UNPOL STM Lesson 5 Community-Oriented Policing

L e s s o n
5 Community-oriented Policing
Lesson at a Glance
Aim
To provide United Nation Police (UNPOL) with an understanding of the scope and basic
concepts of the Community-oriented Policing (CoP) philosophy within the peacekeeping
and peacebuilding context.
Relevance
The United Nations Police is a community-oriented service. Often UNPOL deploys to
environments with weak, fragile or no police legitimacy. Restoring and nurturing the
consent of the public in their own police is a core task of the UNPOL. Hence the UNPOL shall
promote the concept of policing by consent and shall encourage the public to become
partners in preventing and detecting crime in their communities. Many of these tasks require
highly specialized knowledge, skills, experience and competences.
That is why it is imperative for all UN Police Officers, assigned to both Peacekeeping and
Special Political Missions, to understand the philosophy and also strategic and operational
aspects of Community-oriented Policing, in order to assist police components in the
fulfilment of their mandated community-oriented policing role, principally in providing
operational and capacity-building support to host-State police and other law enforcement
agencies, as well as whenever UNPOL is mandated to undertake interim policing and other
law enforcement duties.
This session introduces the United Nations Community-oriented Policing concept in conflict
and post-conflict environments, four essential elements, its benefits and challenges, and
identifies the CoP guiding documents.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of the CoP lesson, participants will be able to:
▪ Explain the concept of CoP
▪ Describe the benefits of CoP
▪ Explain the four essential elements of CoP
▪ Illustrate the problem-solving process
▪ Identify the challenges in CoP implementation
Specialised Training Materials for UN Police 2021 1

Lesson 5: Community-oriented Policing
Lesson Map
What is Community-oriented Policing? Slides 5-10

Main Guiding Documents Slide 11
Learning Activity 5.1: Importance of Enlisting Community Slide 12
The Benefits of CoP Slide 13
Learning Activity 5.2: CoP vs. Traditional Policing Slide 14
Four Essential Elements of CoP Slides 15-23
Learning Activity 5.3: Mobilizing Communities Slide 24
Problem Solving Slides 25-30
Implementing CoP Slides 31-34
Constraints, Risks and Challenges Slide 35
Take-away Reflection Slide 36

The Lesson
Duration: 120 minutes total

45 minutes: presentation
75 minutes: interactive exchange or activity
Starting the lesson

For an interactive start to the lesson, consider the following options:
▪ Ask learners if they have deployed to Peacekeeping Operations as UN [EU, AU, OSCE,
etc.] police officers before. Identify participants who can contribute as resource
people. Invite those with experience to identify missions, length of deployment and
specific role.
▪ Ask learners:
- To describe an average post-conflict mission environment from a police
perspective.
Expected responses: work in unfamiliar environments, law enforcement
may have either broken down or been incapacitated, widespread
human rights violations, weak protection for civilians and increasing
criminality, violent extremism and terrorism, general breakdown of the rule
of law and absence of State authorities, “institutionalized” corruption and
corrupt practices, weak police legitimacy
- To name one of the main goals of UNPOL activities?
Expected responses: restore or create public trust and legitimacy to
ensure effective, efficient, representative, responsive, and accountable
police services that serve and protect the population)
- To explain how this goal can be achieved.
Expected responses: base on the community-oriented policing
philosophy - connect with the public, engage community, respond to the
needs of the community)
▪ Brainstorm a list of facts the group already knows about CoP. Record answers on
flipchart paper for reference during the lesson.
▪ Play the OSCE video: Community Policing (3:56 minutes) and ask participants if the
content of the video corresponds with their knowledge of community-oriented policing.
Why or why not?
- https://www.osce.org/secretariat/107820
- Note: you can auto translate the video by accessing the settings icon then
selecting subtitles, auto-translate, then selecting the appropriate language.
Introduce the following (using the introductory slides):

▪ Aim

▪ Relevance
▪ Learning Objectives
▪ Lesson Overview
Note the particular language of the United Nations. Learning will involve some words, terms
and phrases which may be unfamiliar and/or seem awkward. Note to the learner: “Do not let
the language get in the way of learning”. As you move through the training, review the
definitions of key words and phrases.

What is Community-oriented Policing?
Slide 5
Key Message: Conflict and post-conflict environments are often characterized by a general
breakdown of the rule of law, absence of State authorities and weak police legitimacy.
The role of United Nations Police in peacekeeping differs fundamentally from domestic
policing (refer to Lesson 1 “Overview of the United Nations Police”).
United Nations Police conflict and post-conflict environments are often characterized by
widespread human rights violations, weak protection for civilians and increasing criminality,
violent extremism, and terrorism. In these environments, authority, power, and rules for social
interaction are fluid with a general breakdown of the rule of law, absence of State authorities
and weak police legitimacy.
This, combined with weakened institutional structures often creates an environment of

“opportunism” of a criminal nature, “institutionalized” corruption, and corrupt practices, while
also contributing to the possibility of the prevalence of serious and organized crime, and the
perpetuating of circumstances often identified as root causes of conflict that inevitably
impact upon the safety and security of communities and the population at large.
Post-conflict environments suffer from weak police legitimacy. Consent is an indispensable

element of policing. Close cooperation with the community is a key to effective policing and
helps to improve the confidence in the state to provide individual safety and security.

Slide 6
Key Message: CoP is a strategy for encouraging the public to act as partners with the police
in preventing and managing crime as well as other aspects of security and order based on
the needs of the community.
Community-oriented Policing is a collaborative effort between the police and the community
that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in
the search for solutions to these problems.
The premise of Community-oriented Policing is that police alone cannot control crime and
disorder and promote residents’ quality of life.
Community-oriented Policing is both a philosophy (a way of thinking) and an organizational

strategy (a way to carry out the philosophy).
The focus is not simply on response, but on preventing crime and resolving community
problems. This philosophy rests on the belief that the police and the community must work
together as partners to solve contemporary challenges.
Effective community policing has a positive impact on reducing crime, helping to reduce fear
of crime, and enhancing the quality of life within the community.
Ask the participants to define or describe community. After the discussion show the
next slide.

Slide 7
Community is a specific group of people, often living in a defined geographic area, who share
a common culture, religion, ethnicity, values, norms, and concerns and who are arranged in
a social structure according to relationships the community has developed over a period of
time.
The term “community” includes worksites, schools, churches, private and public agencies,
social groups, and health care sites.

Slide 8
As per Security Council Resolution 2185 (2014)1 which was the first standalone resolution on UN
policing, and the DPKO-DFS Policy on Police Operations in Peacekeeping Operations and
Special Political Missions2, the term 'Community-oriented Policing' is defined as:
“a strategy for encouraging the public to act as partners with the police in preventing and
managing crime as well as other aspects of security and order based on the needs of the
community.”
In post-conflict environments, community-oriented policing may be more difficult to
implement. The police may suffer from weak legitimacy, trust and confidence which are
indispensable elements of policing. The United Nations Police – in all its activities, operations,
and interactions with the public – shall act on the basis of the philosophy of community-
oriented policing in its support to the host-State police and other law enforcement agencies.
This approach will help the United Nations Police to connect with the public by increasing the
legitimacy of formal governance and improving community satisfaction in policing services.
Greater public trust and confidence in the police lead to an enhanced flow of quality
information from the public, which in turn fosters increased police organizational effectiveness.
The police needs the support of the community because the ability of the police to maintain
security and manage crime through law enforcement based exclusively on its own resources
is limited.
Community-oriented Policing expands the role of police beyond crime fighting to maintaining
order and promoting improved living conditions for residents. While traditional policing has
1https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/783462?ln=en
2DPKO-DFS Guidelines on Police Operations in UN Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political Missions, Ref.
2015.15, para. 28
https://police.un.org/en/policy-united-nations-police-peacekeeping-operations-and-special-political-missions-
2014

been characterized by reactive responses to crime, Community-oriented Policing emphasizes

proactive problem solving to prevent and otherwise control crime.

Slide 9
Use this slide to provide an example of CoP in the United Nations environment
(Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ask participants to identify the elements of CoP
they see in this example.
To build and strengthen trust between local actors and the Congolese National Police (PNC)
in the protection of civilians, MONUSCO facilitated, in June 2020, a meeting between district
leaders and PNC senior officers in Kalemie, Tanganyika province.
The meeting encouraged grassroots leadership and promoted the establishment of a local
council for proximity security services. Participants reviewed security measures and ways the
local population can participate in a more effective fight against insecurity in the city of
Kalemie.
This initiative is in line with MONUSCO Police interventions, which assessed security strategies
with the PNC and the chiefs of Kalemie districts as part of the Operational Strategy for the Fight
against Insecurity in Kalemie (SOLIKA.) Other initiatives to promote security include:
▪ Conducting joint patrols with the PNC

▪ Providing toll-free numbers
▪ Installing streetlamps to light up police stations in remote corners of the city
▪ Setting up containers to serve as a police station to improve professionalism and
working conditions
Source: https://police.un.org/en/tanganyika-monusco-encourages-districts-leaders-to-collaborate-
with-police-fight-against-insecurity

Slide 10
Key Message: Community problems require community solutions and support.
Community problems require community solutions and support. UN Police can be mandated
and committed to the creation of a safer environment where the community will be protected
to ensure sustainable peace. Broader community engagement helps the mission to design
better protection strategies to ensure the improvement of quality of lives of the people it is
deployed to serve and protect. CoP recognizes that community problems require community
solutions and support.
UNPOL ensures, that gender equality and Women, Peace and Security (WPS) mandates are
mainstreamed within all activities of the police.
United Nations Police shall use gender analysis and incorporate gender considerations into
key aspects of United Nations Police operations such as assessment, planning, management,
budgeting, and capacity development programmes for police reform.
It shall promote non-discriminatory and adequate representation of qualified women in host-
State police at all levels and work actively to ensure that women in the host-State police are
provided equal capacity and career development opportunities.
United Nations Police shall ensure adequate participation of female police officers in decision
making in the police reform process.
As an example, consultative committees may organize geographically but may also be based
on social identities, such as ethnic groups and religions, or occupations, and should promote
gender balance.
CoP officers should ensure that women’s rights are upheld within the community at large,
including:
▪ Women and men should be invited and should have the possibility to attend and speak
freely.
▪ Additional outreach to increase women participation. Separate female-only
discussions might be necessary to ensure women and girls speak openly.
▪ Publications related to the event (invitations, leaflets, agenda, press release, reports,
speaking points etc.) should include gender equality considerations (e.g., photographs
representing both sexes).
▪ Regular awareness-raising programs on gender-based violence, as well as gender
equality, should be coordinated by CoP officers, bilateral donors, NGOs and/or
humanitarian agencies, and community stakeholders. Further education of men and
boys is critical for a reduction in gender-based crimes.
▪ Supporting or assisting in the creation of Victim Safety Response Teams or Victim
Support Centres is crucial to deliver better support to women victims of crime and
increase trust in the police.
Respect for and protection of human rights is one of the cornerstones of CoP.
CoP shall be guided by the obligation to respect and protect human rights, norms, ethics and
standards in crime prevention and criminal justice. Any provision of support to the host-State
police shall be in adherence to the UN Policy on Human Rights Due Diligence (see STM Lesson
4).
UNPOL ensures their host-State counterparts fully implement their human rights commitments,
including:
▪ Non-discrimination
▪ Prohibition of torture
▪ In the use of force, arrest, and detention.
OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights) has identified CoP as a good
practice, helping the police to ensure compliance with human rights obligations and adhere
to international norms and standards in criminal justice and crime prevention.
Support by United Nations entities to non-UN security forces must be consistent with the
Organisation’s Purposes and Principles in the Charter and its obligations under international
law to respect, promote and encourage respect for international humanitarian, human rights,
and refugee law.
UN support cannot be provided where there are substantial grounds for believing there is a
real risk of the receiving entities committing grave violations of international humanitarian,
human rights, or refugee law and where the relevant authorities fail to take the necessary
corrective or mitigating measures.
Main Guiding Documents
Slide 11

Key Message: The main guiding documents related to UN Police and Community-oriented
Policing are:
▪ UN SEC RES 1325 (2000)

▪ UN SEC RES 2185 (2014)
▪ UN SEC RES 2382 (2017)
▪ PKO/DFS Policy on United Nations Police in Peacekeeping Operations and Special
Political Missions (Ref. 2014.01)
▪ DPKO/DFS Guidelines on Police Operations in United Nations Peacekeeping
Operations and Special Political Missions (Ref. 2015.15)
▪ DPKO/DFS Manual “Community-Oriented Policing in Peace Operations” (Ref.
2018.04).
Policy on United Nations Police in Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political Missions
(Ref. 2014.01).
The policy is designed to assist police components in furthering the rule of law and the provision
of public safety and ensuring the safety and security of police officers deployed by the United
Nations. The Policy is the overarching umbrella for the hierarchy of guidance materials,
providing cohesion to the guidance catalogue.

DPKO/DFS Guidelines on Police Operations in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and

Special Political Missions (Ref. 2015.15).
The Guidelines are designed to assist police components in the fulfilment of their mandated
roles, including operational support to host-State police and other law enforcement agencies,
as well as interim and other law enforcement duties whenever mandated. Except where
noted, these Guidelines assume the United Nations Police has been mandated to perform
interim or executive policing functions while the host-State police and other law enforcement
prepare to take over such responsibilities. The purpose of this is to allow for the provision of
guidance on a full range of tasks the United Nations Police may be mandated to undertake.
DPKO/DFS Manual Community-oriented Policing in Peace Operations (Ref. 2018.04.).

The manual is designed to assist police components in the fulfilment of their mandated
Community-oriented Policing role principally in providing operational and capacity-building
support to host-State police and other law enforcement agencies, as well as whenever UNPOL
is mandated to undertake interim policing and other law enforcement duties. Except where
noted, this manual assumes the United Nations Police has been mandated to provide
capacity-building assistance to the host-State police and other law enforcement agencies.
The purpose of this is to allow for the provision of guidance on a full range of tasks the United
Nations Police may be mandated to undertake in this regard.

Learning Activity 5.1

Importance of Enlisting the Community
Purpose: Identify the importance of enlisting the community in crime prevention and control.
INSTRUCTIONS: RESOURCES
▪ Ask participants to work in
small groups (4-5 per group). ▪ Slide with instructions to participants.
▪ Flipcharts and markers.
▪ Ask groups to discuss the
importance of enlisting the
community in crime prevention
and control.
▪ Ask groups to summarize their
discussions for the larger group.
TIME: 15 minutes
▪ Group discussion: 5 minutes
▪ Presentations: 10 minutes
Note for the instructor: Reinforce the following points if not mentioned by participants
in the plenary session:
Community-oriented Policing is based on the recognition that police will be much more
successful in carrying out their responsibility for protecting society if they have the support of
the public on their side. By enlisting the cooperation of the public, police get improved
information about crime, new material resources, moral support for their activities and respect.
Co-operation with the public will increase the reliability and respect of police and therefore
help police to perform its duties more effectively.
Community-oriented Policing recognizes that the ability of the police to maintain security and
manage crime through law enforcement based exclusively on its own resources is limited.
There are not enough police to provide an effective, visible deterrent to crime or to be on-
hand when emergencies occur.

The Benefits of CoP in Conflict and Post-conflict Environments
Slide 13
Key Message: CoP benefits both the police and community in maintaining security and
managing crime, especially in conflict and post-conflict environments. CoP also has a vital
impact on other UNPOL activities, such as Capacity-building and Development, Protection of
Civilians, operations, intelligence, etc.
The UN Manual on Community-oriented Policing in United Nations Peace Operations identifies

the benefits of CoP as:
▪ Community trust
▪ Crime prevention
▪ Information about crimes
▪ Advance warning
▪ Prevention of radicalisation
▪ Community resilience
▪ Information sharing
▪ Gaining support for policing
▪ Prevention or mitigation of inter-communal conflict
▪ Mutual respect
▪ Community expectations and public information
Community trust. When the community works with the police to build a safer environment, it
increases the trust and allows the community to have more trust and less fear of the police.
The community will have a better understanding of law enforcement, which helps them to
respect police work.

Crime prevention. When a community trusts the police, it is encouraged to identify and report
its concerns, e.g., factors that may contribute to disturbing the peace or which may give rise
to criminal activities.
Information about crimes. To deter potential criminals by enforcing laws, police need
information that only the public can provide. Very little crime is discovered by the police
without information from the public. In most criminal investigations, too, the likely identity of
the culprit is usually provided by the victim or bystanders - a name, a relationship to the victim,
an address, a detailed description, and a license plate number. Such information is the
beginning of most successful criminal investigations. Without it, police do not know where to
begin.
Advance warning. The public can also provide information about conditions that lead to
problems for the police, such as quarrelsome families, unruly bars, repeat offenders, dangerous
physical conditions, rude and harassing behaviour etc.
Prevention of radicalisation. People get pulled into radical and violent movements through
manipulation and accompaniment (socialisation) processes, often facilitated by personal,
emotional, or psychological factors, such as alienation, a search for identity and dignity,
revenge for previous mistreatment, breakdown of communication between authority figures
and youth, as well as through virtual communities on social media. Preventing people from
joining violent extremist groups thus requires deeper analysis and reflection on the foundations
of the social fabric of countries at risk from violent extremism (UNDP 2016).
Community resilience. Crime prevention depends a great deal on what the public does for
itself by way of enhancing its own community’s resilience to criminal threats. The police cannot
be everywhere, but the public is. Community-oriented Policing gives priority to educating
people about measures they may take to protect themselves, such as avoiding high crime
areas, securing their cars, establishing neighbourhood watch schemes and installing locks and
alarms in their homes.
Information sharing. Research has shown that the police is more effective at controlling crime
when it has information that allows to focus resources on particular people or locations.
Through close interaction with the public the police learns to distinguish innocent law-abiding
people from repeat offenders, as well as identifying the current hot spots for criminality.
Gaining support for policing and other law enforcement. By consulting with communities about
their needs and concerns, the police develops support for law-enforcement actions, such as
random breath-testing of drivers of motor vehicles, questioning people on the street after
crimes have occurred, taking truant children to their parents or schools, raiding drug-houses,
or photographing men who solicit prostitutes in residential areas.
Prevention or mitigation of inter-communal conflict. A frequent issue is the need for the
prevention or mitigation of inter-communal conflict through mediation and, in conjunction

with specialised agencies comprising the UN Country Team, implementing measures to

address its root causes. CoP within communities in conflict can make in-roads to leverage:
1. willingness on the part of the authorities and traditional community leaders to play a
constructive role in resolving inter-communal conflict peacefully,
2. strengthened traditional and informal conflict resolution mechanisms and greater

respect thereof,
3. a willingness on the part of the authorities and other parties to the conflict to fulfil their
responsibilities regarding preventing or resolving inter-communal clashes,
4. the provision of access to UN personnel to facilitate mediation efforts, as well as to

implement measures that address root causes, including on community safety and
security concerns,
Mutual Respect. Community-oriented Policing provides opportunities for individuals to offer

opinion and insight to the police. It provides opportunity for communities to express concerns
over certain police practices or events that allows both the police and these communities to
examine these actions to either justify an approach, thereby alleviate concerns, or to seek
solutions.
Community expectations and public information. Newly introduced community-oriented

policing initiatives may be too quick to promise much and on occasion may deliver little of
tangible benefit to the recipient communities, which with time and repetitiveness are likely to
undermine confidence, trust and respect in the police and can leave police-community
relations in a worse position than before. In responding to heightened community
expectations, the police needs to quickly develop a practice of explaining what it can and
cannot do and why.


Traditional Policing vs. CoP
Purpose: Identify the differences between traditional policing and CoP
▪ Ask participants to work in
small groups (4-5 per group). ▪ Slide with instructions to participants.
▪ Ask groups to compare
traditional policing to CoP.
TIME: 20 minutes
▪ Group work: 10 minutes
▪ Discussion: 10 minutes
Note for the instructor: Divide participants into small groups.
▪ 1st option: Discuss in small group, writing down the suggestions in the relevant column
on flipchart paper.
▪ 2nd option: Provide participants with sticky notes or index cards and ask them to record
differences and place the notes in the relevant column on the chart paper.
▪ Use the following notes to supplement the activity.

Question Traditional Policing CoP

Government Agency The police is the public
Who is the police? responsible for law and the public is the
enforcement police.
Community building,
law enforcement, problem-solving
What is the goal? deterrence, reacting to approach, pro-active
incidents policing, crime
prevention
By public satisfaction
rates, more accurate
By detection and arrest crime reporting, and
How is police efficiency
rate, clearance rate, long-term goals for
measured?
crime rate reduction reduction in crime,
disorder, and the fear of
crime
High value crimes (e.g., Whatever problems
What are the highest
bank robberies), and disturb the community
priorities?
those involving violence most
What, specifically, does Community problems
Incidents
the police deal with? and concerns
What is police Swift effective response Close engagement with
professionalism? to serious crime the community
Decentralized within the
Organizational structure Centralized
community
Where is importance
With the highest-ranking Emphasis is on value of
and value placed in the
officers individual role, not rank
organization?
To foster positive media
To control dissemination
What is the role of the relations and to develop
of information, and
media liaison an essential channel of
provide corporate
department? communication with the
media responses
community
How does the police As one tool among
As an important goal
regard prosecutions? many

Slide 15
Key Message: The concept of UN CoP is developed from four elements or strategies, designed
to encourage the community to become partners in controlling and preventing crime. The
four essential elements of CoP are: 1. Consultation with communities 2. Responding to
communities 3. Mobilizing communities 4. Solving recurring problems.
The concept of UN CoP is developed from four principal strategies, designed to encourage
the community to become partners in controlling and preventing crime. The four essential
elements of CoP are as follows: 1. Consultation with communities, 2. Responding to
communities, 3. Mobilizing communities, 4. Solving recurring problems.

Consultation with Communities
Slide 16
Key Message: Consultation with communities is an important medium to demonstrate that the
police is serving the public.
Note for the instructor: To make the following slides interactive, divide participants into
three small groups. Assign to each group one of the questions: WHAT? WHO? or HOW?
Ask groups to discuss and record their outcomes. Discuss it in plenary. Then, in
sequence, bring slides 17-21 to compare with the subgroups’ results. Time:
▪ Discussion in small groups – 5 min

▪ Presenting in plenary – 5 min
Consultation with communities is essential for getting regular inputs about crime, disorder and
activities that generate fear. By consulting communities, the police shows that it cares about
the needs of individual citizens and establishes two-way communication to prioritize problems
and the approaches needed to address them.
The community knows more about its own concerns about criminality and other public safety
issues in their neighbourhoods than the police, and its input is essential for the effective use of
police and other law enforcement resources. Likewise, direct in-person consultation with
women and girls is important to assess the particular security threats they face or are
concerned about.
To ensure the efficiency of consultations UNPOL should have a clear understanding of three
questions: WHAT? WHO? and HOW?
▪ WHAT is the consultation about?
▪ WHO is the police consulting with?
▪ HOW is the consultation being carried out?


Slides 17
Key Message: UNPOL consults with communities about crime, disorder and activities that
generate fear.
UNPOL conducts consultations with communities and gathers information about crime,
disorder and activities that generate fear or disturb community. Based on consultations and
received information UNPOL carry out analysis and develop solutions.

Slide 18
Key Message: For establishing better shared understanding in developing solutions UN Police
gather information and carry out analysis in consultation with stakeholders.
To establish a better shared understanding of in developing situations, UN Police gather

information and carry out analysis in consultation with stakeholders including:
▪ local councils,
▪ government departments, and
▪ the community
The above-mentioned are just few examples of stakeholders. Special attention is given to
consultation with women and girls.

Slides 19 and 20
The main grassroots groups with which the police should consult may include:
▪ Residents’ associations based on geography, such as housing estates and
neighbourhoods
▪ Economic interests, such as banks, shopkeepers, taxi drivers, and apartment owners
▪ Public service providers or organizations, such as hospitals, shelters for battered women,
etc.
▪ Leaders of social/ethnic groups, such as tribes in various countries, and immigrants
everywhere
▪ Women’s organizations and leaders
▪ Village and community elders
▪ Religious leaders

▪ Vulnerable groups – visible minorities, IDPs, women and children, LGBTQI, elderly,
physically disabled people, non-nationals, refugees, asylum seekers etc.
▪ Marginalised groups – drug users, migrants
▪ Other possible post-conflict formations of communes (for example former combatants),
coalition of conflict victims etc.
Although working with communities can be enormously beneficial to police, police must be
alert to the impact of their outreach on the communities themselves. All sections of the
communities must be approached and involved.

Slide 21
Key Message: The stakeholders participate through providing information, collaboration,

coordination, and partnership with various community groups/fora on community issues.
The stakeholders participate through:
▪ Providing information about matters of concern, including crime and circumstances

that create crime
▪ Collaboration
▪ Coordination and partnership with various community groups/fora on community
issues. For example: Listening to the community, which will include attending local
meetings or events where the communities are, to identify issues, joint priorities and
concerns and keeping the community informed.
An efficient way to implement Community-oriented Policing is to establish consultative

committees, created either:
▪ At different levels of police organization (station, region, force-wide, etc.), or

▪ Based on social identities (tribes, religion, occupation, etc.).
Another strategy is to assign liaison officers to:
▪ Groups with special needs (tribal people, women, youth, ethnic, religious and/or sexual
minorities, etc.)
▪ Private security industry
▪ Schools
It is important to promote gender balance amongst participants in all consultative
committees.
Slide 22

Key Message: The UN Police treats the public as clients to be served. The UN Police must always
demonstrate willingness and ability to respond to the security needs of individuals and groups
living in their communities.
CoP must be responsive to the varying needs of all sections of the community.
To obtain the public cooperation that is essential for successful crime control and prevention,
the police must demonstrate that they are willing and able to respond to the security needs
of individuals and groups. The police must show that they give priority to the needs of individual
citizens. They do so by actively soliciting requests for assistance from the public and responding
promptly, courteously, and sympathetically to them. If they cannot provide what is needed,
they give advice about alternative avenues of help and assistance.
In short, police treat the public as clients to be served rather than as problems to be managed
or exploited.
Responsiveness includes the following:

▪ Timely and effective response to calls
▪ Thorough investigations
▪ Evidence based policing
▪ Proactive/preventive policing
▪ Being visible, accessible, and familiar to the public; e.g. emergency telephone
numbers or hotlines, ‘high visibility’ officers on the beat or in community police stations
▪ Providing opportunities for community participation
▪ Flexibility with accountability for achieving local community outcomes
▪ Effective resolutions
▪ Sensitive to gender issues and persons/groups with special protection needs

▪ Supportive programs for victims and witnesses
Ask participants to think of ways to optimize positive contact between patrol officers
and community members. Responses may include but are not limited to:
▪ Emergency access for police assistance
▪ Reception rooms in police stations
▪ Separate facilities for victims of SGBV
▪ Police staff trained to respond to requests for service
▪ Convenient location of Police stations
▪ Assignment of “Beat” police officers
▪ Regular contacts with the public
▪ Victim rehabilitation programmes
▪ Victims/witnesses support programmes
▪ Public satisfaction with Police response
▪ Police visible support of the citizens in need
▪ Government assistance centres
▪ Translation of laws into local languages
▪ Foot- or bike patrol instead of using cars
▪ Enlisting officers with certain ethnical background who better understand the cross-
cultural challenges and are more efficient to address these with higher level of
acceptance in a community.

Slide 23
Key Message: Mobilization refers to the activities that police and law enforcement agencies
undertake to ensure that communities assist them in protecting members of society, and
solving problems that generate crime, violence, or insecurity. In other words, police organize
the community to help them in controlling crime.
Police organize the community to help them in controlling crime. Assistance may take many
forms: providing information about crime and criminals, serving as volunteers in crime
prevention campaigns, donating facilities and equipment, adopting self-protection measures,
and mediating local disputes. Furthermore, the public has more power to influence people to
behave properly through informal social control than the police do through the enforcement
of the law.
A CoP strategy strengthens the community in a way to combat ethnic, religious, cultural, etc.
differences that can deeply affect marginalised groups. This strategy emphasizes the need for
strong relationships and engages the community to promote harmony and social
cohesiveness.
However, this is not the police handing over policing responsibilities wholesale to the
community. The police must always retain the authority and control for policing to maintain
their legitimacy.


Mobilizing Communities
Purpose: Identify ways to mobilize communities
▪ Ask participants to work in pairs
or small groups (4-5 per group). ▪ Slide with instructions to participants.
▪ Ask groups to discuss ways
police can help mobilize
communities.
TIME: 15 minutes
▪ Group work: 5 minutes
▪ Discussion: 10 minutes
Note for the instructor: Divide participants into pairs or small groups and ask them to
discuss activities and programmes that police can use to mobilize communities in their
own defense. Record outputs on flipchart paper. Use the notes below to facilitate the
activity debrief.
Main ways of mobilizing communities

According to the UNPOL CoP manual, the following activities are minimally required for the
UNPOL to mobilize communities.
1. Advising individuals and communities

To advise individuals and communities about crime prevention, United Nations Police shall
facilitate occasions and formal or informal interactive fora for communication i.e., joint
police-community workshops, public meetings, and police open days where communities
can exchange views on issues of mutual concern. A regular town hall meeting as a trust-
building tool allows the community to voice their concerns and identify the priorities they

would like to address. These public forums should be open to all segments of the
community with specific efforts to ensure that groups such as ethnic minorities, women and
young people become involved in these processes.
2. Facilitating confidence building programmes
To improve public perceptions of community safety, United Nations Police develop a
number of confidence-building and coordinated programmes aimed at local community
problems such as domestic violence, child-abuse, sexual abuse and exploitation, HIV/AIDS
and on-the-street drug traffic and drug-related crimes in neighbourhoods.
3. Motivating local government
The long-term success of CoP in transforming the police and law enforcement profession
depends on the willingness and buy-in of local governments to pursue effective
integration. Elected and appointed administrators need to understand the police and law
enforcement agency’s implementation strategy and participate in its development.
4. Inspiring partners in crime prevention
CoP practice involves interaction with a wide range of government and non-government
actors at the local level, particularly those engaged in crime prevention activities. Towards
attaining this objective, United Nations Police with the host-State police and donor support,
will actively organize seminars, workshops, and conferences on a regular basis.
5. Encouraging local actors to buy in
The ability of the United Nations Police to work effectively in a peace situation depends on
their understanding of the specific socio-political context of the mission. In a partnership
approach, key stakeholders i.e., political leaders, social leaders, religious leader etc. need
to be motivated by “what’s in it for them”. The most effective strategy to win their support
is to present them with the benefits of community-oriented policing by arranging
motivational programmes.
6. Educating public about crime prevention
Public fora permit police actions to be discussed including sharing personal experiences
by police officers and members of the public as well as evidence-based crime prevention
practices when applicable. They also provide the opportunity to share ownership of
priorities and respond to problems identified/prioritized by the community.
7. Developing conflict resolution strategy
To sensitize the community, all patrol officers and community-oriented policing officers can
be expected to be involved in peace dialogue meetings, mediation, and reconciliation
programmes within the community to sort out local problems, incidents and conflicts
between individuals or communities.
8. Gender aspects in the mobilization programme

United Nations Police shall in accordance with ten Security Council resolutions on Women,
Peace and Security 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106
(2013), 2122 (2013), 2242 (2015), 2467 (2019) and 2493 (2019) highlight the differential
impact of conflict on women, men, boys, and girls and therefore the necessity to
mainstream gender perspectives into peacekeeping.
The DPKO/DFS Guidelines on the Integration of Gender Perspectives into the Work of United
Nations Police in Peacekeeping (Ref. 2008.30) and the UNPOL Gender Toolkit should be
utilised to ensure that women’s rights are upheld within the community at large; including:
▪ In any events, both women and men should be invited and should have possibility to
attend and speak freely.
▪ It may be necessary to do some outreach to allow more women to attend events.
Separate female-only discussions might be necessary to ensure women and girls are
able to speak openly.
▪ In planning time and location, the different roles, responsibilities, and needs should be
considered.
▪ All publications related to the event (invitations, leaflets, agenda, press release, reports,
speaking points etc.) should highlight the gender aspect of the event and try to make
it appealing to both men and women (e.g., using photographs representing both
sexes).
▪ Regular awareness programmes in the community on sexual and gender-based
violence, as well as gender equality in the context of human rights and gender
mainstreaming, should be sufficiently coordinated, including among for example,
UNPOL, officers host-State police, other UN entities, bilateral donors, NGOs and/or
humanitarian agencies, and community stakeholders. Further education of men and
boys in this regard may lead to a reduction in gender-based crimes and of the wider
community becoming more supportive of these and other female empowerment
initiatives.
▪ Supporting or assisting in the creation of Victim Safety Response Teams or Victim
Support Centres can assure women more support and trust on policing.
9. Proactive initiative to prevent future conflicts
Implementation of CoP can play a vital role in not only reducing the post-conflict suffering,
but also in preventing future conflicts by actively engaging the community in dealing with
sensitive conflict causing issues.
10. Involving with community in safety issues
United Nations Police may enlist and train community members to patrol the streets or to
keep watch during the night to supplement the deterrent presence of the police. High
visibility and effective response contribute to community safety and security; and reduce

potential for community vigilantism, that often emerges when crime or perceptions of
crime exceed host-State capabilities to deliver, monitored by the police.
11. Playing a networking role
CoP may coordinate with other government agencies, such as the Department of
Sanitation, Mental health Services, Justice and Social Affairs, to address conditions that
generate crime and disorder. To prevent youth crime and violence, some community-
based sports events, recreational programmes, educational programmes, and
promotional initiatives can be organized with the concerned offices. CoP may make
arrangement with the business sectors to provide guidance and opportunities for youth to
find jobs.
12. Reintegration initiative
With the support of the local community, business sectors, and other UN entities, United
Nations Police can initiate some awareness programmes for ex- combatant/militia and
their family to motivate them to return to normal life.
13. School-based strategy
Sensitization activity enables the police and school communities to work more closely
together in new ways to address community-wide youth related problems beyond a
narrow focus on individual crime incidents.
14. Engaging local media
Media is an important tool in awareness rising on crime prevention as it can best convey
information to the public. United Nations Police can arrange discussion programmes on
crime prevention and public safety enhancement in the local media including radio, local
channels, social media etc. and invite the community to participate in this programme.
15. Arranging promotional programmes
United Nations Police may assist in developing some leaflet/posters for people at risk of
different sorts of crime, such as snatching, theft, burglaries, road traffic issues, drug dealing
and its consequences, prostitution/sex work, harassment or women and children issue.
16. Neighbourhood watch
Neighbourhood watch is undoubtedly the most familiar mobilization programme. It
organizes people to notify police about possible criminal activity and educates them
about appropriate crime prevention measures.
17. Providing security hardware
Providing security hardware (such as locks, alarms, etc.) to residents and businesses, usually
at cost, and providing technicians to install them.
18. Creating special access procedures where citizens may provide information anonymously
to the police (“hotlines” and/or “crime stoppers”).

19. Developing networks of clearly marked safe houses where children and other vulnerable
people may go for help if they feel threatened.
20. Training local elders or other leaders in dispute resolution and mediation to prevent
neighbourhood problems from leading to violence or serious property damage.
21. Coordinating with other government agencies, such as departments of sanitation or
mental health services, to address conditions that generate crime and disorder.

Problem Solving
Transition by the instructor: Explain the benefits to police of problem solving and how it is
related to the philosophy of Community-oriented Policing, as follows:
▪ The problem-solving approach is designed to help police use their resources more
effectively: rather than responding again and again to the same sort of incident in
the same place, involving the same people, it tries to find a way of eliminating such
incidents altogether. In the other words, the problem-solving approach treats crime
as groups of problems to be solved, not as separate events where one or more
persons are caught and punished.
▪ CoP focuses on resolving problems of local insecurity as they arise, seeking to
address the causes of insecurity beyond a traditional reactive posture. Police
broaden the range of action, and its effectiveness is not only measured by the
number of arrests, but also by the rate of incident recurrence.
Slide 25
Key Message: In conflict/post-conflict environments in the CoP context, “Problem” can be

defined as:
▪ A recurring set of related harmful events in a community

▪ Events that members of the public expect the police service to address
▪ Events such as domestic violence which tend to be ignored/accepted by some
communities

Note to Instructor: Before showing the next slide, ask participants to think of problems
that could exist in conflict/post-conflict mission settings.
Slide 26
Key Message: In conflict/post-conflict environments, some of the chronic problems that

account for repeated police attention and have been subject to problem solving include:
▪ violent crimes on political, ethnic, religious, etc. grounds
▪ revenge crimes
▪ sexual crimes
▪ looting
▪ thefts, robberies
▪ illegal possession of arms
▪ etc.
Transition by the instructor: The problem-solving process involves four basic activities:
1. Identify recurring problems

2. Analysis of the causes of these problems
3. Development of programmes of remediation that can be organized by the
police with the help of the community and other government agencies
4. Assessment of the success of the remedial programmes
The next slide presents one of the problem-solving methods which can be used for effectively
responding to the occurring problems.

Slide 27
Problem-Solving Process: SARA
Scanning
Assessment Analysis
Response
Specialised Training Materials for United Nations Police 2021 27
Key message: The problem-solving process involves scanning, analysing, responding, and
assessing.
This process is known by several acronyms, the most famous being SARA for “scan”, “analyse”,
“respond” and “assess”.
The problem-solving approach focuses all the strategies of CoP – responding, consulting, and
mobilizing – on situations that repeatedly require police attention and cannot be solved by
police and other law enforcement alone.
Problem-solving Model (S.A.R.A.)
▪ Scanning – involves identifying neighbourhood crime and disorder problems.
▪ Analysis – creates an understanding of the conditions that cause problems.
▪ Response – develops and implements solutions to the problem based on the analysis.
▪ Assessment – determines the impact of the response on the problem and, if necessary,
develops ways to improve the response
Transition by the instructor: Slides 28-30 illustrate the practical application of the SARA
process.

Slide 28
In an IDP camp in Galasi, Carana, UNPOL reported increasing cases of vagrant children
and arrests of women.

Slide 29
(Scanning) Problems had been identified when it was observed that women within the
camps were brewing beer to provide a source of income. As this was illegal, women were
arrested which led to other problems such as unattended children. This in turn caused
further problems with vagrant children.
(Analysis) It was determined that these women had limited skills to provide other ways of
income within the IDP camp.
(Response) Based on the abilities and resources within the camp a training program was
given to the women to help learn dyeing skills to be able to make and sell clothing.

Slide 30
(Assessment)
▪ The cases of women being prosecuted brewing local beer have been reduced.
▪ The numbers of unattended children who caused problems due to vagrancy and
boredom have also been reduced, and children were able to go to school.
▪ The relationship between the host-State police and the IDP community has been
significantly improved.
This showed a very simple but effective solution. The problem was approached by using
techniques not normally used by police. It was resource and cost effective using what
could be found in the local environment.
Most importantly the affected women's groups were involved throughout the process
thus empowering them.

Implementing Community-oriented Policing
Transition by the instructor: Using flipcharts with the results of the previous discussions
remind participants that CoP is a strategy:
▪ For encouraging the public to act as partners with the police in preventing and
managing crime/insecurity based on the needs of the community
▪ For restoring police legitimacy
Slide 31
Key message: The end goals of the implementation of UN’s Community-oriented Policing
programme are:
▪ Community vigilance
▪ Support for law enforcement
▪ Advance warning
▪ Calm a disenfranchised society and contribute to the restoration of peace
▪ Mutual respect
Community vigilance. Crime prevention depends considerably on what the public does for
itself. The public is everywhere, whereas the United Nations Police and other law enforcement
are not. Community-oriented Policing gives priority to educating people about measures they
can take to protect themselves, such as avoiding areas of high criminality and instability.
Support for law enforcement. By consulting with communities about their needs and fears, the
United Nations Police develop support for law enforcement actions in cooperation with the
local police. Increased trust and confidence in the police will also encourage more people to
report crimes and express their concerns.

Advance warning. The public can provide the United Nations Police with information about
conditions that lead to problems, such as unruly crowds, repeat offenders, dangerous physical
conditions, and other information about threats to security or emerging crimes.
Calm a disenfranchised society and contribute to the restoration of peace. Community-
oriented policing is geared towards addressing local concerns through a bottom-up
orientation – responding to the basic needs of the population.
Mutual respect. Community-oriented policing provides opportunities for individuals and
groups to engage in a constructive and critical dialogue about the necessity of the police to
strengthen relations.

Slide 32
Key message: Basic requirements are necessary before undertaking any initiative to
implement community-based policing.
These are the basic requirements to implement CoP:
▪ Minimum degree of law and order in the country

▪ Commitment to implement CoP
▪ Basic management skills within the police
▪ Opportunities for civil society engagement
▪ Adequate resources and donor support and coordination

Slide 33
Key message: Implementation process (the production of the action plan) consists of 6 stages:
▪ Local assessment: methodology
▪ Local assessment: collection and analysis
▪ Local assessment: assessment report
▪ Local assessment: restitution and validation
▪ Action plan
▪ Resources’ mobilization (budget)
Local Assessments - a crucial step in implementing Community-oriented Policing is assessing

the fit between its core strategies and local conditions both inside and outside the police.
1) Local assessment: methodology.
The first step consists of defining the methodology, gathering a set of data (not to mention
analysis), documents and identifying the key actors involved in the evaluation.
2) Local assessment: collection and analysis.

▪ Collection of qualitative data (interviews, meetings, focus group, forum…)
▪ Collection of quantitative data (demographics, statistics…)
▪ Counterpart self-assessment
▪ Risk analysis and prevention
▪ Analysis and synthesis of information (including crime analysis and community
perception
3) Local assessment: assessment report - result of a global, partnership and participatory work,
in which all interests are taken into consideration.
4) Local assessment: restitution and validation.

The results of the assessment should be shared and validated by all parties involved in CoP
implementation process. This phase will also establish a common vision to define the objectives
of the future action plan.
5) Action plan:
Develop and publish a plan for making Community-oriented Policing the core strategy of
policing to which police leaders and other stakeholders are formally committed. The action
plan will guide all actors in the implementation of Community-oriented Policing.
6) Resources’ mobilization (budget).

UNPOL needs to have a clear understanding of available financial instruments to support its
capacity-building and development work and should be able to build successful relations with
multilateral and bilateral donors and UN country teams.

Slide 34
Use this slide to reinforce the focus of local assessments.
Key Message: Local assessments are a crucial initial step in implementing Community-oriented
Policing by assessing the fit between its core strategies and conditions of local communities
and local police.
Although every locality has different traditions and capacities, several are fundamentally
important to the practice of community-oriented policing anywhere.
These factors fall into two primary categories:
1. The nature, sensitivities, and capacities of the communities which the police must work
with; and
2. The capacity and capabilities of the police to be responsive, consultative, mobilizing
and problem solving.

Constraints, Risks and Challenges
Slide 35
Key message: Putting in place a CoP strategy in a post-conflict environment is a challenging

task. The main challenges can occur at different levels: local authorities, local community,
local police, and UN Police. The international environment may also influence a good process
of implementation.
Ask participants to identify some challenges to CoP. Use the notes below to
supplement the discussion.
Challenges and obstacles to the effective implementation of CoP depend on local actors,
specific security, regulatory, organizational, and environmental aspects, such as:
▪ Lack of political and/or community will

▪ The resistance of institutions (corrupt practices generate mistrust)
▪ Violence and security threats
▪ The gender and ethnicity profile of the police and civilian staff may not be
representative of the population/community
▪ The pressure exerted by high crime rates in certain areas may reduce the attention
given to problem-oriented "policing strategies" based on prevention, territorial
proximity, and the search for long-term solutions to risk factors of crime and violence
▪ Change of government, or of officials at the level of the active directorates, interrupting
a dynamic of implementation of concrete community policing initiatives
▪ Police and community structures are not sufficiently prepared for the change in
approach
▪ Vertical, centralized institutional structure of the LSF is unconducive

▪ Lack of a specific action plan stipulating goals, objectives, implementation strategy,

expected results, timelines, and evaluation and monitoring indicators
▪ Absence or inadequate communication policy and strategy
▪ Lack of recognition of community policing as a "real police work", that remains a
symbolic concept not implemented in practice, as its long-term approach that does
not allow for immediate visible results
▪ High turnover of officers in community policing stations, which is a barrier to retaining
personnel in the community
▪ Limited interpersonal, communication and mediation skills of personnel involved in
community policing activities
▪ Funding – equipment – training - lacking or non-existent

Slide 36
To summarise the main take-aways from this lesson pose these three questions to the learners:
What? What did you notice in this lesson? Which elements stood out to you?
So What? Make sense of the facts presented in this lesson. How do they affect your work
as an IPO in the mission? Why is this important?
Now What? Based on the two previous questions which actions will you take with regard to the
Community-oriented Policing philosophy/approach once deployed?
Give learners a few minutes to reflect on the questions and let them share. Raise the following
points:
What?
CoP is a strategy for:

▪ Making the police more effective at responding to, consulting with, and mobilizing
communities as well as solving recurring problems (See four essential elements below).
▪ Encouraging the public to act as partners with the police in preventing and managing
crime as well as other aspects of security and order based on the needs of the
community.
▪ Enhancing public trust and confidence of the community, police can enjoy greater
legitimacy as a guardian of peace in the society.
CoP is based on the following cornerstones:

▪ Community problems require community solutions and support,
▪ Gender issues are to be mainstreamed within all CoP activities,
▪ Respect for and protection of human rights.

The differences between community policing and traditional policing are important to
understand. Community policing prioritizes citizens’ wellbeing, taking a problem-oriented
approach and acting before crime occurs, whereas traditional law enforcement focuses
more on arrest and investigation.
The main guiding documents related to UNPOL CoP are:

▪ PKO/DFS Policy on United Nations Police in Peacekeeping Operations and Special
Political Missions (Ref. 2014.01).
▪ DPKO/DFS Guidelines on Police Operations in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
and Special Political Missions (Ref. 2015.)
▪ DPKO/DFS Manual “Community-Oriented Policing in Peace Operations” (Ref. 2018.04).
So What?
The role of United Nations Police in peacekeeping differs fundamentally from domestic
policing.
CoP benefits both the police and community in maintaining security and managing crime,
especially in conflict & post-conflict environments. CoP also impacts other UNPOL activities,
such Capacity-building and Development, Protection of Civilians, operations, intelligence,
and others.
Local Assessments is a crucial initial step in implementing community-oriented policing by
assessing the fit between its core strategies and conditions of local communities and local
police.
Now What?
When arriving in the mission, UNPOL staff, including at command level, must familiarise
themselves with the mission-specific implementation procedures of CoP and assume the
responsibilities they are assigned at mission level.
Avoid imposing “ready-made” solutions and instead identify and propose orientations along
with the local actors, considering local specificities.
Putting in place CoP strategy in post-conflict environment is a challenging task. The main
challenges can occur at different levels: local authorities, local community, local police, and
UN Police.
The four essential elements of CoP are:
▪ Consultation with communities - Consultation with communities is an important medium
to demonstrate that police is serving the public.

▪ Responding to communities - The UN Police treat the public as clients to be served. The
UN Police must always demonstrate willingness and ability to respond to the security
needs of individuals and groups living in their communities.
▪ Mobilizing communities - Mobilization refers to the activities that police and law
enforcement agencies undertake to ensure that communities assist them in protecting
members of society, and solving problems that generate crime, violence, or insecurity.
▪ Solving recurring problems - UN Police shall treat crime as groups of problems to be
solved, not as separate events where one or more persons are caught and punished.
To segue to the next lesson, Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP), explain that CoP and ILP are the
overarching approaches that guide all operational activities of UN Police to support the host-
State for restoring and nurturing the consent of the public in their own police. These two
approaches are synergistic in UN Policing, meaning they work together to produce results.

Reference Materials
Below materials are a) referenced in this lesson, and b) required reading for instructor
preparations:
▪ Charter of the United Nations, 1945

▪ Security Council Resolutions: on policing 2185 (2014) and 2382 (2017); and on women,
peace and security: 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106
(2013), 2122 (2013) and 2242 (2015)
▪ UN Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines, also known as the Capstone
Doctrine, 2008
▪ DPKO/DFS Policy on UN Police in Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political
Missions (Ref. 2014.01)
▪ United Nations Human Rights Due Diligence Policy on United Nations Support to Non-
United Nations Security Forces – HRDDP (S/2013/110)
▪ DPKO/DFS Guidelines “Police Operations in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
and Special Political Missions” (Ref. 2015.15)
▪ DPKO/DFS Manual “Community-oriented Policing in Peace Operations” (Ref. 2018.04).
▪ David H. Bayley, United Nations, Department of Civilian Police. 2005. Community
Policing Training Program. New York, NY: United Nations
▪ UN Police Standardized Best Practices Toolkit on Gender and International
Peacekeeping
UN Information
- The website for UN peacekeeping: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/
- The website for UN peacekeeping: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/unamid-hands-
over-equipment-to-community-policing-volunteers-gokar-west-darfur
- UN at a glance: http://www.un.org/en/about-un/index.html
- Current membership of the Security Council:
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members
- DPO: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/department-of-peace-operations
- DOS: https://operationalsupport.un.org/en
- DPPA: https://dppa.un.org/en/about-us
UN Documents
UN documents can be found on: http://www.un.org/en/documents/index.html (Search by
document symbol, e.g. A/63/100)
DPO and DOS Guidance

The repository for all official DPO and DOS guidance is the Policy and Practice Database:
http://ppdb.un.org (only accessible from the UN network).
Official peacekeeping guidance documents are also accessible through the Peacekeeping
Resource Hub: http://research.un.org/en/peacekeeping-community
Instructors are encouraged to check for the latest guidance.
Additional Training Resources

UN Peacekeeping Operations: An Introduction
http://portals.unssc.org/course/index.php?categoryid=24
Films:
Community Policing (3:56 minutes)
https://www.osce.org/secretariat/107820

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L e s s o n

Specialised Training Materials for UN Police 2021 1

What is Community-oriented Policing? Slides 5-10

Specialised Training Materials for UN Police 2021 2

Duration: 120 minutes total

Starting the lesson

Introduce the following (using the introductory slides):

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What is Community-oriented Policing?

This, combined with weakened institutional structures often creates an environment of

Post-conflict environments suffer from weak police legitimacy. Consent is an indispensable

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Community-oriented Policing is both a philosophy (a way of thinking) and an organizational

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been characterized by reactive responses to crime, Community-oriented Policing emphasizes

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▪ Conducting joint patrols with the PNC

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Key Message: Community problems require community solutions and support.

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▪ UN SEC RES 1325 (2000)

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DPKO/DFS Guidelines on Police Operations in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and

DPKO/DFS Manual Community-oriented Policing in Peace Operations (Ref. 2018.04.).

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Learning Activity 5.1

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The Benefits of CoP in Conflict and Post-conflict Environments

The UN Manual on Community-oriented Policing in United Nations Peace Operations identifies

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with specialised agencies comprising the UN Country Team, implementing measures to

2. strengthened traditional and informal conflict resolution mechanisms and greater

4. the provision of access to UN personnel to facilitate mediation efforts, as well as to

Mutual Respect. Community-oriented Policing provides opportunities for individuals to offer

Community expectations and public information. Newly introduced community-oriented

Specialised Training Materials for UN Police 2021 18

Learning Activity 5.2

Purpose: Identify the differences between traditional policing and CoP

Note for the instructor: Divide participants into small groups.

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Question Traditional Policing CoP

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Consultation with Communities

▪ Discussion in small groups – 5 min

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To establish a better shared understanding of in developing situations, UN Police gather

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Key Message: The stakeholders participate through providing information, collaboration,

The stakeholders participate through:

▪ Providing information about matters of concern, including crime and circumstances

An efficient way to implement Community-oriented Policing is to establish consultative