Agricultural Engineering Design Data Handbook

BELONIO
AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN DATA
DESIGN DATA HANDBOOK

HANDBOOK
Alexis T. Belonio
UNIVERSITY PRESS Department of Agricultural Engineering and

Central Philippine University Environmental Management
Iloilo City, Philippines College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City, Philippines
CPU
Press
AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING
DESIGN DATA
HANDBOOK
Alexis T. Belonio
Department of Agricultural Engineering

and Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City, Philippines
The Author:
Alexis T. Belonio is a Professional Agricultural Engineer. Presently, he is an
Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Agricultural Engineering
and Environmental Management, College of Agriculture, Central Philippine
University, Iloilo City. He finished his Bachelor of Science in Agricultural
Engineering and Master of Science degrees from Central Luzon State University,
Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. He has been deeply involved in teaching, research, project
development, and entrepreneurial activity on various agricultural engineering
projects since 1983.
He was awarded by the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) as

Most Outstanding Agricultural Engineer in the field of Farm Power and Machinery
and by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as Outstanding
Professional in the Field of Agricultural Engineering in 1993. In 1997, he was
awarded by the TOYM Foundation and the Jerry Roxas Foundation as The
Outstanding Young Filipinos (TOYF) in the field of Agricultural Engineering. He
is presently a PSAE Fellow Member.
As a dedicated professional, he serves as technical consultant to various

agricultural machinery manufacturers in Region VI. He also serves as a Reviewer
of the TGIM Foundation Review Center on the field of Agricultural Machinery and
Allied Subjects, and Agricultural Processing and Allied Subjects since 1998. He
has written and published several research and technical papers.
Acknowledgement:
The author is very much thankful to the Lord God Almighty who inspired him to
prepare this material for the benefit of those who are called to serve in the
agricultural engineering profession.
He is also thankful to Jane in typing this manuscript and to Cyrus in his invaluable
suggestions during printing of this booklet.
To Salve and their children: Mike, Happy, Humble, Jireh, Justly, Tenderly, and
Wisdom for their prayer and encouragement.
Trial Edition PREFACE
This book is a compilation of the various data and charts commonly

used in agricultural engineering courses. Students who are taking the
course as well as those who are preparing for the Professional
Agricultural Engineer Board Examination may find this book useful.
Practicing Agricultural Engineers and those other Engineers working
in the field of agriculture will find this book a handy reference for the
data needed in the design of agricultural machines, power and energy
sources, processing and handling of agricultural and food products,
farm structures and electrification, irrigation and soil conservation,
and other relevant information in the field of agricultural engineering.
Data were obtained from several sources which includes textbook,

journals, technical magazines, codes and standards. Data and figures
are presented in topical form for ease finding the information needed.
This book is in draft form yet additional data relevant to the need will
be included in the future to make this material more comprehensive.
Comments and suggestions are welcome for future improvement of
this book.
God bless and may this book become useful to you!
ALEXIS T. BELONIO
Copyright © 2003 by Alexis T. Belonio
No part of this book is allowed to be photocopied or reproduced in any form

without any written permission from the author.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page Fuel 147

Agricultural Crops 1 Furnace 153
Agricultural and Food Products 6 Gasification 153
Agricultural Equipment Operation 8 Gears 155
Agricultural Structures 13 Grains 157
Animal Power 25 Grains and Seeds 158
Bearing 26 Grains and Cereals 159
Biogas 27 Heat Transfer 160
Biomass Energy 32 Human Body 169
Charcoal 45 Hydro Power 170
Chemical Formula 47 Incubator 171
Climate 50 Implement 172
Concrete 51 Irrigation 179
Conveyor 53 Meat 186
Cookstove 68 Paddy 188
Corn Mill 70 Plowing 189
Crops 71 Power 190
Dairy Products 78 Power Tiller 191
Dryer 80 Power Transmission 192
Dynamometers 97 Psychrometric Chart 203
Electric Motor 98 Pumps 206
Electrification 100 Refrigeration 215
Energy 106 Rice 220
Engine 107 Rice Dryer 221
Fan 115 Rice Hull 221
Farm Equipment 119 Rice Mill 223
Feed Mill 127 Rice Thresher 229
Fish 133 Seeder 231
Fluid 135 Seeder Planter 233
Fruits and Vegetables 136
Seeds 235
Seeds and Grains 236
Seeds and Oil 237
Soil 238
Solid Municipal Waste 242
Solid 243
Solar Energy 244
Solar Radiation 245
Sprayer 248
Storage 250
Substances 252
Sunflower Oil Blend With Diesel Fuel 254
Tools 255
Tractor 256
Vegetables 262
Warehouse 263
Wind Energy 264
Wood 270
AGRICULTURAL CROPS AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Coefficient of Friction Period of Maturity of Some Rice Varieties
Coefficient of Friction Variety Flowering Maturity
Crop Steel Smooth Smooth Rough (days) (days)
IR 5 103 132
Concrete Wood Wood IR 8 96 127
Barley 0.38 0.45 0.32 IR 20 88 118
Corn IR 24 93 122
Ear - - 0.62 - IR 26 96 127
Shelled 0.37 0.42 0.31 0.32 IR 28 75 102
IR 32 100 132
Flaxseed 0.34 0.41 0.31 -
IR 36 80 114
Oats 0.41 0.47 0.37 IR 40 85 114
Peas 0.26 0.30 0.27 IR 42 102 132
Rice, rough 0.41 0.52 0.44 0.52 IR 50 78 109
Rye 0.41 0.35 0.33 IR 54 90 122
IR 58 73 102
Sorghum 0.37 0.33 0.30 -
IR 60 80 107
Soybean 0.36 0.44 0.32 0.30 IR 64 84 117
Sugar beat - 0.52 0.82 0.70
Tares 0.36 0.36 0.39 -
Vetch 0.33 0.24 0.26 -
Wheat 0.40 0.42 0.46 0.35
AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Production Yield of Various Crops
AGRICULTURAL CROPS Crop Yield (tons per hectare)

Composition of Copra at Various Level of Moisture Banana 39
Cassava 71
% Composition Maize 20
Oil Meal Water Sweet Potato 65
Wet Copra 55.3 24.7 20.0 Rice 26
Undried Copra 60.9 27.1 12.0 Sorghum 16 – 18
Dry Copra 65.0 29.0 6.0 Wheat 12
Copra 69.1 30.9 0.0
(Moisture Free
1 2
AGRICULTURAL CROPS AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Main Product and By-Product Compositions Processing Residue Compositions
Crops Main By-Product Ratio of Main Sugar Straws Straws, Straws/ Al- Olive
Product Product to By- Cane , Rice Wheat, Husks mond Pits
Product Composition Bagasse ( Dry) Im- Rice Hulls ( Dry)
Cereal (Dry) perial Hulls ( Dry)
Wheat Grain Straw 1:1.3 (Dry) ( Dry)
Barley Grain Straw 1: 1.2 Ash (%) 2.44 18.67 9.55 20.226 6.13 1.72
Maize Grain Straw 1:1 HHV ( MJ/kg) 18.85 18.85 16.78 15.81 18.84 21.54
Oats Grain Straw 1:1.3 Chlorine (%) 0.03 0.58 2.06 0.12 0.02 0.04
Rye Grain Straw 1:1.6 Water-soluble
Rice Grain Straw 1:1.4 Alkalis (%)
Millet Grain Straw 1:1.4 Na2O 0.022
Sorghum Grain Straw 1:1.4 K2O 0.665
Pulse CaO 0.008
Pea Grain 1:1.5 Elemental
Bean Grain 1:2.1 Composition
Soya Grain 1:2.1 SiO2 46.61 74..67 37.06 91.442 9.28 30.82
Tuber and root Stalk Al2O3 17.69 1.04 2.23 0.78 2.09 8.84
crops TiO2 2.63 0.09 0.17 0.02 0.05 0.34
Potatoes Tuber Stalk 1:0.4 Fe2O3 14.14 0.85 0.84 0.14 0.76 6.58
Feedbeet Root Stalk 1:0.3 CaO 4.47 3.01 4.91 3.21 8.07 14.66
Sugarbeet Root MgO 3.33 1.75 2.55 <0.01 3.31 4.24
Cocoa Nut Shell and outer 1:0.2 Na2O 0.79 0.96 9.74 0.21 0.87 27.8
fiber K2O 4.15 12.3 21.7 0.72 52.9 4.4
Sugar Cane Sugar Bagasse 1:1.16 SO3 2.08 1.24 4.44 0.43 0.34 0.56
P2O5 2.72 1.41 2.04 5.1 2.46
20.12
CO2/other
Undetermined 1.39 2.68 14.32 -2.89 -0.7
Total 100 100 100 100.64 100 100
Alkali ((kg/GJ) 0.35 7.08 9.63 2.72 9.42 1.39
3
4
AGRICULTUAL CROPS AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTS
Oil Content, Melting Point, and Oil composition of Storage Data
Selected Oilseeds Product Storage Relative Storage life
Oilseed Oil Melting Point Specific Sample Tempera- Humidity
Content (C) Composition (%) ture (C) (%)
(%) Saturat Mono- Poly- Beer +5 to +15 80 to 90 2 to 6 months
ed unsatur unsatur Blood, whole +2 to +4 4 to 8 days
ated ated Bread, frozen -15 to –25 90 to 95 4 to 6 months
Copra 65-68 23 to 26 91 7 2 Cider +5 to +15 80 to 90 2 to 4 months
Palm kernel 44-53 24 to 26 85 13 2 Furs +2 to +4 60 to 70 6 months
Sunflower 25-48 -16 to -18 17 29 52 Honey +1 to +10 1 year
seed Hops -1.5 to 0 50 to 60 1 to 4 months
Ground nut 45-55 -2 17 61 22 Ice +1 to +2 70 to 80 9 to 12 months
Rapeseed 36-50 -9 6 86 8 Nuts +2 to +5 80 to 85 1 to 5 months
Cotton seed 15-24 -20 34 26 40 Rice +3 to +6 60 to 70 4 to 6 months
Sesame seed 44-54 -2 to 2 15 40 45 Seeds, frozen -18 to -20 60 to 70 1 to 4 years
Soya bean -23 to -20 15 25 60 Seeds +2 to +4 60 to 70 4 to 10 weeks
Oil palm 33 to 40 53 38 9 Skins +2 to +4 65 to 75 4 to 6 months
Tobacco +2 to +4 70 to 80 4 to 6 months
AGRICULTURAL CROPS Water
Typical Composition of Selected Oil Cakes Yeast 0 to +2 70 to 80 1 to 3 weeks
Dry Matter Crude Crude Ash Ether Nitro

(%) Protein Fiber (%) Extract gen
(%) (%) (%)
(%)
Copra 90.1 21 10 5 15 49
Palm kernel 89.0 19 13 4 15 49
Sunflower seed w/ hull 91.3 24 34 5 15 22
Groundnuts seed w/ hull 92.4 32 24 6 15 23
Groundnuts seeds w/o 92.6 46 5 5 15 30
hull
Rapeseed 87.6 35 10 9 15 31
Cotton seed w/ hull 89.6 23 22 6 15 34
Sesame seed 89.5 40 7 13 15 25
Soya with hull 87.9 42 6 6 15 31
5 6
AGRICUTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT OPERATION
Thermal Properties Man-Hour Requirement Per Hectare
Product Freezing Specific Heat Specific Heat Latent Rates of Work Person-h/ha
Tempe- Above Below Freezing Heat
rature Freezing (kJ/kg- C) (kJ/kg) Manual Tillage
(C) (kJ/kg -C) Slash and burn 240 - 360
Beer 3.6 1.8 287 Tillage with hoe 100 - 300
Blood, whole Hoeing, flooded soil 100 - 200
Bread, frozen 2.93 1.42 115 Spade, 25 cm depth 500
Cider -1 3.65 1.85 290 Animal Tillage
Furs 2 oxen with redging plow 10
Honey 2.1 1.7 60 2 oxen with ard 30
Hops 4 horses with 2-bottom 14” moldboard 5.0
Ice 1.34 1.05 51 6 horses with 2-bottom 14” moldboard 4.8
Nuts -5 1.8 0.9 15 12 horses with 3-bottom 16” moldboard 2.7
Rice -2 0.9 0.5 15 6 horses with 8-ft tandem disk harrow 1.8
Seeds, frozen 4 horses with 12-ft spike-tooth harrow 0.8
Seeds 8 horses with 12-ft spring-tooth harrow 1.2
Skins Water buffalo plowing flooded soil 30 - 60
Tobacco Water buffalo comb harrowing 40 - 60
Water 0 4.19 2.1 334 5 water buffalo trampling (puddling) wet 32 - 40
Yeast -4 3.45 1.7 240 soil
2 bullocks with plank leveller 15
7 8
AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT OPERATION AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT OPERATION
Man-Hour Requirement Per Hectare Man-Hour Requirement Per Hectare
Rates of Work Person-h/ha Rates of Work Person-h/ha
Tractor Tillage Seeding in premarked rows and covering 80

4.5-hp pedestrian tiller 4.2 by foot
4.5-hp tractor and 4-bottom disk plow 1.3 Push- or pull-type planter in dry soil 20
80-hp tracklayer and 7-bottom disk plow 0.7 IRRI row seeder with pregerminated rice
5-hp power tiller plowing wet soil 20 - 40 seed sown in wet soil 5-7
10-hp double-axle pedestrian tractor tilling 6-8 Animal Planting
wet soil Bullock-drawn seed drill 5.3
10-hp hydrotiller 4.4 2 bullocks and broadcasting and covering 21
12.5-hp compact tractor plowing wheat 11 - 14 seed
stubble 4 horses and 8-ft disk drill 1.4
40-hp tractor rotovating wet soil 2.1 6 horses and 12-ft disk drill 0.9
5-hp single-axle pedestrian tractor with 2 horses and 2-row maize planter 1.8
puddling wheels and comb harrow 20 2 horses and 1-row potato planter 4.3
Clearing virgin forest with tracklayer 69.2 Tractor Planting
Clearing secondary forest with tracklayer 44.5 Airplane broadcasting of rice 0.3 - 0.6
Clearing bush with tracklayer 12.3 5-hp pedestrian seeder (rice) 8
Manual Planting 60-hp tractor and 4-row maize planter 0.7
Broadcasting 3.3 Manual Weed and Pest Control
Using dibble stick 160 Hand weeding transplanted rice 120 - 320
Hand weeding rice in broadcast field 1150
Hand weeding rice in dibbled field 380
Hand weeding rice in drilled field 321
Rotary push-type weeder in rice 30 - 150
Hand-carried IRRI power weeder 17
Knapsack sprayer 13 - 50
Dusting 7 - 16
9 10
AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT OPERATION AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT OPERATION
Man-Hour Requirement Per Hectare Man-Hour Requirement Per Hectare
Rates of Work Person-h/ha Rates of Work Person-h/ha
Animal Weed and Pest Control Engine-Powered Harvesting, Threshing, and

2 horses and 2-row (maize) shovel 2.4 Processing
cultivator 5-hp pedestrian windrower 5.4 - 10
Tractor Weed and Pest Control Threshing rice by treading with 5 water 120 kg/h
35-hp tractor with cultivator 2.4 - 3 buffalo
Airplane applying herbicide 0.2 Threshing rice by treading with tractor 600 - 2000 kg/h
Knapsack power duster (in rice) 2 5-hp IRRI axial-flow thresher, 4 men 350 - 700 kg/h
Tractor-mounted sprayer (in rice) 0.5 feeding
Manual Harvesting, Threshing, and Processing Small (1/2-m) combine 0.18 t grain/h
Harvesting rice with sickle or knife 60 - 80
Reaping with a scythe 34
Bunding rice into sheaves 24
Hauling sheaves to thresher 39
Threshing rice with hand sticks 182
Threshing rice with flail 20 - 30
Threshing rice on a bamboo ladder 30 - 60
Winnowing grain by tossing in wind 40 kg/h
Hand-driven winnower 200 - 1200 kg/h
Harvesting, Threshing, and Processing with
Animals
2 horses and 6-ft reaper 1.7
4 horses and 8-ft binder 1.4
2 horses and 1-row maize binder 2.8
6 horses and 1-row maize picker 3.2
16 horses and 14-ft combine 1.0
2 horses and 6-ft mower mowing hay 2.0 - 2.4
2 oxen threshing by treading 60 - 89
11 12
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES
Air Changes per 24 Hours for Storage Rooms Due to Air Infiltration Through Cracks and Around
Door Openings and Infiltration (Above 0 C) Windows
Volume of room, ft2 Air changes per 24 hr Type of window double-hung wood sash Cubic feet per hour per foot
200 44.0 (unlocked) of crack
300 34.5 Around frame in masonry wall, not 8
400 29.5 caulked
500 26.0 Around frame in masonry wall, caulked 2
600 23.0 Around frame in wood-frame construction 6
800 20.0 Total for Average window, non-weather-
1,000 17.5 stripped, 1/16-inch crack and 3/64-inch
1,500 14.0 clearance. Includes wood-frame leakage 21
2,000 12.0
3,000 9.5 Weather-stripped 13
4,000 8.2 Total for poorly fitted window, non-
5,000 7.2 weather-stripped, 3/32-inch crack and
6,000 6.5 3/32-inch clearance. Includes woo-frame
8,000 5.5 leakage 69
10,000 4.9
15,000 3.9 Weather-stripped 19
20,000 3.5
25,000 3.0
30,000 2.7
40,000 2.3
50,000 2.0
75,000 1.6
100,000 1.4
13 14
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
Daily Manure Production Fresh Manure Production and Characteristics per
Animals Manure Available 1000 kg Live Animal Mass per Day
(kg/day/animal) Animal Total Urine Density Total Volatile Animal
Pigs type manure (kg) (kg/ m3) solids solids weight
Porker, 3-8 months old, mixed ages 2.20 (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
18-36 kg 2.55 Dairy 86 26 990 12 10 640
36-55 kg 5.22 Beef 58 18 1000 8.5 7.2 360
55-73 kg 6.67 Veal 62 - 1000 5.2 2.3 91
73-91 kg 8.00
Swine 84 39 990 11 8.5 61
Cow
Sheep 40 15 1000 11 9.2 27
Feedlot animal 14.0
Goat 41 - 1000 13 - 64
Breeding animal 13.0
Horse 51 10 1000 15 10 450
Work animal 7.50
Layer 64 - 970 16 12 1.8
Buffalo
Broiler 85 - 1000 22 17 0.9
Work animal 8.00 Turkey 47 - 1000 12 9.1 6.8
Horse Duck 110 - - 31 19 1.4
Work animal 7.75
Chicken ANIMAL STRUCTURE
Layer, 6 months or older 0.075
Broiler, day-old to 8 weeks 0.025
Manure Retention Time
Substrate Retention time (days)
Liquid pig manure 15 - 25
Liquid cow/carabao manure 20 - 30
Liquid chicken manure 20 - 40
Animal manure mixed with plant material 50 - 80
Mesophilic temperature range
15 16
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
Feeding Space Requirement for Dairy Cattle Daily Water Requirement
Class, Age, Size of Animal Length/animal (mm) Water Requirement
Calves (3-6 months) 46 Uses gpd m3/day
Calves (7 months - one year) 51 Each household (min) 50 - 250 0.189 - 0.945
Yearling. Heifer, milking and dry cows 76 Each horse 12 0.045
Cows in maternity stall Each cow producing milk 40 0.151
Each dry cow or steer 12 0.045
Each hog 4 0.015
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE Each sheep 2 0.008
Feeding Space Requirement for Goat Each 100 chickens 6 0.023
Each 100 turkeys 18 0.068
Animal Weight (kg) Feeding space
(linear mm/animal) AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
Doe/Ewe 35 350
Doe/Ewe 50 400 Minimum Floor Space Requirement for Cattle
Doe/Ewe 70 450
Kid/Lamb 250 Area Floor space
m2/ animal
Buck/Ram 500
Shed area 4
Loafing area 5
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
Feeding Space Requirement for Poultry AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
Feeder Minimum Space Requirement for Cattle in
a
Stages Linear Roundb Crowding Pen
m/100 birds pieces/100 birds
4 weeks and below 4 4 Weight of the cattle Space requirement
Above 4 weeks old 7.5 5 kg m2/animal
a
If both sides of a linear feeder is available to the birds, count each side Up to 270 0.5
when figuring available space. 270 - 540 0.9
b
305 mm diameter pan. Over 540 1.1
17 18
Minimum Space Requirement for Cattle in Minimum Space Requirement for Dairy Cattle
Holding Pen Class, Age, Size of Animal Shed or Barn Floor Area
(m2/animal)
Weight of the cattle Space requirement Calves (up to 3 months) 1
Kg m2/animal Calves (3 - 6 months) 2
Up to 270 1.3 Calves (7 months - one year) 3
270 - 540 1.6 Yearlings (1 - 2 years) 4
Over 540 1.9 Heifer/Steer (2 - 3 years) 5
Milking and dry cows 6
Cows in maternity stall 10
Minimum Space Requirement for Goat and Sheep
Animal Weight Floor space (m2/animal)
(kg) Solid floor Slatted floor Open yard Minimum Space Requirement for Layers in
Doe/Ewe 35 0.8 0.7 2 Pen -Type Housing
Doe/Ewe 50 1.1 0.9 2.5
Doe/Ewe 70 1.4 1.1 3 Stage Space requirements
Kid/Lamb 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4 - m2/100 birds
Buck/Ram 3.0 2.5 - Growing (7 - 22 weeks)
Litter floor 14
Slotted floor 6
Slot-litter floor 7
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE Laying (beyond 22 weeks)
Minimum Space Requirement for Pregnant and Litter floor 17
Lactating Doe/Ewe Slotted floor 9
Slot-litter floor 14
Doe/Ewe Floor space (m2/animal)
Pregnant Lactating
Small (50 kg - 70kg) 1.3 2.0
Large (over 70 kg) 1.6 2.3
19 20
Minimum Space Requirement for Swine Minimum Swine Height of Pen Partitions
Age and size of animal Space requirements per animal Swine Height of pen partition
m2/ animal m
Groups Under 25 kg 0.70
Up to 10 kg 0.11 25 kg - 100 kg 0.90
11 - 20 kg 0.20 Sow 1.00
21 - 40 kg 0.35 Boar 1.20
41 - 60 kg 0.50
61 - 80 kg 0.70 AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
81 - 100 kg 0.85 Minimum Temperature for Housed Swine in Still Air
Gilts up to mating 1.00
Adult pigs in groups 2.50 Class Temperature
Gestating sows 1.20 C
Lactating sows and litters Sows and boars 30
Individual pens 7.40 Piglets
Multi-suckling groups 5.60 Newborn 35
Dry sows 1.80 3 weeks 30
Weaners 30
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE Growers and Finishers 30
Minimum Swine Farrowing Crate Dimension
Measurement Dimension (m)
Minimum Ventilation Rates of Swine Under Normal
Length 1.80
Width of stall 0.60 Condition
Width of creep 0.50 Stage Ventilation rate
Height of stall 1.00 m3/min
Height of creep 0.40 Farrowing unit (sow and litter) 0.28
Nursery pens 0.08
Growing-finishing pens 0.12
Breeding and gestating pens
(gilts, sows and boars) 0.28
21 22
Recommended Lighting Intensity for Swine Housing Amount of Installed Watts Required for Farm
Area Lighting intensity Heating Applicants
lux (Lumen/m2)
Breeding, gestation and furrowing 150 Application Outside Outside Estimated
Nurseries 100 temperature above temperature kwhr used
Growing and finishing 50 30F below 30F
Inspection areas 200 Brooding chicks, 2 1/2-3 watts per 3-4 watts per 2-22.5 per
infrared chick chick chick per 8 wk
Brooding chicks, 1 1/2 watts per 2-2 1/2 watts per 1 per chick per
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE underheat chick chick 8 wk
Chick Brooding Temperature Lamb brooders 250 watts per 2 250 watts per 25 per lamb
lambs lamb per wk
Age of Chicks ( Weeks ) Brooding Temperature ( ºC ) Pig brooders 250 watts per litter 250 watts per 40 per litter
0-1 32.2 - 35.0 ( 90 - 94ºF) litter per wk
1-2 29.4 - 32.2 ( 90 - 94ºF) Hotbeds 9-10 watts per sq 9-10 watts per 15-20 per
2-4 26.7 - 29.4 ( 90 - 94ºF) ft sq ft 1,000 slips
Curving sweet 300 bu up to 300 10 watts per bu 1-4 kwhr per
potatoes bu up to 300 bu bu per curing
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES period
Recommended Dimension for Slaughterhouse 5 watts per bu, 5 watts per bu, 1-4 kwhr per
300-1000 bu 300-1000 bu bu per curing
Animals Throughput Dimension (in meters) period
2 8.6 x 5.8 4 watts per bu 4 watts per bu 1-4 kwhr per
(10) over 1000 bu over 1,000 bu bu per curing
Large animals or (small 30 12.5 x 6.4 period
animals) (150) Stock watering 0 1 watt per gal 15 per mo
60 23.3 x 15
(150-350)
200 53 x 21.5
Swine 30 8x5
120 12 x 5
400 19.4 x 8.4
23 24
ANIMAL POWER BEARING
Average Pull, Approximate Speed, and Power Values of Load Factor
Developed by Various Draft Animals Operating Condition Applications fw
Smooth operation free Electric motors, machine 1.0 to 1.2
Animal Ave. Weight Approx Pull Ave Speed Power from shock tools, air conditioners
(kg) (kg) (m/s) Developed Normal operation Air blowers, 1.2 to 1.5
(hp) compressors, elevators,
Light Horse 400-700 60-80 1.0 1.0 Operation accompanied Contruction machines, 1.5 to 3.0
Bullock 500-900 60-80 0.60-0.85 0.75 by shock and vibration crushers, vibration
Buffaloes 400-900 50-80 0.80-0.90 0.75 screens, rolling mills
Cows 400-600 50-60 0.70 0.45
Mules 350-500 50-60 0.90-1.00 0.70
Donkeys 200-300 30-40 0.70 0.35
BEARING
Belt and Chain Factor
.
Type of Transmission Fb
ANIMAL POWER V belts 2 to 2.5
Harnessing Factor Flat belts with tension pulley 2.5 to 3
Flat belts 4 to 5
No. of Animals Factor Chain Transmission 1.25 to 1.5
1 1.0
2 1.9 BEARING
3 2.5
4 3.1
Gear Factor
5 3.5 Gear Accuracy Fg
6 3.8 Precision Gears 1 to 1.1
Ordinary machined gears 1.1 to 1.3
25 26
BEARING BIOGAS
Rules in the Use of Lubricants Gas Requirement of Some Appliances
Grease is use when Oil is use when Appliances Type Gas Requirements
1. The temperature is not over 93 C 1. The temperature is over 93 C (m3/hr)
2. Speed are low 2. Speeds are high Gas burner Non-continuous
3. Unusual protection is required 3. Oiltight seals are readily 5 cm 0.22
from the entrance of debris employed 10 cm 0.28
4. Simple bearing seals are desired 4. Bearing type is not suitable 14 cm 0.42
for grease Mantle lamp
5. Operation for long periods without 5. The bearing is lubricated Ordinary Non-continuous 0.071
attention is desired from a central supply that is also 25-watt equivalent 0.100
used for other machine parts.. 60-watt equivalent 0.195
Gas refrigerator Continuous
0.01 m3 0.053
0.017 m3 0.067
BIOGAS 0.225 m3 0.078
Gas Production Potential of Various Types of Incubator (per m3 capacity) Continuous 0.600
Manure (m3/kg) Gasoline engine Non-continuous
Per kW output 0.569
Manure Retention Period (days) Per rated Kw 0.398
25 30 35 50 Diesel engine Non-continuous
Pig 0.058 0.063 0.068 0.077 Per kW output 0.700
Cow 0.030 0.034 0.037 0.043 Per rated kW 0.563
Buffalo 0.030 0.034 0.37 0.043
Horse 0.045 0.051 0.056 0.065
Chicken 0.060 0.065 0.069 0.078
27 28
BIOGAS BIOGAS
Optimum Height/Length Ratios of Digesters and C/N Ratio and Nitrogen Content of Some
Tanks (freeboard excluded) for Volume Up to 70 m3 Organic Materials
and Wall Thickness of Up to 25 cm Biodegradable material N C/N
Height/Length Ratio, r %
(Height/Diameter or Height/side) A. Animal dung
Horizontal Cross- Floating Type Floating (Separate Hog 2.8 13.7
section (Integrated) Plants and Gasholder) and Fixed Carabao 1.6 23.1
Open Tanks Type Plants Cow 1.8 19.9
Circular 0.500 1.00 Chicken 3.7 9.65
Square 0.500 1.00 Duck 0.8 27.4
Pugo 5.0 6.74
Rectangulara
L = 1.2 W 0.455 0.91 B. Household waste
L = 1.4 W 0.420 0.84 Nightsoil 7.1 6.72
L = 1.6 W 0.385 0.77 Kitchen waste 1.9 28.60
a
Coefficient of W is the desired length/width proportion, P C. Crop residues (air dry)
Corn stalks 1.2 56.6
Rice straw 07 51.0
Corn cobs 1.0 49.9
Peanut hulls 1.7 31.0
BIOGAS Cogon 1.07 -
Bagasse 0.40 -
Retention Time for Animal Manure for Mesophilic D. Others
Temperature Range Kangkong 4.3 7.8
Water lily 2.9 11.4
Substrate Retention time Grass trimmings 2.5 15.7
(days)
Liquid pig manure 15 - 25
Liquid cow/carabao manure 20 - 30
Liquid chicken manure 20 - 40
Animal manure mixed with plant material 50 - 80
29 30
BIOGAS BIOMASS ENERGY
Maximum Excavation Slope on Various Grounds Biomass Ashes Softening and Melting Temperatures
Kind of soil Ratio of height to width Biomass Ash Softening Melting
Sandy soil 1:1 (C) (C)
Clayey sandy soil 1:0.67 Almond Shell 790 1140
Clayey soil 1:0.50 Alhar Stalks 1275 1480
Clay 1:0.33 Bagasse 1325 1435
Soil with gravel 1:0.67 Bamboo Dust 1325 1425
Dry loess 1:0.25 Bean Straw 900 1150
Barley Straw 925 1100
Coconut Choir 1125 1175
Corn Cobs 900 1020
Corn Fodder 1010 1180
BIOGAS Corn Stalks 820 1091
Nutrient Content of Common Animal Excrements Cotton Gin Trash 1010 1380
Cotton Stalks 1350 1425
Animal P2O5 K2O
Groundnut Shell 1190 1235
kg/a % kg/a %
Jute Sticks 1325 1425
Cow 34 0.2 84 0.5
Mustard Shell 1375 1425
Pig 56 0.4 35 0.3
Olive Pits 850 1480
Chicken (fresh dropping) 194 1.0 108 0.6
Pine Needle 1275 1375
Chicken (dry droppings) 193 4.6 106 2.5
Rice Hull 1437 1650
Rice Straw 823 1190
Safflower 770 1430
Sal Seed Leaves 1225 1375
Sal Seed Husk 1475 1525
Tree Prunings 770 1550
Walnut Shell 820 1250
Wood Chip 1050 1190
32
31
BIOMASS ENERGY BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass Heating Value and Composition Bulk Density of Biomass Materials
Type Higher Elemental Analysis Biomass Grading Bulk Density
Heating (% by weight, db) (kg/m3)
Value C H O N S Ash Alfalfa seed straw cube 30 x 30 x 50 298
(MJ/kg) mm 7% moisture
Fir bark char 19.2 49.9 4.0 24.5 0.1 0.1 21.4 Ash, fly 40 - 45
Rice hull char 14.2 36.0 2.6 11.7 0.4 0.1 49.2 Ash, gas producer, wet 78
Grass straw 19.3 51.0 3.7 19.7 0.5 0.8 24.3 Bagasse 7 - 10
char Barkwood, refuse 10 - 20
Municipal 18.7 54.9 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.2 41.2 Barley straw cube 30 x 30 x 50 300
solid waste mm 7% moisture
char Bean straw cube 30 x 30 x 50 440
Redwood 28.8 75.6 3.3 18.4 0.2 0.2 2.3 mm 7% moisture
charcoal Charcoal 18 - 25
(694-822 K) Chip, hogged fuel 10 - 30
Oak charcoal 24.8 67.7 2.4 14.4 0.4 0.2 14.9 Coal, anthracite 60
( 711 -914 K) Coal, bituminous 50 50 - 54
mesh
BIOMASS ENERGY Coal, lignite 40 - 45
Crop-Residue Ratio of Biomass Materials Corn cobs 11% moisture 304
Corn stalk cube 30 x 30 x 50 391
Material Ratio mm
Paddy to Husk Ratio 1 : 0.16 to 0.350 Cotton gin trash 23% moisture 343
Garbage, household 50
Paddy to Paddy Straw Ratio 1 : 0.199 to 2.10
Olive pits 10% moisture 567
Sugar Cane to Bagasse Ratio 1 : 0.14 to 0.33 Peach pits 11% moisture 474
Sawdust to Timber Ratio 1: 0.1 Peat dust 400
Cotton Seed Wool to Stalk Ratio 1 : 1.0 to 5.61 briquettes 45 x 65 x 600
Corn Grain to Cob Ratio 1 : 0.188 to 0.600 60 mm
Ground Nut Pod to Shell Ratio 1: 0.20 to 0.44 Prune pits 8% moisture 514
Cassava Root to Cassava Stalk Ratio 1 : 0.161 to 0.500
Coconut Nut to Husk Ratio 1 : 0.28 to 0.45
34
33
Ash Content of Biomass Materials Biomass Fuel Bulk Density
Biomass % Weight Ash, Biomass Grading Bulk Density
dry basis (kg/m3)
Alfalfa Seed Straw, Cubed 6.0 Rice hull cube 30 x 30 x 50 679
Almond Shell 4.8 mm
Barley Straw Mix 10.3 unground, loose 100
Bean Straw 10.2 Safflower straw cube 30 x 30 x 50 203
Charcoal 2-5 mm
Coffee Hull 1.3 Sawdust loose 177
Corn Cobs 1.5 briquettes 100-mm 555
Corn Stalk 6.4 long x 75-mm dia.
Cotton Gin Trash 17.6 Slag, blast furnace 80 - 90
Cubed Cotton Stalks 17.2 Straw loose 16 - 20
Douglar Fir Wood Blocks 0.2 chopped or ground 50 - 192
Furfural Residue 12.0 small rectangular 112 - 240
Hogged Wood Manufacturing Residue 0.3 bales
Municipal Tree Pruning 3.0 big bales/round 48 - 200
Olive Pits 3.2 bales
Peach Pits 0.9 modules 90 - 110
Peanut Husk 1.5 stack 40 - 48
Peat (average) 1.6 cubed 256 - 320
Prune Pits 0.5 pellets 300 - 609
Rice Hull 16 - 23 Walnut shell cracked 336
Safflower Straw 6.0 8 mm pellets 599
Wallnut Shell Mix, 1/4 in. Pelleted 5.8 Wood, blocks 17% moisture 256
Walnut Shell, Cracked 1.1 chips 10% moisture 167
Wheat Straw and Corn Stalk 7.4 Wood hard 330
Wood Chips, Whole Log 0.1 soft 250
35 36
Bulk Density of Wood and Wood Residues Bulk Density of Agricultural Residues
Residue Bulk density Moisture Residue Bulk density Moisture
kg/m3 content % kg/m3 content %
Acacia wood, chopped 170 Bagasse 112-160
Bark, crushed 160-321 Coconut coir 45
Beech wood chips 180-235 10-40 Coconut shells, chopped 330
Pine wood chips 152 Corn stalks, bales 100 10
Planer shavings 96 Flax stive, bales 140 10
Rubber wood chips 140 Palm oil shells 442
Sawdust 100-160 Rice husks 100
Softwood chips 176-192 Dry Rice husks, briquettes 680
Spruce logs 310-410 Rice straw, LP Size 10 mm 63-121 13
Spruce wood chips 160-240 10-40 Rice straw, LP Size 17 mm 46-111 13
Wood, pelleted 560-608 Rice straw, LP Size 70 mm 33-64 13
Hardwood chips 224 Rice straw, LP Size 170 mm 11-17 13
Wood chips 160-481 Rice straw, big roll bale 96-112 Dry
Straw bales stored, inside 160-214
BIOMASS ENERGY buildings
Bulk Density of Biomass Residue Straw bales stored in the field 107-128
Straw, bales 60-160
Residue Moisture Bulk Density Straw, chopped 40-60
Content (%) (kg/m3) Straw, baled 68-80 Dry
Bagasse 10.20 84.90 Straw, baled 110-200
Cassava Stalks 4.40 143.48 Straw, briquettes 300-600
Coconut Husk 10.56 65.74 Straw, briquettes 320-640 Dry
Coconut Shell 10.13 642.26 Straw, chopped 40-128 Dry
Corn Cob 11.13 135.41 Straw, hammer-milled 40-100 Dry
Cotton Stalk 9.39 106.00 Straw, loose 20-80
Paddy Straw 6.85 60.16 Straw, LP 32-64 Dry
Peanut Shell 10.37 252.69 Straw, pelleted 560-720
Paddy Husk 8.07 127.58 Wheat stalk, big bale 66-111 Dry
Sawdust 7.24 171.49 Wheat stalk, small bale 44-67 Dry
Residue size is 1-2 mm
37 38
Proximate Analysis of Biomass Residue Energy Consumption of the Different Presses for
Residue Proximate Analysis Gross Biomass Materials
Volatile Ash Fixed Calorific
Press Energy Consumption
Matter Content Carbon Value
(%) (%) (%) (kCal/kg) ( kW-hr per ton)
Bagasse 74.06 6.68 19.26 4,322.5 Conical Screw 45 - 55
Cassava Stalks 76.64 3.99 19.37 4,188 Cylindrical Screw 12 – 60
Coconut Husk 72.99 3.97 23.04 4,444 Pellet 10 – 175
Coconut Shell 73.88 6.50 19.62 4,318 Piston 10 – 150
Corn Cob 75.64 8.86 15.49 4,232
Cotton Stalk 75.85 5.26 18.88 4,448 BIOMASS ENERGY
Paddy Straw 54.16 21.05 24.79 3,824 Angle of Repose and Angel of Friction of Biomass
Peanut Shell 72.76 7.09 20.15 4,100
Paddy Husk 63.31 22.68 14.01 3,719 Materials
Sawdust 82.79 0.70 16.51 4,619
Biomass Angle of Angle of
BIOMASS ENERGY Repose Friction
Heating Value, % Volatile, and % Ash of Various (deg) (deg)
Ash, fly 42
Fuel
Bagasse 50
Type of Biomass Heating Values Approx. Analysis Barkwood, refuse 45
(MJ/kg, Dry /basis) (% by Weight, Dry basis)
Charcoal 35
Higher Lower Volatile Ash
Crop Residues 18.45 17.33 72.6 7.25 Chip, hogged fuel -
Barley straw 17.31 16.22 68.8 10.3 Coal, anthracite 27
Bean Straw 17.46 16.3 75.3 5.93 Coal, bituminous 50 mesh 45
Corn cobs 18.77 17.55 80.1 1.36
Corn stover 17.65 16.5 75.17 5.58 Coal, lignite 38
Cotton stalks 18.26 17.15 73.29 5.51 Garbage, household -
Rice straw (fresh) 16.28 15.32 69.33 13.42 Rice hull 45 - 52 arctan 0.63
Rice straw
Sawdust 36
(weathered) 14.56 13.74 62.31 24.36
Sorghum stalks 15.4 14.32 Slag, blast furnace 25
Wheat straw 19.23 16.47 71.3 8.9 Wood chip -
39 40
Ultimate Analysis of Biomass Materials Physical and Chemical Properties Biomass Residue
Type of Ultimate Elemental Analysis Proximate Analysis Heating
Biomass (% by Weight, Dry basis) Residue Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed Value
F. Carb Hydro Oxyge Nitro Sulfur Chlo Resi % Matter % Carbon BTU/LB
Carb on gen n gen rine due %
on
Coconut
Crop 20.1 46.7 5.4 40.72 1 0.02 0.03 6.07
husk 13.67 66.46- 2.73- 17.31- 7,785-9,686
Residues 5 6
Alfalfa 21..5 51.3 5.29 40.9 0.66 0.01 0.04 1.8 78.42 9.91 34.71
seed straw 4 Coconut
Barley 20.9 39.9 5.27 43.81 1.25 9.75 shell 10.77 74.72- 0.88- 15.91- 8,143-9,929
straw 2 82.86 1.68 23.90
Bean 18.7 42.9 5.59 44..93 0.83 0.01 0.13 5.54 Rice
Straw 7 7 Hull 10.46 57.37- 12.90- 8.75- 5,745-7,186
Corn cobs 18.5 46.5 5.87 45.46 0.47 0.01 0.22 1.4 71.34 28.08 16.44
4 8 1 Rice
Corn 19.2 43.6 5.56 43.31 0.61 0.01 0.6 6.26 Stalk 11.26 62.63- 14.72- 11.52- 5,653-6,861
stover 5 5 70.86 21.76 25.61
Cotton 21.2 47.0 5.35 40.77 0.65 0.210 0.08 5.89
Peanut
stalks 5
Hull 11.56 74.25- 2.56- 20.59- 7,000-7,756
Rice straw 17.2 41.7 4.63 36.57 0.7 0.08 15.9
(fresh) 5 8 75.37 4.04 22.19
Rice straw
(weathered) 13.3 34.6 3.93 35.38 0.93 0.16 25
3
Sorghum 40 5.2 40.7 1.4 0.22 12.5
stalks
Wheat 19.8 43.2 55 39.4 0.61 0.11 0.28 11.4
straw
Energy
Crops
Sudan 18.6 44.5 5.35 39.18 1.21 0.08 0.13 9.47
grass 8
41 42
Moisture Content Biomass Materials (Wood) Moisture Content Biomass Materials
Moisture content Condition (Agricultural Residues)
% Moisture content Condition
Acacia mearnsii 39 Green %
Apple 43 Green Bagasse 40-60
Aspen 44 Green Barley straw 12-22
Birch chips 36 Green Coconut shells 10-20
Bole wood 35-60 Coffee hulls 65-75 Green
Douglas fir 30-60 Corn cobs 25-45
Douglas fir, bark 25-75 Corn stalks 40-60
Eucalyptus grandis 47 Green Cotton gin trash 7-12
Eucalyptus paniculata 28 Green Cotton stalks 35-45 Green
Eucalyptus saligna 45 Green Maize straw 50-70
European larch chips 45 Green Peach pits 30-40
Hornbeam 37 Green Rice husks 7-10
Horse-chestnut 48 Green Rice straw 12-80
Maple 39 Green Straw 16-20
Mixed softwood 25-37 Air-dried Straw 30-40 Green
Mixed softwood chips 31-46 Air-dried Wheat straw 8-22
Mixed softwood chips 53-54
Oak 35 Green
Oak chips 56 Green
Planer shavings 34 Green
Plum 45 Green
Red fir 29 Green
Robinia 42 Green
Sawdust 25-55
Top wood 35-60
Tree prunings 35-55 Green
Wood 45-65 Green
Wood bark 30-60
Wood chips 40-50
Wood shavings 16-40
43 44
CHARCOAL CHARCOAL
Proximate Analysis Philippine Hardwood and Proximate Analysis Philippine Hardwood and
Coconut Shell charcoal Coconut Shell Charcoal
Specif Volatile Fixed Specif Volatile Fixed
Charcoal ic Matter carbon Ash Heating Value Charcoal ic Matter carbon Ash Heating Value
Species Gravit % % % kcal/kg BTU/lb Species Gravit % % % kcal/kg BTU/lb
y y
Tangle 0.45 18.60 80.50 0.97 8,580 15,444 Coconut 18.8 77.4 3.8 7,394 11,900
Red lauan 0.44 14.54 85.25 0.21 8,610 15,498 shell
Mayapia 19.33 80.45 0.25 9,320 16,776 Bakauan 4.2 90.9 4.9
Apitong 51.64 19.10 79.70 1.20 13,713 babae
Toog 0.61 17.70 79.10 3.40 10,270 Bakauan 4.1 90.9 5.0
Lanipau 0.44 25.70 72.80 1.50 14,000 lalaki
Bagtikan 0.48 24.05 72.50 3.50 8,933 Mill 5.2 80.55 4.3
Mix of 20.80 78.90 0.33 16,791 residue
lauan & Coconut 15.80 77.80 6.4 6,422
tangile trunks
Mix with 20.52 78.28 1.20 15,010 Coconut 5,926
red lauan, Husk
w/ lauan Lump 9,600
bagtikan charcoal
& tangile (coconut
Mix of 19.40 76.60 3.90 11,700 trunk)
different
species
U.S. Black 20.00 77.00 3.00 7,500
Hickory
Mixed 19.40 76.60 4.0 11,700
hardwoods
Ipil-ipil 26.6 72.1 1.3 7,470 11,800
45 46
CHEMICAL FORMULA CHEMICAL FORMULA
Names and Formula for Chemicals Names and Formula for Chemicals
Popular Name Chemical Name Formula Popular Name Chemical Name Formula
Alcohol, grain Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH Formalin Formaldehyde HCOH
Alcohol, wood Methyl alcohol CH3OH Natural magnesium silicate H2Mg3(SiO3)4
Alum, common Aluminum potassium AlK(SO4)2.12H2+O Gypsum Natural calcium sulfate CaSO4.2H2O
sulfate Javelle water Originally potassium KOCl + H2O
Alumina Aluminum oxide Al2O3 hypochlorite solution, now
Aqua ammonia Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH + H2O usually sodium hypochlorite NaOCl + H2O
solution solution
Asbestos Magnesium silicate Mg2Si2O7.2H2O Limewater Calcium hydroxide solution Ca(OH2) + H2O
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid C2H3O2C6H4CO2H Magnesia Magnesium oxide MgO
Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Marble Calcium carbonate MgCO3
Banana oil Amyl acetate CH3CO2C5H11 Methanol Methyl alcohol CH3OH
Black lead Graphite C Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide in Mg(OH)2
Bleaching powder Calcium hypochlorite CaOCl2 water
Boracic acid Boric acid H3BO3 Natural gas Mostly methane CH4
Borax Sodium borate H3BO3 Oil of vitriol Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Brimstone Sulfur S Oil of Methyl salicylate C6H4OHCOOCH3
Brine Strong sodium chloride NaCl H2O wintergreen
solution (artificial)
Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH Paris green Cooper aceto-arsenite 3Cu(AsO2-
Caustic soda Dosium hydroxide NaOH )2.Cu(C2H3O2)2
Chalk Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Chloroform Trichloromethane CHCl3 Plaster of Paris Calcium sulfate (CaSO4)2.H2O
Cream of tartar Potassium bitartrate KHC4H4O6 Potash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroet (C6H).Cl2.CH.CCl3 Quicklime Calcium oxide CaO
hane Red lead Lead tetroxide Pb3O4
Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide CO2 Rochelle salt Potassium sodium KnaC4H4O6.4H2O
Emery powder Impure aluminum oxide Al2O3 Salt Sodium chloride NaCl
Ethanol Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH Salt cake Impure sodium sulfate Na2SO4
Ether Ethyl ether (C2H5)2O
47 48
CHEMICAL FORMULA CLIMATE
Names and Formula for Chemicals Climate Map of the Philippines
Popular Name Chemical Name Formula
Salts of tartar Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Soda ash Dry sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Talc Magnesium silicate H2Mg3(SiO3)4
TNT Trinitrotoluene C6H2CH3(NO3)3
Vinegar Dilute and impure acetic CH3COOH
acid
Washing soda Crystalline sodium NaHCO3
carbonate
Water glass Sodium silicate Na2SiO3
Wood alcohol Methyl alcohol CH3OH
49 50
CONCRETE CONCRETE
Mixing Proprotion Plaster Volume per Hallow Blocks
Class of Cement bags Sand Gravel Stock Plaster Volume per Hallow Block.
mixture 40 kg Cubic ft. Cubic m. Cubic ft Cubic m. Width 1 Face 2 faces
AA 1 1½ 0.043 3 0.085 4" 0.0010 0.0020
A 1 2.0 0.057 4 0.113 5" 0.0010 0.0020
B 1 2½ 0.071 5 0.142 8" 0.0010 0.0020
C 1 3 0.085 6 0.170 3" 0.0010 0.0020
CONCRETE CONCRETE
Mortar Mixing Proportion CHB Laid per Bag of Cement
Propor- 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
tion CHB Size Number of Pieces
Cement 24.08 16.24 12.04 9.44 7.88 7.60 4" x 8" x 16" 55 to 60
Sand 0.65 0.87 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.10 6" x 8" x 16" 30 to 36
8" x 8" x 16" 25 to 30
Note: 1 Bag of Cement is equal to one cubic ft.
CONCRETE
Plaster Mixture CONCRETE
Class Mixture Cement bags Lime bags Sand cu. m. CHB Finish per Square Meter
A 1:2 9.0 9.0 1.0
B 1:3 6.0 6.0 1.0 Type of Finishing Cement Sand
C 1:4 4.5 4.5 1.0 (Bag) (m3)
Tolled Finish 1/8 0.0107
Plaster Finish 1/4 0.0213
CONCRETE
Cell Volume per Hollow Block CONCRETE
Stock Cell Volume Per Block Volume of Cement per CHB
Width 1 Cell 2 Cells 3 Cells 4 Cells
4" 0.0007 0.0014 0.0021 0.0028 Size Volume (m3)
5" 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 4" x 8" x 16" 0.001
8" 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 6" x 8" x 16" 0.003
3" None None None None 8" x 8" x 16" 0.004
51 52
CONCRETE CONVEYOR
Recommended Mixing proportion Characteristics of Various Conveyors
Type Type of Capa- HP Cost Advantages Dis-
Type of Construction Proportion of Material city Require advantages
Side Walk 4 in thick 1:2:4 Con- ment
Floor Slab 4 in thick 1:2:4 veyor
Wall 1:2.5:5 Screw Ground mediu Low to mediu Can be used as Size of
(Auger) granular m medium m mixer or for material
Footing 1:2.5:5 or uniform flow limited
Post 1:2.5:5 chopped feeder Single
Machinery Foundation 1:3:6 Good for sections
Reinforced Concrete 1:2:4 unloading bulk limited in
storage length
Foundations 1:2.5:5
Wide range Medium to
Water Roofing 1:2 available heavy wear
factor
Chain Most mediu medium Low to Inexpensive Noisy

feed m mediu Multiple use Heavy wear
CONVEYOR grains m Wide range factor
Revolutions per Minute (rpm) of Pulley Shaft for and farm available
products
Various Belt Speeds and Pulley Diameters Bucket Ground Mediu low Mediu Efficient Limited
granular m to m to Minimum speed range
Belt speed Pulley Shaft rpm when Pulley Diameter is or lumpy high high High capacity Difficult to
(m/min) 50 cm 60 cm 76 cm 90 cm 110 cm for vertical lift erect
Expensive
30 20 16 14 11 9 Belt Grain High Low High Can be used for Limited in
46 28 24 20 16 14 packaged distances angle of
61 38 32 25 22 18 units Low power elevation
76 48 41 32 27 24 requirement Expensive
91 55 48 38 32 27
107 65 55 45 38 32
122 75 65 51 43 36
53 54
CONVEYOR CONVEYOR
Characteristics Screw Capacity Chart
Type of Type of Capa- HP Cost Advantages Dis-
Convey Material city Require advantages
or ment
Pneum Grain Variabl High Low to Low first cost High power
atic ground e mediu Low requirement
feed m maintenance Creates dust,
chopped Flexibility of usually
forage installation requires
Easily cleaned separation
equipment
Conditions of
operation vary
with type of
material
Vibrato Grain Low Low High Can be used as Limited
r ground meter capacity
feed Reliable Cost
Easily control
Oscillat Grain, High Low Mediu Efficient Cost
or feed m to Can handle Must be
roughage High large volumes solidly
Can handle mounted
several Limited to
materials lengths of
about 100 ft
Pump Liquids, High Low Low to Efficient Materials

and slurries mediu Easy control limited
Pipe m Low Subject to
maintenance freezing
55 56
CONVEYOR CONVEYOR
Dimensions and Capacities of Elevator Buckets Friction of Air on Straight Duct
Bucket size Normal
(mm) Capacity spacing on belt
Length Projection Depth (cm3) (mm)
76 64 64 142 102
102 70 76 283 102
127 89 95 566 127
152 102 114 850 152
178 114 127 1416 165
203 127 140 1982 178
229 152 159 3115 203
254 152 159 3398 203
279 152 159 3681 203
305 152 159 3964 203
305 178 184 5380 229
CONVEYOR
Capacity Constant for Inclined Conveyor
Angle Constant
(deg)
0 1.0
20 0.8
40 0.6
60 0.5
80 0.4
57 58
CONVEYOR CONVEYOR
Friction Loss Coefficient Friction Loss Coefficient
(Converging, Gradual, Round and Rectangle) (Converging, Wye, Round, Square and Rectangle)
CONVEYOR
Friction Loss
(Obstruction, Rectangular, Round)
59 60
CONVEYOR CONVEYOR
Friction Loss Coefficient Friction Loss Coefficient
(Converging, Wye, Round and Rectangle) (Diverging, Wye, Round and Rectangle)
61 62
CONVEYOR CONVEYOR
Friction Loss Coefficient Cyclone Separator Design
(Converging, Wye, Round and Rectangle)
High Efficiency Medium Efficiency
63 64
CONVEYOR CONVEYOR
Velocities for Controlling Various Types of Dust Recommended Conveying Velocities for Various
Type of dust Process or Operation Required Air Velocities Materials
or Fine (ft/min)
At Dust Source At Face of Hood Material Conveying Velocities
Fine powders Bagging 200-400 (ft/min)
Belt conveyor (at transfer 250
point) Barley 5000 – 6500
Grain Elevator boot and head 1500 Beans 6000
Granite Hand pneumatic tool
Surfacing machines
200
1500
Coffee Beans 3000 – 3500
All tools 500 Corn, shelled 5000 – 7000
Grinder Swing grinder 200 Cotton 4000 – 6000
Lead Metal spraying 200
Sand Bagging 400
Cotton seed 4000 – 6000
Welding Electric welding 200 Chopped hay 4000
Zinc Metal Spraying 125 Ensilage 6000
CONVEYOR Oats 4500 – 6000
Rags 4500 – 6500
Air Velocities Needed to Convey Solids of Various
Salt 5500 – 7500
Bulk Densities Sand 6000 – 9000
Bulk Density Air velocity Sawdust 4000 – 6000
(lb/ft3) Wheat 5000 – 7000
10 2900 Wool 4500 - 6000
20 4120
30 5050
40 5840 CONVEYOR
50 6500 Approximate Relative Capacity of Chain Conveyor
60 7150
70 7100 Inclination Factor
80 8250
20 0.77
90 8700
100 9200 30 0.55
110 9700 40 0.33
120 10,500
65 66
CONVEYOR COOKSTOVE
Constants for Determining Horsepower for Belt Thermal Efficiency of Various Cookstoves
Conveyors Stove Efficiency
(%)
Conveyor belt Constants Additional hp for Wood Stove
width (cm) A B tripper Open Fire 3 – 11
36 0.20 0.00140 0.70 Improved 11- 30
41 0.25 0.00140 0.85 Charcoal Stove
46 0.30 0.00162 1.00 Traditional 2–9
50 0.30 0.00187 1.40 Improved 4 - 12
60 0.36 0.00224 1.70
76 0.48 0.00298 2.50
COOKSTOVE
CONVEYOR Heat Utilization
Cross-Section Area of Loaded Belt and Maximum
Stove Heat Utilization Efficiency
Belt Speeds (%)
Traditional Open Fire 8.0
Belt width Clear Total cross Operation speeda
2 Thai Charcoal Stove 3.1
(cm) margin section area (m ) (m/min)
(cm) Two-Pot Uninsulated Metal Wood 27.9
for 20 surcharge Normal Maximum
Stove w/ Chimney
angle
Two-Pot Massive Wood Stove w/ 15.4
30.5 4.1 0.0072 61 122
Chimney
35.6 4.3 0.0089 61 122
Three-Pot Massive Wood Stove w/ 6.0
40.6 4.6 0.0122 61 137
Chimney
45.7 4.8 0.0161 76 137
50.8 5.1 0.0204 76 152
61.0 5.6 0.0308 91 183
76.2 6.4 0.0504 107 213
a
Belt speed should be 91 m/min where a tripper is to be used, and 46-76
m/min where a plow is to be used.
68
67
COOKSTOVE CORN MILL
Efficiencies Charcoal Fuel Cookstove Performance Criteria
Cookstoves Efficiency (%) Criteria Performance Data
Cambodian traditional 14.5 Main Product Recovery, percent minimum of the
Thai-bucket cookstove 16.2 product input 28
Chinese traditional 12.5 a) Grit # 10 21
QB Phil. charcoal/firewood 27.0 b) Grit # 12 7
Phil. charcoal/wood 21.5 c) Grit # 14 6
Lao improved 16.5 d) Grit # 16 2
Vietnamese improved 25.0 e) Grit # 18
Malaysian improved 18.0 Main Product, percent, minimum 64
Bang Sue stove 18.2 By-Product, percent, maximum 31
Losses, percent, maximum 5
Grits of other sizes, percent, minimum 7
COOKSTOVE
Degerminator Efficiency, percent, minimum 80
Efficiencies Wood-Fired Cookstove Noise Level, db (A), maximum 92*
Cookstoves Efficiency (%) * Allowance noise for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on
Cambodian traditional 11.0 Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Ministry of Labor, Philippines.
1983.
Lao traditional 14.3
Vietnamese traditional 15
Nepalese one-pot ceramic 10.5
Thai-bucket cookstove 15
Roi-et cement 11.4
RTFD improved wood/char 15.0
Rungsit stove 12.0
Chinese traditional 12.2
Malaysian traditional 9.5
Phil. charcoal/wood 12.0
Nepal one-pot metal 13
Nepalese two-pot ceramic 13.0
Indian "Harsha" cookstove 25.2
Saengpen, nam char wood cement 17.5
Bang Sue stove 18.2
Malaysian improved 19.7
69 70
CROPS CROPS
Water Requirement Water Requirement
Crops Depth Average Critical Period Remarks Crops Depth Average Critical Period Remarks
per Growing per Growing
Year or Period Year or Period
Per (days) Per (days)
Season Season
(cm) (cm)
Banana 15-30 Annual Early growth Requires excellent drainage for Corn 60 90-120 Silking and ear Last irrigation of corn has to be
stage the entire root zone. Since the development done in the middle of the
roots are deep, the soil must be reproductive stage (kernel
drained to a far greater depth formation) since yield tends to
Bean 30-50 60-90 Flowering and Vegetative period is not sensitive become low when not irrigated up
pod development when followed by ample water to the productive stage growth.
supply. Corn as to be irrigated, at least,
Cabbag 30 70-90 Head formation once every 2 weeks (DS) up to
e and enlargement _ the reproductive stage of growth.
Cacao 45-200 Perennial Waterlogged areas and areas with It should not be allowed under the
_ prolonged drought are not good. waterlogged condition at any time
Cacao is ruined by flooding for for more than 2 days.
several weeks, but it is adversely Cotton 70-130 150-180 Flowering period Over supply of water retards
affected by stagnant water, thus fruiting and branch development,
drainage is necessary for heavy and delays maturity. It should not
soils. be allowed under waterlogged
Cassav 100- Annual It can withstand periods of conditions at any stage of growth
a 150 prolonged drought except at for more than 4 days.
planting. Cowpe 35-50 110-120 A weekly irrigation of 35 mm
Caulifl _ _ No critical _ a _ throughout the growing season of
ower moisture sensitive the crop will ensure crops of good
stage; frequent quality.
irrigation required Cucum 30 60-70 _ It is relatively tolerant to high
from planting to ber moisture especially when the soil
harvest is easily drained. During dry-
Citrus 90-120 Perennial During flushes of Sticky and poorly drained soils season planting, a weekly
new growth fruits should be avoided. No stagnant irrigation of 35-40 mm would be
setting, and rapid water should stand in the grove as best for the crop.
increase of fruit this will enhance disease Eggpla 50 90-120 _ During dry season planting, a
size development particularly in the nt weekly irrigation of 35-40 mm
trunk and root system. would be best for the crop.
71 72
CROPS CROPS
Season Season
(cm) (cm)
Garlic 36-40 90-120 _ This requires moderately wet soil. Pili _ _ Sufficient water should be
Grapes 50-120 180-270 Shoot elongation available during the dry months to
and flowering, irrigate the plants. During the
fruit filling succeeding years, either a small
Lettuce 30 40-50 Just before amount or no irrigation is
harvest when the necessary.
ground cover is Potato 50-70 100-150 Period of Drought even for short period can
complete stolonozation and have serious effect on yield and
Mungo 40 90-100 Germination and _ tuber initiation quality of crop, especially when it
at flowering stage is accompanied with high
and pod-filling temperature or it occurs during
stage the last 9 weeks of growth.
Onion 35-55 90-100 During the period Inadequate or irregular water
of root and bulb _ supply not only results in poor
formation yield.
Papaya 120 _ _ Constant availability of soil Radish 30 40-60 Period of rooting An evenly distributed rainfall is
moisture is associated with and bulb required.
continuous growth which results formation
in the regular production of Soybea 45-70 100-120 Germination and It can withstand short drought
flowers and fruits. Root system is n pod development without injury; can tolerate
sensitive to standing water; 2 days waterlogged conditions at any
immersion is fatal. stage of growth of not more than
Peanut 58 140-160 Peak of flowering _ 8 days.
to early fruiting Squash 45-70 100-130 – –
Peas 35-50 65-100 Start of flowering _ Sugarc 150- 270-365 Vegetative period, Dry condition at maturation stage
fresh 85- and when pods ane 250 particularly is extremely helpful in the
120 dry are swelling during period of accumulation of sugar in the
Pechay 30 40-60 – – tillering and stem plant; therefore, no irrigation is
elongation needed when the crop reaches the
flowering stage.
74
73
CROPS CROPS
Season Season
(cm) (cm)
Sweet 46 60-120 After formation of An annual rainfall of 30-50 cm is Tobacc 40-60 40-60 Period of rapid It is relatively drought-tolerant
Potato tubers considered to be best with low o growth; knee high but sensitive to flooding.
humidity, as the crop reaches to blossoming
maturity. It can tolerate Yam 115 or _ Requires adequate It is greatly considered drought-
considerable periods of drought moisture resistant. For optimum yield,
but yields are very much reduced throughout adequate moisture between the
if a water shortage occurs 50-60 growing period 14th and 20th weeks of growth is
days after planting when shortage of great importance. The major
root initiation has begun. areas of production are centered
Sweet 58 90-120 Throughout the _ where there is a sharply
Pepper growth period but demarcated dry season of 2-5
particularly just months and a rainfall of 115 cm
prior and at start or more during the growing
of flowering season.
Taro 250 _ _ It is primarily adapted to moist
environments, but can be grown
under a wide range of conditions,
from paddy culture to dry upland
conditions under irrigation.
It is necessary to provide
sufficient water for vegetative
growth or leaf development when
grown in dry upland areas where
rainfall is less than 175 cm. The
use of furrow and sprinkler
irrigation has proved
satisfactorily.
75 76
CROPS DAIRY PRODUCT
Water Requirement of Selected Non-Rice Crops Storage Life
Crop Water Ave. Expected Critical Period Product Storage Relative Storage life
Requirement Growing Yield temperatureC humidity %
(cm3/season) Period (t/ha) Butter 0 to -4.5 80 to 85 1 to 3 months
(days) Butter, frozen -15 to -20 70 to 85 8 to 12 months
Corn 60 80 - 115 4-7 Silking and ear Cheese, blue +2 to +4 80 to 90 2 to 4 moths
formation Cheese, cottage -1 to +2 2 to 3 weeks
Cucumber 30 45 - 60 - Cheese, cream 0 to +2 2 to 3 weeks
Eggplant 30 90 - 120 9.5 Flowering and
Cheese, -1 to +2 65 to 75 1 to 9 months
fruiting vegetative
stage Camembert
Garlic 40 90 - 120 - Vegetative stage Cheese, Cheddar -1 to +2 65 to 70 3 to 12 months
Mungbean 30 - 50 60 - 90 1.2 Flowering and Cheese, Swiss +2 to +4 80 to 85 4 to 10 months
pod formation Cream, double +1 to +3 2 to 5 days
Onion 35 - 55 90 - 120 22.0 Root and bulb Cream, whipped +1 to +3 2 to 5 days
formation Cream, frozen -20 to -30 2 to 3 months
Peanut 58 140 - 160 1.5 Peak flowering Cream, single +1 to +3 2 to 5 days
and early fruiting Eggs, yolk dried +5 to +10 Low 1 to 4 months
Peas 30 - 50 100 - 102 2.3 Flowering and
Eggs, shell 0 to +2 85 to 90 5 to 6 months
pod formation
Pechay 30 40 - 60 -
Eggs, white 0 to +2 85 to 90 6 to 12 months
Pole sitao 50 50 - 60 10 - 13 Flowering Eggs, white dried +5 to +10 Low 1 to 5 months
Soybean 45 - 70 100 - 120 1.5 Germination and Eggs, whole dried +5 to +10 Low 1 to 4 months
pod filling Eggs, whole 0 to +2 85 to 90 9 to 12 months
Squash 45 - 60 100 - 130 15 - 26 Flowering Eggs, yolk 0 to +2 85 to 90 6 to 12 months
Sunflower 45 - 50 80 - 95 1.0 Planting and Ice cream -20 to -30 1 to 2 months
heading stage Milk, dried +7 to +13 Low 1 to 4 months
Sweetpotato 20 90 - 120 10.0 At planting and Milk, skimmed +0.5 to +10 5 to7 days
40-60 days after Milk, condensed +4 to +7 2 to 4 months
planting
Milk, evaporated +5 to +20 6 to 12 months
Tomato 40 - 60 90 - 140 40.0 Vegetative stage
Watermelon 56 90 - 120 15 - 26 Milk, pasteurized +0.5 to +2 5 to7 days
77 78
DAIRY PRODUCT DRYER
Thermal Properties Tray Loading Density
Product Freezing Specific heat Specific heat Latent Classification Product Loading Capacity
temperatur above below heat Fruits Sliced Mango 0.54 kg/sq ft
e C freezing freezing kJ/kg Jack fruit 0.54 kg/sq ft
kJ/kg C kJ/kg C Sweet Potato Chips 0.35 kg/sq ft
Butter -5 1.38 53
Butter, frozen -5 1.05 Vegetables Chili 0.39 kg/sq ft
Cheese, blue -16 2.68 1.35 135 Cassava 1.25 kg/sq ft
Cheese, cottage 3.65 1.86 2.65 Carrots 1.25 kg/sq ft
Cheese, cream 2.95 1.45 170 Bell Paper 0.77 kg/sq ft
Cheese, 2.05 1.04 55
Camembert Fish Tabagak (whole) 0.56 kg/sq ft
Cheese, Cheddar -12 2.10 1.30 126 Abo (whole) 0.78 kg/sq ft
Cheese, Swiss -10 2.6 1.35 130 Bangus (split) 0.76 kg/sq ft
Cream, double -2 3.69 1.85 270 Bilong Bilong (whole) 0.46 kg/sq ft
Cream, whipped -2 3.1 1.55 190 Tamudios (split) 0.46 kg/sq ft
Cream, frozen 1.7 Sap sap (whole) 0.57 kg/sq ft
Cream, single -2 3.27 242 Dalino an (split) 0.37 kg/sq ft
Eggs, yolk dried 1.55 0.77 9 Panit (split) 0.65 kg/sq ft
Eggs, shell -2 3.55 1.74 243
Eggs, white -0.5 3.9 1.94 290 DRYER
Eggs, white dried 1.9 0.95 31
Eggs, whole dried 1.8 0.89 13 Recommended Drying Temperature
Eggs, whole -2 3.55 1.76 246
Eggs, yolk -0.5 2.95 1.5 170 Crops Drying Temperature ( C )
Ice cream 3.2 1.63 207 Grains and Cereals
Milk, dried 1.75 0.88 For seeds 40 – 45
Milk, skimmed -0.5 3.9 1.95 304 For milling or processing 40 – 55
Milk, condensed -15 2.4 1.19 93 Sliced Fruits or Vegetables 50 – 70
Milk, evaporated -2 3.5 1.7 246 Fish 40 – 70
Milk, pasteurized -0.5 3.8 1.9 290 Green leaves 35 – 40
79 80
DRYER DRYER
Recommended Drying-Air Temperature Specifications for Various Dryers
Purpose Grain Item Batch-in-Bin Recirculating Continuous-Flow
Rice Corn Sorghum Soybean Bin
Seed 43 43 43 43 Small Large Small Large Small Large
Commercial 43 55 60 50 Capacity (t) 2 100 5 10 5-10 10-25
Animal Feed - 83 83 83 Approx. hp 3 10 15 25 15-20 25-50
Approx. airflow
(m3/min per t) 50 23 56-85 70- 85-155 155-
100 140
DRYER Approx. drying
air 43 43 60-80 60-80 60-80 60-80
Recommended Airflow Rates for Various Grain Temperature (C)
Drying Systems. Approx. burner
capacity (Btu/hr) 1x 4x 2x 4x 4 x 106 8 x 106
Dryer Type Capacity Approx. Airflow Rate 105 106 106 106
(ton) (m3/min-ton)
Batch-in-bin
Small 2 50
Large 100 23 DRYER
Recirculating Batch Recommended Maximum Grain Depth and
Small 5 56 - 85 Minimum Airflow for Natural Drying of Paddy
Large 10 70 - 100
Continuous Flow Moisture Content (%)
Small 5 - 10 85 - 115 18 20 22
Large 10 - 25 115 - 140 Recommended Depth (m) 2.44 2.44 1.83
Recommended Minimum 0.0269 0.0403 0.0538
Airflow (m3/sec/m3)
81 82
DRYER DRYER
Performance Requirements for Mechanical Dryers Resistance of Grain Seed to Airflow
Criteria Batch Continuous (Shedd’s Curve – English System)
Flow
Moisture Gradient, max 2.0 2.0
Product Quality
Cracked Grain % Increase, max 5.0 2.0
Head Yield % Reduction, max 5.0 5.0
Hulled/Damaged Grain Increase, max 3.0 3.0
Spillage %, max 0.5 0.5
Heat Utilization %, min 7.5 70
DRYER
Percentage Moisture Loss
83 84
DRYER DRYER
Resistance of Grain Seeds to Airflow Suitability for Drying Vegetables
(Shedd’s Curve - SI System) Vegetable Suitability for Drying
Asparagus Poor to fair
Beans, green Fair to good
Beans, lima Fair
Broccoli Not recommended
Cabbage Fair
Carrots Good
Cauliflower Poor
Celery Poor
Okra Fair to good
Onions Good to excellent
Peas Fair to good
Peppers, green or red Good
Peppers, chili Excellent
Popcorn Good
Potatoes Good
Pumpkins Fair to good
Radishes Not recommended
Corn, sweet Good
Cucumbers Poor
Eggplant Poor to fair
Garlic Good
Horseradish Good
Lettuce Not recommended
Mushrooms Good
Mustard greens Poor
Squash Poor to fair
Sweet potatoes Fair
Tomatoes Fair to good
Turnips Fair to good
Yams Fair
85 86
DRYER DRYER
Drying Time and Preparation Requirement of Drying Time and Preparation Requirement of
Vegetables Vegetables
Blanching Time Drying Blanching Time Drying
Vegetable Preparation Steam Water Time Vegetable Preparation Steam Water Time
(min) (min) (Hours) (min) (min) (Hours)
Asparagus Wash thoroughly. 4-5 3 - 4 4-6 Celery Trim stalks. Wash
Cut large tips in stalks and leaves 2 2 10 - 16
half. thoroughly. Slice
Beans, Wash thoroughly. stalks
green Cut in short pieces 2 - 2 2 8 - 14 Corn, cut Select tender,
or lengthwise. mature sweet corn. 5-6 4-5 6 - 10
(May freeze for 30 Husk and trim. Cut
to 40 minutes after the kernels from
blanching for better the cob after
texture) blanching.
Broccoli Trim, cut as for Eggplant Use the directions
serving. Wash 3 - 3 2 12 - 15 for summer squash 3 3 12 - 14
thoroughly. Quarter Garlic Peel and finely
stalks lengthwise. chop garlic bulbs. No blanching needed. 6-8
Cabbage Remove outer No other
leaves; quarter and 2 1/2 - 3** 1 - 2 10 -12 pretreatment is
core. Cut into strips needed. Odor is
1/8 inch thick. pungent
Carrots Use only crisp, 3 - 3 3 10-12 Horseradish Wash; remove
tender carrots. small rootlets and None 4 - 10
Wash thoroughly. stubs. Peel or
Cut off roots and scrape roots. Grate.
tops; preferably
peel, cut in slices
or strips 1/8-inch
thick
Cauliflower Prepare as for 4-5 3-4 12 - 15
serving.
87 88
DRYER DRYER
Drying Time and Preparation Requirement of Drying Time and Preparation Requirement of
Vegetables Vegetables
Blanching Time Drying Blanching Time Drying
Vegetable Preparation Steam Water Time Vegetable Preparation Steam Water Time
(min) (min) (Hours) (min) (min) (Hours)
Mushrooms Scrub thoroughly. Pumpkin Cut or break into
Discard any tough, None 8 - 10 and hubbard pieces. Remove 2 - 3 1 10 - 16
woody stalks. Cut squash seeds and cavity
tender stalks into pulp. Cut into 1-
short sections. Do inch strips. Peel
not peel small rind. Cut strips
mushrooms. Peel crosswise into
large mushrooms, pieces about 1/8-
slice. inch thick
Okra Wash, trim, slice Squash, Wash, trim, cut
crosswise in 1/8 to None 8 - 10 summer into an inch slices 2 - 3 1 10 - 12
an inch disks. Tomatoes, Steam or dip in
Onions Wash remove outer for stewing boiling water to 3 1 10 -18
"paper shell". None 3-9 loosen skins. Chill
Remove tops and in cold water. Peel.
root ends, slice 1/8- Cut into sections
to an inch thick. about an inch wide,
Peas, green Shell. 3 2 8 - 10 or slice. Cut small
Peppers and Wash, stem, core. pear or plum
Pimientos Remove None 8 - 12 tomatoes in half.
"partitions." Cut
into disks about
3/8-by 3/8-inch
Potatoes Wash, peel. Cut
into shoestring 6-8 5-6 8 - 12
strips an inch thick,
or cut in slices 1/8-
inch thick.
89 90
DRYER DRYER
Drying Time and Preparation Requirement for Fruits Drying Time and Preparation Requirement for Fruits
Pretreatment (Choose One) Drying Pretreatment (Choose One) Drying
Sulfu Blanch Timer Sulfu Blanch Timer
Fruit Prepa- r Steam Syrup Other (hours) Fruit Prepa- r Steam Syrup Other (hours)
ration (min) (min) ration (min) (min)
Peel and -ascorbic acid Berries Wash and -plunge into boiling
core cut 3-5 solution- ascorbic drain water 15-30 24-36
into slices (depen acid mixture-fruit berries. seconds to "check"
Apples or rings 3/4 ding on 10 juice dip-sulfate dip 6-12 Firm: skins. Stop cooking
about 1/8- texture) With waxy action by placing
inch thick coating fruit in ice water.
Pit and -ascorbic acid blueberries Drain on paper
halve. May solution-ascorbic , towels
slice if acid mixture-fruit Soft: cranberries 24-36
Apricots desired. 2 3-4 10 juice dip-sulfate dip 24-36 , currants, -no treatment
Use solid gooseberri necessary
yellow or -honey dip- es,
Bananas slightly ascorbic acid 8-10 huckleberri
brown- solution- ascorbic es
flecked acid mixture-fruit
bananas. juice dip-sulfite dip
Avoid Boysenber
bruised or ries and
overripe strawberrie
bananas. s
Peel and Stem, 10 (for -whole: dip in
slice 1/4- wash, sour boiling water 30 24-36
inch to Cherries drain, and cherries seconds or more to
1/8-inch pit fully ) check skins. -cut
thick, ripe and pitted: no
crosswise cherries. treatment necessary
or Cut in half,
lengthwise. chop or
leave
whole.
91 92
DRYER DRYER
Peels of Select fully -Whole: dip in
citron, -No treatment 8-12 ripe fruit. 1 boiling water 30 6-12**
grapefruit, Figs Immature (whol seconds or more to
Citrus kumquat, fruit may e) check skins. Plunge
peel lime, sour before in ice water to stop
lemon, drying. further cooking.
tangelo Wash or Drain on paper
and clean towels.
tangerine whole fruit
can be with damp
dried. cloth.
Thick- Leave
skinned small fruit
navel whole,
orange otherwise
peel dries cut in half.
better than Grapes Leave -Whole: dip in
thin- Seedless: whole boiling water 30 12-20
skinned seconds or more to
Valencia check skins. Plunge
peel. Wash in ice water to stop
thoroughly further cooking.
. Remove Drain on paper
outer 1/6- towels.
to 1/8-inch With
of peel. Seeds: -Cut in -Halves: No
Avoid half and treatment
white bitter remove necessary.
pith. seeds.
93 94
DRYER DRYER
Nectarin When -ascorbic acid Use firm -may syrup blanch
es and sulfuring 2-3 8 10 solution- ascorbic 36-48** Persim- fruit of 12-15**
Peaches pit and (halv acid mixture-fruit mons long, soft
halve; if es) juice dip-sulfuring varieties or
desired, 1 fully ripe
remove (slice fruit of
skins. For s) round drier
steam and varieties.
syrup Peel and
blanching, slice using
leave stainless
whole, steel knife.
then pit Use fully -No treatment
and halve. ripe, fresh necessary 24-36
May also Pineappl pineapples.
be sliced e Wash, peel
on and
quartered. remove
Cut in half 5 -ascorbic acid -sulfiting thorny
Pears and core. (halv 6 10 solution-ascorbic 24-36** eyes. Slice
Peeling es) (halves acid mixture-fruit lengthwise
preferred. 2 ) dip. and
May also (slice remove
slice or s) core. Cut
quarter. in 1/2-inch
slices,
crosswise.
Leave -Sun drying: (whole
Plums whole or if 1 dip in boiling water 24-36**
(Prunes) sulfuring, 30 seconds or more
halve the to check skins. -
fruit. Oven or dehydrator
drying: rinse in hot
tap water.
95 96
DYNAMOMETERS ELECTRIC MOTOR
Recommended Kind for Given Engine Speed and Full Load Efficiency Range
Output 3-phase 4-pole
Standard Measuring Range Horsepower NEMA Design B Energy Efficient
Kind of Standard, 3-phase Motor
Dynamometers RPM Output (PS) Induction Motor
1 68-78 80-84
Prony Brake less than 1,000 less than 10 1.5 68-80 81-84
Hydraulic Dynamo less than 2,500 less than 2,000 2 72-81 81-84
Fan dynamo less than 2,000 less than 200 3 74-83 83.-88.5
Electric Dynamo 750 – 4,000 less than 30,000 5 78-85 85-88.5
Torsional dynamo 1,000 – 2,000 less than 50,000 7.5 80-87 86-90.5
10 81-88 87.5-90.5
15 83-89 89.5-91.5
20 84-89 90-93
25 85-90 91-93
30 86-90.5 91-93
40 87-91.5 91.5-93
50 88-92 91.5-94
60 88.5-92 91-94
75 89.5-92.5 92-95
100 90-93 93-95
125 90.5-93 93-95
150 91 - 93.5 93-96
200 91.5 - 94 94-95
250 91.5 - 94.5
97 98
ELECTRIC MOTOR ELECTRIFICATION
Wire and Fuse Sizes Load Requirement for Farm Building
(Single-Phase Induction Motors Full-Load Currents) Building Electric items Min. Design value*
value
220 Volt watts
Farm shop General lighting, bench grinder, drill 3 watts/sq. ft floor area
Approx. Extension- Branch- Approx. air compressor, trouble lamp, portable 4, 600 plus 3,300 watts if no
Full-Load Cable Wire Circuit Fuse Rating saw; optional: welder, soldering iron, welder but plus 7,000
battery charger watts if welder will be
Motor, hp Current Size Size Overload selected
Protection Poultry Electric brooder, general lighting, 4 watts per chick if
1/6 1.6 16 15 1.8 brooding service lighting; optional: ventilation 1, 150 small flock, 3 watts per
fan, automatic feeder, water warmer chick if large (1000 or
1/4 2.3 16 15 2.6 more) flock, 4 watts for
1/2 3.7 14 15 4.3 chick for any size flock
3/4 5.1 12 15 5.9 with infrared brooders
Poultry laying Artificial lighting, feed-room lights, 5 watts per bird plus
1 6.5 12 20 7.5 egg-room lights, egg cooler; optional: 2, 300 1,320 watts/hp of
1 1/2 9.2 10 30 10.6 egg candler, vent fan, exhaust fan for automatic feeder
2 12.0 10 40 13.8 egg- room, debiller, automatic feeder,
water warmer, washer, grader
3 17.0 8 50 19.6 Dairy barn Vacuum pump, lighting, vent fan, 200 watts per cow for
5 28.0 6 60 33.4 convenience outlets; optional: pail 3, 450 first 20 cows and 60
heater, dehorner, gutter cleaner, watts per cow for those
clippers in excess of 20, plus
1,320 watts/hp of gutter
cleaner
Milking room Vacuum pump, (pipeline), lighting, 900 watts per stall
(parlor) vent fan, convenience outlets 2, 300
Milk house Lighting , milk cooler, water heater 250 watts per cow for
lamps, vent fan; optional: electric 4, 600 first 20 cows and 100
hoists watts per cow for those
in excess of 20
General-purpose Lighting, convenience outlets, 3, 450 30 watts/sq. ft outside
barn hammer mill, mixer, elevator dimensions plus 1,320
conveyor equipment; optional: hay watts/hp each motor
drier fan, vent fan, heat lamps,
clippers, deicers
Pig farrowing Heat lamps, service lighting 2, 300 500 watts per pen 14
Residence Lights and appliances 4, 000 watts/sq. ft outside
without dimensions
range, 12,
000 with
range
* Add 1,320 watts/hp for each motor not listed in the "Electrical items" column.
99 100
ELECTRIFICATION ELECTRIFICATION
Copper Wire Properties Suggested Illumination for Farmstead Areas
Wire Current- Area cir. Weight of Resistance Current- Area Illumination
size, carrying, mils bare wire, ohms/1, 000 carrying (foot-candles)
AWG amp (2 or lb/1, 000 ft, 20 C capacity, amp Machine shop
3 wires in ft (single wire in General 10 - 15
cable or open air) Close work 30 - 40
raceway) Hay and grain storage 2
14 15 4 , 107 12.43 2.58 20.0 General storage 3-5
12 30 6 ,530 17.77 1.62 25.0 Stairways 5
10 30 10, 380 31.43 1.02 40.0 General work areas 9 - 11
8 40 16, 510 49.98 0.641 55.0 Vegetable grading and packing 30
6 55 26, 250 79.46 0.410 80.0 Tobacco grading 100
4 70 41, 740 126.4 0.259 105.0 Service-drive alleys 4-5
3 80 52, 640 159.3 0.205 120.0 Service-walk alleys 9 - 11
2 95 66, 370 200.9 0.162 140.0 Milk house 30 - 40
1 110 83, 690 253.3 0.129 165.0 Milking area 20 - 25
0 125 105, 500 319.5 0.102 195.0 Pump house 5
00 145 133, 100 402.8 0.081 225.0 Laundry area 40
000 165 167, 800 507.9 0.064 260.0 Yard lighting 1-5
0000 195 211, 600 640.5 0.051 300.0 Animal-bedding area 2
Wire 215 250, 000 772.0 0.043 340.0 Poultry-laying lights 3-4
Size = 240 300, 000 926.0 0.036 375.0 Animal-feeding areas 3-5
Area, 260 350, 000 - 0.031 420.0 Feeding grinding 10
Cir 280 400, 000 - 0.027 455.0 General illumination in residence 5-7
Mils 320 500,000 - 0.022 515.0 Laundry 10
*For types T, R, TW, and RW insulations. Reading area 30
Seed cleaning and separating 20
Egg handling 10
Clod-storage room 5
Attic, storage 4-5
Cellar, storage 4-5
Kitchen (general) 10
Work, range, sink 40
Loading platform 3-5
101 102
ELECTRIFICATION ELECTRIFICATION
Fluorescent Lamps* - Preheat Starting: Lumen Types of Conductor Insulation
Ratings for Lamps
Trade Name Type Where used
Tube Rated lumens Letter
Watts length, in. 3500 Daylight Soft 2500 Code rubber R General use
white white white Heat-resistant RH General use
6 9 210 186 - 198 rubber
8 12 330 295 - 310 Moisture-resistant RW General use and wet locations
13 21 585 520 - 545 rubber
14 15 490 435 380 460 Thermoplastic T General use
15 18 615 585 480 600 Moisture-resistant TW General use and wet locations
20 24 920 800 700 860 thermoplastic
30 36 1,470 1,350 1,170 1,380 Weatherproof WP Wet locations; inside open wiring by
40 48 2,300 1,920 1,720 2,100 special permission
100 60 4,200 3,900 3,300 4,000 Underground cable UF Suitable for direct burial in the earth
*Average values. and general use
Range cable SR, SRT Rubber or neoprene or thermoplastic
ELECTRIFICATION cover; suitable for damp places
Incandescent Lamps:* Lumen Ratings for Lamps Service-entrance ASE, SE, Used as service-entrance conductors,
cable USE range, clothes drier, and some water
Watts Initial lumens Lumens at 70% Rated average
heaters
rated life laboratory life, hr
Mineral insulation MI General use and wet locations
6 40 - 1,500
10 79 72 1,500
15 140 121 1,200
25 260 217 1,000
40 468 428 1,000
50 660 625 1,000
60 828 786 1,000
75 1,110 987 750
100 1,620 1,530 750
150 2,580 2,340 750
200 3,640 3,240 750
300 5,820 5,160 750
*Inside-frosted bulb.
103 104
ELECTRIFICATION ENERGY
Resistance Properties of Certain Metals and Alloys Conversion Factors
Material Resistivity at 68F, ohms/cir Source Amount Equivalent
mil-ft Electricity 600 kwh 1.000 BOE
Silver 9.8 Gasoline 1000 li 6.182 BOE
Annealed copper 10.4 Kerosene 1000 li 6.449 BOE
Hard-drawn copper 10.8 Diesel Oil 1000 li 6.717 BOE
Annealed aluminum 17.0 Fuel Oil 1000 li 7.027 BOE
Hard-drawn aluminum 17.5 Av Turbo 1000 li 6.742 BOE
Tungsten (annealed) 26.3 LPG 1000 kg 8.439 BOE
Zinc 33.2 Coal 1000 kg 3.047 BOE
High brass 50.0 Wood* 1 MT 1.626 BOE
Pure iron 60.0 Charcoal** 1 MT 4.283 BOE
Steel wire 64 - 106 Bagasse* 1 MT 1.701 BOE
Manganin 290.0 Biogas 1000 cu.m. 1.213 BOE
Constantan 300.0 * Assumed 50% moisture
Cast iron 450 - 600 ** Assumed 10% moisture
Nichrome 675.0
105 106
ENGINE ENGINE
Brand and Made Classification by Crankshaft Speed
Engine Made Classification Low Speed Middle High Speed
ACME Engines ACME Motori S.PA 31049 Valdobbiadene, Travisoo, Italy Ignition system Speed
Honda Engines Honda Motor, Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Electric spark Less than 800 800 – 2,500 more than 2,500 r.p.m.
Kohler Engines Kohler Co. Koohler, Wisconsin, 53044 USA
Kubota Engines Kubota, Ltd 2-47 Shikitsuhigashi 1- chome, Nanuaku, Osaka, Japan plug r.p.m. r.p.m.
MAG Kerosene Motosacoche SA, Geneva, Switzerland Injection Less than 700 700 – 1,000 more than 1,000 r.p.m.
Engine r.p.m. r.p.m.
Mitsubishi Katsura Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd Taiwan, Republic of China
Diesel Engine
Robin Engines Fuji Heavy Industries LTd. Engine and Machinery Division, ENGINE
Subam Building 1-7-2 Nistru-Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo 160 Japan
Relationship Between Color of Exhaust Gas and
Yanmar-Yeh Hsing Yanmar Group Yeh Shing Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. No. 106 Suitability of Mixing Ratio of Fuel and Air
Diesel Engine 1-sec, Chung Hsiao, W. Road, Taipei
Ducati Air Cooled Ducati Meccanica S.P.A. VIA A.C. Ducati, 3 Borgo Panigele – Color of Exhaust Gas Mixing Ratio of Fuel and Air
Diesel Engine 40100, Italy
Colorless optimum
ENGINE Black fuel ….. excessive
Specifications Light Yellow air …… excessive
Gray fuel and lubricating oil … excessive
Brand ACME Ducati Honda Robin Light Sky Blue lubricating oil …… excessive
Model AON 48W IS 7 GX 160 EY 15 D
Type 4-stroke vertical 4-cycle 4-cycle air Air cooled, 4
air cooled diesel vertical air cooled, gasoline cycle gasoline,
cooled horizontal shaft horizontal,
PTO shaft ENGINE
Bore x Stroke 85 mm x 85 mm 75 mm x 78 68 mm x 45 mm 63 mm x 46
mm mm Fuel Specific Gravity
Displacement 482 cc 345 cc 163 cc 143 cc
Output Power 11.3 hp/3000 7.5 hp / 3200 5.3 hp/3600 rpm 3.5 hp/4000 Fuel Specific Gravity
rpm rpm rpm gasoline 0.67 – 0.76
Maximum 2.52 kg-m/2058 1.1 kg-m/2500 0.68 kg- kerosene 0.78 – 0.85
torque rpm rpm m/2800 rpm light oil 0.81 – 0.83
Ignition system Direct injection Transistor
heavy oil 0.85 – 0.91
Maximum fuel 2.66 li/hr 193gts/hp-hr 240 g/hp-hr
consumption
Dry Weight 55 kg 48 kg 14 kg 13.2 kg
107 108
ENGINE ENGINE
Lubrication Oil and Viscosities Ignition Systems
Range of viscosity; Saybolt universal (seconds) Contact or Non Contact Contact System Non- Contact System
SAE No. 00F 2100F Power Source
min. max. min. max. Magnet contact type magnet Transistor magnet
5W - 4000 - - Capacitor discharge
10W 6000(a) 12000 - - ignition magnet
20W 12000(b) 48000 - - Battery contact-type
20 - - 45 58 distributor Transistor ignition
30 - - 58 70
40 - - 70 85 ENGINE
50 - - 85 110 Governor
Engine JIS No. Instantaneous Stabilizing
Kind Size & Use Performance Performance
ENGINE Kerosene, small size for JIS B 8010 less than 20% less then 10%
Diesel land use 15% 8%
Firing Orders (4 Stroke Cycle) Diesel small size for JIS F 4303 less than 12% -
boat
No. of Cylinder Order of Firing
O  ENGINE
2 No. 1 – No. 2 Calorific Value of Fuel
O O 
3 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 3 Kind of fuel Calorific Value
O O   (Kcal/kg)
4 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 4 – No. 3 Gasoline 10,500 – 11,000
O O O    Kerosene 10,500
6 No. 1 – No. 5 – No. 3 – No. 6 – No. 2 – No. 4 Light oil 10,500
Heavy oil 10,500
Benzol 9,600
Methyl alcohol 4,830
Ethyl alcohol 6,720
Natural gas 8,000 – 13,000
109 110
ENGINE ENGINE
Thermal Efficiency & Losses Specifications of Locally Available Engines
Kerosene Brand Make Type Rated Hors Bore x CR Max. Max. Speci-
Kind of Gasoline E Diesel E Gas E Hot bulb Engine epo stroke power torque fic
Engine (small (4 cycle) E Speed wer (mm) output at fuel
Low Middle (rpm) (hp) indicat indi- con-
size) (2 cycle)
speed speed ed cated sump-
rpm rpm tion
r.p.m. 400- 900 1000- 1300-1800 500-1000 100- 300-350 (kw/rp (kg- (g/kw-
1500 500 m) m/rpm hr)
Indicated 25-27 19-24 26-29 39-41 34-40 28-37 )
therm. eff. ACME Italy 4-stroke 3000 11.3 85 x 19:1 7.35/3 2.52/2 282.2
Effectiv 17-22 16-20 21-23 29-33 25-36 18-27 Diesel vertical, 1 85 009 058
therm. eff. Engine cylinder,
diesel
Cooling loss 40-39 41-40 37-34 25-24 35-23 18-23
engine
Deliveryy loss 33-32 30-31 33-31 39-34 35-37 56-40 ACME Italy 4-stroke, 3600 11.0 80 x 7:1 6.39/3 2.09/2 354.1
Mechanical 10-7 13-9 9-12 7-9 5-7 8-10 Gasolin vertical, 65 315 247
loss e Engine overhead,
1-
cylinder,
gasoline
ENGINE engine
CIXI China 4-stroke, 2600 5.0 75 x - 3.34/2 1.5/20 360.0
Fuel Consumption Ratio Diesel horizontal, 75 324 01
f Engines Engine 1-
cylinder,
diesel
Kind of Engine Fuel Fuel Consumption Ratio engine
(g/ps/hr) HOND Japan 4-stroke, 3600 6.0 76 x 19:1 5.01/3 1.643/ 292.1
Kerosene (middle speed) light oil 300 – 390 A Diesel overhead, 70 461 2591
Engine 1-
Gasoline gasoline 200 – 350 cylinder,
Diesel (4 cycle) heavy oil 180 –220 diesel
Hot bulb (2 cycle)) heavy oil 260 – 310 engine
HOND Japan 4-stroke, 3600 8.0 - - 5.11/3 1.59/2 383.5
Gas E gas 2,300 – 2,800 A diagonal, 303 979
Gasolin 1-
e Engine cylinder,
gasoline
engine
111 112
ENGINE ENGINE
Specifications of Locally Available Engines Specifications of Locally Available Engines
Brand Make Type Rated Hors Bore x CR Max. Max. Speci- Brand Make Type Rated Hors Bore x CR Max. Max. Speci-
Engine epo stroke power torque fic Engine epo stroke power torque fic
Speed wer (mm) output at fuel Speed wer (mm) output at fuel
(rpm) (hp) indicat indi- con- (rpm) (hp) indicat indi- con-
ed cated sump- ed cated sump-
rpm rpm tion rpm rpm tion
(kw/rp (kg- (g/kw- (kw/rp (kg- (g/kw-
m) m/rpm hr) m) m/rpm hr)
) )
Katsura Taiwa 4-stroke, 2200 5.5 68 x - 5.03/2 1.96/1 367.3 Shakti India 4-stroke, 3000 10.0 80 x 20:1 5.09/1 4.20/1 369.3
Mitsubis n, horizontal, 80 373 276 Diesel horizontal, 90 559 172
hi China 1-cylinder Engine 1-
Diesel diesel cylinder,
Engine engine diesel
MAG Switze 4-stroke, 3800 7.0 74 x - 3.0/35 1.01/2 753.4 engine
Kerosen rland horizontal, 60 62 524 Shuangn China 4-stroke, 2000 4.0 70 x - 3.39/2 1.5/22 297.4
e Engine 1-cylinder iao horizontal, 75 204 04
kerosene Diesel 1-
engine Engine cylinder,
Mitsubis Thaila 4-stroke, 2400 7.0 76 x 18:1 4.69/2 2.14/1 241.9 diesel
hi nd horizontal, 78 230 297 engine
Diesel 1- TARO China 4-stroke, 2400 8.0 80 x - 5.33/2 2.529/ 387.6
Engine cylinder, Diesel horizontal, 75 179 1937
diesel Engine 1-
engine cylinder,
Mitsubis India 4-stroke, 2200 9.0 90 x 21:1 6.46/2 3.031/ 231.2 diesel
hi horizontal, 95 173 2053 engine
Shakti 1- Tsinkian China 4-stroke, 2600 6.0 75 x - 4.09/2 3.91 313.1
Engine cylinder, g Diesel horizontal, 75 498
diesel Engine 1-
engine cylinder,
RUGGE Italy 4-stroke, 3000 11.0 - - 7.27/2 2.50/2 284.9 diesel
RINI horizontal, 873 460 engine
Motor 1- Wiscons United 4-stroke, 3600 14.1 95 x - 9.16/3 2.95/2 410.4
cylinder, in Stated horizontal, 76 310 306
diesel Gasolin of 1-cylinder
engine e Engine Ameri gasoline
ca engine
113 114
ENGINE OIL FAN
API Service Classification for Diesel Engine Typical Pressure and Flow Coefficient
Classificat Definition Air Moving Unit Specific Typical Typical flow Coefficient
ion Speed Pressure ()
CA Light-duty diesel engine service Coefficient
Service typical of diesel engines operated in mid to moderate ()
duty quality fuels. Forward Curve 13000 1.00 0.150
CB Moderate-duty diesel engine service Centrifugal 20000 2.00 0.500
Service typical of diesel engines operated in mild to 40000 1.00 0.750
moderate duty with lower quality fuel which necessitate Backward-Curved 4000 1.40 0.002
more protection from wear and deposits. Centrifugal 8000 1.00 0.010
CC Moderate-duty diesel and gasoline engine service (narrow) 20000 0.80 0.100
Service typical lightly supercharged diesel engines operated Backward-Curved 15000 1.00 0.080
in moderate to severe duty. Centrifugal 30000 0.75 0.300
CD Severe-duty diesel engine service (wide) 45000 0.50 0.500
Service typical of supercharged diesel engines in high-speed, Mixed Flow 20000 1.00 0.200
high-output duty requiring highly effective control of wear 30000 0.75 0.300
and deposit. 60000 0.50 0.800
Vane Axial 50000 0.70 0.400
80000 0.40 0.250
FAN 200000 0.20 0.200
Comparisons of Backward and Forward Curved Tube Axial 100000 0.30 0.400
150000 0.20 0.300
Fans
200000 0.10 0.100
Backward Curve Forward Curve Partially Case Fan 100000 0.30 0.400
More expensive Have lower noise level 150000 0.20 0.300
Have no overloading characteristics Have overloading characteristics 300000 0.05 0.100
Operates against high pressure (0- Normally operate in low pressure
30 cm water) range (0-15 cm water)
Have no unstable region of Have one unstable operating region
operation
Sturdy construction and easy to Usually of light construction
install
115 116
FAN FAN
Static Efficiency of Various Fan Types Casing Dimension
117 118
FARM EQUIPMENT FARM EQUIPMENT
Capacity, Power Requirement, and Fuel Capacity, Power Requirement, and Fuel
Consumption Rate Consumption Rate
Machine Capacity Power Fuel Machine Capacity Power Fuel
Requirement Consumption Requirement Consumption
Rate Rate
Power Tiller 1 to 1.5 ha/day 4-6 hp diesel 0.61 liter/hr IRRI Watt-Miser 1-3 ha 0.5-1.5 hp
IRRI PT-3 5-8 hp gasoline diesel Electric Pump electric motor
0.86 liter/hr MA-IRRI 3 li/sec for a 2- 1 person
gasoline “Tapak-Tapak” m lift
Power Tiller IRRI 0.6 ha/day 5 hp gasoline 1.1 liters/hr Pump 2 li/sec for a 4-
PT-5 plowing m lift
0.9 ha/day IRRI “Sipa”
harrowing Pump 1200-1500 4-5 hp gasoline
2.5 ha/day 100 mm li/min 3-4 hp diesel
reaping 5-7 hp gasoline
. Hydro Tiller 1.8 ha/day first 10 hp gasoline 1.5 li/hr gasoline 150 mm 2000-3000 4-6 hp diesel
IRRI HT-1 pass 6.5-9 hp diesel 1.0 li/hr diesel li/min 7-10 hp
2 hac/day 190 mm gasoline
second pss 3500-5000 6-8 hp diesel
Cono Puddler 1.5 ha/day 1.6 li/hr 250 mm li/min 10-14 hp
Mounted on gasoline
power tiller 5500-7000 9-12 hp diesel
Cono Puddler 1 ha/day 1 draft animal li/min
Animal drawn
IITA-IRRI 16,000 hills/hr 1 person
Rolling Injection
Planter
IRRI TR 6-Row 0.3-0.4 ha/day 1 person
Rice Transplanter
IRRI Drum 1 ha/day 14 man hrs/ha
Seeder
119 120
Capacity, Power Requirement, and Fuel Capacity, Power Requirement, and Fuel
Consumption Rate Consumption Rate
Machine Capacity Power Fuel Machine Capacity Power Fuel
Requirement Consumption Requirement Consumption
Rate Rate
IRRI Axial Flow 3000 li/min 5 hp gasoline 1.2 li/hr gasoline IRRI TH12 Axial 1000-1500 kg/hr 12 hp gasoline
Pump or diesel Flow 10 hp diesel
3 hp electric Thresher/Sheller
motor AMDP Two 1.0-1.2 tons/hr 5 hp gasoline
IRRI Diaphragm 190 li/min @ 1- 1 man Drum Corn or diesel
Pump m head Sheller model
120 li/min @ 2- CS2-1000 w/
m head Aspirating
Push-Type Single 0.18 ha/day 40-50 man- Cleaner
Row Cono hr/ha Hand-Operated 300-400 kg/day 1 person
Weeder Corn Sheller
Push-Type Two 0.26 ha/day 25-35 man- IRRI GC-7 1000 kg/hr 0.50 hp
Row Cono hr/ha Portable Grain electric motor
Weeder Cleaner 1.0 hp gasoline 0.5 li/hr
Push-Type Hand 35-75 man- IRRI DR-1 Batch 2 hp electric
Weeder hr/ha Dryer motor 0.75 li/hr
IRRI Plunger- 0.5 ha/day 16 man-hr/ha 3 hp gasoline gasoline
Auger Fertilizer UPLB Flatbed 3 hp electric
Injector Dryer motor
IRRI RE2-1.0 m 2.4 ha/day 5 hp gasoline 1 li/hr 5 hp gasoline
Reaper
CAAMS-IRRI 2.4 ha/day 3 hp gasoline 1 li/hr
1.0m Reaper
IRRI TH-6 600 kg/hr 5 hp engine 1 li/hr
Portable Thresher
IRRI TH-7 Axial 400-500 kg/hr 7 hp engine
Flow Thresher
121 122
Capacity, Power Requirement, and Fuel Power Tiller and Engine Performance
Consumption Rate Spiral Plow Two Moldboa Spiral Rotary
Machine Capacity Power Fuel Bottom rd Plow and Tilling
Requirement Consumption disc Plow Comb
Rate Harrow
IRRI Micromill 50 kg of paddy 1 hp electric 1 kw-hr/hr Rated Power, 6.7-9.0 3.0-9.0 5.2-7.5 9 7.5
per hr motor 0.5 li/hr gaoline KW
3 hp gasoline Rated Speed, 3200-3600 1800- 3000- 3600 3600
UPLB Improved 300 kg of paddy rpm 3600 3600
Village Rice Mill per hr Axial Load, 55.8-92.2 25.2-- 74.6-- 18.2-
IRRI 4-Row 0.20-0.25 ha/day 1 person kg 1111.2 83.3 21.6
Ultralite Axial 41.4-68.1 118.5--98 53.4- 13.2-
Transplanter Torque, kg-m 59.6 15.7
AMDP-FMRC 0.45-0.55 ha/day 2 persons Axial Power, 2.5-5.19 1.15-6.10 3.92-- 1.88-
Rice Transplanter KW 3.78 4.65
BPI Cassava 300 kg/hr 1 person Fuel 1.4-4.67 .97-5.8 2.22- 1.45-
Chipping 1300 kg 1-3 hp motor Consumption 2.48 2.65
Machine or engine li/hr
Spec. fuel 269-941 269-844 470-580 417-
consumption, 770
gm/kW-hr
FARM EQUIPMENT Transmission 77.5-87.6 80-81.7
Dimension of Philippine, Thai and IRRI Plow Efficiency, %
Types Length of Height of Radius of Cutting Share Inverting
of Moldboard Mold- Curvature of Angle of Angle Angle
Plow L board Moldboard Plow
(cm) H (cm)
(cm)
Philip- 22.50 18.50 25.03 10.00 7.65 50.00
pine
Thai 14.50 18.00 26.00 25.00 18.00 42.00
improv
ed
IRRI 17.50 21.50 19.93 20.00 17.74 35.00
123 124
Power Tiller Field Performance Fertilizer Applicator Metering Device Performance
Spiral Two Mold- Spiral Rotary Positive Metering Device for Granulated Crystalline
Plow Bottom board and Tilling Fertilizer
Disc Plow Plow Comb
Metering Suitabilit Fertilizer Ease of Relativ Ease of Remarks
Harrow Device y for rate Cleaning e Cost Manufact
Travelling 1.02-2.70 2.45-4.9 3.44- 1.49 1.69- Low and Control ure
Speed, kph 4.10 2.94 High
Average depth 86-110 79-935 96-130 111 51-76 Applicati
on Rates
of Tillage, mm
Vertical Difficult Precision Low inter-
Average width 1020- 305-579 234-287 1033 701- rotor with as manufac row
of tillage, mm 1250 1005 cells on the individua turing variation
Actual field .108-.205 .094-.198 .049- .127 .106- periphery Very Difficult l cells Modera difficult Sensitive to
capacity, ha/hr .085 .268 good have to te topography
be of field
Theoretical field .204-.220 .101-.220 .055- .178 .148- cleaned
capacity, ha/hr .105 .310 Revolving- Particularly
Plowing 53.6-93.2 53.7-97 80.3- 70.2 71.6- bottom type suited to row
efficiency, %5 90.3 88.4 crop planters
Fuel .66-31.6 .64-4.27 .62-2.10 3.97 2.22- Good Difficult Difficult High Difficult and high
application
Consumption, 2.5 rates
li/hr Suitable for
Noise level, db 86-96 82-103 81-92 101 88-95 Star wheel Very Difficult Difficult High Difficult seed cum-
(A) good fertilizer
drills
Flushing Efficient
with operation
Fluted roller Very Easy water Modera Easy when
good required te material is
after use dry
125 126
FEED MILL FEED MILL
Specifications of Hammer Mill By-Product and Percentage Composition of Various
Rotor Diameter, mm 1080 1080 560 560 Agricultural Crops
Width of Crashing 400 300 400 300 Crop By-Product By-product feed as %
Chamber, mm original by weight
Main shaft Speed, rpm 1480 1480 2950 2940 Castor Castor Meal 50
Peripheral Velocity, 84 84 86 286 Cocoa Bean Cocoa shell meal 11
m/s Coconut Coconut meal 34 – 42
Power, kw 90-110 55-15 30-37 22 Cotton Cottonseed meal 47
Capacity, tph 15-18 9-12 5-6 3.5 Maize Corn bran 10
Corn germ meal 19
Oil palm Sludge (dried) 3
Palm kernel meal 22
FEED MILL Peanut (unshelled) Croundnut meal 43
Rice Rice bran 10
Energy Requirement for Feed Grinding (kW-hr/ton) Broken rice 4
Crop Hammer Mill Burr Mill Rubber seeds Rubber seed meal 50
Shelled Corn 7.4 3 – 5.8 Sago (trunks) Coarse sawdust 60
Oats 11.5 5 – 14 Crude wet sago 40
Barley 9 4 – 10 Unrefined sago flour 21
Ear Corn 6 - Sago refuse 19
Hay 8 - Sesame Sesame meal 80
Soya bean Soya bean 78
Sugar Cane Green tops 7
Molasses 3
Sorghum straw -
Sweet potato haulm -
Unsaleable tubers -
128
127
FEED MILL
Specific Energy and Relative Energy Efficiency for FEED MILL
Various Hammer Mill Hammer Thickness Nutrient Standards for Swine Feeds
Hammer Thickness Specific Energy Relative Energy Kinds of Crude Crude Crude Moisture Ash Mineral
(mm) (kW-hr/ton) Efficiency Feeds Protein Fiber Fat % % NMT % % NMT
(%) % NLT % NMT NMT
8.00 9.5 117 NMT
6.35 8.1 100 Hog Pre- 22 5 4 13 To be If more
3.18 6.5 80 Starter suppli than 5%
1.59 5.5 69 mash/Crumbl ed by the
e/Pellet the maximu
Hog Starter 18 8 4 13 feed m
FEED MILL Mash/Crumbl manuf percenta
Specific Energy Consumption (kW-hr/ton) for e/Pellet acture ge of
Grinding Corn with Different Hammer Thickness Hog Grower 16 10 4 13 r calcium
Mash/Crumbl (Ca) or
Hammer Hammer Tip Speed e/Pellet phosphor
Thickness (m/s) Hog Breeder 14 12 4 13 ous (P)
(mm) 54 71 86 Mash/Crumbl shall be
6.35 4.6 6.5 12.9 e/Pellet indicated
3.18 3.7 5.6 11.0 Hog 15 10 4 13
1.59 3.9 4.8 7.6 Lactating
Mash/Crumbl
e/Pellet
FEED MILL Hog Fattener 13 10 4 13
Mixing Time of Various Feed Mixers Finisher
Mash/Crumbl
Feed Mixer Mixing Time (min) e/Pellet
Horizontal – Type with 5 – 10 Legend: NLT - Not less than
Helical Screw NMT - Not more than
Vertical-Type with Screw 10 - 15
129
130
FEED MILL FEED MILL
Nutrients Standards for Poultry Feeds Nutrients Standards for Poultry Feeds
Kinds of Crude Crude Crude Moisture Ash % Mineral Kinds of Crude Crude Crude Moisture Ash % Mineral %
Feeds Protein Fiber % Fat % % NMT NMT % Feeds Protein Fiber % Fat % % NMT NMT NMT
% NMT NLT NMT % NMT NLT
NLT NLT
For Pigeons To be If more
For Broilers (meat-type chickens) To be If more
Pigeon Feeds 18 10 4 13 supplie than 5%
Broiler 21 8 4 13 suppli than 5% Pellet d by maximum
Starter ed by maximum For Turkeys the percentage
mash/Crumbl the percentag Turkey Starter 28 8 4 13 feed of calcium
e/Pellet feed e of Mash/Crumble manufa (Ca) or
Broiler 18 9 4 13 manuf calcium /Pellet cturer phosphoro
Finisher acturer (Ca) or Turkey 20 10 4 13 us (P) shall
Mash/Crumb phosphor Grower be
le/Pellet ous (P) Mash/Crumble indicated
For Egg-type Chickens shall be /Pellet No. 1
indicated Turkey 16 10 4 13
Chicks 19 8 4 13
Grower
Starter Mash/Crumble
Mash/Crumb /Pellet No. 2
le/Pellet* For Ducks
Chicken 16 10 4 13 Duck Starter 19 10 4 13
Grower Mash/Crumble
Mash/Crumb /Pellet
le/Pellet Duck Grower 16 10 4 13
Chicken 18 10 4 13 Mash/Crumble
Layer /Pellet
mash/Crumbl Duck Layer 16 10 4 13
Breeder
e/Pellet No.
Mash/Crumble
1 /Pellet
Chicken 16 10 4 13 Duck Finisher 16 10 4 13
Layer Mash/Crumble
Mash/Crumb /Pellet
le/Pellet No. Legend: NLT - Not less than
2 NMT - Not more than
Legend: NLT - Not less than: NMT - Not more than
131 132
FISH FISH
Storage Data Thermal Properties
Product Storage Relative Storage life Product Freezing Specific Specific Latent
temperature C humidity % temperature heat above heat below heat
Cod, fresh +0.5 to +2 85 to 95 6 to 12 days C freezing freezing kJ/kg
Cod, frozen -20 to –28 6 to 10 months kJ/kg C kJ/kg C
Haddock, fresh +0.5 to +2 85 to 95 6 to 12 days Cod, fresh -2 3.63 260
Haddock, frozen -20 to –28 9 to 12 months Cod, frozen 1.82
Halibut, fresh +0.5 to +2 85 to 90 6 to 10 days Haddock, fresh -2 3.64 260
Halibut, frozen -20 to -28 - 6 to 10 months Haddock, frozen 1.82
Herring, fresh +0.5 to +2 85 to 90 6 to 10 days Halibut, fresh -2 3.56 260
Herring, smoked +4.5 to 10 50 to 60 3 to 4 months Halibut, frozen 1.8
Herring, frozen -20 to -28 6 to 10 months Herring, fresh 2.3 215
Mackerel, fresh +0.5 to +2 85 to 90 6 to 9 days Herring, smoked -2 2.93 213
Mackerel, frozen -220 to -28 3 to 6 months Herring, frozen 1.65
Shellfish, fresh -1 to 0.5 85 to 95 3 to 7 days Mackerel, fresh -2 3.1 190
Shellfish, frozen -20 to -30 90 to 95 3 to 6 months Mackerel, frozen 1.56
Tuna, fresh +0.5 to +2 85 to 95 6 to 12 days Shellfish, fresh -2 3.62 277
Tuna, frozen -20 to -28 9 to 12 months Shellfish, frozen 1.88
Tuna, fresh -2 3.44 235
Tuna, frozen 1.7
133 134
FLUID
Properties
FLUID
Fluid Density kg/m3 Melting Boiling Specific Thermal Dynam
point point heat conducti ic
Physical Properties of Fluid
Liquid Gas ˚C‡ ˚C‡ capacity vity viscosit
kJ/kg K§ W/m K§ y
Properties Gas Supercritical Liquid
MPa s¶ Fluid
Air - 1.2 - - 1.02 0.25 0.018 Density, g/cm3 0.006- 0.2-0.9 0.6-1.6
Ammonia - 0.77 -78 -33 2.12 0.023 0.010 0.002
Benzene 880 - 5.5 80 1.45 0.16 0.65 Viscosity, Pa-s 10-30 10-90 200-3000
Butane 600 2.70 -138 -0.5 1.68 0.015 0.007
Carbon - 1.98 -56 -78 0.85 0.016 0.015
Diffusion Coefficient, cm2/s 0.1-0.4 (0.3-0.7) x (0.2-2.0) x
dioxide 10-3 10 -5
Carbon - 1.25 -199 -191 1.05 0.029 0.017
monoxide
Carbon 1600 - -23 76 0.86 0.11 0.97
tetrachlori FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
de
Chlorine - 3.21 -101 -34 0.48 0.085 0.013 Chilling Injury
Ethanol 790 - -117 78 2.45 0.17 1.2
Glycerol 1260 - 20 290 2.42 0.29 1500 Fruits and Vegetables Approximate Temperatures at which
Hydrogen - 0.09 -259 -253 14.3 - 0.009 Chilling Starts (F)
Hydrogen - 1.54 -54 -61 1.0 0.014 0.012 Avocado 40-50
sulfide
Methane 470 0.72 -182 -164 2.22 0.033 0.011 Banana 55
Methanol 790 - -94 65 2.52 0.21 0.60 Cucumber 40-43
Nitrogen - 1.25 -210 -196 1.0 0.025 0.017 Lemon 50-53
Oxygen - 1.43 -218 -183 0.92 0.026 0.020 Mango 40
Propane 500 2.02 -190 -42 1.57 0.017 0.008 Lanzones 50-55
R11 1500 5.8 -111 24 0.88 0.090 0.40
R12 1300 6.3 -158 -30 0.69 0.009 0.26
Papaya 43
R22 1200 4.7 -160 -41 0.78 0.011 0.23 Pineapple 43
R113 1550 7.4 -35 48 0.95 0.077 0.68 Potato 32
R114 1450 7.8 -94 4 0.71 0.010 0.38 Sweet potato 32
Water 1000 - 0 100 4.19 0.59 1.00 Tomato 45
135 136
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Drying Requirements Ethylene Production Rate and Ethylene Sensitivity
Material MCi MCf Tmax Pretreatment Common Name Ethylene Ethylene Sensitivity
(%) (%) (C) Production Rate
Acerola, Barbados cherry L M
Fruits African horned melon, M H
kiwano
Apples - 24 70 Slicing and sulfuring Amaranth, pigweed VL M
Grapes 80 15-20 70 Sulfuring Apple VH H
Bananas - 15 70 Longitudinal halves Apricot M H
Guavas - 7 65 Halves, deseed Artichoke VL L
Asian pear, nashi H H
Vegetables Asparagus, green, and white VL M
Avocado H H
Green 80 5 65 Blanching Babaco, Mt. Papaya M H
peas Banana M H
Cauliflo 80 6 65 Slicing Beans L M
wer
Carrots 70 5 75 Slicing and blanching
Green 70 5 75 Blanching
beans
Onion, 80 4 55 Slicing
Garlic
Cabbage 80 4 55 Shredding and blanching
Sweet 75 7 75 Cubes
potatoes
Potatoes 75 13 - Cubes
Leafy 80 10 - -
vegetabl
es
Chilies - 10 - -
Cassava 62 17 - Cubes
137 138
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
Harvesting Indicator Storage Data
Fruit/Vegetable Product Storage Relative Storage life
A. Roots, bulbs and tubers temperature C humidity
Radish and carrot large enough and crispy %
White potato, onion tops begin to dry out and topple down Apples -1 to +3 90 to 98 1 to 6 months
& garlic Apricots -0.5 to 0 90 to 95 1 to 2 weeks
Ginger Large enough Artichokes, globe -0.5 to 0 90 to 95 1 to 2 weeks
Avocado +7 to +13 85 to 90 2 to 4 weeks
Green Onion Longest
Asparagus 0 to +2 95 to 97 2 to 3 weeks
B. Fruit Vegetable
Bananas +13 to +15 90 to 95 5 to 10 days
Cowpea, sitao, snap Well-filled pods that snap readily Beans, green +4 to +7 90 to 95 7 to 10 days
beans, batao, and Beetroot 0 to +2 95 to 97 3 to 5 weeks
sigarillas Blackberries -0.5 to 0 95 to 97 1 to 3 days
Lima beans Well-filled pods that are beginning to lose Broccoli 0 to +2 90 to 95 7 to 14 days
their greenness Brussels sprouts 0 to +2 90 to 95 3 to 5 weeks
Okra Full size fruits, the tips can be snap readily Cabbage 0 to +2 90 to 95 3 to 4 months
Upo and patola Immature (overmature if thumbnail can not Carrots 0 to +21 90 to 95 1 to 2 weeks
penetrate flesh readily) Cauliflower 0 to +2 90 to 95 2 to 4 weeks
Eggplant, Immature (overmature if color dulls or Celery 0 to +2 90 to 95 2 to 3 months
ampalaya changes and seeds are tough Cherries -0.5 to0 90 to 95 2 to 3 weeks
Sweet corn Exude milky sap when thumbnail penetrate Coconuts 0 to +2 80 to 85 1 to 2 months
kernel Cranberries +2 to +4 90 to 95 2 to 4 months
Tomato Seed slip when fruit is cut, or green color Cucumber +7 to +10 90 to 95 9 to 14 days
turns pink Dates, dried +18 to +20 60 to 75 6 to 12 months
Sweet pepper Deep green color turning dull or red Eggplant 0 to +2 90 to 95 2 to 4 weeks
Watermelon Color of lower parts turns creamy yellow, Endive 0 to +2 90 too 95 2 to 3 weeks
dull hollow sound when thumped Figs, dried 0 to +4 50 to 60 9 to 12 months
C. Flower Vegetables Garlic, dry 0 to +2 65 to 70 6 to7 months
Gooseberries -0.5 to +1 90 to 95 2 to 4 weeks
Cauliflower Crud compact (overmature if flower
Grapefruit +10 to +16 85 to 90 4 to 6 weeks
cluster elongates and become loose)
Grapes -1 to +1 85 to 90 1 to 6 months
Broccoli Bud cluster compact (overmature if loose)
Horseradish 0 to +2 90 to 95 1 to 3 weeks
D. Leafy Vegetables Kale 0 to +2 90 to 95 1 to 3 months
Lettuce, pechay Big enough but before flowering unless Leeks 0 to +2 90 to 95 1 to 3 months
flower are desired Lemons +4 to +15 86 to 88 1 to 6 months
Cabbage Head compact (overmature if head cracks)
139 140
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Storage Data Optimum Condition for Handling and Care of Fresh
Product Storage Relative Storage life Product
temperature Humidity Fruits/ Ideal Storage Condition Sell Refriger Sprink Remarks
C % Vegetables Temp( RH (%) Quickl ated le
Lettuce 0 to +1 95 to 98 2 to 3 weeks F) y (40C) with
(1-2 Water
Limes +3 to +10 85 to 90 1 to 6 months
D)
Mangoes 0 to +2 90 to 95 1 to 3 months Apples 30-32 85-90 Helpful No Avoid brushing
Marrow +10 to +13 90 to 95 5 to 14 days Avocados 40-45 85-90 Yes No No Display no padded
Melons, honeydew +7 to +10 85 to 90 3 to 4 weeks surface
Banana
Melons, water +2 to +4 85 to 90 5 to 15 days Ripe 56-58 85-90 Yes No No -do-
Mushrooms 0 to +4 90 to 95 3 to 4 days Ripening 58-68 90-95 No No Avoid brushing
Mushrooms, spawn +1 to +2 75 to 80 8 months Cabbage 32 90-95 Helpful Yes
Olives, fresh +2 to +5 85 to 90 4 to 6 weeks Carrots 32 90-95 Profitable Yes Moisten roots only on
bunches
Onions - 65 to 70 1 to 8 months Cauliflower 32 90-95 Yes Profitable Yes Sprinkle only if
Oranges 0 to +10 85 to 90 1 to 3 months refrigerated
Parsley 0 to +2 90 to 95 1 to 3 months Corn, sweet 31-32 90-95 Yes Profitable Yes Keep cold
Parsnips 0 to +2 90 to 95 2 to 6 months Eggplant 45-50 85-90 Yes No No Do not bruise
Peaches -1 to +1 88 to 92 2 to 4 weeks keep off ice
Grapes 30-32 85-90 Yes Helpful No Keep well ventilated
Pears -1 to 0 90 to 95 2 to 7 weeks
Lemons 38-40 85-90 Helpful Yes Sprinkling
Peppers, sweet +7 to +10 90 to 95 2 to 3 weeks Lettuce 32 90-95 Helpful Yes Avoid soaking with water
Plums -1 to +1 90 to 95 2 to 4 weeks Mushroom 32-35 80-90 Yes Helpful No Handle carefully
Pomegranates 0 to +1 88 to 90 2 to 4 weeks Keep dry
Onion, dry 32 65-70 No No Remove loose wrapper
Potatoes +10 to +13 90 to 95 22 to 3 months Keep dry
Potatoes, late +3 to +10 90 to 95 3 to 6 months green 32 90-95 Yes Profitable Yes Keep well ventilated
Quinces +5 to +10 90 to 95 2 to 3 weeks Oranges 34-38 85-90 Helpful No Remove decayed fruit
Raspberries -0.5 to 0 90 to 95 2 to 3 days Peppers 45-50 90-95 Yes Profitable Yes
Pineapple 45-55 85-90 Yes No No -do-
Rhubarb 0 to +2 95 to 99 2 to 4 weeks Potatoes 40-50 85-90 No No Keep out of sun
Spinach 0 to +2 90 to 95 9 to 14 days Squash 40-50 85-90 Yes Helpful Yes
Strawberries -0.5 to 0 90 to 95 5 to 7 days Sweet 55-60 85-90 No No Keep ventilated
Sweet corn 0 to +2 90 to 95 4 to 8 days Potatoes
Tomatoes
Tangerines 0 to +3 85 to 90 2 to 4 weeks Ripe 45-50 85-90 Yes Helpful No Sell quickly
Tomatoes, green +13 to 21 85 to 90 1 to 3 weeks Refrigerate
Tomatoes, ripe +7 to +10 85 to 90 4 to 7 days Green 55-70 85-90 No No Ripen in back
Sort frequently
Turnips 0 to +10 90 to 95 4 to 5 months Watermelon 40-50 80-85 Helpful Cover with transparent
Yams +2 to +9 90 to 95 3 to 6 months film
141 142
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Thermal Properties Thermal Properties
Product Freezing Specific heat Specific heat Latent heat Product Freezing Specific heat Specific heat Latent heat
temperatu above freezing below kJ/kg temperatu above freezing below kJ/kg
re C kJ/kg C freezing kJ/kg re C kJ/kg C freezing kJ/kg
C C
Apples -1.5 3.64 1.88 281 Lettuce 0 4.02 2.0 316
Apricots -1 3.68 1.92 284 Limes -1.5 3.83 1.42 288
Avocado -0.5 3.01 1.67 219 Mangoes -1 3.7 1.86 271
Asparagus -0.5 3.94 2.00 312 Melons, -1 3.94 2.0
Bananas -1 3.35 1.76 251 honeydew
Beans, green -0.5 3.81 1.97 298 Melons, water -1 3.89 2.0 307
Beetroot -1 3.77 1.92 293 Mushrooms 0 3.89 1.97 302
Blackberries -1 3.68 1.92 284 Mushrooms, 0
Broccoli -0.5 3.85 1.97 302 spawn
Brussels sprouts -1 3.68 1.93 284 Olives, fresh -1.5 3.35 1.76 251
Cabbage -1 3.94 1.97 307 Onions -1 3.37 1.93 286
Carrots -1 3.68 1.88 280 Oranges -1 3.77 1.92 288
Cauliflower -1 3.89 1.97 30 Parsley -1 3.8 1.9 285
Celery -1 3.98 2.01 314 Parsnips -1 3.52 1.84 260
Cherries -2 3.64 1.88 280 Peaches -1 3.77 1.42 288
Coconuts -0.8 2.43 1.43 Pears -1.5 3.6 1.88 275
Cranberries -0.5 3.77 1.93 288 Peppers, sweet -1 3.94 1.97 307
Cucumber -0.5 4.06 2.05 319 Plums -1 3.68 1.88 274
Dates, dried -16 1.51 1.08 67 Potatoes -1 3.56 1.86 270
Eggplant -1 4.0 2.01 312 Potatoes, late -0.5 3.43 1.8 258
Endive -0.5 3.94 2.0 307 Quinces -2 3.8 1.91 94
Figs, dried -12 1.63 1.13 80 Raspberries -0.5 3.56 1.86 284
Garlic, dry -1 2.89 1.67 207 Spinach -0.5 3.94 2.0 307
Gooseberries -1 3.77 1.93 293 Strawberries -0.5 3.85 1.76 300
Grapefruit -1 3.81 1.93 293 Sweet corn -0.5 3.31 1.76 246
Grapes -2 3.60 1.84 270 Tangerines -1 3.77 1.93 290
Horseradish -2 3.55 1.79 251 Tomatoes, green -0.5 3.98 2.0 312
Kale -0.5 3.85 1.9 291 Tomatoes, ripe -0.5 3.94 2.0 312
Leeks -1.5 3.68 1.93 293 Turnips -1 3.89 1.97 302
Lemons -1.5 3.81 1.93 295 Yams -1 3.53 1.77 248
143 144
FRUITS AND VEGETABLE FRUITS AND VEGETABLE
Heat of Respiration Heat of Respiration
Product Heat of respiration kJ/kg 24 hours Product Heat of respiration kJ/kg 24 hours
0C 5C 10C 0C 5 C 10C
Apples 0.9 1 Lettuce 2.7 3.4 5.6
Apricots 1.3 1.9 4.8 Limes 0.5 0.7 1.1
Artichokes, globe 6.1 8.2 14 Mangoes 3.2 4.1 12
Avocado n/a 15 25 Marrow 6.1
Asparagus 7.3 14 27 Melons, honeydew 1.7 2.1
Bananas 9 Melons, water 2.1 3.9
Beans, green 12 17 Mushrooms 8.6 18 31
Beetroot 1.3 2.4 3.1 Mushrooms, spawn
Blackberries 4.3 9.7 19 Olives, fresh 1.0 3.0 7.5
Broccoli 4.7 13 17 Onions 1.0 1.3 1.9
Brussels sprouts 5.1 10 19 Oranges 1.08 1.8 3.3
Cabbage 2.3 2.6 3.8 Parsley 11 19 38
Carrots 2 3 4 Parsnips 1.35 2.7 7.2
Cauliflower 4.5 6.3 12 Peaches 1.34 1.95 4.3
Celery 1.9 2.7 5.1 Pears 1.0 2.2 3.1
Cherries 1.3 3.5 7.7 Peppers, sweet 2.7 3.1
Coconuts Plums 0.64 1.7 2.6
Cranberries 1.2 1.7 Pomegranates 0.9 1.3 2.6
Cucumber 5.9 Potatoes 3.0
Dates, dried Potatoes, late 3.1 4.3
Eggplant Quinces 2.2 3.0
(aubergine) Raspberries 5.1 8.6 10
Endive 2.4 2.9 4.7 Rhubarb 2.8 3.9 4.9
Figs, dried Spinach 5.1 11 21
Garlic, dry 1.5 6.1 15 Strawberries 3.7 5.8 19
Gooseberries 1.7 3.5 6.5 Sweet corn 10 19 28
Grapefruit 3 Tangerines 1.1 1.9 3.9
Grapes 0.4 1.1 1.7 Tomatoes, green 5
Horseradish 2.1 2.9 7.0 Tomatoes, ripe 7
Kale 2.5 2.9 4.1 Turnips 2.2 2.4 3
Leeks 2.8 6.1 15 Yams 4.2 6
Lemons - - 41
145 146
FUEL FUEL
Density and Gross heating Value Density and Gross Heating Value
Fuel API Kg/l BTU/lb Kcal/kg KJ/kg Fuel API Kg/l BTU/lb Kcal/kg KJ/kg
Avgas 64.6 0.7216 20,950 11,639 48,729 650 24,200
Avturbo 47.1 0.7923 19,800 11,000 46,055 Biogas (Btu/cu.ft) (KJ/cu.m)
Coconut Oil 21.5 0.9248 155,748 8,749 36,630 Premium 61.0 0.7351 0.500 11,389 47,683
Diesel 36.0 0.8448 19,650 10,917 45,706 Regular 59.0 0.7428 20,750 11,528 48,264
Ethanol 46.7 0.7940 12,800 7,111 29,773 At 33% 10,340 2,606 10.909
Fuel Oil 155.0 0.9659 18,600 10,333 43,263 Thermal
Gasoline 61.0 0.7351 220,500 11,389 47,683 Efficiency
Premium At 100% 3,412 860 3,600
Gasoline 59.0 0.7428 20,750 11,528 48,264 Thermal
Regular Efficiency
Kerosene 47.1 0.7923 19,800 11,000 46,055
LPG - 0.5500 21,180 11,767 49,264
Methanol 46.3 0.7960 9,600 5,333 22,329 FUEL
Naphtha 60.0 0.7389 20,620 11,456 47,962 Properties
Coal 9,000 20,900
Bagasse ( 4,000 9,300 Property Propane Butane
50% Chemical composition C3H8 C4H10
moisture) Boiling Point, F -43.8 +31.1
Wood Waste 4,000 9,300 Specific gravity, liquid, at 60/60 F 0.508 0.584
( 30% Specific gravity, vapor, at 60 F, 14 psia ( 1.522 2.006
moisture) air = 1)
Rice Hull 6,000 14,000 Specific heat, vapor, at 14 psia, Btu/lb, cy 0.390 0.396
Coco-shell 8,630 20,100 Specific heat vapor, at 14 psia, Btu/lb CX 0.346 0.363
Coco Husk 7400 17, 200 Heat of vaporization, at 14 psia, Btu/lb 183 166
1,020 37,975 Weight, lb/gal 4.23 4.86
Natural Gas (Btu/ft3) (KJ/m3) Vapor produced, cu. ft/gal 36.5 31.8
Heat content, gross Btu/lb 21,690 21,340
Explosion limits, % in air (lower) 2.0 - 2.4 1.5 - 1.9
Explosion limits, % in air ( upper) 7.0 - 9.5 5.7 - 8.5
Air required for combustion, lb/lb of fuel 15.6 15.4
147 148
FUEL FUEL
Proximate Analysis and Heat Content Proximate Analysis and Heat Content
Fuel Proximate Analysis Heat Fuel Proximate Analysis Heat

Content Content
Moist Volatile Fixed Ash (BTU/l Moist Volatile Fixed Ash (BTU/lb)
ure Matter Carbon (%) b) ure Matter Carbon (%)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Anthracite Coal Ethanol (190 11697
Fines 13.3 74.7 12.0 12750 Proof)
Apitong Bagasse 19.2 79.7 1.2 13713 Green Charcoal 32.6 33.48 33.9 8935
Arhar Stalk 83.5 14.8 1.8 6522 Groundnut Shell 68.1 25.0 6.9 7478
Bagasse 82.4 15.5 2.1 7930 High Grade Coal
Bagtikan 24.1 72.5 3.5 8933 (Semirara) 12.4 40.1 34.9 12.6 9134
Bakauan Babae 4.2 90.9 4.9 Ipil-ipil Wood 82.6 16.6 0.8 8144
Bakauan Lalaki 4.1 90.0 5.0 Jute Stick 75.3 19.0 5.7 8434
Bamboo Dust 75.8 15.6 9.1 6956 Kerosene (low 18500
Barley Straw 73.8 18.8 7.3 7422 grade)
Charcoal 11603 Lanipau 25.7 72.8 1.5 14000
Briquette Low Grade Coal 12.1 24.5 2.2 61.2 2760
Coconut Choir 70.3 26.8 2.9 7913 (Semirara)
Coconut Husk 13.7 72.4 26.0 6.3 8736 Mayapia 19.3 80.4 0.2 16776
Coconut Shell 10.8 78.9 20.3 0.8 8630 Mill Residue 5.2 80.5 4.3
Coconut Shell Mix of Diff. 19.4 76.6 3.9 11700
Charcoal 4.7 5.5 91.1 3.4 14223 Species
Coconut Trunk 79.7 19.3 1.0 8182 Mix of Lauan &
Coffee Ground 82.6 16.2 1.2 7990 Tangile 20.8 78.9 0.3 16791
Coffee Hull 7727 Mix of Red Lauan
Coffee Hull dust 8519 w/ Lauan,
Coir Dust 61.9 28.2 9.9 7437 Bagtikan & 20.5 78.3 1.2 15010
Corn Cobs 78.9 19.0 2.1 7716 Tangile
Corn Dust 61.9 28.2 9.9 7437 Mustard Shell 70.1 14.5 15.4 7652
Corn Fiber 68.2 28.2 3.0 8095
Cotton Stalk 70.9 22.4 6.7 7956
149 150
FUEL FUEL
Proximate Analysis and Heat Content Stoichiometric Air Requirement
Fuel Density Stoichiometric Air Requirement
Fuel Proximate Analysis Heat (lb/ft3)
Content A. Gas
Moist Volatile Fixed Ash (BTU/lb) Acetylene 6.76 13.35 lb air/lb of fuel
ure Matter Carbon (%) Biogas 5.7 m3 air/m3 of fuel
(%) (%) (%) Butane 31.1 ft3 air/ft3 of fuel
Oat Straw 78.9 17.1 4.1 7696 Carbon 7.27 2.48 lb air/lb of fuel
Peanut Hull 11.6 74.8 21.4 3.3 7378 Monoxide
Petroleum Cokes 23.0 85.9 0.5 13220 Ethane 7.82 16.16 lb air/lb of fuel
Premium 20250 Ethylene 7.30 14.85 lb air/lb of fuel
Gasoline Hydrogen 0.52 34.80 lb air/lb of fuel
Pine Needle 72.4 26.1 1.5 8739 Methane 4.16 17.32 lb air/lb of fuel
Red Lauan 14.5 85.2 0.2 15498 Natural Gas 9.6 ft3 air/ft3 of fuel
Regular Gasoline 20120 Propane 24.0 ft3 air/ft3 of fuel
Rice Hull 64.4 12.6 20.5 6466 Town Gas 3.7 m3 air/m3 of fuel
Rice Hull 61.5 15.3 23.2 6230 B. Solid
Briquette Anthracite 13.35 lb air/lb of fuel
Rice Hull Bituminous 10.70 lb air/lb of fuel
Briquetted 2.8 59.1 14.5 23.6 6206 Coke 11.20 lb air/lb of fuel
@ 550C 3.9 59.8 20.0 16.4 6010 Corn Cobs 5.7 kg air/kg fuel
@ 450C 4.4 58.6 18.9 18.2 5814 Corn Strover 4.0 kg air/kg fuel
@ 350C Crude Oil 14.45 lb air/lb of fuel
Rice Stalk 66.7 18.6 18.2 6257 Lignite 8.75 lb air/lb of fuel
Rye Straw 83.0 15.0 2.0 7869 Peat 7.30 lb air/lb of fuel
Sal Seed Leaves 60.0 20.2 19.8 8087 Pure Carbon 11.58 lb air/lb of fuel
Sal Seed Husk 62.5 28.1 9.4 8956 Rice Hull 4.7 lb air/lb of fuel
Tangile 18.6 80.5 1.0 15444 Semi-Anthracite 11.59 lb air/lb of fuel
Toog 17.7 79.1 3.4 10270 Semi- 11.41 lb air/lb of fuel
Wheat Straw 79.6 16.8 3.6 7956 Bituminous
Wood 77.5 17.5 2.0 6710 Sub-Bituminous 10.24 lb air/lb of fuel
Wood Charcoal 11786 Wood, dry 6.2 kg air/kg fuel
Wood Waste 7454 * at maximum percentage of CO2
151 152
FUEL GASIFICATION
Properties of LPG Fuel Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Gas
Substance Density Boiling Temp. Octane Member Producers
(g/cm3) (C) (Research) Type Advantages Disadvantages
Methane - -125 110 Updraft Suitable for many Generates large amount of tar
Ethane 0.374 -53 104 biomass fuel Very large
Propane 0.508 -8 100 Can gasify wet fuel
Butane 0.584 0 92 Does not require any
Pentane 0.631 36 61 specific fuel size
Downdraft Generates little amount Requires special
FURNACE of tar Cannot be built over 200 kW
Can be built very electric output
Burning and Furnace Efficiency compact Fuel needs to be well sized
Furnace Burning Efficiency Furnace Efficiency Can be built for very
(%) (%) small gas output
Tilted Grate with Heat 93 56 Crossdraft Very compact gasifier Suitable for charcoal only
Exchanger Highly suitable for Only for special prepared fuel
Inclined Grate w/o 95 71 small power output Cannot gasify wet fuel
Heat exchanger Good for changing
Flat Grate w/o Heat 99 67 loads
Exchanger Fluidized Bed Highest gasification Generates tar
Cyclonic 99 62 rate per m2 grate area Only for small fuel particles
Ideal for small fuel (<20 mm)
particle Not well developed
GASIFICATION technology
Gas Composition of Gasifier
Carbon Monoxide, CO 15 – 30 %
Hydrogen, H2 12 – 20 %
Methane, CH4 0.5 – 7 %
Carbon dioxide, CO2 3 – 15 %
Nitrogen N2 50 – 58 %
153 154
GEARS GEAR OIL
Summary Kinematic Viscosity
Type Applications Advantages Disadvantages SAE Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity (100C) mm2/s
External spur Parallel shafting Moderate cost Small contact Number Min Max
Moderate Speed No end thrust ratio
Parallel shafting Short centers Difficult 70W 4.1 -
Internal spur Moderate speeds Large contact ratio mounting 75W 4.1 -
Same shaft directions Partial safety guard Expensive 80W 7.0 -
No end thrust 85W 11.0 -
Helical Parallel Shafting Quiet operation
High Speeds High load-carrying End Thrust 90 13.5 2.0
capacity 140 24.0 41.0
Herring bone Parallel shafting No end thrust 250 41.0 -
Heavy duty Large tooth contact
High load-carrying Expensive
capacity
Bevel types Angular drives Moderate cost Difficult
Straight tooth Moderate speeds Mounting
Zerol Angular drives Long gear life Expensive
Smooth and quiet Difficult
Low stress mounting
concentration at tooth
tip
Right-angle drives Good tooth meshing Expensive
Spiral High speeds High load-carrying Difficult
capacity Mounting
Nonintersecting shafts Mounting rigidity
Hypoid Right-angle drives possible Expensive
High load-carrying
capacity
Nonintersecting shafts High ratios
Worm gears Right-angle drives Quiet operation Difficult
High load-carrying Mounting
capacity
Compact
Self-locking possible
Rack and Rotary to linear Compact Difficult
pinion Or linear to rotary mounting
Slow Speeds
Small contact
ratio
155
156
GRAINS GRAINS AND SEEDS
Dry Matter Loss Constant Physical Properties
Grain size A C D E Grain/Seed Moisture Void Space Kernel Bulk
Long 0.001889 0.7101 0.02740 31.63 Content (%) Specific Density
Medium 0.000914 0.6540 0.03756 33.61 (%wb) Gravity (g/cm3)
Barley 10.4 39.5 1.33 0.615
9.8 45.4 1.21
GRAINS 10.7 49.9 1.24
Castor beans 0.589
Rough Rice Heat of Vaporization Clover 0.769
Moisture Content Temperature Heat Vaporization Corn, Ear 0.448
(% dry basis) (C) (kJ/kg) Corn, Shelled 25.0 44.0 1.27 0.717
5 10 3563-4743 Cottonseed 0.410
20 3803-4470 Cowpeas 0.769
30 4047-4229 Grain Sorghum 9.5 37.0 1.22 0.641
40 4015-4285 9.9 36.8 1.26 0.718
Kapok 0.448-
15 10 2698-3078 0.512
20 2862-2953 Lentils 0.769
30 2846-2987 Millet 9.4 36.8 1.11 0.615-
40 2753-3040 0.641
Mustard 0.743-
30 10 2474-2550 0.769
20 2468-2508 Oats 9.8 47.6 1.05 0.410
30 2451-2471 10.3 55.5 0.99
40 2426-2438 Peanuts, unshelled 0.218
Rice, rough 11.9 50.4 1.11 0.577
12.4 46.5 1.12
Soybeans 6.9 36.1 1.18 0.769
7.0 33.8 1.13
Wheat 9.8 42.6 1.30 0.769
9.8 40.1 1.29
157 158
GRAINS AND CEREALS HEAT TRANSFER
Equilibrium Moisture Content Curves Film Coefficient for Air at Various Surfaces
Surface Film Coefficient f,
Btu/(hr)(ft2)(F)
Very Smooth 1.4 + 0.28t
Smooth wood or plaster 1.6 + 0.3
Cast concrete 2.0 + 0.4
Rough stucco 2.1 + 0.5
HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal Conductivities of Some Building Insulation
Edible Beans Peanuts in Pod Rough Rice
Material Density Temperature, Conductivity,
lb/ft3 F Btu/(hr)(ft)(F)
Building brick 68 0.4
Concrete:
Cinder 0.20
Stone 144 0.54
Hair felt 17 86 0.021
Wood, pine across 34 59 0.087
grain
Cork:
Granulated 8 0.025
Board 7 0.0225
Board 10.6 0.025
Glass wool, curled 4-10 0.024
Cellular glass 9.0 0.40
Sorghum Soybean Yellow Dent
Corn
159 160
HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER
Fluid Properties Thermal Conductivities of Different Materials
Medium Density Specific heat Thermal Boiling Freezin Material Conductivity Resistivity
kg/m3 capacity conductivity point °C g point W/m K m K/W
kg/kJ K at W/m K at at 101.3 °C Air 0.026 38.6
temperature temperature kPa Aluminum 150
°C °C Asbestolux 0.12 8.67
Aroclor* 1140 1.16 at 25 0.11 at 25 340 -7 Asbestos: flues and pipes 0.27 3.68
1.36 at 200 0.11 at 200 insulating board 0.14 6.93
Dowthern 1070 1.55 at 12 0.14 at 12 258 -12 lightweight slab 0.053 18.7
A* Asphalt: light 0.58 1.73
880 2.51 at 230 0.13 at 150 heavy 1.23 0.83
Essotherm 850 1.90 at 25 0.13 at 25 - - Brass 150
* Bricks: common 1.43 0.69
710 2.75 at 250 engineering 0.79 1.25
Ethanediol 1100 2.29 at 15 0.26 at 15 198 -13 Brine 0.48 2.10
Fenso 68* 890 1.12 at 50 0.13 at 50 - - Building board 0.079 12.62
Glycerol 1260 2.42 at 15 0.29 at 15 290 20 Building paper 0.065 15.39
IL 2023* 880 1.90 at 25 0.13 at 25 - - Caposite 0.052 19.28
760 2.53 at 200 0.12 at 200 Cardboard 0.144 to 0.288 6.9 to 3.5
Steam 600 2.03 at 100 0.025 at 100 - - Celotex 0.048 21.0
(saturated) Concrete: 1:2:4 1.4 0.69
‡ lightweight 0.40 2.5
46 6.15 at 300 0.067 at 300 Copper 300
Water ‡ 1000 4.19 at 15 0.59 at 15 100 0 Cork 0.043 23.1
917 4.31 at 150 0.68 at 150 Cotton waste 0.059 16.9
*Trade name. Densotape 0.25 4.0
 No longer commercially available. Diatomaceous earth 0.087 11.5
‡ Under pressure for temperatures above 100°C. Econite 0.098 10.19
Felt 0.039 25.7
Fiberglass 0.036 27.7
Firebrick 1.30 0.76
Fosalsil 0.14 0.69
162
161
Thermal Conductivities of Different Materials Thermal Conductivities of Different Materials
Material Conductivity Resistivity Material Conductivity Resistivity
W/m K m K/W W/m K m K/W
Glass 1.05 0.97 Platinum 69 0.0145
Glasswool 0.04 24.8 Polystyrene: cellular 0.033 29.8
Gold 310 Polyurethane: cellular 0.042 23.9
Granwood floor blocks 0.32 3.1 Polyzote 0.032 31.5
Gyproc plasterboard 0.16 6.3 Porcelain 1.04 0.96
Gypsum plasterboard 0.16 6.3 Refractory brick:
Hardboard 0.094 10.68 Alumina 0.32 3.1
Holoplast: 25 mm panel 0.14 7.3 Diatomaceous 0.13 7.70
Ice 2.31 0.43 Vermiculite insulating 0.19 5.13
Insulating board 0.059 16.99 Refractory concrete:
Iron: cast 65 0.154 Diatomaceous 0.26 3.9
wrought 58 0.0172 Aluminous cement 0.46 2.15
Material Conductivity Resistivity Rubber: natural 0.16 6.3
W/m K m K/W Silicone 0.23 4.4
Jute 0.036 27.7 Sand 0.42 2.4
Kapok 0.036 27.7 Scale, broiler 2.3 0.43
Lead 35 0.029 Silver 420
Linoleum: cork 0.072 13.9 Sisalkraft building paper 0.066 15.0
PVC 0.22 4.65 Slate 2.0 0.5
rubber 0.30 3.33 Snow 0.22 4.65
Marinite 0.11 9.36 Steel, soft 46
Mercury 7 0.143 Steel wool 0.108 9.22
Mica sheet 0.65 1.53 Stillite 0.036 27.7
Mineral wool 0.056 23.1 Stone: granite 2.9 0.35
Nickel 58 0.0172 Limestone 1.5 0.62
Onozote 0.029 34.7 Marble 2.5 0.42
Paper 0.13 7.69 Sandstone 1.9 0.55
Perspex 0.21 4.8
Plaster 0.48 2.1
163 164
Thermal Conductivities of Different Materials Heat-Loss Coefficients
Material Conductivity Resistivity Watts/sq.
W/m K m K/W ft/F TD
Sundeala: insulating Watt loss through solid back walls (wall thickness, 8 in.):
Material Conductivity Resistivity Plain brick, no inside finish 0.146
W/m K m K/W Inside plaster direct on walls, no furring 0.135
board 0.052 19.3 Inside furred with 1/2-in. plaster 0.087
medium Inside 1/2-in. rigid insulation furred on brick 0.064
hardboard 0.074 13.9 Inside furred with 1 5/8. mineral-wool insulation 0.035
Tentest 0.05 19.8 Inside furred with 3 5/8-in. mineral-wool insulation 0.022
Thermalite 0.20 4.9 Watt loss through brick-veneer walls, wood framing, and
Tiles: sheathing:
Asphalt and asbestos 0.55 1.8 Inside plaster, no insulation 0.082
Burnt clay 0.84 1.2 Inside 1/2-in. insulating board 0.061
Concrete 1.2 0.90 Inside plaster with single-ply aluminum foil 0.053
Cork 0.084 11.9 Inside plaster with 2-in. mineral-wool blanket 0.025
Plaster 0.37 2.63 Inside plaster with 3 5/8-in. mineral-wool fill 0.017
Treetex 0.056 17.8 Watt loss through concrete-block walls, 8-in. concrete
Water 0.60 1.7 block with air cells:
Weyboard 0.091 11.1 No interior finish, no insulation 0.164
Inside plaster on blocks, no insulation 0.152
Weyroc 0.14 6.9
Inside furred and plastered, no insulation 0.091
Woodwool 0.040 24.8
Inside furred, plastered, and 1 5/8-in. insulation 0.035
Wool 0.043 23.1
Inside furred, plastered, and 3 5/8-in. insulation 0.022
Zinc 64
Watt loss through wall with wood siding or shingles, 1-in.
wood sheathing and moisture barrier:
Inside plaster 0.073
Inside 1/2-in. insulating board 0.056
Inside 1/2-in. insulating board and plaster 0.055
Inside 1-in. insulating board and plaster 0.044
Inside plaster with 2-in. insulating blanket 0.025
Inside plaster with 3 5/8 in. insulation 0.018
166
165
Heat-Loss Coefficients Heat-Loss Coefficients
Watts/sq. Watts/sq.
ft/F TD ft/F TD
Watt loss through floors: Watt loss through roofs:
6-in. concrete bare 0.173 Flat metal roof, no insulation beneath 0.275
4-in. concrete bare 0.202 Slate or tile on sheathing, no insulation 0.161
4-in. concrete with asphalt tile 0.173 Asphalt shingles or roll roofing, no insulation 0.155
4-in. concrete with double floor on sleepers 0.073 Wood shingles, no insulation 0.141
Double wood floor: Flat with tar and gravel, tar and gravel board 0.088
Over ground, solid, and unventilated foundation 0.100 Asphalt shingles with 1/2-in. insulating board 0.067
With lath and plaster beneath 0.073 Slate or tile with 1/2-in. insulating board 0.070
With 1/2-in. rigid insulation beneath joists 0.056 Wood shingles with 1/2-in. insulating board 0.064
With lath and plaster beneath and 3 5/8-in. rock- 0.019 Asphalt shingles with 3 5/8-in. insulation 0.025
wool fill 0.085 Slate or tile with 3 5/8-in. insulation 0.025
Over ground with asphalt tile surface 0.044 Wood shingles with 3 5/8-in. insulation 0.024
Over ground with 1-in. insulation blanket 0.030 (For reflective insulation use recommendations of
Over ground with 2-in. insulating blanket 0.023 manufacturer)
Over ground with 3 5/8-in. mineral-wool insulation Watt loss through windows and doors and glass:
Watt loss through interior walls: Glass, single thickness 0.331
Studding with lath and plaster, one side 0.097 Glass, double thickness (3/4-in. air space) 0.132
Studding with lath and plaster, both sides 0.095 Double glass (1/4-in. air space) 0.167
4-in. brick plastered both sides 0.126 Single glass with storm window 0.200
Studding with 1/2-in. rigid insulation, one side 0.075 Skylight, single glass 0.340
Studding with 1/2-in. rigid insulation, both sides 0.056 Skylight, double glass (3/4-in. air space) 0.141
Studding with 3 5/8-in. mineral-wool fill 0.019 Hollow-glass block wall 0.135
Watt loss through ceilings: Solid-wood door exposed to outside 0.150
Single wood on joists, no flooring above 0.132 Solid-wood door with glass storm door 0.103
Lath and plaster, no flooring above 0.181
Lath and plaster with double flooring above 0.070
Lath and plaster with 3 5/8-in. mineral wool above 0.019
1/2-in. gypsum board with 3 5/8-in. mineral wool 0.020
above 0.035
Lath and plaster with 2-in. insulating blanket 0.056
Lath and plaster with 1-in. insulating blanket
167 168
HUMAN BODY HYDRO POWER
Heat Loss Turbine Efficiency
Activity Total Loss, Sensible- Latent-heat Turbine Efficiency
Btu/hr heat loss, loss (%)
Btu/hr Btu/hr Undershoot Waterwheel 25 – 40
Seated at rest 330 180 150 Overshoot Waterwheel 50 – 70
Seated, very light work 400 195 205 Breast Wheel 50 – 60
Moderately active, standing, 450 200 250 Poncelet Waterwheel 40 – 60
light work Vertical Shaft Watermill 20 – 35
Light factory work 750 220 530 Impulse Turbine 70 – 87
Moderately heavy factory 1,000 300 700 Cross Flow Turbine 60 – 80
work Reaction Turbine 65 - 90
Heavy work 1,450 465 985
HYDRO POWER
Specific Speed of Various Turbine Types
HUMAN BODY Turbine Specific Speed
Heat Loss in Low Temperature Spaces Impulse Turbine
Single-Jet Pelton 10 - 35
Temperature of space, F Total heat loss, Btu/hr 2 – Jet Pelton 10 – 45
50 720 3 – Jet Pelton 10 – 55
40 840 Turgo 20 – 80
30 950 Crossflow 20 – 90
20 1,050 Reaction Turbine
10 1,200 Francis 70 – 500
0 1,300 Kaplan 350 – 1100
-10 1,400 Properteis 600 - 900
169 170
INCUBATOR IMPLEMENT
Operation Characteristics Criteria for the Selection
Bird Incub. Temp. Humidity Humi No Open Open Criterion Cultivator Chisel Plough Subsoiler
Period (C, (C, wet dity Egg Vents Vent intended use shallow, loosening at loosening and
(days) dry bulb) Last 3 Turni Addt'l s (if stubble tillage plowing depth breaking up of
bulb) (days2 ng 1/4 need plough sole
) After ed) chisel type wide to normal normal to narrow to normal
Chicken 21 37.8 29.4 - 30.6 90 18th 10 th
18th narrow
day day day tine type spring, spring spring loaded or rigid
Turkey 28 37.2 28.9 - 30 90 25th 14 th
25th loaded or rigid rigid
day day day angle of attack up to 60 deg. 30 deg. 30 deg.
Duck 28 37.8 29.4 - 30 90 25th 12 th
25th distance at least 55-60 at least 70 cm at least 75 cm
day day day between tines cm
Muscov 35-37 37.8 29.4 - 30 90 31st 15 th
30th furrow about 20 cm 25-30 cm 30-50 cm
y Duck day day day distance
Goose 28-34 37.2 30 - 31.1 90 25th 1 day 25th
st
required frame 70 cm 70-80 cm 70-90 cm
day day height
Guinea 28 37.8 29.4 - 30.6 90 25th 14 th
24th rear mounted necessary desirable desirable
day day day tools
Peafowl 28-30 37.2 28.9 - 30 90 25th 14th 25th working depth 5-15 cm 15-30 cm 30-50 cm
day day day
Coturnix 17 37.8 29.4 - 30 90 15th 8th 14th IMPLEMENT
Quail day day day
Pigeon 17 37.8 29.4 - 30 90 15th 8th 14th Draft of Moldboard Plow (N/cm2)
day day day Soil Equation
Silty clay 7 + 0.049 S2
Clay loam 6 + 0.053 S2
Loam 3 + 0.021 S2
Sandy silt 3 + 0.056 S2
Silty loam 2.8 + 0.023 S2
Sand 2 + 0.0.13 S2
S is speed in km per hour
171
172
IMPLEMENT IMPLEMENT
Differences Between Moldboard and Disc Plow Draft Requirement of Tillage, Seeding, and Planting
Criteria Disc Moldboard Equipment
inverting medium good Machine Typical Range of Requirements
mixing medium hardly
crumbling medium/good medium Tillage
burying of long stubble not completely completely Mouldboard or disk plough (Specific draft or force per furrow
plough sole compaction Little by landside (heel) cross-sectional area)
less by share Light soil 2.1-4.1 N/cm2 [3-6 lbf/in2]
susceptibility for Medium soil 3.4-6.2 N/cm2 [5-9 lbf/in2]
damage by roots little more Heavy soil 5.5-9.7 N/cm2 [8-14 lbf/in2]
and stones Lister ( in firm soil) 1.8-3.6 kN/bottom
possible fields of use Heavy, dry, stony clean [400-800 lbf/bottom]
soils forest soils fields Vertical-disk plough (one-way 2.6-5.8 kN/m [180-400 lbf/ft]
durability High medium Disk)
weight High Disk harrow
drought requirement High high Single-acting 0.7-1.5 kN/m [50-100 lbf/ft]
Tandem (light-duty) 1.5-2.9 kN/m [100-200 lbf/ft]
IMPLEMENT Offset or heavy tandem 3.6-5.8 kN/m [250-400 lbf/ft]
Specific Draft Subsoiler 120-190, 190-280 N/cm depth
[70-110, 110-160 lbf/inch depth]
Machine Normal Range Chisel plough or chisel-type field
Plow 5-12 lb/in2 of furrow section Cultivator 0.23-0.69 kN/m per cm depth
Lister 400-750 lb per row Field cultivator with sweeps, 8 to
One-way disk 150-350 lb per ft width 13 cm (3 to 5 in) depth 1.5-4.4 kN/m [100-300 lbf/ft]
Single-disk harrow 40-130 lb per ft width Powered rotary tiller,
Tandem-disk harrow 80-160 lb per ft width Conventional, 8 to 10 cm (3 10-17, 17-24, 21-28 equiv. N/cm3
Tandem disk harrow, 22 in- 170-225 lb per ft width or 90% of weight [15-25, 25-35, 30-40 equiv.
diameter, 9 in spacing lbf/in2]
Spike tooth harrow 30-60 lb per ft width Spring-tooth harrow 1.1-2.9 kN/m [75-200 lbf/ft]
Spring-tooth harrow 75-150 lb per ft width Spike-tooth harrow 0.3-0.9 kN/m [20-60 lbf/ft]
Duck foot field cultivator 90-160 lb per ft width Rod weeder 0.9-1.8 kN/m [60-120 lbf/ft]
Roller 30-60 lb per ft width
Subsoiler 80-160 lb per in. of depth
173 174
IMPLEMENT IMPLEMENT
Draft Requirement of Tillage, Seeding, and Planting Field Efficiency of Various Equipment
Equipment Equipment Field Efficiency
Machine Typical Range of Requirements (%)
Plow
Roller or packer .3-2.2 kN/m [20-150 lbf/ft] Indigenous 30-60
Rotary hoe 0.4-1.5 kN/m [30-100 lbf/ft] Moldboard 30-80
Row-crop cultivator Disk 30-80
Shallow 0.6-1.2 kN/m [400-80 lbf/ft] Disk Harrow
Deep 0.11-0.23 kN/m per cm depth Single action 65-85
[20-40 lbf/ft per inch depth] Double action 60-80
Planting Rotary Tiller 60-80
Row-crop planter,drilling seed Harrow
only 0.45-0.8 kN [100-180 lbf] per row Spike/Peg 70-90
Grain drill 0.4 - 1.5 kN/m [30-100 lbf/ft] Spring tine 70-90
Broadcaster Rolling or Leveling 60-80
Row-crop planter, most other Cultivating 60-85
crops including vegetables Row Planter 50-65
Fertilizer application Transplanter 30-60
Fertilizer spreader (broadcast) Grain Drill 60-75
Reaping or Binding 60-80
IMPLEMENT Combining 50-75
Typical Disk Harrow Blade Spacing and Weight per Mowing 50-80
Raking 60-85
Unit Length of Gang Baling 50-75
Disc Blade Dimension Blade Spacing Weight per Unit Field Chopping 40-70
(cm) (cm) Length
(Kg/m)
40 16 - 23 60 – 165
50 20 - 25 120 – 240
60 28 - 30 150 - 270
175 176
IMPLEMENT IMPLEMENT
Operating Speed of Various Agricultural Field Specific Power Requirement
Equipment Equipment Specific Power Requirement
Equipment Speed Plow
(km/hr) Indigenous 0.14-07 kg/cm2
Plow Moldboard 0.21-1.12 kg/cm2
Indigenous 1.6-3.5 Disk 0.21-1.00 kg/cm2
Moldboard 2.4-5.0 Disk Harrow
Disk 2.5-5.0 Single action 0.45-1.5 kg/cm
Disk Harrow Double action 1.20-2.70 kg/cm
Single action 1.6-4.2 Rotary Tiller 0.70-3.50 kg/cm
Double action 1.5-4.0 Harrow
Rotary Tiller 0.8-2.8 Spike/Peg 1.80-2.70 kg/peg
Harrow Spring tine 10.0-25.0 kg/tine
Spike/Peg 1.6-6.0 Rolling or Leveling 0.15-0.90 kg/cm
Spring tine 1.6-5.0 Cultivating 6-20 kg/shank
Rolling or Leveling 0.8-5.0 Row Planter 30-70 kg/row
Cultivating 1.6-4.0 Transplanter 10-20 kg/row
Row Planter 1.6-5.0 Grain Drill 6-22 kg/row
Transplanter 0.8-2.5 Reaping or Binding 1-2 kg/row
Grain Drill 1.6-5.0 Combining 2-4 kg/row
Reaping or Binding 1.6-3.5 Mowing 0.5-0.8 hp/ft
Combining 1.6-4.8 Raking 0.2-0.6 hp/ft
Mowing 1.6-4.8 Baling 1-3 hp/ton
Raking 2.4-5.0 Field Chopping 1-3 hp/ton
Baling 2.4-5.0
Field Chopping 3.0-5.0
177 178
IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
Manning Roughness Coefficients for Various Lengths of Run Furrows and Corrugations
Boundaries
Lengths of Furrows or Corrugations (ft)
Boundary Manning roughness n, Slope Loamy Sand Sandy Loams Silt Loams Clay Loams
ft1/6 (%) and Course
Very smooth surface such as glass, plastic, or 0.010 Sandy Loams
brass 0-2 250 - 400 300 - 660 660 - 1320 880 - 1320
Very smooth concrete and plane timber 0.011 2-5 200 - 300 200 - 300 300 - 660 400 - 880
Smooth concrete 0.012 5-8 150 - 200 150 - 250 200 - 300 250 - 400
Ordinary concrete lining 0.013 8 - 15 100 - 150 100 - 200 100 - 200 200 - 300
Good wood 0.014
Vitrified clay 0.015
Shot, concrete, untroweled, and earth 0.017 IRRIGATION
channels in best condition
Straight unlined earth canals in good 0.020
Permissible Velocities for Vegetated Channels
condition
Rivers and earth canals in fair condition - 0.025 Vegetative Cover Slope range Permissible Velocities in fps
some growth (%) Easily Eroded Erosion
Winding natural streams and canals in poor 0.035 Soils Resistant Soils
condition - considerable moss growth Bermuda grass 0-5 6 8
Mountain streams with rocky beds and rivers 0.040-0.050 5-10 5 7
with variable sections and some vegetation over 10 4 6
along banks Blue grama 0-5 5 7
Alluvial channels, sand bed, no vegetation Buffalo grass 5-10 4 6
1. Lower regime Grass mixture 0-5 4 5
Ripples 0.017-0.028 5-10 3 4
Dunes 0.018-0.035 Annual crops for 0-5 2.5 3.5
2. Washed-out dunes or transition 0.014-0.024 temporary protection
3. Upper regime Note: Use velocities over 5 fps only where good cover and proper
Plane bed 0.011-0.015 maintenance can be obtained.
Standing waves 0.012-0.016
Antidunes 0.012-0.020
179
180
Basic Reservoir Shapes of SFR Improved Surface System Characteristics
Type General Description Slope Storage Site and Situation Factors Redesigned Surface Level Basins
(%) Ratio Systems
Infiltration rate Moderate to low Moderate
Straight Suited to an area with an 2 - 15 2-7 Topography Moderate slopes Small slopes
embankment undulating topography. A dam Crops All All
is built across a valley and Water supply Large streams Very large
water is impounded on the streams
upstream side of the dam. Water quality All but very high All
salts
Rectangular On slightly sloping land, the <2 1.5 - 2.5
Efficiency Average 60-70% Average 80%
balanced excavated earth can be used to Labor Requirement High, training Low, some
excavation impound some water above required training
ground level. Capital requirement Low to moderate Moderate
Energy requirement Low Low
On higher slopes, it can be 2 - 12 1.5 - 2.5 Management skill Moderate Moderate
Machinery operations Medium to long Short fields
designed so that all water is fields
stored above ground level Duration of use Short to long Long
Semicircular Water is impounded against the 4-7 2.5 - 4.0 Weather All All
embankment slope behind a semicircular Chemical application Fair Good
embankment
Dugout pond The only design suited to flat
areas. A reservoir is
constructed by excavating the Flat 1.0
earth leaving a storage space
that can be filled with water.
Water is stored below ground
level and pumping is required
to draw out water.
181 182
Microirrigation System Characteristics Sprinkler System Characteristics
Site and Situation Factors Emitters Site and Situation Intermittent Continuous Solid-Set
and Factors Mechanical- Mechanical-Move and
Move Permanent
Porous Tubers Infiltration rate All Medium to high All
Infiltration rate All Topography Level to rolling Level to rolling Level to rolling
Topography All Crops Generally shorter All but trees
Crops High value required crops and vineyards
Water supply Small streams, continuous and clean Water supply Small streams Small streams Small streams
nearly nearly
Water quality All - can potentially use high salt waters continuous continuous
Efficiency Average 80-90% Water quality Salty water may Salty water may Salty water may
Labor Requirement Low, to high some training harm plants harm plants harm plants
Capital requirement High Efficiency Average 70-80% Average 80% Average 70-80%
Energy requirement Low to moderate Labor Requirement Moderate, some Low, some Low to seasonal
training training high, little
Management skill High training
Machinery operations May have considerable interference Capital requirement Moderate Moderate High
Duration of use Long term, but durability unknown Energy requirement Moderate to high Moderate to high Moderate
Weather All Management skill Moderate Moderate to high Moderate
Machinery operations Medium field Some interference Some interference
Chemical application Very good length, small circular fields
interference
Duration of use Short to medium Short to medium Long term
Weather Poor in windy Better in windy Windy conditions
conditions conditions than reduce performance,
other sprinklers good for cooling
Chemical application Good Good Good
183
184
IRRIGATION MEAT
Seasonal Evapotranspiration Crop Coefficient K for Storage Data
Irrigated Crops Product Storage Relative Storage life
temperature humidity %
Crop Length of Normal Evapotranspiration C
Growing Season or Coefficient Kb Bacon, fresh + 1 to -4.5 85 to 90 2 to 6 weeks
Periodd
Beef, fresh 0 to +1 88 to 92 3 to 10 days
Bananas Full year 0.80 to 1.00
Beef, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 9 to 12 months
Beans 3 months 0.60 to 0.70
Ham, fresh 0 to +1 85 to 90 7 to 12 days
Cocoa Full year 0.70 to 0.80
Ham, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 6 to 8 months
Coffee Full year 0.70 to 0.80
Lamb, fresh 0 to +1 85 to 90 5 to 12 days
Corn (maize) 4 months 0.75 to 0.85
Lamb, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 85 9 to 10 months
Cotton 7 months 0.60 to 0.70
Lard +7 to +9 90 to 95 4 to 8 months
Dates Full year 0.65 to 0.80
Lard, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 9 to 14 months
Flax 7 to 8 months 0.70 to 0.80
Offal, fresh 0 to +1 85 to 90 3 to 7 days
Grains, small 3 months 0.75 to 0.85
Offal, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 3 to 4 months
Grain, sorghums 4 to 5 months 0.70 to 0.80
Pork, fresh 0 to +1 85 to 90 3 to 7 days
Oilseeds 3 to 5 months 0.65 to 0.75
Pork, frozen -15 to -15 90 to 95 4 to 6 months
Orchard crops
Poultry, fresh 0 to +10 85 to 90 4 to 6 days
Avocado Full year 0.50 to 0.55
Poultry, frozen -15 to 20 90 to 95 8 to 12 months
Grapefruit Full year 0.55 to 0.65
Rabbit, fresh 0 to +1 90 to 95 1 to 5 days
Orange and lemon Full year 0.45 to 0.55
Rabbit, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 0 to 6 months
Pasture crops:
Sausages, fresh 0 to +1 85 to 90 3 to 12 days
Grass Between frosts 0.75 to 0.85
Sausages, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 2 to 6 moths
Potatoes 3 to 5 months 0.65 to 0.75
Veal, fresh 0 to +1 90 to 95 5 to 10 days
Rice 140 days 1.00 to 1.10
Veal, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 8 to 10 months
Soybeans 140 days 0.65 to 0.70
Venison, fresh 0 to +1 85 to 90 3 to 7 days
Sugarcane Full year 0.80 to 0.90
Venison, frozen -15 to -25 90 to 95 3 to 4 months
Tobacco 4 months 0.70 to 0.80
Tomatoes 4 months 0.65 to 0.70
Truck crops, small 2 to 4 months 0.60 to 0.70
Vineyard 5 to 7 months 0.50 to 0.60
185 186
MEAT PADDY
Thermal Properties Physical and Thermal Properties
Product Freezing Specific heat Specific Latent heat Angle of Repose
temperatur above heat below kJ/kg Emptying or Funneling 36 deg.
e C freezing freezing Filling or Piling 20 deg.
kJ/kg C kJ/kg C Density
Bacon, fresh -2 1.53 1.1 68 Bulk 567 - 623 k/m3
Beef, fresh -2 3.2 231 True 1324 - 1372 kg/m3
Beef, frozen 1.67 Coefficient of Friction
Ham, fresh -2 2.53 167 Steel 0.41
Ham, frozen 1.46 Smooth Wood 0.44
Lamb, fresh -2 3.0 216 Rough Wood 0.52
Lamb, frozen 1.86 Smooth Shiny Tin 0.48
Lard 2.09 210 Smooth Side Press Wood 0.55
Lard, frozen 1.42 Across Grain of Plywood 0.53
Offal, fresh -2 2.9 220 Rough Side Asbestos Cement 0.37
Offal, frozen Wall Board
Pork, fresh 2.13 128 Heat of Vaporization 2400 - 3100 kJ/kg
Pork, frozen Length 6.30 - 10.75 mm
Poultry, fresh -3 3.3 1.3 246 Porosity 46 - 64%
Poultry, frozen 1.76 Specific Gravity 1.17 - 1.26
Rabbit, fresh 3.1 228 Specific Heat 0.288 - 0.470 Kcal/kg -C
Rabbit, frozen 1.67 Surface Area 54 - 65 mm2
Sausages, fresh -2 3.72 216 Terminal Velocity 5.7 - 7.1 m/sec
Sausages, 2.34 Thermal Conductivity 0.1982 - 0.2655 Kcal/hr-m-C
frozen Thermal Diffusivity 0.0012130 - 0.0009055 m2/hr
Veal, fresh -2 3.08 223 Thickness 1.40 - 1.90 mm
Veal, frozen 1.67 Width 2.20 - 3.92 mm
Venison, fresh -2 3.05 220
Venison, 1.6
frozen
187 188
PADDY POWER
Recommended Drying Temperatures Consumption of Various Appliances (220 Volt)
Purpose Drying Temperature (C ) Appliance Watts
For seeds 43 and below Air Conditioner (evaporative - mobile) 1200-2500
For milling 54 and below Cassette Deck 30
For flash drying 90 and below Circular Saw (small) 1350
Coffee Grinder 75
Coffee Percolator 540
Computer (Desktop) 200
PLOWING
Printer (Ink Jet) 15 - 40
Specific Resistance Drill 250-500
Dishwasher 1000-3000
Soil Type Specific resistance of Specific Domestic Water Pump 500
Plow Resistance of Soil Exhaust fan 40 - 75
(N/cm2) (N/cm2) Fan 20 - 100
Sandy soil 2.1-2.5 2.0-3.2 Fax (standby) 10
Sandy loam 2.5-4.2 2.3-3.5 Floor Polisher 350
Loam 3.5-4.9 2.5-4.0 Freezer 500
Heater 500 - 3000
Clay loam 4.9-7.0 3.0-5.0
Iron 1250
Clay 7.0-7.7 3.5-6.0 Juicer/Blender 350
Kettle or Jug 1600 - 3000
PLOWING Microwave Oven 600 - 1000
Plowing Pattern Efficiency for Square Field Radio 15 - 60
Record Player 75
Refrigerator 300
Pattern Efficiency (%)
Sewing machine 60
Headland 93.0 Stove 5000 - 10000
Continuous 95.7 Television 60 - 200
Circuitous, diagonal turn strip 94.0 Toaster 500 - 1500
Circuitous, rounded corners 91.9 Vacuum cleaner 700 - 1200
Circuitous, 270 turn 84.0 Washing Machine 600
Welder - 140A 4000
Video Recorder 17 - 50
189 190
POWER TILLER POWER TRANSMISSION
Travel Speeds Square Key Selection Guide
Travel Speed
(American National Standard)
(cm/s) (km/h)
Rotary tillage 25 - 50 0.9 - 1.8
Miscellaneous 50 -70 1.8 - 2.5
field work*
Plowing 70 -120 2.5 - 4.3
Transportation** 15 or 25 or 30
* Puddling, inter-row cultivation, seeding, moving, etc.
** Nominally traffic law may determine legal speeds. Actual
max. speeds may be set by local customs.
POWER TILLER
Classifications
Light Medium Heavy
Power 6 hp and 7-10 hp 10-16 hp
below
Capacity 0.1 to 0.9 1.0-1.5 1.2-1.6
ha/day ha/day ha/day
Fuel 5-8 lpd 8-10 lpd 10-12 lpd
Consumption
191 192
POWER TRANSMISSION POWER TRANSMISSION
Pulley Arc of Contact Factor for C Plate Size Based on Width for Flat Belt
Arc of contact*, Factor, C Arc of Factor, C Size of plate Belt width, mm Diameter of bolt, mm
deg. contact*, C 0 38-51 6
180 1.00 132 0.87 1 small 64-102 6
174 0.99 126 0.85 1 large 127-152 7
168 0.97 120 0.83 2 small 178 8
162 0.96 114 0.80 3 small 254-406 10
156 0.94 108 0.78 3 large 432-508 10
150 0.92 102 0.75 4 533-610 11
144 0.90 96 0.72 5 Above 610 13
138 0.88 90 0.69
* For small pulley
POWER TRANSMISSION
Service Factors for Components of Farm Implements
POWER TRANSMISSION Function of operating unit Service factor
Correction Factors for Degrees of Contact on Small Cutting (sickle bars) 1.5
Cutting (sickle bars with counter weight) 1.3
Pulley Cutting (reels) 1.0
Arc of contact, Correction factor Arc of contact, Correction Pickup attachments for combines 1.0
degrees degrees factor Feeding (front cylinder beaters, feeder rolls,
180 1.00 133 0.87 draper canvas, etc.) 1.3
174 0.99 127 0.85 Threshing, chopping, etc. (combine cylinders,
169 0.97 120 0.82 corn-sheller cylinders, hammer-mill motors, 1.5
163 0.96 113 0.80 etc.)
157 0.94 106 0.77 Separation (rear cylinder beaters, straw 1.0
151 0.93 90 0.73 walkers, etc.)
145 0.91 91 0.70 Cleaning (fans, cleaning shoes, sieves, etc.) 1.0
139 0.89 83 0.65 Expelling (straw spreaders, husk blowers, etc.) 1.3
Delivery (augers, elevators, etc.) 1.3
Traction for self-propelled machines 1.3
Hydraulic system, oil pumps 1.3
193 194
Service factors, S Standard Roller Chain Dimensions, mm
Applicators Squirrel-cage ac Wound Single- Diesel Standard Pitch, P Max. roller Width, W Pin diameter,
motor rotor a-c phase engine, 4 chain number diameter, Dr Dp
motor capacity or more 25 6.35 3.30 3.18 2.30
(slip motor cyl, above 35 9.53 5.08 4.76 3.58
ring) 700 rpm 41 12.70 7.77 6.35 3.58
Agitators 1.0-1.2 1.2-1.4 1.2 - - 40 12.70 7.92 7.94 3.96
Compressors 1.2-1.4 - 1.4 1.2 1.2 50 15.88 10.16 9.53 5.08
Belt conveyors - 1.4 - - - 60 19.05 11.91 12.70 5.94
Screw - 1.8 - - - 80 25.40 15.88 15.88 7.92
conveyors 100 31.75 19.05 19.05 9.53
Crushing - 1.6 1.4 - 1.4-1.6 120 38.10 22.23 25.40 11.10
machinery 140 44.45 25.40 25.40 12.70
Fans, 1.2 1.4 - 1.4 160 50.80 28.58 31.75 14.27
centrifugal 180 57.15 35.71 35.71 17.45
Fans, Propeller 1.4 2.0 1.6 - 1.4 200 63.50 39.67 38.10 19.84
Generators and 1.2 - - - 2.0 240 76.20 47.63 47.63 23.80
exciters
Line shafts 1.4 - 1.4 1.4 1.6
Machine tools 1.0-1.2 - 1.2-1.4 1.0 -
Pumps, 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 -
centrifugal
Pumps, 1.2-1.4 - 1.4-1.6 - 1.8-2.0
reciprocating
195 196
Roller Chain Pitch Selection Chart Standard Roller Chain Sprocket Diameters for Chain
Number 40
Number of teeth Pitch diameter Outside diameter
11 45.08 50.88
12 49.07 55.02
14 57.07 63.26
15 61.08 67.36
16 65.10 71.46
17 69.12 75.55
18 73.14 79.64
19 77.16 83.73
20 81.18 87.81
21 85.21 91.88
22 89.70 95.95
24 97.30 104.09
25 101.33 108.15
26 105.36 112.22
27 109.40 116.28
28 113.43 120.33
29 117.46 124.40
30 121.50 128.45
31 125.53 132.51
32 129.57 136.56
34 137.64 144.68
35 145.75 152.78
38 153.79 160.88
39 157.83 164.93
40 161.87 168.99
41 165.91 173.04
42 169.95 177.09
43 173.98 181.14
44 178.02 185.19
45 182.06 189.24
197
198
Standard Roller Chain Sprocket Diameters for Chain V-Belt Specifications
Number 60 Type of Cross bb’ mm hb’ mm Power range (one or
Number of teeth Pitch diameter Outside diameter section more belts), watts
11 67.62 76.31 A 13 8 186-1457
12 73.60 82.52 B 16 10 746-18642
13 79.60 88.72 C 22 13 11186-74570
14 85.61 94.89 D 32 19 37285-186425
15 91.62 101.04 E 38 25 74570 and up
16 97.65 107.19
17 103.67 113.33
18 109.71 119.46 POWER TRANSMISSION
19 115.74 125.60
20 121.78 131.71 V-Pulley Specifications
21 127.82 137.83 Pitch diameter
22 134.54 143.92 Min. x, hg, a, bg, E, mm d,m l,mm
24 145.95 156.13 recomme Range mm mm degrees mm m
25 151.99 162.23 n ded, (mm)
26 158.04 168.33 mm
34 38 12.5 +1.8
27 164.09 174.42 65-140 3.2 12 12.8 9.5 12- 25-40
28 170.14 180.50 65
Over 140 -0 21
29 176.20 186.59
30 182.25 192.67 34 16.2 +3.8
115-180
115 4.4 15 38 16.5 12.7 16- 32-50
31 188.30 198.77 Over-180
-0 30
32 194.35 204.84 175-200 34 22.3 +3.8
34 206.46 217.02 175 201-305 5.1 20 36 38 22.5 17.5 30- 63-80*
35 212.52 223.09 Over 305 22.7 -0 50*
300-330 34 32 +6.4
38 218.57 229.17 300 331-430 7.6 27 36 38 32.3 22.2
39 224.63 235.25 Over 430 32.6 -0
40 242.80 253.48 36 38 38.8 +6.4
450-610
41 248.86 259.56 450 10.2 33 39.2 28.6
Over 610
42 254.92 265.63 -0
grooved V-pulleys
44 267.03 277.79
45 273.09 283.86
199 200
Belt Selection Chart Power Ratings for Section A V-belt
Rpm of Pitch diameter of small pulley, mm
Small 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Pulley
200 172 216 268 313 358 410 455 500 544 589
400 298 388 477 567 656 738 828 910 992 1081
600 410 537 671 798 917 1096 1171 1290 1409 1536
800 507 679 843 1007 1171 1335 1491 1648 1805 1961
1000 604 805 1014 1215 1409 1603 1797 1991 2177 2364
1160 671 910 1141 1365 1588 1812 2036 2245 2461 2670
1200 694 932 1171 1402 1633 1864 2088 2312 2528 2744
1400 776 1051 1320 1588 1849 2110 2364 2617 2863 3102
1600 850 1156 1462 1760 2058 2314 2625 2901 3169 3438
1750 902 1238 1566 1887 2200 2513 2811 3102 3393 3669
1800 917 1260 1603 1931 2252 2565 2871 3169 3460 3743
2000 992 1365 1730 2088 2431 2770 3102 3423 3729 4027
2200 1051 1454 1849 2230 2602 2968 3311 3646 3975 4280
2400 1111 1544 1961 2371 2767 3147 3512 3855 4191 4504
2600 1163 1626 2073 2498 2916 3311 3684 4042 4385 4698
2800 1215 1700 2170 2617 3050 3460 3848 4206 4549 4862
3000 1260 1775 2259 2729 3169 3594 3982 4347 4683 4981
POWER TRANSMISSION
Flat chord Belt Selection Chart POWER TRANSMISSION
Power Ratings for Section B V-belt
Rpm of Pitch diameter of small pulley (mm)
Small 120 130 140 150 160 170 185 190 200 220 240
Pulley
200 544 626 708 790 865 947 1066 1104 1178 1298 1447
870 1782 2081 2379 2677 2968 3259 3691 3833 4116 4534 5078
400 962 1111 1268 1417 1566 1708 1931 1998 2148 2364 2647
600 1335 1551 1767 1984 2192 2401 2714 2819 3028 3333 3743
800 1670 1946 2230 2506 2774 3050 3445 3579 3840 4236 4743
1000 1976 2319 2655 2990 3318 3646 4124 4280 4601 5063 5667
1160 2207 2595 2975 3365 3721 4086 4631 4802 5153 5667 6338
1200 2267 2662 3057 3438 3825 4198 4750 4929 5287 5816 6495
1400 2528 2983 3423 3855 4288 4705 5317 5518 5913 6488 7226
1750 2938 3475 3989 4497 4996 5473 6174 6398 6831 7457 8277
1600 2774 3274 3758 4236 4705 5160 5831 6048 6465 7077 7830
1800 2990 3535 4064 4586 5086 5570 6279 6503 6942 7606 8352
2000 3192 3773 4340 4884 5421 5928 6659 6890 7345 7979 8725
2200 3363 3982 4579 5153 5705 6227 6972 7203 7681 8277 8948
2400 3512 4161 4780 5369 5936 6465 7203 7435 7830 8426 9098
2600 3632 4303 4944 5548 6115 6637 7360 7606 7979 8501 9023
2800 3729 4415 5063 5667 6234 6749 7420 7606 7979 8426
3000 3796 4497 5145 5742 6286 6778 7397 7606 7904
201 202
. PSYCHROMETRIC CHART PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
High Temperature Normal Temperature
203 204
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART PUMPS
Low Temperature Selection Table for Pump capacity and Head
Type of Pump Low Capacity Medium High Capacity
LH HH Capacity LH HH
LH HH
Centrifugal x x x x x x
Single-Stage
Mixed Flow x x
Axial Flow x
Portable
Submersible x x x
Reciprocating
Plunger x
Reciprocating
Piston x x x x
Gear x x x
Vane x x x
Screw x x x x
Diaphragm x x
PUMPS
Overall Pump Efficiency
Pump Type Overall Efficiency
New electric motor and water pump 95
Reconditioned pump and motor units 60
205 206
PUMPS PUMPS
Performances of Water Pumps Characteristics Curve of Centrifugal Pump
Pump Type Range of Head Efficiency Starting Speed
Suction Discharge (%) Torque (rev/min)
(m) (m)
Piston 7 100 80 High 30
10 30 80 High 30
Double
Acting Piston 7 100 85 High 30
Screw 0 5 60 Low 30-400
Diaphragm 7 30 90 High 30
Rope and 0 50 High 2
Bucket
Spiral Wheel 0 1 60 Low 80
Propeller 0 7 60 Low 400-2000
PUMPS
Recommended Suction Pipe Diameter for
Various Flow Rates
Pump Pipe Flow Rate
(in) (m3/min) (lpm)
1 0.02 - 0.05 20 - 50
1-1/4 0.04 - 0.08 40 - 80
1-1/2 0.07 - 0.15 70 - 150
2 0.11 - 0.22 110 - 220
2-1/2 0.018 - 0.36 180 - 360
3 0.28 - 0.56 280 - 560
207 208
PUMPS PUMPS
Specific Speed Loss of Head in Feet, Due to Friction per 100 Ft of 15 Year
Old Ordinary Steel Pipe
Rated Flow Nominal Diameter of Pipe, in.
m3/ lps 1/2 3/4 1 1- 1- 2 2-1/2 3
hr 1/4 1/2
0.25 0.069 2.5
0.50 0.139 9.4 2.4
0.75 0.208 20.0 5.0 1.6
1.00 0.278 35.0 9.0 2.7
1.50 0.417 18.0 5.5 1.5
2.00 0.556 30.3 10.0 2.5 1.2
3.00 0.834 20.0 5.2 2.4
4.00 1.110 30.4 8.5 4.0 1.5
5.00 1.390 13.5 6.0 2.3
6.00 1.670 18.0 8.5 3.2 1.0
8.00 1.950 32.0 15.0 5.5 1.7
10.0 2.780 50.0 23.0 8.0 2.6 1.1
12.0 3.340 32.0 11.5 3.7 1.6
14.0 3.890 43.0 15.5 5.0 2.1
16.0 4.450 20.0 6.4 2.6
18.0 5.000 25.0 7.7 3.5
20.0 5.560 30.0 9.8 4.0
25.0 6.950 44.0 14.0 6.0
30.0 8.340 20.0 8.0
35.0 9.730 26.0 11.0
Pipe coefficients: The values of friction given in the table are for
commercial wrought iron or cast iron pipe of 15 years’ service when
handling soft clear water. For other classes of pipe, the values taken from
the table should be multiplied by a coefficients below:
New smooth brass and steel pipe = 0.6
New smooth iron pipe = 0.7
25-year old ordinary pipe = 1.2
209 210
PUMPS PUMPS
Pipe Friction Table – Galvanized Pipe Pipe Friction Table – Polythene Pipe/PVP Pipe
211 212
PUMPS PUMPS
Equivalent Resistance of Pipe Fittings and Valves Resistance of Valves and Fittings
(length of straight pipe in feet)
Nominal Pipe 90 Elbow Tee Gate Swing Check
Diameter Valve Valve
(in.)
1/2 1.55 3.10 0.36 4.32
3/4 2.06 4.12 0.48 5.72
1 2.62 5.24 0.61 7.27
1-1/4 3.45 6.90 0.81 9.58
1-1/2 4.02 8.04 0.94 11.2
2 5.17 10.3 1.21 14.4
2-1/2 6.16 12.3 1.44 17.1
3 7.67 15.3 1.79 21.3
213 214
REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION
Properties of Some Refrigerants Average Product Storage Density
Refrigerant Refrigerating effect, Remarks Category Description Density
Btu/lb standard cycle kg/m3
Ammonia 474.5 Highly toxic, flammable 1 Cauliflower 150 to 199
Carbon dioxide 55.5 Nontoxic, nonflammable, Flan cases
high operating pressure Pommes dauphines
Methyl chloride 150.3 Somewhat toxic, flammable Ice cream
Sulfur dioxide 141.4 Very toxic, nonflammable 2 Raspberries 200 to 249
Freon-12 51.1 Nontoxic, nonflammable Pizzas
Freon-21 69.5 Nontoxic, nonflammable Lobsters
Snails
3 Sheep, carcasses 250 to 299
Spinach greens
REFRIGERATION Beef, fore quarters
Lobsters tails
Air Velocity Requirement During Refrigeration of Tartlets
Some Products 4 Beef, hind quarters 300 to 349
Fruit, for retail and
Product Air velocity collectives
m/s
Green beans, for retail and
Fruit 0.3 to 0.45 collectives
Vegetables 0.35 to 0.45 Fish, for retail and
Meat, fresh 0.45 to 0.5 collectives
Dairy products 0.5 to 0.6 Sweets in pots
Nuts 0.35 to 0.45 Minced meat
Flowers 0.75 to 1.0
Chocolate products 0.2 to 0.3
Furs 0.6 to 0.75
Bottled goods 1.0 to 1.25
Canned goods 1.0 to 1.25
Wrapped and sealed products 0.75 to 0.75
215 216
Average Product Storage Density Percentage Moisture Content in Fresh Meats, Fruits
and Vegetables
Category Description Density
kg/m3 Product Moisture Content, % wb
5 Vegetables, for retail and 350 to 399 Beef
collectives Chuck 65
Chickens, guinea-fowl Flank 45
Pig, carcasses Loin 57
Chips Neck 62
6 Briskets, loins of pork, in 400 to 449 Plate and brisket 53
pallet cases Rib 59
Minced meat, steaks and Round 67
grills Shank, force 70
Geese, turkeys Shank, hind 69
7 Back fat, in pallet cases 450 to 499 Sides 60
Frozen fruit, for industry Lamb
Frozen vegetables, for Breast or chuck 56
industry Leg, hind (medium fat) 64
Frozen fish, for industry Loin 53
8 Paste for pastry 500 and over Neck 57
Meat, in case Shoulder 52
Butter, in carton Fore quarter 55
Ham shoulder, in pallet Hind quarter 61
cases Mutton
Chestnuts Chuck (lean) 65
Frozen fruit, in cans and Chuck (all analysis) 48
pallet cases Flank (medium fat) 46
Frozen eggs Leg, hind (lean) 67
Giblets, in cases Leg, hind (medium fat) 63
Italian style pastas, e.g. Loin (medium fat) 50
cannelloni, ravioli
217 218
Percentage Moisture Content in Fresh Meats, Fruits Percentage Moisture Content in Fresh Meats, Fruits
and Vegetables and Vegetables
Product Moisture Content, % wb Product Moisture Content, % wb
Neck (medium fat) 58 Fruits
Shoulder (lean) 67 Apples 83
Shoulder (medium fat) 62 Cherries 82
Fore quarter 53 Strawberries 90
Hind quarter 55 Grapefruit 88
Pork Lemons 89
Ham, fresh (lean boned) 60 Oranges 87
Ham, fresh (medium fat) 54 Pears 83
Loin chops (lean) 60 Peaches 87
Loin, chops (medium fat) 52
Loin, tenderloin 67
Middle cuts 48 RICE
Shoulder 51
Veal
Safe Storage Period (days) of Rough Rice at 0.5%
Breast 70 Dry Matter Loss as Function of Temperature and
Chuck 76 Moisture
Leg 74
Loin 73 Moisture Temperature (C)
Shoulder 73 (% wb) 10 20 30 40 50
Vegetables 10 220.4 181.9 161.4 152.7 139.5
Asparagus 94 15 123.2 98.2 66.0 41.0 3.0
Cabbage 91 20 23.4 13.7 8.0 5.5 4.7
Carrots 83 25 15.7 7.9 4.6 3.0 2.5
Lettuce 94 30 13.1 5.8 3.1 1.3 1.0
Peas 75
Potatoes, white 73
Potatoes, sweet 69
Tomatoes 94
Radishes 92
219 220
RICE DRYER RICE HULL
Recommended Temperature for Drying Paddy Physical and Thermal Properties
Purpose Drying Temperature ( C) Bulk density of rice hull = 0.10 g/cc
For Seeds 43 and below True density of rice hull = 1.61 g/cc
For Milling 54 and below Apparent density of rice hull = 0.65 g/cc
For Flash Drying 100 and below Apparent surface area of rice hull = 3855 m2/m3
Weight of rice hull = 3.087 mg
Total void space fraction = 93%
RICE HULL Porosity of fuel = 54%
Void space fraction between rice hulls, Eb = 85%
Average Production Region Rice hull contains 15 – 21% ash (SiO2) by weight
Region Metric tons Channel formation will occur in rice hull char at 8.5 – 9 cm/sec
Philippines 1, 932,846 superficial gas velocity and on rice hull at 20 – 23 cm/sec superficial gas
CAR 39,064 velocity
I Ilocos 168,125 Pyrolysis takes place at rice hull bed of 250 – 500 C
II Cagayan Valley 203,793 Bulk density of rice hull is approx. 100 – 120 kg/m3
III Central Luzon 341,191 Char is 32% of the husk bulk density
IV Southern Tagalog 203,504 1 kg of rice hull requires 4.7 kg of air for complete combustion
V Bicol 149,098 Tar higher heating value is 20 – 34 mJ/kg
VI Western Visayas 255,000 Condensable hydrocarbon and H2O is 30% by weight of rice hull
VII Central Visayas 38,004 At operating temperature of 1200 C carbonized rice hull will turn to ash.
VIII Eastern Visayas 85,225 Rice hull ash softening temperature is 1400 C
IX Western Mindanao 74,812 Slugging is formed by localized complete combustion of rice hull
X Northern Mindanao 78,019 resulting from high localized air flow
XI Southern Mindanao 133,328 Formation of caves or channels will allow air to reach the carbon surface
XII Central Mindanao 163,683 at
ER > 1.0
Rice husk has normally 12 – 16% moisture and about 20% at a very high
humidity condition
221 222
RICE MILL RICE MILL
Recommended RPM for the Different Sizes of Under- Design Requirements
Runner Disc Huller and Rubber-Roll Huller Machine Requirement
Paddy Cleaner with Vibrating Use 0.2 m2 of screen area per ton of paddy. For
Under-Runner Disc Rubber-Roll Huller Sieves and Aspirator capacities up to 10 tph use 8m3/minute of airflow per
Huller ton of paddy; for capacities more than 10 tph use 5
Stone Diameter Width RPM m3/minute
Diameter RPM (mm) (mm) High Low Scalper Cleaner with one Use 0.2 m2 of screen area per ton paddy with 14
Rotating Screen and Aspirator m3/minute of airflow per ton of paddy
(mm)
Scalper Cleaner with 2 Rotating Use 0.25 m2 of screen area per ton of paddy
400 670 150 64 1320 900 Screens and Aspirator
700 380 220 76 1200 900 Compartment Type Paddy
900 295 250 250 1000 740 Separator
Capacity 40 kg brown rice per hour for long grains, 60 kg
brown rice per hour for short grains.
New models has 65 kg brown rice per hour for long
grains, 100 kg brown rice per hour for short grains.
RICE MILL Abrassive Cone Whitener
Peripheral speed 13 m/s
Design Requirements Abrassive Cone Polisher Rpm is slower by 25% than abrasive whitening cone
Machine Requirement
Under-Runner Disk Huller
Abrassive coating Not more than 1/6 to 1/7 of stone diameter
RICE MILL
Peripheral Speed 14 m/s Capacities and Power Requirement of Rubber Roll
Recommended 50% by weight of emery grit 14, 15% by Hullers
Composition weight of emery grit 16, 33% silicium
carbide grit 16, 20% magnesite, 20% Dimensions of the rolls Capacity (t/h) Horsepo
chloride brine Size (mm) wer
Rubber Roll Huller Length Diameter Long grains Short require
Rollers Adjustable roll runs about 25% slower than grains ments
fixed roll; smaller roll runs faster than larger 4 100 220 0.9 1.25 2.5
roll 6 150 220 1.2 1.9 4
Peripheral speed 14 m/s 10 254 254 2.2 3.8 6
223 224
RICE MILL RICE MILL
Capacities and Power Requirements of Disc Shellers Operation
Disc diameter (mm) Capacity (kg paddy/h) Horsepower Operation Equipment By-Product
Precleaning and de-stoning Pre-cleaner and Destoner Foreign material such as
Requirements straw, chaff, weed seeds,
750 450-600 3.0 stones, metal sands
1000 700-1000 3.5 Paddy grading Thickness or length Paddy different length or
grader thickness
1250 1000-1400 4.0 Hulling or dehusking Under-runner stone disc Paddy of different length
1400 1600-2100 5.5 or rubber roll or thickness
Sifting Plansifter Coarse bran and germs
Husk aspiration Husk Aspirator Husk
Separation of paddy and brown rice Paddy Separator Return paddy
Brown rice grading Thickness length or Immature kernels or
grader brown rice of different
length or thickness
RICE MILL Conditioning of brown rice (exposing Conditioning tank None
brown rice to steam and air to increase
Vertical Cone Whitener Size, Power Requirements, moisture content from 14 to 15%)
and Practices Tempering of brown rice (allow
steamed brown rice to equalize to a
Tempering Bins None
uniform moisture content of 15%)

Cone Capacity (kg brown rice/h) Abrasive whitening (from brown rice to Abrasive Whitener or Bran and germ
a
diamete hp Single pass Double pass Triple pass undermilled rice) Whitening Cone
r (mm) Long Short Long Short Long Short Friction whitening (from undermilled to Friction whitener Fine bran
milled rice)
grain grain grain grain grain grain Rice polishing or refining (from milled Polisher or Refiner Very fine bran
500 4 350 420 570 680 680 800 rice to polished rice)
600 7.5 550 650 890 1100 1050 1250 Sifting Plansifter or Gyrosifter Brewer's rice
Rice grading 9from mixture of polished Indented Cylinder Grader Broken grain
800 10 750 900 1230 1450 1460 1725 rice to whole and broken rice)
1000 15 1000 1200 1700 2000 1900 2300 Sorting 9with mixed discolored grains Color Sorter Discolored grain
1250 20 1350 1600 2200 2600 2600 3000 to purely white milled rice0
Glazing or coating (addition of Glazing Drum None
1500 25 1700 2000 2700 3200 3200 3800 nutrients in the from of glucose talcum
a
Add 30% for whitening parboiled paddy. or lyzine)
Blending (whole enriched milled rice Mixing or Proportioning None
with brokens with known percentages) Tanks
Weighing Auto Weigher None
Packaging Packing Machine None
225 226
RICE MILL RICE MILL
Number of Bags to Worn Out Pair of Rubber Roller Peripheral Speeds and Operating Pressures of
Rubber Roll Size (in.) Number of Bags (50 kg paddy processed Horizontal Whitening Machine
per pair of rubber roll) Grinding Type Friction Type
2-1/2 200-250 Peripheral Speed Over 600 m/min Below 300 m/min
3 300-350 Pressure Below 50 g/cm2 Over 200 g/cm2
4 400-600
6 850-900
8 950-1000
10 1500-2000
Hulling efficiency ranged from 60-88%
RICE MILL
Comparison Between Grinding-Type and Friction-
Type Horizontal Whitening Machine
RICE MILL Grinding-Type Friction-Type
Capacities and Power Requirements of Disc Shellers Initial Middle Initial Middle
Stage Stage Stage Stage
Disc diameter (mm) Capacity (kg paddy/h) Horsepower Efficiency High Low Low High
Requirements Breakage Small Small Much Much
750 450-600 3.0 Whitening Degree High High Low Low
1000 700-1000 3.5 Glossiness Low Low High High
1250 1000-1400 4.0 Moisture Absorption Fast Fast Slow Slow
1400 1600-2100 5.5 Deformation Partially Partially Full Full
Embryo Removed Easy Easy Easy Difficult
228
227
RICE THRESHER RICE THRESHER
Performance Criteria for Mechanical Rice Thresher Design and Performance Specifications
Criteria Performance Data Threshing Cylinder
Threshing Recovery, percent minimum 97.0 Length 540 – 1200 mm
Threshing Efficiency, percent, minimum 99.8 Diameter 150 – 560 mm
Losses, percent, minimum Threshing Cylinder Speed 644 – 889 rpm
a) Blower Loss 1.2 Engine Speed 1427 – 3223 rpm
b) Separation Loss 1.3 Blower Speed 631 – 2672 rpm
c) Unthreshed Loss 0.2 Rated Power 3 – 16 hp
d) Scattering Loss 0.3 Fuel Consumption Rate 0.51 – 3.4 liters per hour
Purity, percent, minimum Actual Capacity 879 – 2548 kg per hour
a) With Sifter and Fan 97.0 Diameter to Length Ratio 0.24 – 0.73
b) Without Sifter and With Fan 95.0 Threshing Cylinder Peripheral 4.68 – 24.8 m/s
c) Without Cleaning Devices 80.0 Speed
Mechanically Damaged Grain, percent, 2.0 Specific Fuel Consumption Rate 0.13 – 0.32 liters/hr-rated hp
maximum Specific Output 275 – 1875 kg/liter of fuel
Net Cracked Grain, percent, maximum 5.0
Noise, Level, db (A) , maximum 95.0*
• Allowance noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure
based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Ministry of
Labor, Philippines. 1983.
RICE THRESHER
Recommended Operating Speed for Various Types of
Threshing Machine
Cylinder Type Hold-On Feeding Throw-In Feeding
Wire loop w/o concave 2650 3650
Wire loop w/ concave 2150 2900
Peg Tooth 2150 2900
Rasp Bar 2650 3650
229 230
SEEDER SEEDER
Seeds Specific Gravities Crops Seed Metering Requirements
Grain Kernel Specific Gravity Seed Metering
Barley 1.13 - 1.33 Seed Factors Agronomic Factors Requirements
Average
Corn, shelled yellow dent 1.10 Crop Throughout per
Corn, yellow and white 1.27 - 1.30 Row2
Flaxseed 1.19 Seed size Critical Typical Typical (g/s) (seeds/s
Grain Sorghum 1.10 (seeds/kg) Length Seeds Row )
(mm) per sq. m Spacin
Millet 1.22 - 1.26 g (mm)
Oats 1.11 Wheat 20,000- 4.5-6.5 120-140 180 2-4 60-120
Rice 0.95 - 1.06 40,000
Rye 1.23 Sorghum 25,000- 2.5-4.5 10-25 360- 0.3-0.8 10-26
40,000 910
Soybean 1.13 - 1.18
Cotton 8,000- 6-8 9-22 1,000 2.1-5 25-65
Wheat, hard 1.29 - 1.30 15,000
Wheat, soft 1.32 Sunflower 12,000- 6-10 4-6 540- 0.3- 10-15
25,000 750 0.5/13-20
Chickpea 6-9 40-60 180- 0.2- 20-
(Dessil) 5,000-7,500 750 4.8/13-20 30/80-
SEEDER (Kabuli) 2,000-2,800 9-11 30-40 120
180- 6.2-
Seed Density per Square Meter Area 750 8.5/25-34 15-
20/60-
Crop Average Seed Density( 80
(Seeds per m2) Soybeans 3,500-6,000 5-8 20-40 590- 6.4- 30-
Corn for grain 6 - 12 910 13/11-22 60/50-
Corn for silage 9 - 15 100
Maize 2,000-4,500 6-12 3-5 750- 1.7- 6-10/7-
Sugar beets 10 -15
910 2.8/2-3.5 12
Beans 30 - 60 Peanuts
Rape 50 - 90 (Spanish) 2,000-2,200 8-12 10-20 750- 10- 20-
Peas 60 - 100 910 20/12.5- 40/25-
Small grain 150 - 400 (Large) 1,000-1,500 12-18 8-16 25 50
750- 14- 17-
Ray-grass 700 - 2000 910 27/16-33 33/20-
40
Broad beans 600-1,000 20-25 10-16 180- 6.3- 5-8/25-
910 10/31-50 40
231 232
SEEDER SEEDER AND PLANTER
Gravity-Type Metering Device Performance for Mechanism and Types of Energy Sources
Granulated Crystalline Fertilizer Energy Source
Component Mechanical Electrical Pneumatic Hydra Combin
Metering Suitability Fertilizer Ease of Relativ Ease of Remarks
ulic ation
Device for Low rate Cleaning e Cost Manufact
Fluted roller Spinners/dis Blower for Pumpin Fluid
and High Control ure
Metering agitators, discs, k-operated picking of g for drilling,
Applicatio
devices drums, cell by electric seed in gels Pneumati
n Rates
plates, orifice motors pneumatic contain c
Adjustable Precision
plates planter ing planting,
opening with Easy manufact Inter-row
seeds etc.
notched, Good Increase Easy Low uring variation
Air Pumping gel
agitating the size difficult high
Seed Tubes, belts or conveyance through
disk
conveyors funnels through tubes and
Adjustable Easy to High
tubes and nozzles
orifice with Good Easy Easy Low manufac inter
nozzles
spur wheel ture Variation
Shovels, hoes,
runners, discs, T-
SEEDER AND PLANTER Furrow slots, ridgers
openers
Seed Plates Requirement for Pneumatic Planter Covering Seed firming,
devices wheels, chains,
Recommen No. of Seed-hole Air Suction Angle of leveling boards,
ded Seed holes on Diameter Pressure Seed Hole soil gathering,
Crop spacing Plate (cm) (kPa) Displacemen flaps, disc covers
(cm) t for Picking- Cast iron wheels,
up Seed () steels wheels,
Soybeans 5 32 4 4-7 11-25 Soil pressing open center type,
wheels solid rubber,
Sorghum 10 16 3 3-9 22-5 pneumatic and
Pigeon 10 16 3 3-9 22-5 convex or
pea concave shaped
Mustard 10 16 1.5 3-9 22-5 Transport and Rigid wheel,
Okra 20 8 3 3-9 45 drive wheels pneumatic type
Maize 30 6 6 3-9 60 wheel
Groundnut 15 12 6 3-9 24 Row markers Disc and blade
Cotton 45 4 4 3-9 90 type
Radish 10 16 2 3-9 22.5
233 234
SEEDS SEEDS
Plant and Row Spacing of Various Crops Grain and forage Seeds Density
Crops Plant Spacing (cm) Row Spacing (cm) Seeds Density (kg/m3)
Groundnut 5-10 22-60 Barley 616
Bluegrass 180-385
Soybean 4-7 20-60 Corn, popcorn
Maize 20-25 45-60 Ear 900
Cotton 20-40 50-80 Shelled 719
Peas 5-15 45-60 Cottonseed 410
Rice (transplanted) 15-20 20-30 Flaxseed 719
Grain sorghum 719-642
Sorghum 10-15 30-45
Oats 410
Sunflower 20 45-80 Orchard grass 180
Wheat 3-5 15-22 Rice (Rough) 577
Rye 719
Timothy 577
Wheat 770
Legumes (Field Beans, Soybeans, 770
SEEDS Cowpeas, Alfalfa, Clovers, Vetch)
Indicative Cake and Meal Composition Long, loose hay 12.5
Baled hay 6.0
Product Dry Proteins Fats Nitroge Crude Ashes Chopped hay 11.0
Matter Crude Digestible (%) n-Free (%) (%)
(%) (%) SEEDS AND GRAINS
Peanut
Cake 93.0 52.3 47.6 1.6 26.3 6.9 5.9 Angle of Repose
Meal 91.8 42.7 38.0 1.9 25.4 17.0 4.8
Seed/Grain Angle of Repose, Deg
Soybean Filling or Piling Emptying or Funneling
Cake 91.0 44.0 39.0 4.9 30.0 5.9 6.2 Barley 16 28
Meal 90.3 45.7 42.0 1.3 31.4 5.8 6.1 Corn (shelled) 16 27
Cotton
Oats 18 32
Cake 91.5 38.0 31.9 7.0 30.3 10.2 6.0
Meal 89.3 42.0 35.3 0.7 30.2 9.6 6.8 Rice (rough) 20 36
Rye 17 26
Sorghum (grain) 20 33
Soybeans 16 29
Wheat 16 27
236
235
SEEDS AND OIL SOIL
Yield for Various Crops Physical Properties
Common Name Scientific Name Indicative Yield Oil Content in Saturated Total Pore Space Apparent
of Seeds the Seeds Hydraulic (% by vol) Specific gravity
(t/ha) (%)
Almond Prutus dulcis 3.0 25 - 50
Soil Texture Conductivity, (As)
a
Bean, broad Vicia faba 6.6 1-2 Ks (mm/h)
Cashew Anacardium occidentale 1.0 38 - 46 Sandy 50 38 1.65
Castorbean Ricinus communis 5.0 35 - 55 (25-250) (32-42) (1.55-1.80)
Chickpea Cicer arietinum 2.0 5-6 Sandy Loam 25 43 1.50
Cocoa Theobroma cacao 3.3 50 (12-75) (40-47) (1.40-1.60)
Coconut Cocos nucifera 6000a 0.63b
Cotton Gossypium spp. 1.5 20
Loam 12 47 1.40
Mustard, white Sinapis alba 8.0 50 (8-20) (43-49) (1.35-1.50)
Pea, cow Vigna unguiculata 2.5 Clay loam 8 49 1.35
Peanut Arachis pypogaea 5.0 36 - 50 (3-5) (47-51) (1.30-1.40)
Sesame Sesamun indicum 0.5 50 Silty clay 3 51 1.30
Soybean Glycine max 3.1 17 - 26 (0.25-5) (49-53) (1.25-1.35)
Sunflower Helianthus annus 3.7 35 - 40
a
Nuts b
Oil ( t / ha) Clay 5 53 1.25
(1-10) (51-55) (1.20-1.30)
a
Saturated hydraulic conductivities vary greatly with soil structure and
structural stability, even beyond the normal ranges shown.
Note: Normal ranges are shown in parentheses.
237 238
SOIL SOIL
Physical Properties Texture Determination
Field Permanent
Capacity, Wilting, Available Water
Soil Texture FCv PWPv
(% by vol) (% by vol) (% by vol) mm/m
Sandy 15 7 8 80
(10-20) (3-10) (6-10) (70-100)
Sandy Loam 21 9 12 120
(15-27) (6-21) (9-15) (90-150)
Loam 31 14 17 170
(25-36) (11-17) (14-20) (140-190)
Clay loam 36 18 18 190
(31-42) (15-20) (16-22) (170-220)
Silty clay 40 20 20 210
(35-46) (17-22) (18-23) (180-230)
Clay 44 21 23 230
(39-49) (19-24) (20-25) (200-250)
a
Saturated hydraulic conductivities vary greatly with soil structure and
structural stability, even beyond the normal ranges shown.
Note: Normal ranges are shown in parentheses.
239 240
SOIL SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTE
Textural Triangle Ultimate Analysis
Material C H O N CL S MC Ash HHV
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (Btu/l
b)
Mixed 27.5 3.7 20.6 0.45 0.5 0.83 23.2 23.4 4,830
waste
Corrugated 36.79 5.08 35.41 0.11 0.12 0.23 20.0 20.26 6,322
Newsprint 36.62 4.66 31.76 0.11 0.00 0.19 25.0 1.55 6,233
Magazines 32.93 4.64 32.85 0.11 0.13 0.21 0.16 13.13 5,466
Other 32.41 4.51 29.91 0.31 0.61 0.19 23.0 9.06 5,481
paper
Plastics 56.43 7.79 8.05 0.85 3.00 0.29 15.0 8.59 11,58
6
Rubber/ 43.09 5.37 11.57 1.34 4.97 1.17 10.0 22.49 8,433
Leather
Wood 41.20 5.03 34.55 0.24 0.09 0.07 16.0 2.82 6,933
Textiles 37.23 5.02 27.11 3.11 0.27 0.28 25.0 1.98 6,595
Yard waste 23.29 2.93 17.54 0.89 0.13 0.15 45.0 10.07 4,005
Food waste 17.93 2.55 12.85 1.13 0.38 0.06 60.0 5.10 3,265
241 242
SOLID SOLAR ENERGY
Physical and Thermal Properties Typical Solar Transmission Factor
Material Density Specific Coef. of Melting Thermal Type of Terrain Solar Elevation
kg/m3 heat linear point conducti 90  60  30  10  5
capacity expansion °C vity W/m High Mountain 0.82 0.81 0.71 0.49 0.35
kJ/kg K K-1 K Flat country 0.77 0.74 0.61 0.35 0.22
Metal Large City 0.69 0.66 0.51 0.24 0.12
Aluminum 2700 0.890 25 x 10-6 660 240 Industrial Area 0.61 0.58 0.41 0.15 0.06
-6
Brass 8500 0.370 19 x 10 900 100
Bronze 8600 - 18 x 10-6 700 180
Chromium 7200 0.460 7 x 10 -6
1850 90 SOLAR ENERGY
Copper 8900 0.385 17 x 10-6 1083 390 Operating Range of Various Solar Energy Store
-6
Iron 7900 0.450 12 x 10 1535 75
Lead 11300 0.130 29 x 10 -6
327 35 Type of Store Storage Medium Maximum
Magnesium 1700 1.025 25 x 10-6 650 150 Temperature ( C )
Nickel 8900 0.445 13 x 10 -6
1453 90 Liquid Store Warm water 100
Silver 10500 0.235 19 x 10-6 961 420 Hot water 200
Steel 7800 0.480 10 x 10 -6
1400 35 Thermal oil 430
Tin 7300 0.230 21 x 10-6 232 65 Steam Store Water vapor 250
Tungsten 19300 0.140 4.5 x 10 -6
3400 180 Solid Matter Store Grey cast iron 500
Zinc 7100 0.390 30 x 10 -6
420 110 Ceramics, concrete 600
Plastics Magnesite 800
ABS 1070 1.450 60 x 10-6 - - Latent Store Salt hydrates 600
Neoprene 1240 2.000 200 x 10-6 - 0.20 Eutectic Mixture of 850
Nylon 1150 1.700 80 x 10 -6
220* 0.30 Salts
Perspex 1190 1.500 85 x 10-6 100* 0.18
-6
Polystyrene 1200 1.350 80 x 10 80* 0.17
-6
Polythene 930 2.300 200 x 10 90* 0.40
PVC 1250 1.650 150 x 10-6 80* 0.16
plasticized
Unplasticized 1400 1.050 100 x 10-6 80* 0.14
The values for metal alloys and plastics are typical values.
* Softening temperature.
+ Decomposes.
243 244
SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RADIATION
Estimate from Sunshine Duration and/or Cloud Estimate from Sunshine Duration and/or Cloud
Amount (Langley/Day) Amount (Langley/Day)
Place J F M A M J J A S O N D An Place J F M A M J J A S O N D An
nua nua
l l
REGION I Puerto 347 380 436 472 406 362 353 355 356 350 332 315 371
Baguio 361 405 442 428 352 296 267 236 252 295 297 298 327 Princesa
Bolinao 380 422 466 494 485 377 377 372 404 418 393 349 411 Romblon 344 384 433 487 456 393 382 365 371 376 344 320 389
Dagupan 418 464 512 547 510 428 377 372 356 418 393 404 433 San Francisco 367 412 451 472 475 370 370 370 361 337 353 331 389
Laoag 404 495 555 593 513 433 382 375 401 431 380 387 446 San Jose 365 410 446 460 438 394 356 359 352 374 376 356 391
San Fernando 380 464 512 544 510 428 377 422 404 418 393 367 435 Santa Cruz 294 366 448 472 425 472 372 372 358 334 304 285 375
Vigan 456 511 596 608 556 471 456 415 423 486 422 383 482 UPLB 342 416 486 545 492 439 400 381 359 371 322 294 406
REGION V
REGION II Daet 268 309 382 412 414 362 335 303 309 301 265 242 325
Aparri 257 350 387 459 404 404 404 350 330 341 266 246 350 Legaspi 232 237 286 307 301 274 238 218 221 231 213 197 246
Banawe 262 330 431 391 356 309 239 236 224 305 271 285 303 Masbate 238 283 338 367 351 284 352 238 248 257 240 217 276
Basco 216 226 278 346 362 316 314 307 286 257 224 206 278 Naga 186 203 287 303 305 235 235 235 226 211 191 180 223
Calayan 220 285 336 391 406 362 359 306 287 298 239 219 312 Sorsogon 180 181 256 307 309 266 266 266 259 242 174 210 243
Echague 228 255 325 391 356 355 309 304 288 264 182 170 286 Virac 265 302 361 398 378 346 361 303 296 297 265 245 314
Tuguegarao 291 326 383 459 474 404 406 350 330 341 266 246 357 REGION VI
Iloilo 352 393 446 460 400 356 356 301 352 338 344 325 369
REGION III Roxas 328 390 433 499 460 397 397 400 390 369 374 320 397
Cabanatuan 364 404 446 473 408 351 298 294 281 353 315 313 359 Victorias 312 361 424 461 418 357 358 374 361 353 321 292 366
Iba, Zambales 382 407 466 494 502 349 296 217 283 388 332 319 370
Olongapo 310 362 449 476 403 349 296 294 283 355 320 299 350 REGION VII
San Isidro 304 338 396 421 408 351 298 294 283 307 353 315 339 Cebu 306 329 392 402 359 298 298 301 298 340 315 299 328
Dumaguete 344 366 430 438 394 350 352 356 354 379 351 303 368
REGION IV Ormoc City 202 269 292 341 300 296 239 340 236 281 258 244 367
Alabat 334 409 448 497 448 422 372 372 358 379 344 322 392 Tagbilaran 306 329 430 441 397 354 354 359 354 340 315 299 357
Ambulong 393 431 520 549 500 422 372 372 358 424 385 361 424
Baler 294 345 394 432 408 339 316 289 272 300 282 264 328 REGION
Batangas 373 431 520 549 500 472 372 472 406 424 385 361 439 VIII
Boac 366 412 478 547 500 469 420 469 409 382 352 331 428 Borongan 246 267 328 380 341 336 298 300 292 277 256 241 297
Calapan 318 347 370 467 440 380 340 320 317 337 311 268 351 Calbayog 278 302 365 399 380 336 298 339 330 313 289 272 325
Casiguran 277 318 381 423 436 403 385 348 337 349 293 264 351 Catarman 295 331 381 438 402 377 339 339 330 344 285 267 344
Coron 394 432 506 520 447 385 378 361 371 398 377 260 411 Catbalogan 278 302 403 419 419 336 298 300 292 313 289 272 327
Corregidor 393 431 520 549 500 472 372 422 406 424 385 261 436 Maasin 254 273 332 341 336 332 294 298 294 283 262 248 296
Cuyo 323 359 412 418 350 288 277 267 284 311 310 314 326 Tacloban 282 304 368 399 377 334 296 298 292 317 291 276 320
Infanta 177 218 271 288 283 269 245 220 219 214 186 162 229
Lucena 334 400 467 502 470 397 372 342 339 348 328 308 384 REGION IX
Manila 335 411 483 511 473 437 396 368 368 358 364 342 404 Dipolog 275 294 361 368 340 310 312 316 314 304 302 269 314
Jolo 288 304 321 330 319 295 301 312 307 310 292 279 305
Zamboanga 304 328 347 349 324 302 308 307 314 318 303 294 317
245 246
SOLAR RADIATION SPRAYER
Estimate from Sunshine Duration and/or Cloud Pest Control Machines, Types of Chemicals, and
Amount (Langley/Day) Diameter of Particels
Place J F M A M J J A S O N D An Size distribution Mean diameter of
nua
l Machines Chemicals (m) particles
REGION X (m)
Butuoan 275 294 338 344 340 333 312 316 338 304 281 269 312
Cag. de Oro 292 307 352 368 335 310 310 307 307 308 294 281 314 Sprayer liquid 150-440 200
Hinatuan 279 298 338 344 338 331 310 316 314 372 285 273 287 Mist blower liquid 30-100 40
Malaybalay 300 320 361 368 314 308 275 281 314 304 281 269 308
Surigao 271 292 314 346 342 314 314 318 312 382 275 265 305 ULV or LV liquid 40-140 70
sprayer
REGION XI
Davao 283 315 337 342 317 295 299 305 307 306 294 277 306
Fog machine liquid 0.5-50 4
Gen. Santos 322 356 361 363 347 318 322 331 335 336 313 300 334 Sprinkler liquid 1,500-3,000 2,000
Duster powder 0.5-100 10
REGION XII
Cotabato 309 362 351 349 327 311 313 321 314 315 307 296 320 Granular granule 297-1,680 850
spreader
m means 10-6 m
SPRAYER
CLASSIFICATION OF SPRAYING METHODS WITH SPRAYING
VOLUME
spraying method spraying volume (l/ha) spraying machine
high volume more than 500 power sprayer
semi low volume 100-500 mist machine
low volume 30-100 low volume sprayer
very low volume 6-30
ultra low volume less than 6 ULV sprayer
247
248
SPRAYER STORAGE
Characteristics and Types Chung and Pfost Equilibrium Constant
Type of agricultural Characteristics Grain Constant
chemicals A B C D E
emulsion Liquid. The main chemical, being insoluble in water, is Beans, 1334.93 14.964 120.098 0.480920 0.066826
dissolved by organic solvents; emulsifiers and adjuvants are edible
added. Corn, 620.56 16.958 30.205 0.379212 0.058970
water solution liquid Liquid. The main chemical is readily soluble in water. Surface Yellow dent
activating agents, antifreeze agents and others are added. Peanut, 506.65 29.243 33.892 0.212966 0.034196
oil solution liquid Liquid. The main chemical is soluble in water. An organic Kernel
solvent is used for dilution. Peanut, Pod 1037.19 37.093 12.354 0.183212 0.026383
water dispersive Powder. The main chemical is insoluble in water. Surface Rice, Rough 1181.57 21.733 35.703 0.325535 0.046015
powder activating agents are increasers are added. Used as a suspension. Sorghum 2185.07 19.644 102.849 0.391444 0.050970
flowable sol Solid. The main chemical is almost insoluble in solvents. Used Soybean 275.11 114.967 24.576 0.375314 0.066816
as a suspension. Wheat, 1831.40 18.077 112.350 0.415593 0.055318
water soluble powder Powder. The main chemical is water soluble and is mixed with Durum
a water-soluble increaser and adjuvant. Wheat, Hard 1052.01 17.609 50.998 0.395155 0.056788
DL type powder Dl means Drift-Less powder. It has little drift and scattering. Wheat, Soft 1442.54 23.607 35.662 0.308163 0.042360
The mean diameter of the powder is about 25m. The quantity
of grains with a diameter of under 10m is less than 20 %. Its
apparent specific gravity is a little higher than standard-type STORAGE
powder and its fluidity is good. Safe Storage Life at Different Moisture Levels and at
flow dust (FD) Powder for horticulture. Its mean diameter is 2m and its
spreading quantity is about 300-500g/10a. Different Grain Temperatures (Beyond these limits,
micro grain (F) Powder protects the operator and prevents environmental grain quality rapidly deteriorates)
contamination. Its mean diameter is in the range of 60-210m.
dust The grain size differs according to the objective. For rice plants, Grain Safe Storage Life (days) at Indicated Moisture Content
the diameter is in the range of 0.8-1.0 mm. temperature 14% 15.5% 17% 18.5% 20% 21.5%
micro capsule The active ingredients of chemicals are covered with a natural
polymer (gelatin) or a synthetic polymer (polyvinyl alcohol). (C)
The diameter ranges from 5-6 to 500-600m. The ingredients 38 8 4 2 1 0
are extracted from the capsule under prescribed conditions. 32 16 8 4 2 1 0
aerosol The active ingredients are dissolved by liquefied gas (Freon) 27 32 16 8 4 2 1
and packed in a pressure vessel.
21 64 32 16 8 4 2
fumigant The active ingredients evaporate at normal or high temperatures
or with water.
249 250
STORAGE SUBSTANCES
Hygroscopic Equilibrium for Paddy Heat of Combustion
Moisture Percent relative humidity at temperature of Heating Heating
(%) 21C 24C 27C 29C 32C 35C 38C Substance Value, Btu Substance Value, Btu
10 45.4 46.8 48.2 49.6 51.0 52.4 53.9 per lb, dry per lb, dry
12 61.1 52.2 63.3 64.4 65.5 66.6 67.7 Petroleum coke 15,800 Rags (linen) 7,132
14 74.0 74.8 75.6 76.3 77.1 77.8 78.6 #1 Gilsonite selects* 17,699 Rags (cotton) 7,165
18 90.1 90.4 90.6 90.9 91.2 91.5 91.8 Asphalt 17,158 Cotton batting 7,114
20 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.7 94.9 95.0 95.2 Pitch 15,120 Corrugated fiber 5,970
carton
Soot (from oil) 11,787 Newspaper 7,883
Soot (from smokeless 7,049 Wrapping paper 7,106
STORAGE coal)
Recommended Level of Moisture for Rice Storage Soot ( Island Creek) 5,425 Oats 7,998
Soot (Red Jacket 10,569 Wheat 7,532
Purpose Duration MC Thacker)
(months) (% wb) Soot (Crystal Block 4,951 Oil (cottonseed) 17,100
Seeds 11-23 13 Winifrade)
4-6 12 Wood sawdust (oak) 8,493 Oil (lard) 16,740
7-12 11 Wood sawdust (pine) 9,347 Oil (olive) 16,803
Food 1-3 14 Wood sawdust (pine) 9,696 Oil (paraffin) 17,640
4-6 13.5 Wood sawdust (hemlock) 7,797 Oil (rape) 17,080
7-12 13 Wood sawdust ( fir) 8,249 Oil (sperm) 18,000
0.5-0.75 18 Wood sawdust (spruce) 8,449 Candy 8,096
Wood shavings 8,248 Butter 16,560
Wood shavings 8,878 Casein 10,548
((hardwood
auto bodies)
251 252
SUBSTANCES SUNFLOWER OIL (SFO) BLEND WITH
Heat of Combustion DIESEL FUEL (DF) PROPERTIES
Heating Heating (Gross Heating Value and Kinematic Viscosity)
Substance Value, Btu Substance Value, Btu
Blend Gross Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) at
per lb, dry per lb, dry
Wood bark (spruce) 8,817 Egg white 10,260 Heating
Wood bark (hemlock) 8,753 Egg yolk 14,580 Value 40C 60C 80C
Wood bark (fir) 9,496 Fats ( animal) 17,100 (MJ/kg)
Wood bark (fan) 7,999 Hemoglobin 10,620 Diesel 45.28 2.91 2.12 1.22
(blood) Fuel
Brown skins from peanuts 10,431 Waste hemp hurds 7,982 SFO, Raw 41.45 18.60 11.21 4.90
Corn on the cob 8,100 Cottonseed hulls 8,600 oil
(fusion 2342 F) SFO, 39.42 31.31 17.53 7.49
Rags (silk) 8,876 Pecan shells 8,893 Refined
Rags (wool) Coffee ground 10,058 Oil
Pecan shells ( few SFO/DF:
meats left in them 10,144
20/80 44.65 5.53 3.66 1.99
30/70 43.72 7.26 15.21 7.21
SUBSTANCES 50/50 42.47 9.43 6.17 3.25
Specific Heat 60/40 41.42 11.57 7.21 3.94
70/30 40.75 16.16 9.32 4.43
Materials Temperatu Specific Heat, 80/20 40.10 17.84 13.09 4.89
re, ˚F Btu/(1b) ( ˚ F) 90/10 39.46 23.05 14.02 5.89
Air 68 0.24
Ammonia (anhydrous) 32 0.983
Brine (calcium chloride, density 1.2 32 0.71
Concrete - 0.25
Glass 50-122 0.16
Ice 32 0.50
Ice Cream Mix (12% Fat) 35 0.78
Milk 32-142 0.935
Steel 50 0.12
Water 55 1.00
Wood 50 0.44
253 254
TOOLS TRACTOR
Typical Tempering Temperatures for Various Tools Power Requirement per Meter of Tillage Implement
Degrees Temper Color Tools
F (C)
380 (193) Very light Tools that require maximum
yellow hardness: lathe centers and cutting
tools for lathes and shapers.
425 (218) Light straw Milling cutters, drills and reamers.
465 (241) Dark straw Taps, threading dies, punches, dies,
and hacksaw blades.
490 (254) Yellowish Hammer faces, shear blades, rivets
brown sets, and wood chisels
525 (274) Purple Center punches and scratch awls.
545 (285) Violet Cold chisels, knives, and axes.
590 (310) Pale blue Screwdrivers, wrenches, and
hammers.
255 256
TRACTOR TRACTOR
Transmission Efficiency Coefficient of Rolling Resistance
Location % of the Net Engine Power Condition of Ground Coefficient of Rolling Resistance
Transmission Box 0.96 – 0.98 Surface Wheel type Crawler type
Power Take Off Power 0.87 – 0.90 Asphalt road 0.04 0.05
Drawbar Power 0.75 – 0.81 Dry hard ground 0.07 0.07
Axle Power 0.82 – 0.87 Hard grassland 0.10 0.07
Mown meadow 0.01 0.08
TRACTOR Soft sandy road 0.12 0.10
Coefficient of Traction of Wheel Tractor Field just after 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
Condition of Ground Surface Coefficient of Slippage cultivation
Traction (%) (%) Deep mud 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
Concrete road 75-57 5 Fine sand 0.30-0.40 0.10
Dry clay 66-52 16
Sandy loam 58-45 16
Dry fine sand 42-29 16
Gravel road 41-32 5
TRACTOR
Meadow 41-33 8 Power Take-Off Shaft Dimension
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
TRACTOR Nominal diameter 35 mm 35 mm 45 mm
Plow Capacities of Tractor Standard Operating Speed 5540 rpm 1000 rpm 1000 rpm
No. of Splines 6 21 20
Engine Horsepower Number of Moldboard Plow
Bottoms
8 - 12 One 12 in.
15 - 20 One 16 in. or two 10 in.
25 – 30 Two 14 in.
35 - 45 Three 14 in. or 16 in.
50 - 60 Four 14 in.
65 - 75 Five 16 in.
80 - 130 Six 16 in.
257 258
TRACTOR TRACTOR
PTO Thrust Forces Tractor Requirements for a Field Cultivator
PTO Power Thrust (PTO hp/shank)
KW hp KN Lbf Depth Speed PTO hp/shank
35 mm PTO 15-25 20.1 - 33.5 7 1575 (cm) (Kph) Sandy Loam Clay
Over 25-40 33.5 - 53.6 9 2025
Loam
Over 40-60 53.6 - 80.5 11 2475
Over 60-110 80.5 - 147.5 13 2925
13 8 2.7 3.7 5
Over 110 147.5 14 3150
45 mm PTO Over 110 147.5 18 4050 TRACTOR
Tractor Requirements for a Subsoiler
(PTO hp/shank)
TRACTOR
Tractor Requirements for a Chisel Plow Depth Speed PTO hp/shank
(cm) (Kph) Loam Clay
(PTO hp/shank) 30 6.5 17 25
Depth Speed PTO hp/shank 45 6.5 26 38
(cm) (Kph) Sandy Loam Clay 60 6.5 35 50
Loam
16 8 3.0 6 10 TRACTOR
20 8 4.5 8 14 Tractor fuel Consumption
25 8 5.5 10 17
30 8 6.5 12 20 Tractor Type Fuel consumption
(gal per hour-rated drawbar hp)
Wheel-type, gasoline 0.085
Wheel-type LP gas 0.105
Wheel-type, diesel 0.065
Track-type, gasoline 0.090
Track-type, diesel 0.075
259 260
TRACTOR VEGETABLES
Standard Three-Point Free-Link Attachment for How to Freeze
Hitching Implement to Agricultural Wheel Tractors Asparagus Wash very well. Cut about 2 inches long and remove the tender
portion of stalks. Tie loosely into bunches. Boil blanch small stalks
Category I Category II Category III Category IV for 2 minutes and large stalks for 4 minutes. Cool at once, drain and
15-35 KW 30-75 KW 60-168 KW 136-300 KW dry. Pack, seal, label and freeze.
Upper Hitch min max min max min max min max Carrot Choose very young carrots. Wash very well to get rid of dirt. Scrape
Point the skin. Small carrots may be frozen whole while large ones may be
Width Inside 44.5 - 52.3 - 52.3 - 65 - cut into sticks or cubes depending on intended use. Boil blanch whole
Width Outside - 85.9 - 95.3 - 96.3 - 132 carrots for 5 minutes and cut or sliced ones for about 2 minutes. Cool
Clearance 57.2 - 57.2 - 57.2 - 76.2 - at once, drain and dry. Pack, seal, label and freeze.
radius for upper Cauliflower Choose white, well-formed heads. Wash very well. Cut stem close to
link the head and break into flowerets about 1 inch across. Soak in salt
Hitch pin hole 19.3 19.56 26.65 25.9 32.0 32.26 45.2 46.5 solution (1/4 cup of salt per quart of water) to remove insects. After 30
diameter 1 minutes, wash again to remove salt. Boil blanch for 3 minutes. Cool
Lower Hitch immediately, drain and dry. Pack, seal, label and freeze.
Point Corn, Cut Remove husk and silk. Wash and boil blanch for 6-10 minutes
Stud diameter 21.84 22.10 28.19 28.4 36.32 36.58 49.7 50.8 depending on size of ears. Cool at once. Cut down corn from cobs
5 halfway through their kernels and milk juice. Pack in rigid containers.
Linchpin hole 38.86 - 46.52 - 48.52 - 68 - Leave ½-inch head space. Cover the containers, label and freeze.
distance Corn, on the Remove husk and silk. Wash and boil blanch for 6-10 minutes
Linchpin hole 11.68 12.19 11.68 12.1 11.68 12.19 17.5 18 cob depending on size of ears. Cool at once. Wipe dry. Pack in plastic
diameter 9 bags or cellophane and freeze.
Lower hitch 681.0 684.3 822.5 625. 963.7 966.7 1165 1168 Green Beans Wash very well. Sort out according to size. Small abitsuelas may be
point spread 5 (Abitsuelas) frozen whole while the large ones should be cut into pieces, 1-2 inches
Clearance 63.5 - 73.2 - 82.6 - 82.6 - long. Boil blanching will take 3 minutes while steam blanching will
radius to lower take 4 minutes. Cool at once. Drain very well and dry. Pack, seal,
link label and freeze.
Implement 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 Eggplant Wash very well. Cut into 2-inch sticks or 1-inch cubes. Immediately,
encroachment in soak in water to prevent discoloration. It is advised to have a bowl of
front of lower water ready where pieces are dropped as they are cut. Boil blanch for
hitch point if about 3 minutes. Cool at once. Drain very well and dry. Pack, seal
implement and freeze.
extends laterally Hyacinth Wash very well. Remove the stems. Sort out according to size. Boil
behind tire Beans (Bataw) blanch for 3 minutes. Steam blanch for 4 minutes. Cool at once.
Implement Mast 457 483 559 686 Drain very well and dry. Pack, seal, label and freeze.
Height Leafy Greens Wash very well. Discard bruised leaves. Boil blanch for 2 minutes.
Cool at once. Drain very well and dry. Pack, seal, label and freeze.
Okra Choose young tender pods. Remove the stems. Sort out according to
size and cut into two if large. Boil blanch for 2 minutes or steam
blanch for 3-1/2 minutes. Cool at once. Drain very well and dry.
Pack, seal, label and freeze.
261 262
WAREHOUSE WIND ENERGY
Optimum Recommended Stack Height Design Values for Various Airfoils
Type of grain Stack height in layers Stack height in Airfoil Geometrical Description (Cd/ Angl Cl
meters Cl) e of
Wheat, barley and Maize 18 4.57 min Atta
Paddy 16 4.27 ck
Rice 16 4.27 Sail and Pole c/3 0.1 5 0.8
c/10
c
Flat Steel Plate 0.1 4 0.4
WAREHOUSE
Arched Steel f f/c = 0.02 4 0.9
Recommended Dimension Based on Capacity Plate 0.70 0.02 3 1.25
c f/c =
Number of Cavans Dimension
0.10
10,000 10 m x 30 m
Arched Steel f/c = 0.05 5 0.9
50,000 20 m x 48 m Plate with 0.07 0.05 4 1.1
100,000 25 m x 78 m Tube on f f/c =
500,000 75 m x 142 m Concave Side 0.10
d
d <0.1 c
Arched Steel
Plate with f/c = 0.2 14 1.25
Tube on 0.1
Convex side
Sail Wing cloth or sail
0.05 2 1.0
steel
cable
tube
264
263
WIND ENERGY WIND ENERGY
Coefficient of Performance of Wind Machine Tip Speed Ratio for Horizontal Wind Machines for
Various Number of Blades
Tip Speed Ratio Number of Blades
1 6 – 20
2 4 – 12
3 2–6
4 2–4
5-8 2–3
8 – 15 1–2
WIND ENERGY
Windpumping Niches Versus Other Pumping
Technologies
265 266
Mean Monthly Wind Velocity (m/s) Mean Monthly Wind Velocity (m/s)
Station J F M A M J J A S O N D Station J F M A M J J A S O N D
Alabat 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 4 Pag-asa 4 5 3 3 4 4 5 6 4 4 4 5
Aparri 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 Palawan
Baguio 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 Puerto 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Basco 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 6 6 Princesa
Borongan 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Romblon 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4
Cagayan de 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Roxas 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4
Oro San 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
Calapan 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 Francisco
Calayan 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 Tacloban 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Catbalogan 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 Tuguegarao 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Cebu 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 Vigan 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Cuyo 9 8 6 5 2 2 2 4 3 5 7 9 Virac 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Daet 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 Zambaonga 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Dagupan 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Source: Climatological Division, PAG-ASA, Philippines
Davao 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
General 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Santos
Iba 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
Iloilo 6 6 5 5 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 5
Infanta 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
Itbayat 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
Laoag 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
Legaspi 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
Lucena 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Lumbia 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
Masbate 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Munoz 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
268
267
Wind Power Densities (watts/m2) Beufort Scale
Description of Wind Observation Speed, Mph
Calm Smoke rises vertically. 0.1
Light air Smoke drifts slowly. 1-3
Light breeze Wind felt on face. Leaves rustle. 4-7
Gentle breeze Leaves and small twigs in constant
motion. Flags or streamers extend. 8-12
Moderate breeze Raises dust. Small branches move. 13-18
Fresh breeze Small trees begin to sway. 19-24
Strong breeze Large branches in motion. 25-31
Umbrellas difficult to hold
Moderate gale Whole trees in motion. 32-38
Fresh gale Breaks twigs off trees. 39-46
Difficult to walk.
Strong gale Slight structural damage to roofs 47-54
and signs possible.
Full gale Trees uprooted. Considerable 55-63
structural damage occurs.
Storm Widespread damage 64-72
WOOD
Specific Gravity of Various Wood Specie
Specie Specific Gravity
Coconut Wood Hard Outer layer 0.59
Coconut Wood Inner portion 0.26
Apitong 0.82
Yaka- Gisok 0.76
269 270
WOOD REFERENCES
Approximate Moisture Content Range for Various
Timber Uses AMTEC. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards. Volume I.
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. College of
Uses Moisture Content Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology. University of the Philippines,
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Furniture 11 - 17
Flooring 11 – 17
Framing Timber (houses) 15 – 20 AMTEC. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards. Volume II.
Joinery Interior 12 – 16 Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. College of
Mouldings 12 –1 6 Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology. University of the Philippines,
Sporting goods 8 – 12 Los Banos, College Laguna.
Agricultural Implements 15 – 20
Boxes and Crates 15 – 18
AMTEC. Test Data Bulletin for Mechnical Rice Threshers. Agricultural
Pole and Railroad ties 25 – 30
Motor Body Building 15 – 18 Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. U.P Los Banos, Laguna.
Veneer and Plywood 8 – 14 December 1990. 20pp.
Weatherboard 15 - 17
AMTEC. Test Data Bulletin for Small Engines. Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center. U.P Los Banos, Laguna. July 1990. 28pp.
WOOD
Uses of Coconut Timber for Building Construction AMTEC. Test Data Bulletin for Hand Tractors. Agricultural Machinery
Uses Portion of Coconut Timber
Testing and Evaluation Center. U.P Los Banos, Laguna. March 1993.
Post Solid – round form 31pp.
Flooring Hard
Trusses Hard Approvecho Institute. Fuel-Saving Cookstoves. 1984. GATE/GTZ.
Floor Joist Hard Federal Republic of Germany. 128pp.
Stairs and Railings Hard
Door Panels Hard
ASAE Standards 1997. Standards Engineering Practices Data. 44th Edition.
Rafters Hard
Window Jambs Hard
American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 978 pp.
Sidings Hard with soft
Ceiling Hard with soft ASHRAE. 1997 Fundamental Volume. American Society of Heating,
Jalousies Hard with soft Refrigeration and Airconditioning Engineers.
Studs Medium
Purlins Medium Bhattacharya, S. C. and R. M. Shrestha. 1980. Biocoal Technology and
Roof shingles Medium
Economics. Regional Energy Resources Information Center. Asian
Exterior walls Medium
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Interior walls Soft
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Boast, M. 1991. Refrigeration. CBS Publishers and Distributors. 485 Jain JUST. Training Manual on Food Processing and Packaging Machinery.
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275 276

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BELONIO

DESIGN DATA HANDBOOK

UNIVERSITY PRESS Department of Agricultural Engineering and

Department of Agricultural Engineering

He was awarded by the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) as

As a dedicated professional, he serves as technical consultant to various

This book is a compilation of the various data and charts commonly

Data were obtained from several sources which includes textbook,

God bless and may this book become useful to you!

Copyright © 2003 by Alexis T. Belonio

No part of this book is allowed to be photocopied or reproduced in any form

Title Page Fuel 147

AGRICULTURAL CROPS Crop Yield (tons per hectare)

Dry Matter Crude Crude Ash Ether Nitro

Tractor Tillage Seeding in premarked rows and covering 80

Animal Weed and Pest Control Engine-Powered Harvesting, Threshing, and

Chain Most mediu medium Low to Inexpensive Noisy

Pump Liquids, High Low Low to Efficient Materials

High Efficiency Medium Efficiency

Fuel Proximate Analysis Heat Fuel Proximate Analysis Heat

uniform moisture content of 15%)

SEARCA. Grain Post-Harvest Processing Technology. 1981. Pustaka IPB.

Schulz E.J. Diesel Mechanics. Pacific Vocational Institute - Burnaby

Schwab, G. O. and R. K. Frevert. Elementary Soil and Water Engineering.

Stout, B.A. Seeders and Planters. CGIR Handbook of Agricultural

Stout, B.A. Tillage Machinery. CGIR Handbook of Agricultural

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