government. Howt hePres
ident
’spower/conducti
s
checkedandcontr
oll
ed.
F
unct
ionsoft
hecongr
ess
1. TheCongr esscheckst hepoweroft he
1.I tcheckst heexecut ivesar m of presi
dentbyappr ovingal lappointment s
gover nment . made
2.I tappr ovest axat i
onandens urest hat byhi m.
thegover nmentexpendi tureif 2.TheCongr esscanr efus etoappr oveus e
effect i
velyus edaccount edfor. ofgov ernmentf undsf oraf orei
gnpol icy.
3.I tmakesl awsbydi scus singbi ll
sbef ore 3.TheCongr esscani mpeacht he
thepr es i
dentgi vesas s ent. presi
dent .
4.I tamendsl awswhi chhavebeen 4.TheSupr emeCour tcandecl area
appr ovedbyal lthes tategover nment s. presi
dentt ohaveact eduncons t
ituti
onally.
5.Senat eandpr es i
dentgi veappr ovalfor 5.Thecons ti
tuti
onl imi tst hepres i
dentt o
treatiest obes ignedf orhar moni ous 2four-yeart ermsi nof f
ice.
li
vi ngwi t
hot hercount ri
es/di plomat i
c 6.Themas smedi acancheckont he
ties . presi
dent ’sactionands peech.
6.Pr esidentands enateappoi nts enior 7.Pr es suregroupsal soactont he
civils ervant s. presi
dent ’saction.
7.I tappoi ntsacommi s
s ionofi nqui ryto 8.ThePubl i
copi nionr eflectsthewi s
hesof
inves tigatemat t
ersofnat ional thepeopl eandt hepr es identhast ores pect
impor tance. it.
.
8.I tdi scus sesi ssuest hataf fectt helives 9.ThePr esi
dent ’
spar tyisal wayscar eful
oft heci t
izens . nottol os eit
smaj ori
tyi ncongr es s.
9.I tes tabl i
shes ,mai ntainsandcont rols
theUSar medf orces. Qual
if
icat
ionsf
orVi
cePr
esi
dent
.
10.Itadmi tsnewmember st otheUSA
uni on. 1.35yearsofage.
2.Americanbybir
th.
Execut
iver
olesoft
hepr
esi
dent 3.Beres i
dentf
or14year
s.

1. He/sheheadsofs t
ate. Rol
esofCi
vilSer
vice
2.He/ sheappoi ntscabinetmini
s t
ersand
seniorcivi
ls ervant
swi t
happrovalofthe 1.Itimplement sgovernmentpol i
cies.
congress. 2.Itexplainsthegover nmentpolici
es.
3.He/ shegui desandcont rol
sforeign 3.Itmaintainsgover nmentrecords.
aff
airs/Chi efdipl
omat. 4.Itcoll
ect sgovernmentrevenue.
4.He/ sheist heCommanderi n-Chiefof 5.Itadvicespoliti
ciansonpolici
es .
thear medf orces. 6.Itprovidescontinuit
ybetween
5.He/ shepr es i
desovertheSenat e. gov
ernment s.

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7.Itdr
awsdevelopmentpl
ansand mor
efreedom accor
dedt
o
gov
ernmentbudgets
. thestat
es.

Judi
ciar
y I
NDI
A

 St atecour tsandf eder alcour tsf rom  Shehasaf eder algover nment .
theUSJudi ci ar y.  Sheat tainedi ndependencef rom Br i
tain
 I ns tat ecour ts ,judgesar eel ect edby in1 947.
thepeopl efors hor tt er ms .  Hercons tituti
onwasputi noper ationi n
 F eder alcour t scompr ise–Supr eme 1950.
Cour t,ci rcuitcour ts,cour tofappeal ,
districtcour ts ,cour tofcl aimsand
cour tofcus toms .
 Judgesher ear eappoi ntedbyt he El
ectoralpr oces s
pres ident–wi thadvi ceofs enat ef or
li
fe.  Thecount ryi sdi videdi ntos i
ngl e
memberdi s tr
icts.
Mer it
soft hef eder algover nment/  Thememberwhowi nst hel arges t
advant ages numberofvot est akest hes eat .
 Somedi str i
ctsar et r aditi
onallyr es erved
1.I tenabl ess ever aldi ffer ents tatesand fort hemi nor i
tygr oupse. g.lowercas tes.
nat ionaliti
est ol i
vet oget her .  Candi dat espayadepos itwhi chi s
2.I tenabl esmember sofdi ff
erents tates refundedi ftoget s1 /6oft hevot es .
tocomet oget herwi thoutl os i
ngt hei r  Elect i
onsar eorgani zedbyt heEl ectoral
i
dent it
y. Commi ssion.
3.I tenabl ess tatest ot ackl et hei rc ommon  Thepar tiesi nclude:t heIndianCongr es s
pr oblemsj oi ntlyeg. pol lut i
on. Par ty( C. P.),Bhar atiyaJanat apar ty,
4.I tens ur ess ecur ityf ors mal ls tates Bahuj anJamalpar ty,communi stpart y
thr ought hej ointfor ces . ofI ndi a,Communi stPar tyofI ndi a
5.I tenabl ess ever als tat eswor kasa (Mar xi st)andot herr egionalpar ti
es .
pol it
icaluni t .
6.I tens ur est hatt hei nter es tsofs mal land Howt hegover nmenti sor ganized.
mi nor i
tygr oupsar econs ider ed.
7.I tenabl esmembers tatest obenef it 1.Indiahasaf eder als ys t
em of
from poolofr es ources . gover nment .
8.I teas est radebyr emovi ngcus tom 2.Shehasawr i
ttencons tit
ution.
dut iesandus eofcommon cur r ency. 3.Shehast hreear msofgover nment :
9.I tavai lsal ar germar ketf orgoods execut ive,l egi s
lat ureandj udi ci
ar y.
pr oducedi nt hevar iouss tat es. 4.Thel egi slaturehast wohous es :the
LowerandtheUpperhouse.
Di
sadvant
ages/demer
it
s 5.TheLowerhouseisthelawmaking
body.
1.Temptat
iontopulloutbycountr
ieswi
th 6.Thefeder
alstat
eisheadedbythe
moreeconomicresources. presi
dent
.
2.Leadersarefor
cedt obefl
exibl
edueto 7.Thegovernmentisheadedbyt
hepr i
me
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 HISTORYPAPER2
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sabokemicah@gmai
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com
minist
er. arbit
rateinter-statedisputes.
8.Poweri ssharedbetweens tat
e 9.He/shenomi nates1 2member stothe
governmentsandt heunion/f ederal UpperHous e/Counci lofStates.
government. 1
0.He/shei sthel eaderoft hepol i
ti
cal
9.Thepr i
memi nist
erchairsthecabinet partythatnomi nateshim/her .
meetings. 1
1.He/shepar donsof fenders/i ssues
1
0.Eachs t
ategovernmenti sheadedbya cl
emencyt oof fenders.
governor. 1
2.He/shemakesdecl arati
onsf orcert
ain
1
1.ShehasaSupr emeCour theadedbyt he uniqueterritori
es .
ChiefJusti
ce.
1
2.Eachs t
atehasal egi
slati
vecounc i
lthat St
agesofel
ect
ionoft
hepr
imemi
nis
ter
.
makesl awsforthestate.
1. He/sheisnominatedbyapar ti
cular
F
unct
ionsoft
heI
ndi
anGover
nment part
y.
2.He/ sheiselect
edinacons ti
tuency.
Execut
ive 3.He/ shehast obealeaderofhispar ty.
4.Shoul dthepartywintheelecti
ons ,he
 Itisheadedbyt hepr esidentwhois i
sas sumedt obetheautomaticpr i
me
electedfor5year sterm. mini
s t
er.
 TheVi cePr es
identi selectedfor5 5.Thepr es
identhastoconsenttothi s.
yearst er
m byt hehous eofpeopl e 6.Thepr es
identswearsint
hepr ime
andupperhous e. mini
s t
er.
 Itals
ohast hePr imeMi nist
erand
theCounci lofmi nis
ters. Condi
ti
onsf
orpr
esi
dencyi
nIndi
a.

F
unct
ionsoft
heI
ndi
anPr
esi
dent
. 1. He/s hes houldbeaci t
izenofI ndia.
2.He/ s hes houldbeaged35year sand
1. He/s hedi ssolves/cal l
sel ectionsof ab ove.
theLowerHous eofpar l
iament/Hous e 3.He/ s hes houldqual if
yf orelectionsasa
ofrepr esent ative. me mb er ofHo useo ftheP eople .
2.Thepr esidentas sents/
vetoesbi l
lst hat 4.He/ s hes houldnotbeagover nment
havebeenpas sedbypar l
iament . emp loyee/ noth oldo ff
iceo fprofit
3.Hei st hecommanderI n-chiefoft he withinthegover nment .
armedf orces . 5 .He /
s hes houldb en omi natedbya
4.He/ sheappoi ntss tat
e polit
icalparty.
gover nors /att
or neygener al/Supr eme
Cour tjudges . Whent heVi cepres identmayt akeovert he
5.He/ shedecl aresas t
ateofemer gency president’soffi
cei nI ndia.
whennat ionals ecuri
tyist hreatened.
6.He/ sheappoi ntst heprimemi nisteron 1 .Whent hes i
tti
ngpr esidentdies .
adviceoft hepar li
ament/cal l
st he 2. I
fthep resident be come sinc apacit
ated.
l
eaderoft hewi nningpar t
yt ofor mt he 3.Whent hepr esidentr es i
gns .
gover nment . 4 .Wh ent hep r
eside nt i
sr emo ved/
7.He/ shei sas ymbolofnat i
onaluni ty. i
mpeached.
8.He/ shees t
abl i
s hesspecialtr i
bunal sto

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F
unct
ionsoft
hePr
imeMi
nis
terofI
ndi
a. 5.I
tcani
nit
iat
econs
tit
uti
onalamendment
s.

1. He/sheadvisesthepr esidentont he  Ithas2hous es:LowerChamber/

appoint
mentoft hecabi net. Hous eoft hePeopl e(LokSabha) -
2.He/ shechairscabi netmeet i
ngs . 545member sandUpperHous e–
3.He/ sheisthechi efs pokes personoft he 250member s.
government.  Thepr es i
dentnomi nates1 2
4.He/ sheadvisesont heappoi ntmentof member stot heupper -hous efor
seni
oroffi
cersint hegover nment . specialinteres tsl
ikear ts,andot her
5.He/ sherecommendsper sonsf ort he professional
s( CouncilofSt ate-
awardsofcivilhonour sanddi stinctions. RagyaSabha) .
6.Wi ththeadviceoft hepr es i
dent ,he/ she  1/
3o fthemember soft heUpper
candissol
vet heLowerhous e. Hous e,theyar eelectedf or3year s
7.He/ sheisans werabl etot hepar l
iament term;ot hersf or6year s .
onmat t
ersofnat ionalconcer n.  IntheLowerHous e,member sare
8.He/ sheheadst heCounci lofmi nisters electedonbas i
sofs ingle-member
andthegover nment . cons t
ituenci
esf or5year st erm.
 TheSpeakeri selectedf rom among
F
unct
ionsoft
heCabi
net thesemember s.
1.Itappr ovesallproposalsforlegisl
ature Judici
ary
enactmentofgover nmentpol icy.
2.Itr ecommendsal lmaj orappointments.  Ther eisas upremecour tof17judges
3.Its ettl
esinter
depar t
ment aldis
cords . andchiefj
udge- appoi
ntedbythe
4.Itcoor dinat
esactivit
iesofgover nment. presi
dent.
5. I tdefendsgover nmentdeci si
onsand
poli
cies.
6. I tpresentsbil
lst otheLowerHous eof  Thecour thandl esbothinter
naland
theLegCo. exter
nalmat t
ers .
7. Itappr ovesthebudget .

Legi
slat
ure

1. Legislatingormaki ngl awsfort he

country.
2.Toi mpeacht hepr es i
dentandt oremove
judgesofSupr emeCour tandhi ghcourt
,
judges ,Chi efelecti
oncommi s
sionerand
controllerandaudi torGener al.
3.I tdeclar esands ancti
onst he
establishmentofnat i
onalhighwaysand
waterways .
4.I tisinchar geofs ecurity,l
awandor der
fortheUni on.

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