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Chapter – 2 THEORY CONTENT

OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRY

1 DOMAIN & RANGE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

π
We know that tan 3 = √ 3
π
This is written in inverse trigonometry as 3 = tan-1√ 3
4π
But, tan 3 is also equal to√ 3 .
4π
Does it mean : 3 = tan-1√ 3 ?
The answer is no.
√ 3 is taken as the numerically least angle whose tangent is√ 3 . This is done to
tan-1
associate a single value to tan √ 3 to safeguard the definition of a function.
-1

So the equations tan x = y and x = tan-1 y are not identical because the former associates
many values of x to a single value of y while the latter associates a single x to a particular value
of y .In the same way, the remaining five inverse trigonometric functions are also defined .To
assign a unique angle to a particular value of trigonometric ratio, we introduce a term called
‘principal range’. The principal ranges of all the inverse trigonometric functions have been fixed.

e.g., Principal range of sin-1 x is

π π
− ,
[ ]
2 2 . i.e., We have to search for an angle in this interval
only.

( )
1 1
note that sin−1 ≠
1 π 5π 1 13 π 1
2 1
= = , sin = , sin
sin–1 2 6 only, although sin 6 2 6 2 etc. 2 .

Similarly, even if cot

( )
−
π
6
−
π
= −√ 3 but cot −√ 3 ¹ 6 because principal range of cot-1x
-1( )
is (0, p).
5π
=
so, cot -1
(−√ 3 )6 only
The principal range of inverse trigonometric functions is the most important thing in this
lesson. All formulae and problems are linked in some way or the other to that only.

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We list below the domain and principal ranges of all the six inverse trigonometric
functions.

e.g.,
( )
cos−1 − √ =
2
3 5π
6
π
, cosec−1 ( 1 ) = , cot −1 −
2
1
√3
=
2π
3 ( )
, etc .

Question: Evaluate the following

(a) tan-1 (-1), (b) cot-1 (-1), (c) sin-1

(− √23 ) .

Solution : (a) tan

( −π4 )=−1 , \
tan−1 (−1 )=−
π
4
∵{−π
4
∈ range of tan−1 x }
(b) cot
( 34π )=−1 , \
cot−1 (−1 )=
3π
4 {∵
3π
4
∈ range of cot x } −1

sin
( −π3 )= −2√ 3 , \
sin−1 ( −2√3 )=−π3 {∵ −π3 ∈ range of sin x} −1

(c)

Question: Simplify
sin−1 ( −2√ 2 )+cos (−12 )−tan
−1 −1
( √3 )
(−√ 3 ) +cot−1 −1
.

Solution: The value = 4

−π 2 π −π
+ −
3 3
+
2π
3 ( )( )
π 2 π π 2 π 17 π
− + + + =
= 4 3 3 3 12

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2 GRAPHS OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

y = sin-1x y = cos-1x

y = tan-1x y = cosec-1x

y = sec-1x y = cot-1x
3 SOME BASIC RESULTS

Observe the following :

(
sin−1 sin
6)
7π
=
7π
6
In the first instance, it seems to be correct because there are two operations performed
7π
on 6 which are reverse of each other. But as we discussed, sin -1x always lies in the

range
[
π π
− ,
] 7π
2 2 , whereas 6 is clearly out of this range.

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\
(
sin−1 sin
7π
6
≠ )
7π
6

(
sin−1 sin
7π
6 ) = sin (−sin π6 ) = sin (− 12 ) = − π6
−1 −1

So, we have the following relations :

π π
− ≤θ ≤
· sin sin q = q
-1
if 2 2
· cos-1 cos q = q if 0 £ q £ p
π π
<θ<
· tan-1 tan q = q if - 2 2
π π
· cosec-1 (cosecq) = q if - 2 £ q < 0 or 0 < q £ 2
π π
or
· sec-1 (sec q) = q if 0 £ q < 2 2 <q£p
· cot-1 (cot q) = q if 0 < q < p

Similarly,
· sin (sin-1 x) = x if |x| £ 1

· cos (cos-1 x) = x if |x| £ 1

· tan (tan-1 x) = x if x Î R

· cosec (cosec-1 x) = x if |x| ³ 1

· sec (sec-1 x) = x if |x| ³ 1

· cot (cot-1 x) = x if x Î R

Question: Find the angle

(a) tan-1
(tan 34π ) ;(b) sin-1 sin 5 (where 5 is in radians).

tan ( tan ) = θ
−1 3π
Solution: (a) Let 4

tan tan ( π− ) = θ
−1 π
4
tan (−tan ) = θ
−1 π
4

Þ
π
−tan−1 tan =θ
4 [ ( π π
As tan−1 tanθ=θ , if θ ∈ − ,
2 2 )]
π
− =θ
Þ 4

(b) We know sin-1 sin q = q, q Î

π π
2 2 [ ][
− , ≈ −1 .57 , 1 . 57 ]
...(i)
Hence sin-1 sin 5 ¹ 5 as 5 ∉ [-1.57, 1.57]

\ sin 5 = sin ( π+5−π )

= - sin (5 - p)
∉
Since (5 - p) [-1.57, 1.57] so we again add and subtract p.

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Þ sin 5 = - sin ( π+5−2π )

= + sin (5 - 2p) [∵ (5 - 2p) Î [- 1.57, 1.57]]
\ sin-1 sin 5 = sin-1 sin (5 - 2p) = 5 - 2p
Hence to solve this type of problem, the procedure is to add and subtract p till it belongs to the
principal value range of respective inverse trigonometric function.

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the following
briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is greater than 80%. Do not consult the
study material while attempting the questions.

1. The equation y = cot x is same as x = cot –1y. (True/False)

2. The equation y = sec-1 x implies x = secy. (True/False)

3. cosec-1x is real if x belongs to the interval ……….

4.
(
sin-1
sin
2π
)
3 is equal to ……………..

π
5. The value of x for which tan x = 2 is …….
-1

6. Graph of y = tan-1 x is symmetrical about y-axis. (True/False)

π
7. cos-1 (cos 7) is less than 2 . (True/False)

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1. False

2. True

3. (-∞ , -1] U [1, ∞ )

π
4. 3

5. does not exist

6. False

7. True

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4 FORMULAE IN INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY

We now discuss some important formulae in inverse trigonometry and their applications.
It must be noted that the list is not exhaustive because all the formulae learnt in the first lesson of
trigonometry can be converted to inverse trigonometry form, but there will be conditions attached
with almost all of them due to the effect of principal range.

e.g.,
2 tan
−1
x =sin
( )−1 2x
1+ x 2
only if −1≤x≤1

= π −sin
( 1+ x )
2x −1
2
if x> 1

Let us see how

π π
− <θ<
Suppose tan1 x = where 2 2
 x = tan 

Now,
sin
−1
( 1+2 xx )=sin ( 1+2 tantanθθ )
2
−1
2
= sin1(sin 2)
π π π π
≤2θ≤ − ≤θ≤
= 2 only if - 2 2 i.e., 4 4
Since, x = tan   1 ¿ x ¿ 1
π π π
⇒ <2 θ< π
If x > 1  4 <  < 2 2
So, we need to write
sin1(sin 2) = sin1[sin ( 2)]
π
=   2 as 0 <   2 < 2

=
sin
−1 2x
( )
1+ x2 =   2 tan1x if x > 1

Similarly, it can easily be shown that,

2 tan
−1
x =−π −sin
−1
( ) if x <−1
2x
1+ x2
Consider few important results:
4.1 ¿ sin−1 (−x ) =−sin−1 x ∀ x ∈[−1, 1]
Proof :
As (x)  [1, 1]
 x  [1, 1]

Let sin1(x) = , so
π π
θ∈ − ,
2 2 [ ]
 (x) = sin
 x = sin
 x = sin()
 ()= sin1x
  = sin1x
sin1(x) = sin1x, ∀ x ∈[−1, 1]
¿cos−1 (−x )=π−cos−1 x ∀ x ∈[−1 , 1 ]
Proof :
As (x)  [1, 1]
 x  [1, 1]
Let cos1 (x) = , so θ ∈[0 , π ]
 x = cos

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 x = cos (  )
 cos1x =   
  =   cos1x
 cos1(x) =   cos1x, ∀ x  [1, 1]

Try to derive the following formulae on your own.

¿ tan−1 (−x )=−tan−1 x ∀ x ∈ R

−1 −1
¿ cot (−x ) =π −cot x ∀ x ∈ R
−1 −1
¿ sec (−x )=π−sec x ∀ x ∈(−∞ , −1 ]∪[1 , ∞)
−1 −1
¿ cosec (−x )=−cosec x ∀ x ∈(−∞ , −1 ]∪[ 1, ∞)

4.2
{cot−1 x
−1
 tan1(1/x) = −π +cot x
∀ x >0
∀ x <0
Proof :
Let cot1x = 
where,  < x <  and 0 <  < 
Now, consider two cases,
Case I: x>0
cot1 x =     (0, /2)


1
=
x = cot  x tan   = tan1 x
1
( )
 tan1(1/x) = cot1x, for all x > 0.

Case II: x<0

   (/2, )
/2 <  < 
 /2 < (  ) < 0
 (  )  (/2, 0)
 cot1x = 
 cot = x
1
=
 x tan
1
=
 x  tan(  )
1
=
 x tan (  )


(
(  ) = tan x
1
1
)

( 1
)
tan x =   + 
1


(
1
1
)
tan x =   + cot x, when
1
x < 0.

{ }
−1
1 cot x , ∀ x >0
=
 tan 1 x −π +cot −1 x , ∀ x <0

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Similarly, within the domain of their definitions,

{
−1 1
cot , x >0
x
tan−1 x=


cot
−1 1
x ( )
−π , x <0


sin−1 ( 1x )=cosec −1
x
, ∀ x ∈(−∞ , −1 ] ∪ [ 1, ∞)
1
sin−1 x =cosec−1 , ∀ x ∈[−1 , 0 )∪(0 , 1 ]
 x


cos−1
1
x ()
=sec −1 x
, ∀ x ∈(−∞ , −1 ] ∪ [ 1, ∞)
1
cos−1 x=sec−1 , ∀ x ∈[−1 , 0 )∪(0 , 1 ]
 x

Question: Obtain the value of cos1

(− 35 )+ sin (− 135 )
−1

in terms of cos1 function.

Solution :
cos−1 − ( 35 )+sin (−135 )
−1

( 4
=π − sin−1 +sin−1
5
5
13 )
4 4
sin−1 =α ⇒ sin α =
Let 5 5
5 5
sin−1 =β ⇒ sin β=
13 13
consider cos( + ) = cos cos  sin sin
3 12 4 5 16
. − . =
= 5 13 5 13 65

16
cos−1
+= 65 (,  ∈ quadrant 1)

 Given quantity = 
−cos−1
16
65 ( )
=cos−1 −
16
65
π
¿ sin −1 x +cos−1 x= , −1≤ x≤1
4.3 2
π
¿ cot −1 x + tan−1 x= , x∈ R
2
π
¿ sec−1 x+ cosec−1 x= , −∞< x≤−1 or 1≤ x <∞
2
Proof:
 sin1x + cos1x = /2, ∀ x  [1, 1]
Let sin1x = , so x∈[−1, 1]
where,  [/2, /2]
 −π / 2≤θ≤π / 2
 −π / 2≤−θ≤π / 2
 0≤π / 2−θ≤π

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 (/2 )  [0, ]
∵ sin1x = 
 x = sin
 x = cos (/2 )
 cos1x = /2    + cos1x = /2
 sin1x + cos1 x = /2

1
−1 −1 .
Question: Evaluate cos [ 2cos x+sin x ] at x = 5
π π
+cos−1 x= +θ
Solution: 2 cos1 x + sin1 x = 2 2 where cos  = x

( )
π
cos +θ =−sinθ=− √ 1−x 2=− 1− =
2 √
1 −2 √6
25 5

 4.4
¿ tan−1 x+ tan −1 y =tan −1 ( ) x+ y
1−xy
, if xy <1 , x >0 , y >0

= π +tan −1 ( 1−xy ), if xy >1 , x >0 , y>0

x+ y

Proof :
Let tan1 x = A and tan1 y = B. Then,
x = tanA and y = tanB and A, B (/2, /2).
tan A +tan B x+ y
= =
 tan(A + B) 1−tan A tan B 1−xy
Case I: x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1
x+ y
>0
 1−xy
tan(A + B) > 0
 A + B lies in I quadrant or in III quadrant

[ } ]
π
∵ x >0 ⇒ 0< A <
π 2 ⇒ 0< A + B < π
0< A +B< y > 0⇒ 0< B < π / 2
 2
x+ y
tan( A +B)=
 1− xy


(
x+ y
A + B = tan1 1−xy
) [ ∵ 0< A+ B<
π
2 ]
 tan1x + tan1y = tan1
( 1−xy
x+ y
)
Case II:
x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
x+ y
 1−xy < 0
x+ y
tan(A + B) = 1−xy
 tan(A + B) < 0
 A + B lies either in II quadrant or in IV quadrant

 A + B lies in II quadrant
[ ∵ x >0 , y >0⇒ A , B ∈(0 , π /2)
⇒ A +B ∈(0 , π ) ]
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π π
<( A +B )< π −π <( A + B)−π < 0
 2  2
π x+ y
− <( A +B )−π < 0 tan( A +B)=
 2  1− xy
x+ y
=
  tan { (A + B)} 1−xy [∵ tan{  (A + B)} = tan(A + B)]


=
tan{(A + B)} 1−xy
x+ y
 A+B
=tan −1 ( 1−xy
x+ y
)
  A+B=
+ tan−1 (x+ y
1− xy )  tan1x + tan1y =
π + tan (−1
1−xy )
x+ y
.

¿ tan−1 x − tan−1 y=tan−1 ( 1+xy

x− y
), if x >0 , y >0 .
Proof:
If x > 0 and y > 0, then A (0, /2), B (0, /2)

 AB
(− , )
π π
2 2
x− y
tan( A−B )=
 1+ xy

 A  B = tan1
( x− y
1+ xy )  tan1x + tan1y = tan1
( 1+x−xyy )
 tan1x  tan1y = tan1
( 1+x−xyy ) for all x >0, y > 0.

 sin
−1
x +sin y=sin [ x √1− y + y √ 1−x 2 ] ,
−1 −1 2
if xy  0, x2 + y2  1
=π −sin−1 [ x √1− y 2 + y √1−x 2 ], if x >0 , y >0 , x 2 + y 2 >1
 sin x −sin y=sin [ x √ 1− y − y √ 1−x ] , if xy > 0, x2 + y2 > 1
−1 −1 −1 2 2

 cos
−1
x+cos−1 y =cos−1 [ xy− √1−x 2 √ 1− y 2 ] , if −1≤x , y≤1 and x + y≥0
=2 π−cos [ xy−√ 1−x √ 1− y ],
−1 2 2
if −1≤x , y≤1 and x + y≤0
 cos
−1
x−cos−1 y=cos−1 [ xy+ √1−x 2 √ 1− y 2 ] , if x  y

= −cos
−1
[ xy+ √ 1−x √1− y ] , if x≥ y
2 2

Question: Prove that

tan−1 ( 12 tan 2θ)+ tan −1

( cotθ )+ tan−1 ( cot 3 θ ) = 0, if
π
4
<θ<
π
2
π
.
= , if 0 <  < 4
Solution: Case I:
π
,
If 0 <  < 4 then cot  > 1, cot3  > 1

 tan 1 (cot ) + tan 1 (cot3 ) =  + tan 1

{cot θ+ cot 3 θ
1−cot 4 θ }
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=
π +tan− 1
{cot θ . cosec 2 θ . sin4 θ
− 4
cos θ−sin θ 4
=
π + tan
−1
}
−sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ−sin2 θ { }
=
π +tan− 1 { 1
− tan 2 θ
2 =
}
π−tan− 1
1
2
tan 2 θ ( π
)
since 2 < 2 and tan 2 > 0

 tan 1
( 12 tan 2 θ) + tan 1
(cot ) + tan 1 (cot3 ) = 

Case II:
π π
,
If 4 <  < 2 0 < cot  < 1, 0 < cot3  < 1

 tan 1 (cot ) + tan 1 (cot3 ) = tan 1

(− 12 tan 2θ)
=  tan 21
( 1
tan 2 θ ) { since 2θ >π and tan 2θ< 0 }

 tan 1
( tan22 θ )+tan ( cot θ )+ tan (cot θ )= 0
−1 −1 3

Question: If cos1x + cos1y +cos1z = 

prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
Solution: Given: cos1x + cos1y + cos1z = 
 cos1x + cos1y =   cos1z = cos1(z)
 cos[cos1x + cos1y] = cos[cos1(z)]
Let cos1x = A
cos1y = B
 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB

 cos(A + B) = xy− 1−x 1− y

2
√
2
√

2
(A + B) = cos1[ xy− 1−x 1− y ]
2
√ √
 cos1{xy− 1−x 1− y √ 2
√ 2
} = cos1(z)  √ 2
xy  1−x 1− y = z √ 2

 (xy + z)2 = (1  x2) (1  y2)  x y + z + 2xyz = 1  x2  y2 + x2y2

2 2 2

 x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
Hence, proved.

Question: Write in the simplest form:

tan−1 ( cos
1+sin x )
x π
− ≤x ≤
where 2
3π
2

( ( π2 −x)
)
sin
tan −1
( cos x
1+sin x )
=tan −1
1+ cos ( −x )
π
2
Solution:

( )
2sin ( − ) cos ( − )
π x π x
4 2 4 2
=tan −1
2 cos ( − )
π x
4 2
2
= tan
−1
( ( ))
tan
π x
−
4 2
π x
= −
4 2
.

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1. sin(cot1x) as an algebraic function of x is equal to ………… .

2. The value of
(
1
cos tan−1 + tan−1
3
1
)
2 is ………………… .

3.
( sin−1
1
√5
+cot −1 3 ) π
is equal to 4 . (True/False)

4. sec1[sec(30)] is equal to ……………………..

5. If cot1  + cot1  = cot1 x, then x is equal to

6. If cos1(x-1) > cos1(2x+1), then x belongs to the interval

( 32 , ∞) . (True/False)

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1
1. √1+ x 2
1
2. √2
3. True

π
4. 6

αβ−1
5. α+ β

6. False

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Example 1:

The equation
sin−1 x−cos−1 x=cos−1 (2)
√ 3 has
(a) a unique solution (b) no solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) none of these
Solution:

sin 1 x  cos1 x = cos1

( √23 )
π
 sin x  cos x = 6
1 1
...(i)
−1 −1 π
sin x +cos x=
Also, 2 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
π π
sin−1 x = and cos−1 x=
3 6
x=
√3
 2 is the only solution.
 (a)

Example 2:
sin−1 x >cos−1 x holds for

(a) all values of x (b)

(
x∈ 0,
1
√2 )
1
x ∈( , 1]
(c) √2 (d) x = 0.75
Solution:
sin−1 x >cos−1 x (sin x and cos x both are defined ∀ x ∈[−1, 1] )
−1 −1

π
sin−1 x > −sin−1 x
 2
π π
sin−1 x > x >sin
 4  4 (because sin−1 x is an increasing function)
1
x>
 √2
But x∈[−1, 1]
1
x ∈( , 1]
So finally √2
 (c)
Example 3:

cos1
( ( ))
cos −
π
3 is equal to
π π
(a)  3 (b) 3
2π
(c) 3 (d) none of these
Solution:

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cos1
( ( ))
cos −
π
3 = cos1
(cos π3 )= π3 .
 (b)
Example 4:

cot1
(√ )
1−x 2
1+ x 2 is equal to
π 1
− cos−1 ( x 2 )
(a) cos (x )
1 2
(b) 2 2
π 1
− cos−1 ( x 2 )
(c) 3 2 (d) none of these
Solution:
Substituting x2 = cos 2, we obtain

cot1
(√ )
1−x 2
1+x 2
=cot−1 (√ 1−cos2
1+cos2 θ )
θ
= cot1 (tan ) = cot1
( ( ))
cot
π
2
−θ
π
= −θ.
2
 (b)

Example 5:
The value of sec2 (tan1 2) + cosec2 (cot1 3) is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 15
(c) 13 (d) none of these
Solution:
sec2 (tan1 2) + cosec2 (cot1 3)
= {1 + tan2 (tan1 2)} + {1 + cot2 (cot1 3)}
= 1 + {tan (tan1 2)}2 + 1 + {cot (cot1 3)}2
= 1 +22 + 1 + 32 = 15
 (b)

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Example 1:

If cos1
( )
x y
a + cos1 b
=α ( ) x2 2xy
, prove that a
2
−
ab
cos α+
y2
b2
=sin2 α
.
Solution:

Let
cos− 1 ( ax )=θ; cos ( by ) −1

=  so that  +  = 
Now cos  = cos ( + ) = cos  cos   sin  sin 

=
x y x2
√( ) √(
⋅ − 1− 2 1− 2
a b a
y2
b )
( ) ( )( )
2
xy x2 y2
−cos α = 1− 2 1− 2
ab a b

x2 y 2 2 xy
2
+ 2− cos α=1−cos 2 α =sin2 α
 a b ab , which is the desired result.

Example 2:

Solve the equation

tan−1 { x−1
x +1
}+ tan { x−1x }= tan
−1 −1
(−7 )
.
Solution:

tan−1 ( x−1
x +1
)+tan ( x−1x )= tan
−1 −1
(−7 )

taking tan on both sides, we get

( ( )
tan tan
−1 x +1
x−1
+ tan
−1 x−1
x ( )) −1
=tan tan (−7 )

( x−1
x +1
)+( x−1
x )
=- 7
x 2 −1
1-
 x ( x−1 )
2x 2 −x+ 1 2
=− 7 ⇒ 2x 2 −8x+ 8=0⇒ ( x−2 ) =0 ⇒ x=2
i.e., 1−x

For x = 2, L.H.S. = tan1 (3) + tan1

( 12 )>0
while R.H.S. = tan1 ( 7) is negative.
 no value of x satisfies the given equation.

Example 3:
{
Prove that sin cot [ tan cos x
−1
( −1 ) ] } =| x |.
Solution:

tanθ=
√1−x 2
Let cos1 x = ;  ∈[ 0, π]  cos θ=x , so x

now let
cot −1
( )
√1−x 2 =α ,
x
α ∈ ( 0, π )

cot α =
√ 1−x 2
 x  sin α=| x| (because sin α is positive in α ∈ ( 0 , π ))

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Example 4:
Solve sin1 x  cos1 x = sin1 (3x  2).
Solution:
π π
The given equation is 2  cos x  cos x = sin (3x  2) or 2  2cos1x = sin1 (3x  2)
1 1 1

3x  2 = sin
( π2 − 2cos−1 x ) = cos (2 cos1 x) = 2 cos2 (cos1x) 1 = 2x2  1
 2x2  3x + 1= 0
(2x  1) (x  1) = 0
1
 x = 1 or 2

Example 5:
1 1 1
tan−1 2
+tan−1 2
+tan−1 + .. .. .
Sum to n terms the series : 1+1+1 1+2+2 1+3+3 2
Solution:
1 ( r + 1 )−r
tan−1 = tan −1
Tr = 1+r + r 2 1+ r ( r +1 ) = tan1 (r + 1)  tan1r
Putting r = 1, 2, 3, ……, n and adding

Sn = tan1 (n + 1)  tan1 1 = tan1

( n+2
n
)
Example 6:
x ,x ,x ,x
If 1 2 3 4 are the roots of the equation
x 4 −x 3 sin 2β +x 2 cos 2β −x cosβ− sin β=0 prove that
π
tan−1 x 1 + tan−1 x 2 +tan −1 x3 + tan−1 x 4 =nπ + −β, where n ∈ I .
2
Solution:
x 1 , x2 , x 3 , x 4 are the roots of the given equation
∴ ∑ x 1=sin 2 β
∑ x 1 x 2=cos2 β
∑ x 1 x 2 x 3=cos β
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 =−sin β
tan [ tan−1 x 1 +tan−1 x 2 +tan −1 x3 +tan−1 x 4 ]

=
∑ x 1−∑ x 1 x2 x 3 =
sin 2 β −cos β
1−∑ x1 x 2 +x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 1−cos 2 β−sin β
cos β(2 sin β−1 )
= =cot β
sin β (2 sin β−1)
tan[ tan −1 x1 +tan −1 x 2 +tan −1 x 3 +tan −1 x 4 ]=cot β

=tan −β
π
2 ( )
π
∴ tan−1 x 1 +tan−1 x 2 +tan−1 x 3 +tan−1 x 4 =nπ + −β , where n∈ I.
2

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Example 7:
n
∑ tan−1 2+ k2k2 + k 4
Find the value of k =1 .
Solution:
2n 2n
t n =tan −1 =tan −1
Given,
2 4
( 2+ n +n ) 1+(n +1)2 −n2
2

2 2
2n −1 [(n + n+1)−(n −n+1 )
=tan −1 =tan
1+(n 2 +n+1 )(n2 −n+1) 1+(n 2 +n+1 )( n2 −n+1)
=tan−1 [n 2 +n+1 ]−tan−1 [ n2−n+1 ]
Substituting the value of n as n varies from 1 to n, we get
t1 = tan13  tan11
t2 = tan17  tan13
⋮
⋮
tn1 = tan1(n2  n + 1)  tan1[(n  1)2  1(n1)+1]
tn = tan1(n2 + n + 1)  tan1 (n2  n+1)
Adding we get tan1(n2 + n + 1)  tan1 1

 Sn =tan
−1
(n 2 +n+1 )−tan−1 1
=tan −1
(n 2 +n+1−1)
2
1+(n +n+1 ) [ ]
n ( n+1)
=tan −1 2
n +n+2 .

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Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Function Domain Principal Relations like sin(sin-1x) = x

Range hold if x is in the domain of
π π respective functions.
[− , ]
sin1x [-1,1] 2 2
Relations like sin-1(sin x) = x
cos1x [-1,1] [0, ] hold if x is in the principal range
of respective functions.

tan1x R
(− π2 , π2 ) sin1(x) =  sin1x, x  [–1, 1]
tan1(x) =  tan1x, x  R
π π
[− , ]−{0} cosec1(x) =  cosec1 x, x  R –(–1, 1)
cosec1x R (1,1) 2 2
cos1(x) =   cos1x, x  [–1, 1]

sec1x R (1,1) [0, ] -

{}
π
2
sec1(x)
cot1(x)
=   sec1x, x  R –(–1, 1)
=   cot1x, x  R

sin−1 x = cosec −1 ( 1x ) , x ∈[−1 , 1]−{0 }

π
cos−1 x=sec−1 ( 1x ) , x ∈[−1 , 1]−{0} sin x + cos x = 2 , x  [–1, 1]
1 1

{ ( x)

}
1
cot−1 , x> 0 cot1x + tan1x = 2 , x  R
−1
tan x= π
−π +cot ( ) , x <0
1
sec1x + cosec1x = 2 , x  R–(–1,
−1
x

x+ y
tan−1 x+tan−1 y=tan−1
1− xy if x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1
x+ y
=π +tan−1
1−xy if x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1
x− y
tan−1
tan1 x – tan1y = 1+xy if x > 0, y > 0

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 Mathematics

IIT–JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1.
( 1
sin sin−1 +cos−1
2
1
2 is equal to )
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 1

2.
tan−1 (111 )+ tan (122 )
−1

is equal to

tan (
132 ) ( 12 )
−1 33
tan−1
(a) (b)

tan (
33 )
−1 132
(c) (d) none of these

3.
(
tan 2 cos−1
3
)
5 is equal to
7 24 24 8
−
(a) 25 (b) 25 (c) 7 (d) 3

4.
[ 1 π
tan 2 tan−1 −
5 4 is equal to ]
5 5 7 7
−
(a) 4 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 17

5. The value of
3
(
tan tan−1 +cos−1
2
3
2 is )
(a) √3 (b) 1/ √ 3 (c) 1 (d) not defined

6. cos−1 (3 /5 )+cos−1 (4 /5 ) is equal to

(a) π / 4 (b) 3 π / 2 (c) π / 2 (d) π

−1
7. If cos x+cos−1 y +cos−1 z=3 π , then ( xy + yz + zx ) is equal to
(a) 3 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) none of these

8. 6 sin−1 ( x 2−6 x +8 . 5)=π , if

(a) x=1 (b) x = 2 (c) x = 3 (d) none of these

9. tan−1 ( tan √1−θ )=√ 1−θ when

π π 4−π
− <θ< θ>
(a) 2 2 (b) 4
4−π 4−π 2
θ< <θ≤1
(c) 4 (d) 4
−1
10. If sin x =π /5 , for some x∈[−1, 1], then the value of cos−1 x is

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3π 5π 7π 9π
(a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 10 (d) 10

11. The values of x satisfying

tan(sec−1 x )=sin cos−1
( 1
√ 5 is)
±√ ±√
5 3 3 3
± ±
(a) 3 (b) √5 (c) 5 (d) 5

5 π2
( tan−1 x )2 +(cot−1 x )2 = ,
12. If 8 then x equals
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) –3

−1
13. The number of real solutions of; cos x+cos−1 2 x=−π is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinitely
many

14. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers and

θ=tan−1
(a) 0
√ a( a+b+ c )
bc
+ tan−1
√
b(a+ b+c )
ca
(b) 1
+ tan−1
c (a+ b+c )
ab √
then tan θ is equal to
(c) –1 (d) none of these

15. If we consider only the principal value of the inverse trigonometric functions then the value

of
[
tan cos−1
1
5 √2
−sin−1
4
√17 is]
√29 29 √3 3
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 29 (d) 29

−1 −1
16. If cot x =2 cot 7+cos−1 (3 /5 ),then the value of x is
(a) 44/117 (b) 125/117 (c) 24/7 (d) 5/3

17. The set of values of x satisfying the inequation tan 2 (sin−1 x )>1 is

(a) [−1, 1] (b)

[ −
1 1
,
√2 √ 2 ]
(c)
(−1, 1 )− −
[ 1 1
,
√ 2 √2 ] (d)
[−1 , 1 ]− −
( 1 1
,
√2 √ 2 )
18. The value of ‘a’ for which ax
2
+sin−1 ( x 2 −2 x +2 )+cos−1 ( x2 −2 x+2)=0 has a real solution,
is
π π 2 2
− −
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) π (d) π

19. The value of

[(
sin−1 cot sin−1 (√ 2−4√ 3 )+ cos ( √412 )+sec
−1 −1
√2 )]
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(a) 0 (b) π / 4
(c) π / 6 (d) π / 2

20. The number of the positive integral solutions of

tan−1 x+cot−1 ( 1y )=sin ( √310 )
−1

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

21. If
a 1 , a2 , a3 . . .. , an is an A.P. with common difference d, then

[
tan tan −1
( d
1+ a1 a 2)+ tan−1
(d
1+ a2 a3 )
+. .. .+tan −1
d
(
1+a n−1 a n )] is equal to
(n−1)d (n−1)d
(a) a1 + an (b) 1+a1 an
nd an −a 1
(c)
1+ a1 a n (d) an +a1

lim cos( tan−1 (sin (tan −1 x )))

22. The value of; | x |→∞ is equal to:
(a) –1 (b) √2
1 1
−
(c) √2 (d) √ 2

23. If
sin−1 x− [ x2 x3
] [
x4 x6 π
+ −. .. . +cos−1 x 2− + −.. .. = .
2 4 2 4 ]
2 For 0< |x|< √ 2 , then x equals
(a) 1/2 (b) 1
(c) –1/2 (d) –1

24. The value of

cos
[ {
1
2 (
cos−1 cos sin−1 √
63
8 )}] is
3 3
(a) 16 (b) 8
3 3
(c) 4 (d) 2

1 1 1
−1 −1 −1 + +
25. If tan x+tan y+tan z=π , then xy yz zx is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
1
(c) xyz (d) xyz

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IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1.
[
cos−1 cos − ( 17
15
π )]
is equal to
17 π 17 π 2π 13 π
−
(a) 15 (b) 15 (c) 15 (d) 15

2. If x <0 , then
tan−1 ()
1
x equals
−1 −1
(a) cot–1 x (b) −cot x (c) −π +cot x (d) none of these
1
−1≤x ≤− , −1 3
3. If 2 then sin (3 x−4 x ) equals
−1 −1
(a) 3 sinx (b) π−3 sin x
−1
(c) −π−3 sin x (d) none of these

4. Which of the following is not true?

2 tan−1 x =π −sin−1
2x 1
tan−1 =−π +cot −1 x
(a) 1+ x 2 if x > 1. (b) x if x < 0.

sec
−1
x=sec
−1 √ x 2−1
(c) x if | x | > 1. (d) none of these

5.
2
If x + y
2 2 2
+ z =r , then
tan−1 ( xyzr )+tan ( yzxr )+tan ( zxyr )
−1 −1

is equal to if x, y, z, r > 0
(a) π (b) π / 2 (c) 0 (d) none of these

6. The smallest and the largest values of

tan−1 ( 1−x
1+x )
, 0≤x≤1
are
(a) 0 , π (b) 0 , π /4
(c) −π /4 , π /4 (d) π /4 , π /2

7. Sum infinite terms of the series

(
cot−1 12 +
3
4 ) ( 3
4 ) 3
+ cot−1 22 + +cot−1 32 + +. . ..
4 (
is
)
−1 −1
(a) π / 4 (b) tan 2 (c) tan 3 (d) none of these

8. If tan−1 x+tan −1 2 x +tan −1 3 x =π , then:

(a) x = 0 (b) x = –1 (c) x = 1 (d) x∈φ

−1
9. If θ=sin x+cos−1 x−tan−1 x, x≥0 , then the smallest interval in which lies is
π 3π π
≤θ≤ 0≤θ≤
(a) 2 4 (b) 4
π π π
− ≤θ≤0 ≤θ≤
(c) 4 (d) 4 2

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10. If cot
−1
( √ cosa ) −tan−1 ( √ cosa ) =u , then sin u is equal to
(a) tan a
2
(b) tan 2 a (c) tan 2 (a /2) (d) cot 2 (a /2 )

11.
(
tan 2 tan −1

(a) π / 4
√ 1+cosθ
1−cos θ )
+tanθ
is equal to, θ ∈ ( 0 , π )
(b) π / 2 (c)  (d) 0

tan
−1 √1+ x 2−1 = 1 ,
12. If x 4 then x is equal to
1 1
(a) tan 2 (b) tan 4 (c) tan 4 (d) tan 2

13. If
1
x∈ − ,1 ,
2 [ ]then
sin−1 √ x− √ 1−x 2
3
2
1
2 (
is equal to
)
1 π
sin−1 −sin−1 x sin−1 x −
(a) 2 (b) 6
π
sin−1 x +
(c) 6 (d) none of these
−1
14. Let f ( x)=cosec [1+sin 2 x], where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Then f ( x) is
equals to

(a)
{ π2 } (b)
{ π2 ,cosec 2} −1

(c) {cosec–1 2} (d) none of these

−1
15. The number of real solution of (x, y), where |y|=sin x , y=cos (cos x), −2 π≤x≤2 π , is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4

16. If sin
−1
√
a+sin−1 b+sin−1 c=π , then the value of a ( 1−a )+b ( 1−b ) +c ( 1−c ) will be
2
√ 2
√ 2

1 1
abc abc
(a) 2abc (b) abc (c) 2 (d) 3

n n
∑ cos −1
α i=0 ∑ αi
17. If i=1 , then i=1 is equal to
(a) n (b) –n (c) 0 (d) none of these

18. If a, b, g are the roots of the equation x 3 + px 2 +2 x+ p=0 , then general value of
−1 −1 −1
tan α+tan β +tan γ is
nπ
(a) nπ (b) 2
π
( 2 n+1 )
(c) 2 (d) depend upon value of p

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If [ sin cos sin tan−1 x ]=1 , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then x is given
−1 −1 −1
19.
by the interval
(a) [ tansincos 1 , tan sincossin 1 ] (b) ( tansincos1 , tansincossin 1)
(c) [–1, 1] (d) [ sincostan 1 , sincossintan 1 ]
10 10
∑ sin−1 x i =5 π ∑ x 2i
20. If i=1 , then i=1 is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 5
(c) 10 (d) none of these
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1
< |x| < 1
1. If 2 , then which of the following are real
−1 −1 −1 −1
(a) sec x (b) cosec x (c) tan x (d) cos x

2. If sin−1 x+sin−1 y+sin−1 z=π and x 4 + y 4 + z 4 +4 x 2 y 2 z 2 =k 2 ( x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 ) , then

the value of k is

(a) 1 (b) √2 (c) – √2 (d) –1

3. ( cos−1 x )4 −( sin−1 x )4 >0 . Then x may belongs to

1 1
x<
(a) 2 (b) –1 £ x £ 0 (c) 0 £ x < 1 (d) 0 £ x < √ 2

4. and are the angles given by α=2 tan−1 ( √ 2−1 ), β=3 sin−1 (1/ √ 2)+sin−1 (−1 /2 ) and

γ=cos−1 (1 /3 ) then
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) α =β=γ

5. The integral solution of the equation

tan−1 x+tan−1 ()
1
y
=tan−1 3
is
(a) (2, 7) (b) (4, –13) (c) (5, –8) (d) (1, 2)

x
sin(sin−1 x )≥
6. 2 holds, then the values of x may belongs to
(a) [0, 1] (b) [–1, 0]

(c)
[ ]
0,
1
2 (d) [–1, 1]

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7. If
f ( x )=cos−1 x +cos−1 {2x + 12 √3−3 x },
2

then

(a)
f ( 23 )= π3 (b)
f ( 23 )=2 cos −1 2 π
−
3 3

f ( )= f ( )=2 cos
1 π 1 −1 1 π
−
(c) 3 3 (d) 3 3 3

1
cos ( 2sin−1 x ) =
8. If 9 , then the value(s) of x is/ are
2 2
−
(a) 3 (b) 3

√5 −√
5
(c) 3 (d) 3

cos−1 sin( x+ π /3 )
9. Let f ( x )=e then

(a)
f ( )8π
9
=e 5 π /18
(b)
f ( )
8π
9
=e 13 π /18

f (− )=e f (− )=e
7π π /12 7π 11 π /12

(c) 4 (d) 4

a+ b a1 + b 1
a 1= , b1 = √ a1 b , a2 = , b2 = √ a2 b 1
10. If a, b are such that 0< a≤b and 2 2 and so on,
then

a ∞=
√ b2−a 2 b ∞=
√(b2−a 2)
(a) cos−1 ( a/b ) (b) cos−1 (a /b )

b ∞=
√(b2 +a2 ) a ∞=
√(b2 +a2 )
(c) cos−1 (a /b ) (d) cos−1 ( a/b )

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING

Note: Each statement in column – I has only one match in column - II

1.
Column I Column II

x= √
1 π
sin−1 x +cot−1 =
5−4 √ 2
I. 2 2 A. 9
1 2 1
sin−1 +sin−1 =sin−1 x
II. 3 3 B. x = √5
1
III. tan−1 3+tan−1 x=tan−1 8
C. x= 5
D. x=3
−1 x 5 π
+ cos ec−1 =
x= √
sin
5 4 2
5+ 4 √ 2
IV.
E. 9

REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.

1. Statement-1 : y = sin x, x  R,  x = sin–1y , x  R, then y is a function of x.

Statement-2 : A function cannot be multivalued.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

−1
2. Statement-1 : cot x ≥5  x  (–, cot 5].
Statement-2 : cot–1 x is a decreasing function.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

3.
−1
Statement-1 : Range of the expression. f ( x )=sin x+cos
−1 −1
x +2 tan x is
( −π2 , 32π ) .
Statement-2 : Range should be calculated for x  [–1, 1].
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

4. Statement-1 : If
π
2 (
α∈ − , 0 ) −1 −1
, then sin (sin α )+cos (cos α )=0 .

Statement-2 : If
π
2 (
α∈ − , 0 ) −1 −1
, then sin (sin α )=α and cos (cos α )=−α .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

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5. Statmenet-1 : If x, y  N and xy  1 then there exists no solution of the equation

tan−1 x+tan−1 y=tan−1 ( x+ y

1−xy .)
1
tan−1 x=cot −1
Statement-2 : Since x , if x  R+ and tan−1 x=cot−1 x −π if x  R– .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

A function y=f ( x ) is defined as y=max {sin−1 (sin x), cos−1 (cos x)}.

1. f ( x) is equal to

(a) x, x  [0, ] (b)

[ ]
−x , x ∈ 0 ,
π
2 (c)  – x,
x∈
[ ]
π
2
, π
(d)  – x, x  [0, ]

2. If π≤x≤2 π , then f ( x ) is equal to

(a) 2 π + x (b) 2 π −x (c) π + x (d) π− x

3. If 2 π ≤x≤3 π , then f ( x ) is equal to

(a) 2 π + x (b) x−2 π (c) 2 π −x (d) –2 π −x

4. f ( x) is periodic with period

π
(a)  (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) none of these

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SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1. Evaluate sin cot1 cos (tan1 x) as an algebraic function of x.

2. Show that: sin1 (sin 3) + cos1 (cos 7)  tan1 (tan 5) =   1

π
cos−1 (1−x )−2 cos−1 x =
3. Solve: 2.
4. Solve for x, sin[2 cos
−1
{cot ( 2 tan−1 x ) } ]=0 .

5. Solve
tan−1 ( x−1
x +1 )
+ tan (
2 x +1 )
2 x−1
−1
=tan −1 23
36 .

{
1
3 cos−1 x , if ≤x≤1
2
1 1
cos−1 ( 4 x3 −3 x )= 2 π−3 cos−1 x , if − ≤x <
2 2
−1 1
3 cos x−2 π , if −1≤x<−
2
6. Prove that .

( sin−1 x ) + ( cos−1 x ) =απ 3 has no solution for α < 1 .

3 3

7. Show that 32

ax bx
x: sin−1 + sin−1 =sin−1 x 2 2 2 +
8. Solve for c c , where a +b =c , a , b , c ∈ R .

−1
9. Find the sum :cot 2+cot−1 8+cot−1 18+cot−1 32....................... to infinity .

10. If  =
1
tan−1 ( 2 tan 2 θ )− sin−1
2 (
3 sin 2θ
)
5+4 cos2 θ , then find the general value of .

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ANSWERS

IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b)

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)

11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (c), (d) 2. (b), (c) 3. (b), (d) 4. (b), (c) 5. (a), (b), (c), (d)

6. (a), (c) 7. (a), (d) 8. (a), (b) 9. (b), (c) 10.(a), (b)

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I-(B), II-(E), III-(C), IV-(D)

REASONING TYPE

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b)

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SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

√
2
1+ x
1. 2+ x 2

3 x=1

4. x =  1,  (1  √2)
4
x=
5. 3

8.  1, 0

π
9. 4

π
nπ , nπ + , nπ +α −1
10. 4 , where α=−tan 2

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